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BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

By

HERBERT A. GILES, LL.D.

Professor of Chinese in the University of Cambridge
and late H.B. M. Consul at Ningpo

Qeemarow Wo- £84: R14

‘London Shanghai
BERNARD QUARITCH * KELLY & WALSH, Limited
15 Piccadilly Yokohama
| 1898

ma NS '

Printed by E. J. BRILL, Leyden.

Ad
Mniversitatem Aberdonensem
Almam Matrem
Quae me alienum
Yunvero alumnorum
Inseruit

une librum mito

PREFACE

In 1874 the late Mr. Mayers published a small collection of
about 800 notices of Chinese statesmen, generals, writers, and others.

For many years his work held the field, until at length a feeling
arose that something more comprehensive was wanted to meet the
slow but sure development of Anglo-Chinese scholarship. Accordingly,
in 1891 this dictionary was planned, and has since been carried
out, in the hope that it may prove of use to all who are occupied
with the language and literature of China, especially to the British
Consular official. |

Some such book of reference is indeed an absolute necessity to
the student, confronted in every branch of the written language,
including State papers, dispatches, public proclamations, the Peking
Gazette, ete. ete., by oft-recurring allusions to the sayings and
doings of the heroes and villains of the past. In this sense, names
have been inserted of men whose only title to a biographical
record rests perhaps upon one pointed remark or striking deed
which has appealed to the imagination of their countrymen.

Many of these sayings and incidents, historical as well as
mythological, are no doubt trivialities in themselves. Their usage
however by the Chinese invests them, as regards the European,
with an importance not their own. Western statesmen do not
scorn references to Potypuemus, to Horatius Cocims, nor even to

the Hatter of Alice in Wonderland. In the same way a Chinese’

VI ‘PREFACE

statesman knows what happened to Cuane Hsiin (No. 64) and to
Duke Yane of Lu (No. 2397), and we who would follow his train
of thought must know it too.

Notices of the more prominent living men have also been
given, thus bringing the book down to the present day from a_
starting-point of forty centuries ago. .

The surname and personal name, by which each man is formally
known, have been transliterated according to the sounds of the
Court dialect as now spoken at Peking and popularly called
‘‘Mandarin.” These have been arranged so far as possible alphabetically,
and are followed by the “T.” (= tz%) which stands for “style”
or literary name adopted in youth for general use, and by the
a ARE Be hao) which is a fancy name or sobriquet either given
by a friend or taken by the individual himself. Of the latter there
are several varieties, classed together for convenience’ sake under
one letter.

Most of the Emperors are inserted in a similar manner, with

cross references under the “‘canonisation’”’ and sometimes under the

" “vear-title.” Thus the first Emperor of the Ming dynasty is given

under Cou Yiian-cuane, with cross references under Ttar Tsu and
Hune Wu. The Mongol Emperors appear under the names by
which they are familiarly known to Europeans (e.g. Kusiar Kuan); .
the Emperors of the present dynasty under their year-titles (e. g..
K‘tane Hs1). |

The Chinese characters for such place-names (exclusive of
Treaty Ports), dynasties, etc., as recur several times will be found
in a table at the end of this Preface. At the end of the book
there is a full alphabetical index of the literary and fancy names,
coupled in some cases with the surnames, and-of the canonisations.

All such are frequently used in literature, and are often very

-iroublesome to the foreign student. To these have been added a

PREFACE Vil

few names which should have appeared in the body of the work.

Some of the phraseology employed is conventional. It is usual
to speak in narrative (e. g.) of the Emperor Wain Tu, although Tx
means Emperor and Wén cannot properly be used of the monarch
until after death. The term “Board” may be found applied to a
department of State which existed long before the familiar Boards
of more modern times, and so on. :

As regards matter, certain difficulties have occurred in the
course of compilation. Varying versions of the same story are not
uncommon in Chinese authors; sometimes the same story is told
_of two different persons.

In conclusion, I have to thank Mr. E. H. Fraser of H.B. M.
Consular Service for many valuable contributions; also Mr. ©. H.
Brewitt-Tayior of the Chinese Customs’ Service for several notes
on the warriors of the Three Kingdoms.

In Mr. F. pe Sroppenaar (late E. J. Brill) of Leiden, I found
a printer who was able to carry out the task of producing a
lengthy Anglo-Chinese work with expedition and skill.

The toil of proof-reading was pérformed chiefly by the same
practised ‘‘reader” (on my domestic establishment) to whom the
typographical accuracy of my Chinese-English Dictionary was so
largely due. |

Hersert A. Gres.

Cambridge: 27th January, 1898.

» f a 2

rests wo - | SY.

[See also under O,]

A-chiao [ij ES and cent. B.C. The name of one of the con- 1
sorts of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. When the
latter was a boy, his father, the Emperor Ching Ti, asked him if
he would like to be married. His aunt, the Princess fe Ch‘ang,
who happened to be present, pointed to her little daughter, A-chiao,
and enquired what he thought of her. “Ah,” replied the boy, “if
I could get A-chiao, I would have a golden house to keep her in.”
A-lao-wa-ting [i] # 3, J. A Mahomedan, a native of Tur- 9
kestan. In 1271 Kublai Khan despatched envoys to obtain persons
skilled in the management of mangonels from his kinsman bay OR
ay E A-pu-ko-wang. The latter sent A-lao-wa-ting and I-ssti-
ma-yin, together with their families, by post route to Hangchow,
where they began by building large mangonels ‘white they erected
in front of the city gates. A-lao-wa-ting was subsequently attached
to the staff of the general Alihaya, with whom he crossed
the Yang-tsze, being present at the capture of many towns. He
died in 1812, loaded with honours, and was succeeded in his
dignities by his son iB pb Ma-ho-sha.

A-lu-t‘ai i #7 7G. Died A.D. 1434. A. chief of the Tartars, 3
who gave great trouble to the Emperor Yung Lo. In 1409 he set
up the heir of the Yiian dynasty at Bishbalik, and ignored the
Chinese demands for satisfaction for the murder of an Envoy in

1

2 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the previous year. War followed, in which at first A-lu-t'ai was
successful, owing to the rashness of the Chinese; but in the fol-
lowing year he was beaten and fled. In 1418, for promising help
against the Oirads, he received the title of Prince Ful ‘ga. Ho-ning
and sent a mission to China. Beaten by the Oirads, he presently
sought refuge on the Chinese frontier; but so soon as his strength
increased, he renewed his raids. The Emperor marched against
him in 1422, 1423, and 1424, but A-lu-t‘ai never risked a pitched
battle. Ten years later he was surprised and slain by his old foes
the Oirads, and his son submitted to China.

4 Achakpa [Aj pe GF /\. A.D. 1820-1328. Son of Yesun
Timur, whom he succeeded as seventh Emperor of the Yiian dynasty.
He was proclaimed Emperor at Xanadu; whereupon pat ie AX oe
Yen Timur, his father’s Minister, declared at Peking for the sons
of Kaisun. Civil war ensued, and ended in the capture of Xanadu
and the disappearance of Achakpa. Known in history as oh = ae

5 Ai-hsing-a i At fi. Died A-D. 1664. Grandson of Prince
th WA) Yang-ku-li, head of the Kurka tribe, who won fame
and title by his courage and energy in the wars of the Emperors
Tai Tsu and T‘ai Tsung of the present dynasty. Coadjutor of Wu
San-kuei in the invasion of Burmah, 1661—2, which resulted in
the surrender of the Ming pretenders from Yiinnan. Canonised as
We HE.

Ai Ti. See (Han) Liu Hsin; (Chin) Ssii-ma P'ei ; (T‘ang) Li Chu.
Ai Tsung. See Wan-yen Shou-hsii.

6 Akuta [ij fy FJ. A.D. 1069-1123. Son of EG | Yang-ko, a —
chieftain of the Chin® Tartars under the Liao dynasty. The father
was already preparing for revolt when he died, A.D. 1100. In
1114 Akuta threw off his allegiance, and his immediate success

‘emboldened him to demand from the House of Liao recognition ~

as first Emperor of the Chin® dynasty. He also entered into

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 3

diplomatic relations with the House of Sung, and adopted the Chi-
nese government system. Four years later the Liao Emperor fled
(see Yeh-li Yen-hsi), and Peking was taken. The family name
was oe BH Wan-yen, said to be a corruption of the Chinese Ee
wang prince. Akuta changed his own name to a Min. Canonised
as JX ji. |

Amogha or Amoghavadjra. See Pu K'‘ung.

An-chii Shéng Ze He. A legendary being, said to inhabit 7
the Isles of the Blest. He appears to have been a magician, and
possessed the -power of rendering himself visible or invisible at
pleasure. The First Emperor sent an expedition under Hsti Shih
to find him, and so did the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty,
at the instigation of Li Shao-chtin.

An Chin-ts‘ang 2 <> Jat. Died A.D. 711. A native of Lo- 8
yang, who was employed in the Court of Sacrificial Worship under
the Empress Wu Hou. When charges of treason were brought
against the Heir Apparent, Li Tan, he loudly protested that the
latter was innocent; and in token of good faith seized a knife and
ripped up his own belly so that his bowels hung down to the
ground. It was with difficulty that his life was saved; the Em-
press however was convinced of his loyalty, and Li Tan was left —
in peace. His name was subsequently carved upon M's T‘ai and
Hua, and he was canonised as iE.

An Ch‘ung-hui 2 Hf 7}. 10th cent. A.D. A faithful Minister 9
and counsellor of the Emperor Ming Tsung of the Later T’ang
dynasty. He became the victim of political intrigue, and was put
to death with his wife and two sons, regretting with his latest
breath only that he had not been able to purge the empire of Li
Ts‘ung-ko. See Chien Bit

An-lo Kung-chu # #% 4. 4. Died A.D. 710. The Prin- 10
cess An-lo, a daughter of the Emperor Chung Tsung of the T'ang

4 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

dynasty, who with hex sister, T‘ai-p‘ing Kung-chu, acquired under
the weak rule of their father considerable political power. She was
married in the first instance to a relative of the Empress Wu Hou,
TH Eas alll Wu Chung UHsiin, who was shortly afterwards executed
for treason. In 710 she married his brother, TA wie BY Wu Yen-
hsiu, and joined her mother, the Empress ras Wei, in the con-
spiracy against her father, and his ultimate murder (see Li Hsien) ;
for which she was put to death by the young Prince, her nephew,
afterwards known as the Emperor Ming Huang.

il An Lu-shan ¥& jp [Ll]. Died A.D. 757. A native of Luk-
chak, of Turkic descent, whose original name was i= Kang. His
mother was a witch, and prayed for a son on the iL, oe Ya-lao
mountains, whence he is sometimes known as Ya-lao-shan. At his
birth, a halo was seen around the house, and the beasts of the
field cried aloud. The authorities sent to have the child put to
death, but he was successfully concealed by his mother. His father
dying while he was still young, his mother married a man named
An; whereupon he changed his surname, and took the name as
above. He grew up to be a tall, heavily-built, clever fellow, and a
good judge of character. He spoke the various frontier dialects
well; a point which once saved his head when condemned to death
for sheep-stealing. He began to be employed in repressing the raids
of the Kitan Tartars, in which occupation he made quite a name
for himself, and was at length brought to the capital by Li Lin-fu.
The Emperor Ming Huang took a great fancy to him, and Yang
Kuei-fei called him her adopted son, making him do obeisance to
her first and to the Emperor afterwards, on the ground that such
was the Turkic custom. Despatched upon an expedition against the
Kitans, he was so successful that he was ennobled as Duke. Then,
inflated with pride and ambition, he rebelled, and added to the

general confusion which was surrounding the wretched Ming Huang,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 5

who had been repeatedly warned of this new danger. He called

himself the Hmperor 3 TA Hsiung Wu of the Great Yen dynasty,

and for a time carried everything before him. But he was assass-
inated. by his own son Ze iS #& An Ch‘ing-hsti, who feared
that he was going to be deprived of the ‘succession in favour of
tie offspring of a concubine; and within three years of the first
rising, the son too had been taken prisoner and put to death by
Shih Ssti-ming. Canonised by his adherents as Pat iil) fF.

An Ti. See (Han) Liu Yu; (Chin) Ssté-ma Té.

Ao-pai tE FE. Died A.D. 1669. A Minister under the Emperor
Shun Chih. Ennobled as Duke and appointed one of four Regents
during the minority of K‘ang Hsi, he overawed his colleagues
and established a species of tyranny. For opposing his wanton
proposal to transfer the farms of officers of the Plain White Banner
(that being the Banner of his enemy Su-k‘o-sa-ha) to his own
Bordered Yellow Banner, several statesmen of high rank were
executed; and in one case he did not hesitate to forge a Decree
of death. His crimes came to light in 1669, and he paid the pe-
nalty with his life. ”
Ayuli Palpata 3% 47 # $k J} /\ BE AD. 1285-1320.
Younger brother of Kaisun, whom he succeeded in 1811, to the
exclusion of the latter’s own son, as fourth Emperor of the Ytian
dynasty. Of excellent personal character, well-read in Confacianism
and Buddhism, averse to field sports and to war, he laboured to
improve the government, and readily removed abuses brought to
his notice. However, the practice of confining the highest posts to
Mongols of birth worked ill, and the people were ground down
with exactions. He instituted regular triennial official examinations,
and the first list of Mongol chin shih was published in 1315. In
1814 he forbade eunuchs to hold civil office, but broke the prohib-

ition in the following year. Sumptuary laws were enacted for the

13

6 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Chinese, and the game laws were relaxed. On Buddhist priests and
ceremonies vast sums were expended, and in 1318 the Canon was
written out in golden characters. Numerous calamities marked the

reign, and local risings were not infrequent. Canonised as AS Fe
B.

Bayan. See Po-yen.

14 Bédhidharma 3 #2 332 JRE or Ta-mo 3% BR. Died A.D.
2535. The last of the Western and the first of the Hastern Patri-
archs of Buddhism. He was the third son of the King of py RP
Hsiang-chih in Southern India. His name was given to him by
his master, the Patriarch Pradjfiatara, whom he served assiduously
for forty years. In A.D. 520 (or according to some, 526) he came
by sea to Canton, bringing with him the sacred bowl of the Patri-
archate, and was received by the Governor with honour. Sum-
moned to Nanking by the Emperor Wu Ti of the Liang dynasty,
he offended that pious monarch by explaining that real merit lay
not in works, but solely in purity and wisdom duly combined. He
therefore retired to Lo-yang, crossing the swollen Yang-tsze on a
bamboo twig or a reed. At Lo-yang he abode nine years in the
Ap uN Shao-lin Temple on the #% Sung Hill, sitting in silent
contemplation with his face to the wall, whence the populace styled
him ¥ a) the Wall Gazer. The learned priest who succeeded
him as Patriarch (see Hui-k‘o) at length, by patient attendance
through a snowy night, until by daybreak the snow had risen
above his knees, induced him to give instruction. He wished to
return to India, but died, his rivals having five times tried in vain
to poison him, and was buried on the He AEs Bear’s Ear Hill.
Sung Yiin having reported meeting him on the Onion Range,
barefoot and holding in his hand a single sandal, his tomb was

opened and in his coffin was found nothing but the other sandal,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 7

which in 727 was stolen from the Shao-lin Temple and disap-
peared. Bédhidharma taught that religion was not to be learnt from
books, but that man should back and find the Buddha a his own
heart. To the people he is the powerful Arhan who crossed the

Yang-tsze on a reed, a favourite subject in Chinese art.
C.

Chai Kung 7A XY. nd cent. B.C. A native of as +} Hsia- 15
kuei in Shensi, who was a Magistrate under the Emperor Wén Ti
of the Han dynasty. In his days of prosperity, his gates were
thronged; yet when he was dismissed, a sparrow-trap might have
been set in his court-yard. Upon his reinstatement in office, the
friends would have returned; but he closed his doors to them, and
posted a notice to the effect. that true friendship endures even
through poverty and disgrace.

Chai Tsun 23 PE (T. 55 FR). Died A.D. 33. A native of 16
Ying-ch‘uan in Anhui, who joined the standard of Liu Hsiu, and
rose to high military command. He operated against the southern
barbarians, and aided in the overthrow of Hsiao Wei. A stern
disciplinarian, he put to death his own son for breach of the law.
He wore common leather breeches and cotton socks, distributing
all his prize-money among his soldiers, who were strictly forbidden
to pillage, and whose leisure hours he sought to fill up with refined
and intellectual amusements. Even in war time he would not
suffer the usual religious ceremonies to be neglected. He was
ennobled as Marquis, and canonised as ia and his portrait was
subsequently hung in the = =e gallery.

Ch‘ai Shao Je 4a (T, fan) 5; ). 7th cent. A.D. A military 17
leader who married the Princess P‘ing-yang, a daughter of the
Emperor Kao Tsu, founder of the T'ang dynasty, and distinguished

himself as a general against the Turkic invaders. On one occasion,

8 A Chinese. Biographical Dictionary

when he was attacking the Turkic forces which then threatened
the frontier, his army was almost overwhelmed by a dense shower
of arrows from the enemy’s bows. But Ch‘ai Shao sent forward
some girls to play and dance to the Tartar guitar, which so fasci-
nated the Tartar soldiers that they desisted from the fight to watch.
Meanwhile Ch‘ai Shao, by a rapid strategic movement, succeeded
in surrounding them, and the whole force was cut to pieces. He
‘aided the second Emperor, T‘ai Tsung, to consolidate the empire,

and in 628 was Governor of Hua-chou in Shensi. Canonised as aE

18 Chan Huo fz He CR, , changed at 50 years of age to

19

20

ZR). 6th and 7th cent. B.C. Governor of the District of PN as
Liu-hsia in the Lu State. He was a man of eminent virtue, and
is said on one occasion to have held a lady in his lap without the
slightest imputation on his moral character. When he died, his
wife insisted on pronouncing a funeral oration over his body, urging
that none knew his great merits so well as she. He was canonised

as A Hui, and is now commonly known as Liu-hsia Hui.

Chang An-shih §F & tH (T. - #). Died BC. 68. A
precocious student, who attracted attention in the following manner.
During an Imperial progress, to which he was attached in a sub-
ordinate capacity, three boxes of books were missing. He was able
however to repeat the contents of each so accurately that on re-
covery of the books they were found to tally exactly with his
description. The Emperor Wu Ti immediately appointed him to high
office, and he subsequently rose under the Emperor Hsiian® Ti to
be President of the Board of War, in succession to Ho Kuang.

Canonised as tive FR.

Chang Chan BE H@. A trader, who seins before returning

home from a long journey, dreamt that he was cooking in a mor-

tar. On consulting a soothsayer, named =f AE Wang Shéng, the
latter ‘told him that it was because he had no 2 fu saucepan,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary . 9

which signified that his 4m} fu wife was dead. When he reached
home, he found that his wife had died during his absence.

Chang Chang ¥f fit (T. -F- ey). Died B.C. 48. A dis- 21
tinguished scholar and official, who flourished under the Emperor
Ytian Ti of the Han dynasty. He first attracted attention by
denouncing the irregular conduct of the Prince of a) fa, Ch‘ang-i,
who was promptly disgraced upon his representations. He became
Governor of Shan-yang in Shantung, and successfully coped with
the brigandage and rebellious spirit which prevailed; and in B.C.
61 was promoted to be Governor of the Metropolitan District. In
this capacity he took part in all the councils of State; and his
advice, based upon his wide knowledge of history, was always re-
ceived with deference. In every way he ruled wisely and well; and
it was said that, owing to his vigilance, “‘the alarm drum was not
struck for nine years.” He then became mixed up in the affair of
Yang Yiin, and was dismissed from office. Whereupon there was
such an increase of seditious manifestations throughout it Chi-
chou in Chihli, that the Emperor appointed him Governor of that
District, and the disturbances came at once to an end. He died
just as the Emperor Yiian was. about to bestow upon him further
honours. He was especially famous for his acquaintance with the -
early forms of Chinese characters, and for his profound knowledge
of the Spring and Autumn Annals. He made a practice of painting
his wife’s eyebrows; and when the Emperor rallied him on the
point, he replied that this was a matter of the highest importance
to women.

Chang Ch‘ang-tsung #8 & 5 (H. A #yp). Died A.D. 22
705. A handsome young man, who was introduced into the palace
by the T'ai-p‘ing Princess and became a great favourite with the
Empress Wu Hou. He and his brother Chang I-chih were made

free of the palace; and to crown the extravagant treatment they

23

24

10 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

received from the Empress, they were both ennobled as Dukes.
During her long illness they alone had access to her, and gradually
monopolised the government, successfully resisting all the attacks
of their enemies. At length, when he believed that the Empress
was at the point of death, Chang Ch‘ang-tsung began to make
preparations for a coup d'état. The plot however was discovered by
Chang Chien-chih; and on his way to greet the Heir Apparent at
the restoration of the Emperor Chung.Tsung, he seized both the
brothers and put them to death.

Chang Chao #EHR (T. #5. H. YR HH). Died AD.
1745. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in 1709
and was employed in literary and examination work, rising in 17383
to be President of the Board of Punishments. Two years later, he
narrowly escaped execution for his failure to arrange the manage-
ment of the aboriginal territories in Kueichou. He was again
employed on literary work, and was joint compiler of the 44k ra
YE 3& and its 4% $F sequel under the same name, the two
standard treatises on music. His poems were much admired by the
Emperor, who was especially struck with some verses written with
his left hand after a fall from his horse had disabled his right
arm. He died of grief for the loss of his father. In his eet 46 ae
Retrospect (1779) the Emperor Ch'ien Lung numbered him among
his 7. 2”) Ei. Five Men of Letters, the others being Ch‘ien Ch’én-
chin, Liang Shih-chéng, Shén Té-ch‘ien, and Wang Yu-tun. Can-
onised as Bl FE

Chang Chén-chou #§ #if JJ. 7th cent. A.D. An official
who, on being appointed Governor of #¥ Shu-chou in Anhui —
his native place — proceeded to his old home and spent ten days
in feasting his relatives and friends. Then, calling them together,
he gave to each a present of money and silk, and took leave of

them with tears in his eyes, saying, ‘We have had this pleasant

2

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 41

time together as old friends. Tomorrow I take up my appointment
as Governor; after that, we can meet no more.” The result was

an impartial and successful administration.

Chang Chi ie Hee (T. Bk TR). 8th cent. A.D. A native of 25

Hsiang-chou in Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih about the year
750 and rose to be a secretary in the Board of Revenue. His fame
chiefly rests upon his poems, which are still much admired.

Chang Chi # #§ (T. 3¢ Gy) Sth and 9th cent. A.D. A
native of |B; YI. Niao-chiang in Kiangnan, who greatly distin-
guished himself as a scholar and poet and was patronised by the
great Han Yui, whom he even ventured to take to task for his
fondness for dice. The latter in 815 recommended him for employ-
ment, and he rose to be a Tutor in the Imperial Academy. But
it is by his poems that he is known; among which may be men-
_ tioned the exquisite lines under the title of fii Us WA. He was
also a vigorous opponent of Buddhism and Taoism, both of which

he held in much contempt. He was 80 years of age when he died.

26

Chang Chia-chéng #54 A. 8th cent. A.D. A native of 27

7 P‘u-chou in Shansi, who rose to be Minister of State under
the Emperor Ming Huang of the T‘ang dynasty. On one occasion,
failing to remember his personal name, the Emperor actually
nominated another Chang to an office he had destined for this
one; however, .at night, his Majesty happened to come across the
name of the right man, and gave him a better appointment still.
He was President of the Board of Works at his death; and the
equipages of himself and his brother Chang Chia- Wh yu, who was
a General, made such a show in the street where they lived that
the neighbours called the place the HE, Fp] FA Street of Tinkling
Regalia. Canonised as aS BB -

Chang Chien 5 (@ (T. fii #4j). Died A.D. 651. A great-
nephew of the founder of the T'ang dynasty. He did good service

28

12. . A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in aiding the Emperor to consolidate his power; and on one
occasion rode alone into the camp of a revolted tribe of Turko-
Scythians, and succeeded in gaining their submission. He held many
important posts, and was ennobled as Duke. Canonised as ae ‘
29 Chang Ch‘ien #& 7 (T. -F 3{). 2nd cent. B.C. A Min-
ister under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. Celebrated
as the first Chinese who penetrated to the extreme regions of the
west; hence he was spoken of by ancient historians as having
“made a road.” About 138 B.C. he was sent on a mission to
Bactria, but was taken prisoner by the Hsiung-nu and detained in
captivity for over Woes years. He managed however to escape, and
proceeded to Fergana or Khokand, whence he is said to have
brought the walnut and the cultivated grape to China, and to
have taught his countrymen the art of making wine, which he
had learnt from the Persians. One name for this wine was 34
IK He “black crystal”; it has also been confused with koumiss.
From Fergana he went on to Bactria and obtained the knotty
bamboo, returning home in 126 B.C., after having been once more
captured by the Hsiung-nu and detained for about a year, escaping
in the confusion consequent upon the death of the Khan. He-is
also said to have introduced hemp into China. In 122 B.C. he was
sent to negotiate treaties with the kingdoms of the west; and by
the year 115 a regular intercourse with the thirty-six States of
this region had become established through his efforts, for which
he was ennobled as Marquis. Legend says that he was commissioned
to discover the source of the Yellow River, which was popularly
supposed to flow from heaven and to be a continuation of the
Milky Way. With this object he sailed up the stream for many
days, until he reached a city where he saw a girl spinning and a
youth leading an ox to the water to drink. Chang Ch'ien asked

what place this was; and in reply the woman gave him her

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 13

shuttle, telling him to show it on his return to the astrologer
Yen Chiin-p‘ing, who would thus know where he had been. He
did so, and the astrologer at once recognised the shuttle as that
of the Spinning Damsel (# Lyre); further declaring that on the
day and at the hour when Chang received the shuttle he had
noticed a wandering star intrude itself between the Spinning Damsel
and the Cowherd (6 y Aquile). Thus Chang was actually believed
to have sailed upon the bosom of the Milky Way. Some authori-
ties, however, maintain that the hero of the above legend was
quite a different person from the Chang Ch'‘ien of history.
Chang Chien-chih HR IR @ (T. H YY). A.D. 625—706. 30
A native of Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih
and entered upon a public career. It was not however until 689,
when there was a call for men of talent, that he distinguished
himself at the competition between those who presented themselves
by coming out first on the list. He was at once made a Censor,
and later on he was recommended, in spite of his age, by Ti Jen-
chieh to the Empress Wu Hou, under whom he filled many high
posts. It was he who discovered the plot of Chang Ch‘ang-tsung,
and who put the two brothers to death. Under the Emperor Chung
Tsung he lost his influence, and was dismissed to the provinces,
where he died. Canonised as D4 A. |
Chang Chien-féng ¥ 32 #} (T. AX ip). A.D. 745—800. 31
A statesman and general who flourished under the Emperor Té
Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, and distinguished himself by his
skilful operations against the rebels of that period. He rose to be
a Minister of State, and so completely gained the confidence of
the Emperor that at his last audience the latter presented him
with his own riding-whip, saying, “In your fidelity and devotion,
adversity works no change.” His favourite concubine Hy Hy P‘an-

pan, was so overcome by. the news of his death that on hearing

14 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

a poem in which reference was made to his grave, she threw
herself out of the window and was killed.

32 Chang Chih jf &. A alligraphist of the Han dynasty,
sometimes styled EE mB the Perfect Grassist, from his skill in
writing the “grass” character. See Chang Hsii.

33 Chang Chih Hf Ak (T. Ae KR. H. By HP). AD. 1133—
1181. A native of a A Mien-chu in Ssiich‘uan, and son of a
distinguished general and statesman, named Chang Chiin, otherwise
known as Duke of #4 I. After studying under Hu Hung, son of
Hu An-kuo, he entered upon an official career and became aide-
de-camp and secretary to his father. In 1164 the latter died, and
Chang Ch‘ih buried him according to his wish at the foot of Mt
##§ Héng in Hunan, remaining in seclusion near the grave for
several years. While there he was visited in 1167 by Chu Usi,
and it is said that they spent three days and three nights arguing ~
upon the Doctrine of the Mean. The result was that Chang returned
to official life, and became a violent opponent of the Tartars and
of the policy of conciliation and concession which had been intro-—
duced by Ch'in Kuei. He was alternately promoted and degraded until
he died as Governor of Ching-chou in Hupeh. He was the author
of divers treatises and commentaries upon portions of the Confucian
Canon, in which he gave expression to doctrines which his friend, Chu
Hsi, felt himself called upon to refute. Nevertheless, Chu Hsi held him
in high esteem and always spoke of him with admiration. He was can-
onised as ‘f], and in 1261 was admitted into the Confucian Temple.

34 Chang Chih-ho 9% xk FM. 8th cent. A.D. A native of Chin-
hua in Chehkiang, who was of a romantic turn of mind and
especially fond of Taoist speculations. He took office under the
Emperor Su Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, but got into some trouble
and was banished. Soon after this he shared in a general pardon;

whereupon he fled to the woods and mountains and became a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 45

wandering recluse, calling himself KM] yt 44) SEL the Old Fisherman
of the Mists and Waters. He spent his time in angling, but used
no bait, his object not being to catch fish. When Lu Yii asked
him why he roamed about, Chang answered and said, ‘‘With the
empyrean as my home, the bright moon my constant companion,
and the four seas my inseparable friends, — what mean you by
roaming?” And when a friend offered him a comfortable home
instead of his poor boat, he replied, ‘‘I prefer to follow the gulls
into cloudland, rather than to bury my ethereal self beneath the
dust of the world.” Author of the 7¢ i Ss ia a work on «the

conservation of vitality.
Chang Chih-tung 9F < ye) (T. Op Be. A. HE BOB
and Jay HE fap BE). Born A.D: 1835. A native of the By BE

Nan-p‘i. District in Chihli. He graduated as chin shih in 1868,
taking the third place on the list. Appointed Literary Chancellor
for Ssiich‘uan in 1878, he distinguished himself by his zeal for the
encouragement of learning, for which he is still gratefully remem-
bered by the people. He became Sub-Reader of the Han-lin in
1880, and secretary in the Grand Secretariat in 1881. In 1882,
on the strength of his valuable memorials relating to the Shansi
famine, he was made Governor of Shansi. In 1884, he became
Viceroy of the Two Kuang, and in 1889 he was transferred to
the Viceroyalty of Hu-Kuang, ostensibly to carry out his own
scheme of a railway to unite Wu-ch‘ang and Hankow with Peking.
There he started iron-works, cotton-spinning factories, and scien-
tific coal-mining on a large scale. In 1894 he was transferred to
the Viceroyalty of the Two Kiang, from which he was re-
transferred to his old post in 1895. A fine scholar, Chang Chih-
tung has earned considerable reputation by his brilliantly written
‘State papers, especially by the famous anti-Russian memorial

presented secretly to the Throne in 1880. He has of course made

30

36

37

16 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

many enemies, and in 1893 he was violently impeached by the
chief Director of the Grand Court of Revision on many counts,
such as squandering public money on mines, causing disturbances
in the province of Hunan by an attempt to introduce the tele-
graph, and generally indulging in wild schemes which were never
more than half carried out. The only credit allowed to him was
for founding a College and Library for the benefit of poor scholars
avd the encouragement of literature. By foreigners however he is
regarded, if not exactly as a friend, at any rate as an honest and
straightforward patriot.

Chang Chio ihe 4h . 2nd cent. A.D. A native of Chii-lu in
Chihli, to whom may be ascribed the ultimate fall of the Han
dynasty. In A.D. 184, he and a band of adherents estimated at
360,000, threw off their allegiance on one and the same day. He
called himself the fay FE Yellow God (sc. Emperor), and his fol-
lowers distinguished themselves by wearing yellow turbans. After
some temporary successes, he was defeated by Lu Chih, and shut
up in fi = Kuang-tsung. Tung Cho was then sent against him,
but failed to take the city. At length it was captured by Huang-fu
Sung, and the body of Chang Chio, who had already died of sick-
ness, was decapitated. His brother Chang YA Liang was taken
prisoner and executed; and shortly afterwards his other brother,
Chang 54 Pao, met the same fate. ‘

‘Chang Chiu-ch‘éng #f Ju BK (T. FF). AD. 1092-

1159. A native of Ch‘ien-t‘ang in Chehkiang, who in 1132 came
out first of a number of chin shih, examined according to instruc-
tions from the Emperor on various topics, and received a_ post.
His sympathies with the people caused him to be unpopular with
his superiors, and he was compelled to resign. He was then
recommended by Chao Ting, and was appointed to the Court of

Sacrificial Worship; but ere long he incurred the odium of Ch'in

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 47

Kuei, whose peace policy with the Tartars he strenuously opposed.
He had been on terms of intimacy with a Buddhist priest, named
— ua Tsung Kuo; and he was accused of forming an illegal
association and slandering the Court. ‘This man,” said the Em-
peror, “fears nothing and nobody,” and sent him into banishment;
from which he returned, upon Ch‘in Kuei’s death, to be Magistrate
at Wénchow. Canonised as Bl HE.

Chang Chiu-ling 9 Ju BS (T. -F =). A.D. 673-740. 38
A native of ff} YI. Ch‘i-chiang in Kuangtung — from which he
is sometimes called ff} 7 AL — who flourished as a statestnan
and poet under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty.
Graduating high on the list of chin shih, his profound learning
gained for him the sobriquet of BL Se 3U Bill. and he soon
attracted the notice of Chang Yiieh who introduced him into public
life. In conjunction with Han Hsiu, he ventured to remonstrate
against the licentiousness and misrule which prevailed. In A.D.
736, on the occasion of an Imperial: birthday, when others pre-
sented rare and costly gifts, including mirrors obtained at great
expense from distant lands, he offered only a collection of wise
precepts. He sought in vain to awaken the Emperor to the
treasonable designs of An Lu-shan. He himself was attacked by
Li Lin-fu (g. v.) over the appointment of Niu Hsien-k‘o, and
was banished to Ching-chou. Later on, Ming Huang found out
what a valuable counsellor he had lost, and ennobled him as Ear],
not long after which he died. It is also said that when new
Ministers were afterwards recommended, his Majesty invariably asked
if they were anything like Chang Chiu-ling. He was very reserved
in manuer and punctiliously formal in all matters of ceremony.
His poems are among the most brilliant even of the brilliant age
in which he lived. In his youth he used to communicate with his

relatives by means of carrier-pigeons, which he trained in large .
2

39

40

41

18 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

numbers, and which he called his ‘‘flying slaves.” When his mother

died, he planted a purple-flowered ‘‘shrub of longevity” by her
grave, whereupon white birds came and nested in the trees around,
— both these being mourning colours! Was canonised as wl Jx-
Chang Cho bie fa. A scholar of the T‘ang dynasty, who
graduated about A.D. 860. He trained himself to live without food,
and could cut out paper butterflies which would flutter about and
return to his hand. The butterfly trick is also attributed to one
Be Ju =F Chang Chiu-ko, who lived in the 11th cent. A.D. |
Chang Chu #6 4 (T. { HL). A.D. 1287-1368. A native
of ae Chin-ning in Ytinnan, who brought himself into notice
by his poetry, and was subsequently employed upon the histories
of the Liao, Chin®, and Sung dynasties, rising to be a Doctor in
the Han-lin College and holding other high offices. Author of a
collection of verses known as the if Be pn). His phrase XT. ee |
“cataclysm of the red sheep,’ which no one has ever been able
to explain, is still used in the sense of ‘great calamity.”

Chang Chii-chéng §& J] VE (T. AL KK). Died A.D. 1582.
A native of YT. We Chiang-ling in Hupeh, who graduated as chin
shih in 1547. He entered the Han-lin College, and won the trust
and admiration of Hsiti Chieh and his rival Yen Sung. He rose
rapidly, until in 1567 he became a Grand Secretary under the
Emperor Mu Tsung, whose Tutor he had been. Five years later
the removal of Kao Kung, with whom he had fallen out, left him
at the head of the government. He allied himself with the eunuch
Féng Pao; but he ruled well, impressing on the boy Emperor
Shén Tsung a spirit of economy, love for his people, and fair
treatment of his Ministers. He earned great opprobrium by checking
the licence of Censor criticism, and he harried his opponents re-
morselessly. But his policy of exalting the Emperor and centralising

the government proved most successful, peace and order being

-
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 19

maintained throughout the empire. He is accused of levying bribes
from the provincial officers, and of screening eunuch scamps. But
he gradually crushed the faction of Féng Pao, and his own nominees
were really able men. In 1577 he lost his father; but to the disgust

of his rivals, the Emperor insisted on his retaining his post, and
even made him act as go-between on the occasion of his Majesty’s
second marriage in 1578. In the following year Chang presented
& Memorial on the necessity of balancing revenue and expenditure,
and in 1580 he remeasured the arable land, and so increased the
land-tax receipts. He was loaded with honours by the Emperor,
who nevertheless in 1584 took away all his titles, confiscated his
property, and published to the empire that he was arrogant and
too fond of engrossing power. .
Chang Chitin #F FR (T. AY fe). AD. 301-346. Son of 42
Chang Shih, and successor to Chang Mao. He declined to call
himself Prince of Liang*, and nominally adhered to the Chin
dynasty. He was an energetic and successful ruler, and greatly
extended the domain of Liang. Canonised as fist WK -

Chang Chiin-fang ie At ee 7th cent. A.D. A native of 43
Nau-yang in oane who flourished as a poet under the reigns of
the Emperors. T‘ai Tsung and Kao Tsung of the T'ang dynasty.
Chang Chiin-fang #& Zt J. 10th and 11th cent. A.D. A 44
native of Je [42 An-lu in Hupeh, who served under the Emperor
Chén Tsung of the Sung dynasty. He was noted as a winebibber
and a bibliophile.

Chang Chung §RIH (T. $e HE). 14th cent. AD. A 45
native of Lin-ch'uan in Kiangsi, who was fond of study in his
youth, yet failed to take his degree. He then left his books
and began roaming over the mountains, where he fell in with

a magician who taught him the black art: after which he

became eccentric in manner and took to wearing. an iron

20 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

cap, thereby earning the sobriquet of $y a -¥- the Iron-Cap
Philosopher.

46 Chang Chung-chien fe 4th BX. 7th cent. A.D. A mysterious
personage, who attached himself for some time to the fortunes
of Li Ching, and was recognised by Hung Fu, his beautiful
concubine, as her brother. He seems to have remained with Li
Ching until the establishment of the T‘ang dynasty, and then to
have disappeared as mysteriously as he came. In 636 it was re-
ported by the wild tribes of the south that an ocean-going vessel
had come to the + fer Fu-yii country, and that the leader of the
expedition had killed the king and set himself on the throne. This
man was recognised by Li Ching as being none other than Chang
Chung-chien. From his large curly beard he was known as Ih, cA Be.

47 Chang Ch‘ung-hua 5 Ft He (T. Ag FE). Died A.D. 354.
Son and successor of Chang Chiin, who had acknowledged himself
the vassal of Shih Hu. He was kept busy during his ten years’
reign in repelling Shih Hu’s incursions. Canonised as fife Hi).

48 Chang Erh-chi #E RQ (1. PE. H. BB). Av.
1611—1677. A native of }#é [§} Chi-yang in Shantung, who dis-
tinguished himself by his writings on the Garton of Rites and of
Changes, and also on the Spring and Autumn. After the fall of the
Ming dynasty, he lived in retirement; and his writings only came
into notice when the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung ordered a search to be
made for all works of merit. ;

49 Chang Fan §§ @ifi (T. A 4%). A man of -the 4th cent. A.D.
whose son and nephew were captured by brigands. On his appeal-
ing for mercy, the brigands restored his son; but he said that his
nephew was of tender years, and that they had better take the
son instead. Thereupon the robbers restored both the captives.

50 Chang Fang-p‘ing HR 77 7 (1. By. H. M6 4S). AD.

1007—1091. A native of Nanking, who when a boy had such a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 21

retentive memory that he could remember anything he had once
read over. Being too poor to buy books, he borrowed the = Bil
Three Histories from a friend; and within a hundred days, he had
thoroughly mastered the contents of this voluminous work. Entering
the public service, he rose by 1064 to be President of the Board
of Rites. He strenuously opposed the advancement of Wang An-shih;
and when the latter came into power, he openly denounced

his “innovations,” and then retired into private life. A prolific

writer, he was never known to make a rough draft. Canonised

as HE it

Chang Fei 9 F< (T. Be ff or 7b fi). Died A.D. 220. A 51

native of OK #{) Cho-chtin in modern Chihli, who followed the
trade of a butcher until A.D. 184, when he emerged from his
obscurity to follow the fortunes of his friend and fellow-townsman,
the famous Liu Pei (see also Kwan Yu). Of an impetuous nature
and of undaunted courage, he performed many heroic exploits; and
on one occasion, when Liu Pei had suffered a severe defeat at
aa Na Tang-yang, he took his stand upon a bridge and defied
the whole of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao’s army. As soon as Liu Pei became the
ruler of Shu, and the new government was installed at Ch‘éng-tu,
he was raised to high rank in reward for his services. He was
assassinated by two of his officers while engaged in a campaign
against Sun Ch'tian, and was posthumously ennobled as Marquis.

Chang Fu fe iif. (T. 3¢ §fih). A.D. 1875-1449. A general
in the service of the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, by whom,
after conquering the west of China, he was employed in the sub-
jugation of Tongking and Annam. In A.D. 1407 he defeated the
Annamite troops in a great battle, — the first occasion on which
the use of firearms for warfare is mentioned in Chinese history.
In 1411 he further inflicted a crushing defeat on the forces of the

Tongkingese. For these brilliant achievements he was ennobled,

52

53

22 | A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

ultimately as Duke. In 1427 he was honoured with the title of
Grand Preceptor, and in 1438 he received a salary for preparing
the biography of the Emperor Hsiian Tsung. In 1449 he accom-
panied the Emperor Ying Tsung on his ill-fated campaign against
the Wara or Oirad, and perished in the battle in which his master
was captured. He was canonised as Bt Hi, and received the title
of Prince. , |

Chang Han + #{f§. 3rd cent. B.C. A famous general under
the Ch‘in dynasty. In B.C. 208 he defeated Hsiang Liang in a
terrible encounter at pF [%43) Ting-t‘ao, in which the latter was
slain. While laying siege to Chii-lu, the city was relieved by
Hsiang Chi, who inflicted such serious reverses upon his army as
to call forth the displeasure of the ‘Second Emperor,” at that
time completely under the influence of the eunuch Chao Kao. He
began to fear for his life, and shortly afterwards deserted with his
whole army to Hsiang Chi, who made him Prince of HE Yung.
The successes of Liu Pang reduced him once more to despair, and

this time he put an end to his troubles by suicide.

54 Chang Han ihe He (T. As J). 3rd cent. A.D. A poet under

the Chin dynasty, who took office with Prince [J Ching of Chii,
but resigned because he could not do without the salad and fish
of WS YT. Sung-chiang in Kiangsu. As the Ch‘i State soon after-
wards came to grief, people attributed his secession to foresight.
He was a wild harum-scarum fellow in his youth, and was nick-
named YT. piu L Fe. He professed to despise all worldly honours,
and said that he would rather have one cup of wine during life
than any amount of fame after it. He was however a model of
filial piety, and found time to write essays and poems which were

highly esteemed in his day.

55 Chang Héng ¥f #§ (T. 7 -f-). AD. 78-189. An emi-

nent astronomer and mathematician of the Han dynasty, said by

A’ Chinese Biographical Dictionary 23

some to have been the son of Chang Tao-ling. He graduated as
chit jen about A.D. 100, but declined to take office, and gave him-
self up to scientific studies. The Emperor An Ti, hearing of his
fame, summoned him to Court and appointed him Grand Historio-
grapher. The Emperor Shun Ti continued him in this post, and
subsequently advanced him to still higher rank. He constructed an
armillary sphere, and wrote a treatise on astronomy, entitled wa ea ;
besides poetry and miscellaneous treatises.

Chang Héng-ch'‘ti ike ni VE. A teacher of old, who when
expounding the Canon of Changes, always had a tiger’s skin spread
for himself to sit upon.

Chang Hsien #§ {jlj. A divine being, worshipped under the
Sung dynasty by women desirous of offspring. See Hua-jui Fu-jen.
Chang Hsien-chung #2 jek Hi. 17th cent. A.D. A noted
rebel at the close of the Ming dynasty, and rival to Li Tzti-
ch‘éng. In 1628 he headed a band of freebooters in the Yen-an
Prefecture in Shensi, and for the following ten years had a che-
quered career in Hu-Kuang and Anhui, sometimes at the head of a
large army and living like a ruling sovereign, sometimes a hunted
fugitive with a price upon his head. When Li Tzti-ch‘éng started
for Peking in 1643, Chang invaded Ssiich‘uan and speedily made
himself master of the province. For the next five years he reigned
as Emperor of the West, until at length the Manchus attacked
him and he was killed in battle. He is chiefly known as one of
the most murderous ruffians who have disgraced the annals of China.
Chang Hsti #F fi (T. A ja). 8th cent. AD. A native
of Soochow in Kiangsu, who flourished as a poet under the T‘ang
dynasty. He was one of the Hight Immortals of the Winecup (see
Ti Po), and is celebrated in the poems of Tu Fu and Kao Shih.
He was distinguished as a calligraphist, and could turn out beautiful

specimens of the “grass” character even when far gone in liquor,

57.

58

59

24 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

thus earning for himself the title of Ef H# the Divine Grassist.
Under the excitement of art (and wine), he became oblivious of
the decorum due to his surroundings, and would often fling off

his cap in the presence of princes and nobles. Hence he came to
be known as Ff inl Chang the Madman.

60 Chang Hsti-ching ike Ke Lig - A Taoist pope or RK Ait

61

62

63

Divine Teacher of old, who obtained the elixir of life and found
that dragons and tigers at once yielded to his sway. He was a
descendant of Chang Tao-ling.

Chang Hstian-ching 9% i (T. 7p 2%). Died AD.
863. Son of Chang Ch‘ung-hua. He slew his usurping uncle Chang

Tsu and his sons, and was confirmed in 361 as Duke. He was

‘poisoned by his uncle Chang T‘ien-hsi, the last of a series of

favourites, to each of whom he had given unlimited power.
Chang Hsitian-tsu 96 % ji. A wit of the Han dynasty.
When only eight years old, one Ke aE Wang Hsien-ta -
laughed at him for having lost several teeth, and said, ‘“‘What are
those dog-holes in your mouth for?” ‘‘They are there,’ replied
Chang, “to let puppies like you run in and out.”

Chang Hstin if x%. A.D. 709-757. A native of Nan-yang
in Honan, who as a youth was very fond of military studies. He
graduated as chin shih about 735, and entered upon a public career.
Employed in military operations against the Turkic tribes he
departed from all time-honoured tactics, complaining that it was
impossible to fight these barbarians according to fixed rules; they
would persist in attacking him when unprepared! His discipline,
however, was so perfect that one of his officers, named yeah an
Wan Ch‘un, is said to have received six arrows in his face without
budging from the post which had been assigned to him. In 756
the rebellion of An Lu-shan brought him to the front. He fought

many battles and performed prodigies of valour, not without receiv-

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 25

ing many wounds. The climax was reached by his heroic defence.

of Hfé } Sui-yang against An Lu-shan’s son. Hemmed in on all
sides, provisions ran short; but he would not yield. He even sacri-
ficed his favourite concubine, without avail. At length the enemy
broke in upon his enfeebled garrison; and as he scorned to own

allegiance to the conqueror, he was at once put to death. During

the siege his patriotic rage had caused him to grind his teeth with

such fury that after his death all but three or four were found
to be worn down to the very gums! |
Chang Hstin 9 2 (T. fi 38). Died A.D. 1164. An
official of high repute under the Emperors Ch‘in Tsung and Kao
Tsung of the Sung dynasty. Graduating as chin shih, he rose to
hold various important civil and military posts, and was successful
on several occasions in checking the incursions of the Chin® Tar-
tars, notably in 1118 and 1126. He was all for war and extermin-
ation, and would hear of no compromise with these enemies of
his country. In reference to his mission of defence to Shensi and
Sstich‘uan, Chao Ting said of him that he had “repaired the heavens
and cleansed the sun.” In 1137 he fell a victim to the intrigues
of Ch'in Kuei, whose policy he steadily opposed, and was sent to
JK Yung-chou in Hunan, where he remained until the death of
his rival in 1155. He was then recalled, and once more played a
leading but ineffectual part. He was ennobled as Duke, and after-
wards raised to the rank of Prince. He was deeply read, especially
in the Canon of Changes on which he wrote a commentary.
Canonised as ih Ie 3

Chang Hua ie He (Ti ye 4). A.D. 232—300. A native

of Fy $j Fang-ch‘éng in Chihli, who flourished as a scholar and’

statesman under the Chin dynasty. Left a poor orphan, he had to
support himself by tending sheep; but his abilities soon attracted

attention, and a well-to-do neighbour gave him his daughter to

64

65

26° A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

wife and enabled him to complete his education. His poems were
much admired by Ytian Chi and fifi $Y Ch‘én Liu, and he was
brought to the notice of Ssti-ma Chao (q.v.); from which date his
rise in the public service was rapid, until at length he became
Minister of State and was ennobled. As Director of the Court of
Sacrificial Worship he suffered disgrace because one of the beams
in the Imperial Temple happened to break, for which he was
cashiered; however on the accession of the Emperor Hui Ti in
290 he was appointed Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He
was put to death by the Prince of Chao, when the latter took up
arms against the tyranny of the Empress jai Chia, whose eaiuise
Chang Hua refused to abandon. He was profoundly learned, and
when he changed houses it took thirty carts to carry his library.
Author of the Hi yy ie a collection of articles on various topics
of interest. It appears to have perished during the Sung dynasty,
and the modern work which passes under that name was probably

compiled from extracts found in other books. See Liw Han.

66 Chang Huang-yen #8 a =. Died A.D. 1663. The last

adherent of the Mings on the Chehkiang coast. A chi jen of the
Ely Yin District, he embraced the cause of the Prince of Lu, and
rose to be his President of the Board of War. At the head of a
naval force he made an incursion up the Yang-tsze, and later on
he assisted Koxinga in his raid on Chinkiang, Wuhu, etc. After
Koxinga’s death, he maintained his independence on the small and
barren island of We Rl Hsiian-ao, using trained apes to warn
him of the approach of the enemy, and harassing the neighbouring

coast of Chehkiang. At length he was betrayed by a lieutenant

into the hands of Chao T‘ing-ch‘én, who kept him in honourable

67

confinement until his death.
Chang Hui-yen #f HH = (T. H4 3C). AD. 1760—1802. A

native of Kiangsu. Graduated in 1799, and was employed in a

"A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 27

_ Board. Well known for his valuable commentary upon the Canon
of Changes, in which he advocated the views-of the Han scholars.
Chang Hung-fan fe 5, fit (T. {th ES). Died A.D. 1279. A
general under the Ytian dynasty, chiefly famous for his defeat of
the last remaining forces of the expiring Sung dynasty at their
final refuge in Kuangtung, where he is said to have captured 8,000
of the enemy’s vessels (see Lu Hsiu-/u, Chang Shih-chieh). He was
canonised as jet 5a, afterwards changed to 7A find ;

Chang Hung-hung ie XT 47. 9th cent. A.D. Concubine to
3 i Wei Ch‘ing, and a famous musical genius. She was taken
into the harem of the Emperor Ching Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty,
and received the sobriquet of 4% HH 4 F-.

Chang I ie f&. Died B.C. 310. A native of the Wei State,
notorious as a clever political adventurer. In his youth, he and
Su Ch‘in were servants in a school, and picked up an education
by copying the pupils’ exercises on their palms and legs, and
transcribing them at night when they got home. Subsequently, they
both went to study under Kuei-ku Tzti, and then became itinerant
politicians who laid themselves out for official employment with
one or other of the Feudal States. Su Ch‘in embraced the federal
cause, and induced the Six States Ch‘i, Ch‘u, Yen, Chao, Wei, and
Han, to band together to resist the growing power of the Ch‘ins;

68

69

while Chang I, after a short term of employment in the Ch‘u ~

State, entered the service of the ruler of the Ch‘in State, and
devoted all his energies to bringing the allies under the power of
his master. In B.C. 328 he was invested with the title of Foreign
Minister, and led a successful campaign against his own native
State, by which Ch‘in acquired a large slice of Wei. A few years
later he was sent to Wei to be Minister, but the plan failed, and
in 323 he returned to Ch'in, which State he continued to aid in

its acquisition of territory. At length, he persuaded all the Six

“1

WR

%3

28 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

States to acknowledge the supremacy of Ch'in, for which he was
ennobled as Prince. He lived to witness the downfall and assassin-
ation of his former comrade, Su Ch‘in. He died however as Prime
Minister of his native State of Wei, whither he returned in 310,
after the accession to the throne of the Ch‘in State of Wu Wang,
who had never entertained friendly feelings for him. It is recorded
that in his early life, after a banquet at the house of a Minister
of Ch‘u, at which he had been present, he was wrongly accused
of stealing some valuable gem, and was very severely beaten. On
his return home, he said to his wife, ‘Look and see if they have
left me my tongue.” And when his wife declared that it was safe
and sound, he cried out, “If I still have my tongue, that is all I
want.” :

Chang I # di (T. Ff HE). Author of the JF FE, a cyclopadia
of miscellaneous information. He held the rank of Doctor in the
Imperial Academy under the Emperor Ming Ti of the Wei dynasty,
about A.D. 230.

Chang I-chih §F # @ (T. Th. R$). Died A.D. 705. Elder
brother of Chang Ch‘ang-tsung (qg. v.). When the latter had gained
the favour of the Empress Wu Hou, he told her Majesty that he
had an elder brother who was much cleverer than himself and
knew a great deal about the elixir of life. Accordingly Chang I-chih was
sent for, and by his beauty and address at once won the heart of
the Empress, who conferred upon him various high posts and finally
ennobled him as Duke. |

Chang Jang # ME. Died A.D. 190. A native of Ying-chou
in Anhui, who filled the post of chief eunuch under the Emperor
Ling Ti of the Han dynasty, and who was the instigator of the
objectionable tax levied for the purpose of restoring the Imperial
palaces. Upon the death of his master, he and a number of other

eunuchs, fearing the vengeance of Yiian Shao, took to flight, carrying

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 29

with them the person of the boy Emperor. Being hotly pursued,
Chang Jang committed suicide by throwing himself into the river.
Chang Jen-hsi #5 {= IE (T. He A). A noted poetical critic,
who flourished in the 17th cent. A.D. Author of the Fi ee 46,

a collection of essays; and also of a treatise on inks, dated 1671.

74

Chang Jung ¥fe fh (1. JA 3K). AD. 443-497. A native of %5

Kiangsu, who entered upon official life as secretary to the Prince
of Hsin-an. When the Emperor Hsiao Wu was building a shrine
to the memory of his favourite concubine, the Prince’s mother,
Chang would only subscribe a hundred cash. This caused the Emperor
to say sarcastically that he must be provided with some well-paid
post, and to send him to J YA Féng-ch‘i in Annam. Chang
declared at starting that he had no fear as to returning; his only
fear was that he might be sent back again. On the road, he fell
into the hands of bandits; but when they were about to cut his
head off, they found him quietly inditing a poem, at which they
were so astonished that they let him go. He managed to reach
Hué after a long passage, during which he composed a famous
poem, called yy Ft Song of the Sea, admitted by RE BL ZL. Usii
K‘ai-chih to be superior to his own work under the same title.
On his return, he was raised to high office, and was subsequently
a great favourite with the Emperor Kao Ti of the Southern Ch‘i
dynasty, who said that he could not do without one such man,
nor with two. In spite of his exalted rank he dressed so poorly
that on oue occasion his Majesty sent him an old suit of clothes,
with a message that a tailor had been instructed to take his
measure for a new one. The Taoist priest we ie Lu Hsiu-
ching also gave him a fan made of white egret feathers, saying
that strange things should be given to strange people.

Chang K‘ai fe #4 (T. A HM). AD. 81—150. A scholar, whose

lectures on the Classics attracted so much notice that the streets

16

7

48

30 © A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

leading to his house were completely blocked by the horses and
carriages of rich people flocking to hear him. He accordingly
sought refuge on the 5/, #24 Hung-nung mountain, whither he was
followed by so many disciples that the place assumed the features
of a market-town. In 142 he was summoned to Court, but declined
to go, as he was then engaged in studying magic, at which he
so far succeeded that he could raise a fog a couple of miles in
diameter. He got into trouble over this, and was thrown into
prison, where he remained two years, occupying himself in writing
a commentary on the Canon of History. His innocence was then
established, and he was released.

Chang K‘an ihe Ft (T. Hy Ui ). Ist cent. A.D. A native of.
Nan-yang in Honan, who on being left an orphan resigned all.
his fortune to a cousin and betook himself to study at Ch‘ang-an.
He soon became known as a “Divine Boy,” and attracted the
attention of Liu Hsiu, afterwards first Emperor of the Eastern
Han Dynasty. When the latter came to the throne he gave Chang an
appointment as secretary in a Board. It was Chang who urged Wu
Han to proceed against the White Emperor (see Kung-sun Shu)
when he was on the point of turning back; and it was he who
made a careful inventory of all the valuable loot found at Ch‘éng-tu,
out of which he kept back absolutely nothing for himself. Promoted
later on to be Governor of Yii-yang, his administration was so
benign that every blade of corn is said to have borne two ears.
He entirely succeeded in keeping the Hsiung-nu in check, and ~
died at his post, full of honours.

Chang Kang #5 jh (T. 3C #2). A virtuous Censor, who flourished
during the reign of the Emperor Shun Ti, A.D. 126—148. Being
ordered to proceed on a commission to examine into the morals of
the empire, he buried his carriage-wheels at the gates of the capital,

saying, ‘While wolves are in office, why seek out foxes?”’ Thereupon

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 31

he boldly set to work to impeach the corrupt oficials who occupied
high places. He also distinguished himself by securing the surrender
of the insurgent ie BR Chang Ying, together with over ten thousand
of his adherents, visiting the rebel camp unarmed and unattended,
and winning over the leader by the simple force of his arguments.
But the notorious Liang Chi was his enemy, and prevented him
from being ennobled for his services. He died unrewarded at the
early age of 36; upon which his son received an official appointment
and a present of a million cash.

Chang Kang-sun Hf fy TH (I. i &). A naturalistic poet of 79
the 17th cent. A.D. His poems were published under the title of
aS na 4B. He also wrote the Eat AK , a treatise on quadrupeds.

His personal name was changed from Kang-sun to F} Tan.

Chang K‘o-chiu yf BY] A (T. vy [L]). 13th cent, A.D. A native 80
of ie Jt Ch'ing-yiian in Chehkiang, who distinguished himself as

a scholar and poet under the Ytian dynasty.

Chang Kuei 5f iff. (T. + BB). AD. 254-314. A native of 81
Fe E. An-ting in Shensi, and a descendant from a Prince of the
Han dynasty. He attracted the attention of Chang Hua, and in
301 was appointed Governor of Liang®-chou in Kansuh, where he
put down disturbances and instituted schools. For suppressing a
rising of the Hsien-pi Tartars he was made a General, and
ennobled. In 307 he saved Lo-yang from the rebels, and throughout
his life proved a loyal servant of the Western Chin dynasty, the
last Emperor of which gave him the title of Minister of State and
ennobled him as Duke. He is considered as the founder of the
rebel State of the Former Liang®. Canonised as TH.

Chang Kung-i Hf AV Be. 7th cent. A.D. A native of = We 82
Shou-chang, in whose family nine generations were said to be
living in harmony. On being asked by the Emperor Kao Tsung
of the T‘ang dynasty ko explain the secret of this harmony, he

32 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

called for pen and paper and wrote down the one word ‘‘Forbearance ,”
repeated again and again.

83 Chang Kuo #£ Hl. 7th and 8th cent. A.D. One of the Hight
Immortals of the Taoists. Hearing of his fame while he was living
as a recluse among the mountains, the Empress Wu Hou sent to
invite him. to Court; but when her messenger arrived he was already
dead. Ere long he was once more seen alive, and in 723 the
Emperor Ming Huang dispatched another messenger to fetch him.
This second messenger, instead of accomplishing his mission, fell
into a swoon, from which he recovered only after a long interval.
A third messenger, bearing an autograph letter from the Emperor,
fared better, and returned with Chang Kuo to the capital. He
entertained the Emperor with a variety of magical tricks, such as
rendering himself invisible, and drinking off a cup of aconite. He
refused the hand of an Imperial princess, and also declined to have
his portrait placed in the Hall of Worthies. He was allowed
to return to his seclusion, with an honorary appointment in the
Imperial Banqueting Court and with the title of aa FU I AE,
in allusion to his supernatural powers.

84 Chang Lei pf Fe (T. 3 fF). A.D. 1046-1106. A native of
Huai-yin in Kiangsu, whose early poems attracted the attention of
Su Shih. He graduated as chin shih before he was twenty, and by
1086 had gained a high post in the Historiographer’s Office. But
he twice got into trouble by mixing himself in the cabals of the
day; on the first occasion he was banished to a distant post, and
on the second he was cashiered. In 1101 he was again banished

' for openly mourning on the death of his old patron and master,
Su Shih. He was bracketed with the latter as one of the Four
Great Scholars of the empire, the other two being Ch‘ao Pu-chih

and Ch‘in Kuan. Author of the aay Be pane Be
85 Chang Li-hsiang of JB ji (T. FE A and HK). AD.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 33

1611—1634. A native of #h Yang-ytian in Chehkiang, from
which he came to be known as Bs Ft, HE. His father died
when he was only eight years old, and the family was left in
poverty; but through his mother’s assiduous care he was enabled

to study, and soon became a man of profound learning. His life
was spent in education and authorship. He took no part in the
political struggles of his day, though his sympathies ‘were entirely
with the Mings. His house was burnt down by the rebels, and

. with it was destroyed the coffin containing the body of his
grandfather, — an act which nearly caused him to commit suicide.
His chief works were the ir HF SR , in which virtue is illustrated

by examples from history, the #4 a =e a work on agriculture,
commentaries upon the Classics, and many philosophical tfeatises.
He was admitted to the Confucian Temple in 1871.

Chang Li-hua #f [ff 3% or Chang Kuei-fei 3E $f HN. oth 86
cent. A.D. The favourite concubine of Ch‘én Shu-pao (g. v.), last
Emperor of the Ch‘én dynasty, who called her Be Wit HAR, after
the Goddess of the Moon (see Ch‘ang O). She was renowned for
her beauty, and in particular for her long glossy hair, which shone
like a mirror and was said to be seven feet in length.

Chang Li-pin #5 jf is (otherwise called by 7U O-yiian). 87
14th cent. A.D. A famous beauty in the harem of Shun Ti, the last
Emperor of the Yiian dynasty, celebrated for her skill in embroidery.
Chang Liang be E (tT. = Fiz). Died B.C. 187. A native of 88
the Han* State, in which his immediate ancestors had been Ministers
for five generations. He was so chagrined at the destruction of his
fatherland by the Ch‘ins that he determined upon revenge, and
spent the whole of his patrimony in collecting a band of bravoes,
with whom he tried to slay the First Emperor by lying in ambush
for him in modern Honan. The plot failed, and Chang Liang changed

his name, and went into hiding in -Kiangsu. There he one day

3

34 _A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

fell in with an old man who had dropped his shoe over the bridge.
The old man begged him to go down and fetch it, which he
immediately did; and kneeling down, placed it upon the owner's
foot. “Ah!” exclaimed the latter, “you are worth teaching.” Where-
upon he produced a book, and gave it to Chang, saying, “Read
this, and you will become the teacher of princes.”” The book turned
out to be the Jx A Fe HE, — whatever that may have been.
Subsequently, when Liu Pang attacked Hsia-p‘ei, he took Chang
Liang into his service; and when Hsiang Liang restored the kingdom
of Han under Prince Ch‘éng, Chang was prepared to devote himself
to the service of his native land; but the murder of Prince Ch‘éng
by Hsiang Chi caused him to return to Liu Pang, whose trusty
counsellor he became, and by whom he was ennobled as Marquis.
In B.C. 200, after his accession to the throne, Liu Pang, who
gave to Chang Liang, Ch‘én P‘ing, and Han Usin (some substitute
Hsiao Ho) the name of the = He Three Heroes, openly declared
that his success had been chiefly due to the far-reaching counsels
of the first. Among these counsels must be mentioned the treacherous
violation of the treaty of Kuang-wu, by which Liu Pang compassed
the defeat and death of his great rival Hsiang Chi, and which has
been censured by Chinese historians as quite unworthy of the
otherwise upright character of Chang Liang. From this date he
took no further interest in public affairs. ‘‘With my three inches
of tongue,’ he said, ‘I have risen to be the teacher of princes,
and have been ennobled. “Tis all that a man of the people could
expect. I would now renounce the world, and follow in the steps
of Ch‘ih Sung Tzi.’’ He then began to leave off food, according
to a system which promised the gradual lightening of the body
and the ultimate attainment of immortality. In this, however, he
failed; because, it was said, he once yielded to the solicitations of

the Empress, and ate a little rice. Canonised as BL WX -

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 35

Chang Liang-chi ¥ = Jk (T. Ay Hi). A.D. 1808—1871.
Recommended by Lin Tsé-hsii, he was sent to 7K EY Yung-
ch'ang as Prefect in 1846, and rose to be Governor of Ytinnan.
In 1852 he was transferred to Hunan; and entering Ch‘ang-sha
through the lines of the besieging T’ai-p‘ings, he successfully
defended the city. The rebels, however, were allowed to escape to

the westward. Transferred to Shantung, he was cashiered, but was

sent to repair the Yellow River, which was brought back to its’

old course, flowing into the Gulf of Pechili. In 1862 he proceeded
as Viceroy to Yiinnan, in order to put down the Mahomedan
rising; but after some few years of annoyance and disappointment,
he retired from the public service in disgust. It was he who gave
to Tso Tsung-t‘ang his first post as secretary.

Chang Mao ihe FE (T. ji'7 YE ). Died A.D. 324. Brother and
successor of Chang Shih. In 823 he submitted to the rebel State
of Chao, and was made Prince of Liang?; but he remained in
reality loyal to the Imperial House.

Chang Ming :=3 3 - Died A.D. 9: A Minister of State under
the Han dynasty. When the usurper Wang Mang seized the throne,
Chang Ming said ‘“‘(One man cannot serve two masters,” and forth-
with committed suicide.

Chang Pang-ch‘ang #F Ff Bt. -F: AE). Died about A.D.
1130. A native of Ft Sy Tung-kuang in Chihli, who graduated
as chin shth and rose to be Prime Minister in 1126. He strenuously
advised peace with the China Tartars, and was dismissed and
degraded when a fresh irruption took place. In the winter of the
same year the capital, the modern K‘ai-féng Fu, was taken; and
the Chins placed Chang upon the throne with the dynastic title
of K Fe , the Emperor being sent into captivity. Chang was soon
compelled by popular feeling to retire in favour of the Prince of
Jit K‘ang, brother to the late Emperor, who ruled as Kao Tsung,

89

90

91

92

93

36 | A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the widow of the Emperor Ché Tsung being Regent, and he him-
self Prime Minister. Later on he was ennobled as Prince, and was
sent to be Governor of pix Féng-kuo in Ssitich'uan. But he
was soon put under detention at =I T‘an-chou, now Ch‘ang-sha
in Hunan, and was allowed to commit suicide.

Chang Pei Bhs (DK. Sth cent. A.D. An Imperialist officer, famous
for his defence of fif# ¥% Lin-ming against T‘ien Ytieh in 781.
When his funds were exhausted and his men starving, he made
his daughter appear in full dress before his officers, offering to
sell her to procure them a day’s pay. Touched by his devotion,
they held out until Ma. Sui came to their relief, when they inflicted

a crushing defeat ‘on the besiegers.

94 Chang P‘ei-lun 4a (T. & ). Born about A.D. 1850.
Fu »

A native of the #& yf] Féng-jun District in the province of
Chihli. Graduated as chin shih in 1871. In 1878 he became a

Reader in the Han-lin College, and submitted numerous memorials

on reforms in the administration. In 1882 he became Senior Vice

President of the Censorate.. He was one of the chief promoters of
the K‘ai-p‘ing railway. In 1884 he boasted that ‘he would soon
dispose of the French, who were then carrying on a state of
reprisals, if the chance were given to him. Accordingly, he was sent
as Joint Military Commissioner to superintend the coast defences
of Fuhkien; but his craven cowardice at the bombardment of the
Mamoi arsenal at Pagoda Island, when the Chinese fleet was destroyed,
caused him to be impeached by forty of the Fuhkien officials. He
was disgraced and banished to the postroads; however in 1888 he
was appointed a sub-Chancellor of the Grand Secretariat, and married
Li Hung-chang’s only daughter. In 1894 he was ordered to report
himself at his father-in-law’s yamén, where he was employed as
head of the Ordnance Department until September of that year,

when he was instructed to return home and stay there.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 37

Chang P‘éng-ho #2 |B fi (T. Sui jp). A.D. 1649-1725. A
native of KK Py Sui-ning in Sstich‘uan, who graduated as chin
shih in 1670. In 1680 he was Prefect of Soochow, being later on
transferred to =r Yen-chou Fu in Shantung, the topography of
which he compiled. In 1688 he accompanied the mission sent to
settle the boundary dispute with Russia. Next year he became Governor
of Chehkiang, where he reformed the grain transport and the salt
administration, and also succeeded in placing an embargo on the
export of munitions of war. After serving in high office in Peking,
in 1698 he was made Viceroy of the Two Kiang, and in 1700
Director-General of the Yellow River. At the latter post he carried
out the plans of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi in respect to river conser-

vation to his Majesty’s great satisfaction, but in 1705 he was

sharply rebuked for not keeping his subordinates in order. In 1722

he received the title of Senior Tutor of the Heir Apparent, and
next year became a Grand Secretary. He compiled the HH an Ar ES ;
a record of K‘ang Hsi’s treatment of the Yellow River. Was canonised
as AL Wwe» and in 1780 included in the Temple of Worthies.
Chang Pin Hf 4 (T. FZ FR). Died A.D. 322. A native of
Shantung, deeply read in classics and history, who in A.D. 307
attached himself to the fortunes of Shih Lo and became his chief
Minister and adviser. In spite of the extraordinary favour which
he enjoyed, he remained modest and industrious, and was a warm
patron of learning. He was ennobled as Marquis, and canonised
as =.

Chang Po-chieh ite AW f#£. A man of the T’ang dynasty, so
like his brother Chang {i} {f% Chung-chieh that it was impossible
to tell them apart. When Chung-chieh was married, his bride, in
full bridal’ dress, happened to meet the elder brother, and said to
him, ‘How do you think I look?” “I am Po-chieh,” he replied;
at which she ran, fhastily out of the room. Shortly afterwards

95

96

97

38 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

meeting him again, the bride said, “I made such a mistake just
now; I took Po-chieh for you.” ‘But I am Po-chieh!” he cried ,
which so covered his sister-in-law with shame that she could never.
bear to see him again. :

98 Chang Po-hsing fs {4 47 (T. 44). AD. 1651-1725. A
native of 4 #3} I-féng in Honan. Graduating in 1685 as chin shih,
he entered upon an official career, and soon gained distinction in
connection with work upon the Yellow River. By 1707 he had ©
risen to be Governor of Fuhkien, where he built a college and
encouraged education. In 1709 he was transferred to Kiangsu, and
there came into conflict with nS te Koli, the Governor General,
who was a Manchu. Hach denounced the other, and Chang was
condemned by a Commission; but the Emperor set aside the
-finding, and Chang triumphed. A few years later he was impeached
by the Treasurer, and again a Commission decided against him.
The Emperor however sent for him to Peking, and ultimately
appointed him Vice President of the Board of Revenue. Besides
the ie —. <5 , a collection of essays on the principles of
hydraulics, he published the AS iE #8 Ait » a treatise for the young
on right conduct, the ey Pa] VR ZS , containing notices of eminent
Confucianists under the Sung dynasty, two large collections of
extracts from various philosophers, and other works. He also wrote
a famous memorial on Roman Catholic missionaries, pointing out
that Christianity wrongly teaches men to forsake their parents,
forbids the worship of ancestors , and is opposed to the established
customs of China. He proposed that those missionaries engaged in
astronomical pursuits should still be employed at the capital, but
that all others should be ordered to quit the empire at once, and
that all chapels should be closed. He received a public funeral, and

was canonised as ia pee.
‘99 Chang Séng-yu ihe {er ae A famous painter of the 6th cent.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 39

A.D. He painted two dragons without eyes on the walls of the
Je Bi + Temple of Peace and Joy at Nanking, warning people
that if the eyes were: put in, the dragons would fly away. A
sceptic ventured to paint in the eyes of one dragon, when suddenly
the wall crashed to ruins and the dragon soared aloft in the sky.
Chang Shang-ying § ij He (T. FE FH). Died A.D. 1121.
Younger brother of Chang T‘ang-ying, by whom he was taught in
his youth. He rose to high office under the Emperors Ché Tsung
and Hui Tsung, and was for a time associated with Ts‘ai Ching
in the administration. His career was a chequered one, and on
several occasions he was dismissed to petty provincial posts. He
edited and wrote a preface to the oe es a short and shallow
ethico-political treatise ‘supposed to have been given to Chang Liang
by the mysterious. old man whose shoe fell over the bridge, and to
have been discovered in Chang Liang’s tomb at the beginning of
the 4th cent. A.D. It is, however, generally admitted that this
treatise was written by Chang Shang-ying himself. Canonised
as BC Ht. |

Chang Shao $F BS (T. 7c 4H). A man of the Han dynasty ,
famous for his friendship with one WG FR Fan Shih. On one
occasion, they arranged to meet again on a certain day, after an
interval of ine oPecauts: and Chang insisted on his mother cooking
a fowl in readiness for his friend, who arrived at the appointed
time. When Chang died, he appeared in a dream to Fan, who at
once set off to be present at his obsequies. The funeral, however,
had already been planned to take place before his arrival; but
when the procession came to start, it was found that the coffin
was immovable. And so it remained, until Fan rode up on a
white horse, dressed in mourning clothes.

Chang Shih #5 a= CE Fe YK ). Died A.D. 320. Son and successor
in office and titles to Chang Kuei. In 317 he tried to save the

100

101

102

40 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Emperor Mi Ti from Liu Yao; but he declined to recognise the
Kastern Chin dynasty. While the rest of the west was in a state
of anarchy, his people alone enjoyed peace and prosperity. He was
assassinated by some of his courtiers. Canonised as JU.
103 Chang Shih-ch‘éng 9% -- ak (T. Ju PY). Died A.D. 1367. A
salt-trader of T‘ai-chou in Kiangsu, who with his brothers raised
the standard of revolt in 1353, and after ‘capturing T‘ai-chou
proclaimed himself Prince #¥ Ch‘éng of Chou. In the following
year he made an unsuccessful attack on Yang-chou, but in 1356
he got possession of Soochow and Hangchow. In 1357 fear of Chu
Yiian-chang (see Hung Wu) drove him back to his allegiance; but
he still remained practically independent, and in 13638, after the
capture of Zé BEL An-féng in Anhui and death of Si] i $i Liu
Fu-t'ung, he took the title of Prince of Wu, and refused to
forward the tribute rice. Four years later, being attacked by Chu
Ytian-chang, he fled to Nanking, where he committed suicide.
104 Chang Shih-chieh Bie {i Be. Died A.D. 1279. A faithful
adherent of the Sung dynasty in its final struggle with the conquering
- Mongols. He had held several posts of importance; and when the
great disruption came, he accompanied the young Emperor on his
flight southwards. He advised Yai-shan in Kuangtung as a last
refuge; and on the approach of Chang Hung-fan’s troops, he
constructed a kind of floating fort of some thousand vessels lashed
together. Chang Hung-fan, however, cut off their supplies, and
they were reduced to such straits that they were obliged to drink
sea-water, which caused violent vomiting and purging. After the
great battle which ensued, he made his escape with ten ships,
and under some other representative of the Sung dynasty would
have still prolonged the struggle, but he was caught in a typhoon
and drowned. See Lu Hsiu-fu.
105 Chang Shih-chih ihe 2. (2. ZR). A native of Nan-yang,

f
a |

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary - 4A

who rose to high office paler the Emperor Wén Ti of the Han
dynasty, B.C. 179 186) It if Said that once, in his own court,
he stooped down and tied up the stocking of an old man named
=E ZE Wang Shéng, with whom he was on friendly terms. He
also remonstrated with the Emperor when the latter, attracted by
the ready wit of one of the petty officials connected with the
Imperial menagerie, was about to appoint him Ranger of Forests.
Neither did he fear to impeach even the Heir Apparent, when the
latter had been guilty of some breach of etiquette.

Chang Shih-nan #2 |i: Rj. A native of 7} [B} Pto-yang in
Kiangsi. Flourished under the Sung dynasty, about A.D. 1230.
Author of the 7% E #E [4], and other writings on miscellaneous
subjects. Held office in Sstich‘uan and Fuhkien.

Chang Shih-tsai 55 fi ny Cis a VEE H. By Hie). A.D. 1696—
1764. Son of Chang Po-hsing. Distinguished for his conservation
of the Yellow River, of which he became Director-General in 1754.
Author of the “G aK Fr 2, , a work on river conservation, and
of a collection of essays entitled oY 3h 7k Bl 4. Canonised
as ie tig .

Chang Shou-kuei #f Sf ££. 7th and 8th cent. A.D.-A military
commander under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T’ang dynasty.
When the Turkic tribes were attacking Bishbalik (the modern
Urumtsi) about A.D. 715, he distinguished himself so much by his
valuable reports and general energy that he was appointed Govertior
of JI, Kua-chou. He had barely time to put the old fortifications
into a fit state for defence ere the enemy was upon him, and
ready to make an assault. At this juncture he invited a number
of his officers to a banquet on the city wall; and the merrymaking
which ensued was so uproarious that the Turkic chieftain felt sure
that the garrison was well prepared against an attack, and drew

off his forces. Thereupon Chang at once gave orders to pursue,

106

107

108

109

42 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and succeeded in inflicting a severe defeat upon the invaders.
After further useful services, he was employed against the Kitan
Tartars, and won several victories, capturing two of their leaders,
whose heads he forwarded to the capital. In 735 he had an
audience of the Emperor, and was appointed generalissimo of the
empire. Once more in the field against the Kitans, he continued
his career of success, until the defeat of one of his lieutenants,
= Fi a Wu Chih-i. This reverse he concealed; but the truth
soon leaked out, and he was dismissed as Governor of +5 Kua-chou
in Chehkiang, where he died of a carbuncle.

Chang Shu-yeh Hf A 7X (T. FG ff). Died A.D. 1127. A

military commander under the Emperor Ch'in Tsung of the Sung

dynasty. Summoned to aid in defending the capital against the

China Tartars, he succeeded after a bloody fight, which lasted four
days, in defeating their forces and killing two of their generals;
but he was not able to keep his advantage, and the city fell. He
urged instant flight, and would have got away with the Emperor,

had not the latter been bent upon trying his own divine influence

_ in the Tartar camp. The Emperor was made prisoner, and carried

away northwards. Chang followed his master’s fortunes; but grief
prevented him from taking food, and he died on reaching A iat
Po-kou in Chihli. Canonised as fins a:

110 Chang-t‘ai Liu #3: & fi). 8th cent. A.D. The name given to

111

the wife (née Liu) of Han Hung the poet, from the place of her
birth, near Ch‘ang-an in Shensi. Separated from him during the
troublous period of A.D. 756, she sought refuge in a nunnery.
She was subsequently taken as wife by a Tartar chieftain, but
through the intervention of the Emperor she was ultimately restored
to her husband.

Chang T‘ang-ying We iF a (1. A YJ). 11th cent. A.D. A
native of Hr pees Hsin-chin in Ssiich‘uan, who graduated as chin

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 43

shih, held office in the Han-lin College, and was afterwards a
Censor. He was the first to warn the Emperor Ying Tsung against
overpartiality for his Imperial relatives. Elder brother of Chang
Shang-ying, and author of the following historical and biographical
works: (2 Sy IE BE, He EL PE. By AE I.

Chang Tao-ling hfe 3 [EE (T. iti PBA). AD. 34-156. A native
of the FE A Tiien-mu hill in Chehkiang. A precocious child, he
is said to have mastered the philosophy of Lao Tzt by the time
he was seven years old. Declining to take office, he retired to the
mountains, and devoted himself to the study of alchemy. On one
occasion he went to Sstich‘uan to drive out troublesome demons.
He spent much of his time at the - iia Et Perfectly Pure Palace
on Mt. Hf JR Lung-hu in Kiangsi; and at length, having discovered
the elixir of life, he solemnly swallowed a dose, and ascended as
an Immortal to the skies. He was ennobled as Marquis by the
Emperor Chang Ti, and is said to have been the first Taoist
‘‘Pope” (see K*ou Chien-chih).

Chang Ti. See Liu Ta.

Chang Ti #fe ji. 11th cent. A.D. Father of the famous Chang
Tsai, and an official under the reign of the Emperor Jen Tsung
of the Sung dynasty, A.D. 1028-1064. Admitted to the Confucian
Temple in 1724.

Chang Tien-hsi ifs FC By} (T. Yt ABR). Died A.D. 376. A
younger son of Chang Chitin. He poisoned his nephew Chang
Hsiian-ching, and usurped his titles. After a life of riot and
debauchery, he surrendered in 876 to Fu Chien and his allies at
the city of 4+ — Chin-ch‘ang in Honan. With him ended the
dynasty of the Former Liang?.

Chang T'ing-yii Hf ZE FE (T. @j FL and Fil PR). AD. 1670—
1756. The first Chinese who under the present dynasty was honoured
with a place in the Imperial Temple. Graduating in 1700, his

112

113

114

115

44 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

learning and ability soon brought him to the front; and by 1726
he had risen to be a Grand Secretary. He was one of the first
Ministers of the Grand Council, instituted in 1729. He was tutor
to the Imperial princes under the Emperors Yung Chéng and
Ch‘ien Lung, and enjoyed extraordinary favour. In 1734 he was
ennobled as Viscount, and in 1738 as Earl; but he lost his title
for not presenting his thanks in person on his retirement. From
1706 to 1737 he was virtually Prime Minister of China, in addition ©
to which he was entrusted with the preparation of the History of
the Mings, a work which he and his colleagues laid before the
Emperor in 1742. His {i AK Ww 4B was destroyed by fire, but
his Ve ie [ral Bl survives. He was canonised as Bl Fu.

116 Chang Tsai § Hy (T. wy BB). 8rd cent. A.D. A native of
Je 7p An-p‘ing, famous for an inscription he wrote in A.D.
280 at ml] es] Chien-ko, on the top of the pass into modern
Sstich‘uan, calling on the people of that province to trust more to
virtue than to their mountain walls. This inscription was brought
to the notice of the Emperor Wu Ti, who caused it to be engraved
on the face of the mountain at the pass. Chang received a government
appointment, and rose to be secretary in the establishment of the
Heir Apparent. But political disturbances caused him to weary of
office, and he retired into private life. He was also noted for his
ugliness, which was so exaggerated that whenever he went out of
doors the children used to pelt him with stones.

117 Chang Tsai #E # (T. JB. Hu. Hf YE). AD. 1020-1076.
Son of Chang Ti, who died when he was quite young, and a
native of K YR Ta-liang in Honan. As a boy he was devoted to
military studies; but at the age of twenty he came under the
notice of Fan Chung-yen, who urged him to study the Doctrine
of the Mean. He then became a public teacher, and used to lecture,

sitting upon a tiger’s skin. Confucianism failing to satisfy his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 45

spiritual needs, he turned towards Buddhism and Taoism; however,

in 1056 his mind was so much influenced by the discourses of his
nephews, Ch‘éng Hao and Ch‘éng I, that he returned home to
continue his more legitimate studies, and in the following year
graduated as chin shih. After holding various appointments, he
retired in ill-health, and lived quietly in the country, dividing his
time between study and instruction. About 1068 he was recalled

to the capital; but his tenure of office was of short duration. He
retired in disgust that his advice was not taken by Wang An-
shih, and died on his way home. His chief work was the JF &,
containing his theories as to the origin of the universe, and notes

on Buddhist and Taoist doctrines. He also wrote the inscriptions

on moral sentiment known as HY $f and Py $F , from the positions
they occupied in his study. He was ennobled as Earl, and canonised

as HA}; and in 1241. his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.

Chang Tsao ¥E #R or he es (T. = 3H). A famous artist of 118
the T'ang dynasty, especially good at trees, rocks, and landscape.

He used the worn-out stump of a brush, or his finger, to rub on

the ink; and he is said to have been able to handle two of these

at the same time, with one depicting the living, with the other

the dead branches and leaves. Author of the 4G bs = 3 OBE gh.
Chang Tsu ¥f WH (T. Ik AW). Died A.D. 355. Son of Chang 149
Chiin. He deposed and put to death his nephew §& We an Chang
Yao-ling, the son and legal successor to Chang Ch‘ung-hua, and
usurped the Imperial title. His outrageous cruelty led to his murder

by one of his kinsmen.

Chang Tsu Bie A Ch, Bl JX). 7th cent. A.D. A native of 499
Chihli and a scholar of the T‘ang dynasty, who graduated in 679
when quite a youth. He rose to be a Censor; but his love of

criticising al] and sundry was constantly getting him into trouble.

46 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

In 713 he was denounced by a fellow Censor for slander, and banished
to Canton. He succeeded however in obtaining his recall, and latterly
was secretary in a Board. His fame as an author spread far and
wide, his writings being known and admired even by the Japanese.
His essays were said to be like “ten thousand cash chosen from
ten thousand,’ — all good. Hence he received the sobriquet of
OE @ +.

Chang Tsung. See Wan-yen Kung.

121 Chang Tsung-yu ite Al i. Leader of the Wid fei, or mounted
banditti, who for some years gave much trouble to the authorities
in Chihli and other provinces, and slew the famous Manchu
general Séng-ko-lin-sin in A.D. 1864. He himself was slain by Liu
Ming-ch‘uan.

122 Chang Ts‘ung 44; $4 (T. Fe FA). A.D. 1475-1539. A native
of Yung-chia in Chehkiang, who after failing seven times to obtain
the chii jen degree, graduated as chin shih in 1521. By supporting
the desire of the Emperor Shih Tsung to have his father canonised
as AS He 42 Hel jar if: while the general body of officials urged
that the Emperor must recognise his predecessor alone as his
(adopted) father, Chang obtained rapid promotion, along with
Kuei 0. By backing his master’s views on all points of music and
ceremony — the Emperor’s hobbies — he gained such further
favour that in 1527 he became a Grand Secretary. He was now
able to wreak his vengeance on the Han-lin doctors who had at
first ignored him. In 1529 he was denounced for arrogance and
dismissed, only to be immediately reinstated as Prime Minister.
He then came into conflict with Hsia Yen, and after a stormy
term of office he retired in ill-health in 1535. The Emperor never
wavered in his affection for Chang, who was able to effect some
reforms, such as the abolition of eunuch Commandants. He was

himself clean-handed, and put down bribery to a great extent;

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 41

but he was vindictive, and persecuted his opponents. In 1581 he
was allowed to change his personal name, which resembled that of
the Emperor, to 4* He (T. pe 7Zis ). Canonised as 4 ih.

Chang Tun 73°} (T. -F- JB). A.D. 1031—1101. One of the
chief Ministers who disgraced the reign of the Emperor Ché Tsung
of the Sung dynasty. A native of P‘u-ch‘éng in Shansi, who
while Magistrate of a] We Shang-lo in Shensi became the companion
of Su Tung-p‘o in his rambles. In 1068 Wang An-shih took him
up, and by 1082 he was a Lord-in-waiting and member of the
Privy Council. During the minority of Ché Tsung, he was dismissed
from the capital to a Magistracy; but the Emperor on taking the
reins of government made him a High Chamberlain. From 1094
to 1100, he and Ts‘ai Pien wielded supreme power, which they
used to gratify their spite against Ssti-ma Kuang and the other
good officers of the Regency. They failed, owing to the remonstrances
of the ladies of the harem, to have the Empress Regent, the wife
of Shén Tsung, posthumously degraded; but they succeeded, to their
master’s regret, in depriving the reigning Empress of her position.
Their forward foreign policy led to frontier wars and increased the
people’s burdens; and their fondness for innovation disturbed the
administration. They kept their position, by banishing every one
who dared oppose them, until the death of Ché Tsung, when
Chang Tun was shelved as Duke for trying to hinder the accession
of the Emperor Hui Tsung. An accident to the late Emperor’s bier,
of which he was in charge, caused him to be degraded to a petty
post at Lei-chou in Kuangtung. Here, according to the precedent
made by his own conduct in the case of Su Tung-p‘o, who had
become his enemy, -he was not allowed to occupy any official house;
and the people, remembering his spiteful persecution of those who
let a dwelling to the poet, declined to rent him a residence. He

died soon after at [#8 Mu-chou in Hupeh. His title of Duke was

123

124

125

48 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

restored to him, and in 1113 he received the rank of Grand Preceptor.
See Ch‘ao Tuan-yen.

Chang Wei 8 g8 (T. jE F ): A native of Honan, who
graduated as chin shih in A.D. 743. Rose to be Vice President of
the Board of Rites, and gained distinction as a poet.

Chang Yao Wf If (T. By} #F). Died A.D, 1891. A native of
Kiangsu, who had no education in his youth, but came into
notice by his defence of [fH] 4 Ku-shih in Honan against the
Nien fei, in which he was supported by the rowdies of whom he
was the head. After serving in the army, he was appointed
Magistrate of Ku-shih, and having educated himself, rose in due
course to be Treasurer of Honan. In the sixties he became
Commander-in-chief in Kuangtung; and was sent to assist T'so
Tsung-t'ang in the north-west, much against his will; and in
October 1881 he was appointed Assistant Administrator of the
New Dominion. In consequence of the hostilities with France in
1884, he was recalled with 11,000 men, and in the following July
was gazetted Governor of Kuangsi. He was, however, kept to
repair the moats and waterways of Peking, and sent to inspect
the Yellow River, of which he was made Director in Shantung in
1890. In June 1886 he was appointed Governor of Shantung.
Two years later he was made an Assistant Director of the Board
of Admiralty, and a Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He
was ennobled for his services in Kansuh. Honest and industrious,
he set his face against peculation , and was heavily in debt when
he died. His soldiers so loved him that without murmuring they
allowed their pay to run into arrears to the sum of no less than
Tls. 1,400,000; and his justice and kindness to the people at large
won him the popular title of #f& 77 AK God Almighty Chang. He
is included in the Temple of Worthies, and memorial temples

have been erected to him in several places.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 49

Chang Yen-shang ¥fe ME ‘. 8th cent. A.D. An official who
served under the Emperors Su Tsung and Tai Tsung of the T’ang
dynasty. He was a relative of Chang Chia-chéng, the faithful
Minister of the Emperor Ming Huang and some time opponent of
the great Chang Ytieh, and rose to the highest offices of State.
On the occasion of an important criminal case he refused successive
bribes of 30,000 and 50,000 strings of cash, but his virtue
succumbed to an offer of 100,000 strings. He excused this lapse
on the ground that 100,000 strings would tempt even the gods,
who would resent the refusal of such a bribe by a mere mortal.
He died at the age of 61, and was canonised as WX -

Chang Yin-huan fF i fa (T. #6 EF). A purchase licentiate
of Kuangtung, who in 1881 was Taot‘ai at Wuhu. Summoned to
Peking, he served in the Tsung-li Yamén from June to September
1884, when he was again appointed to be Taot‘ai in Chihli. From
1885 to 1887 he was Minister to the United States, Spain, and
Peru, and in 1890 returned to the Tsung-li Yamén, of which he
was Vice President in 1894. In February 1895 he went to Japan
to negotiate peace, but his powers were found to be inadequate.
In 1896 he succeeded Li Hung-chang as negotiator of the com-
mercial treaty with Japan.

Chang Ying 5 JA (T. By 7B. H. M4 fi). A.D. 1636—1708.
A native of fal }R T'ung-ch‘éng in Anhui, who graduated as chin
shih in 1667. Six years later he rose to be a Reader to the
Emperor K‘ang Hsi, who at the approach of winter bestowed on
him and on Ch‘én T‘ing-ching fifty sable skins and satin enough
for robes. He was one of the first members of the College of
Inscriptions, all of whom resided in the city so as to be ready to
attend the Emperor in his uncertain hours of leisure. He was constantly
being summoned by K‘ang Hsi, whom he always accompanied on

tours of inspection. He was Chancellor of the Han-lin College and
4

126

127

128

129

130

131

182

50 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Chief Supervisor of Instruction until 1697, when he was relieved
of these posts at his own earnest request. From 1699 to 1701
he was a Grand Secretary; and after his retirement to his lifelong
hobbies, music and gardening, K‘ang Hsi twice went to visit him, and
loaded him with marks of esteem. He was notably modest and affable,
fond of giving secret aid to rising talent, and absolutely incorruptible.
Canonised as BL Ui; and in 1780 included in the Temple of Worthies.
Chang Ving-wén #5 Jfé 3¢ (T. jE Ff). A-D. 1522-1619. He
frequently competed at the public examinations without success, as
he devoted all his thoughts to antiques, books, and paintings.
Author of a work entitled lia Ai Hee A Treasury of Rare Curiosities.
Chang Yu Whe Wh - Died between A.D. 827—835. A native of
Nan-yang in Honan, distinguished as a poet and official under the
T'ang dynasty. .

Chang Vu #6 A (T. Ae FA and ist jp). 11th cent. AD. A
native of Kiangsu, and author of the 48 Th Ha , an attempt to
restore the old orthography and meanings of the written characters.
Chang Yi-shu 6 i Be (1. # FF). AD. 1642-1711. A
native of Kiangnan, who graduated as chin shih in 1661, and
was soon employed as Tutor in the Palace. In 1685 he was
President of the Board of Punishments; in 1688 was sent on a
mission to the Yellow River; and in 1690 became a Grand
Secretary. In 1691 he accompanied the Emperor K‘ang Hsi on
his visit to inspect the Yellow River, and in 1696 on his expedition
against the Oelots. In 1699, while in mourning, he was ordered
to place in the ancestral temple of the first Emperor of the Ming
dynasty a tablet on which K‘ang Hsi had inscribed, ‘Good
government surpassing that of the T'ang and Sung (dynasties) ,”
while the Emperor himself poured a libation at the dead monarch’s
tomb. He died while attending K‘ang Hsi to Jehol. He is said to

have been a learned and dignified man, a vegetarian and a.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 51

misogynist, who slept in his clothes so as to be ready to rise at the
first streak of dawn. Canonised as Bl A, and included by Yung
Chéng in the Temple of Worthies.

Chang Yuan-chén of 7u i (T. ZE jizz). Died A.D. ? 1506.
A native of Kiangsi, who wrote verses at five years of age. Han
Yung greatly admired him, and chose his name. Graduating as
chin shih in 1460, he’ remonstrated in vain on the prevailing
abuses of the Government, and soon had to retire on account of
a dispute over the biography of the Emperor Ying Tsung. After
twenty years spent in studying philosophy, he was charged in
1488 with the preparation of the biography of the Emperor Hsien
Tsung; and though he protested against the new Emperor’s
heterodoxy, avarice, love of amusement and of favourites, he was
treated with great consideration, and placed on the Commission to
revise the 3H $e 2 BE Compendium of History. The Emperor
Wu Tsung on his accession appointed him Vice President of the
Board of Civil Office, and entrusted him with the preparation of
Decrees and patents. His long retirement had made him old-
fashioned; he did not get on with the younger generation, and
was obliged to retire. In 1621 he was canonised as BL RE.
Chang Ytieh fe pit (T. 3 jak and ZR &). A.D. 667—730. A
statesman and poet of the T‘ang dynasty. He was born at Lo-
yang in Shansi, his mother having dreamt that a jade swallow
flew into her lap and that she became pregnant. In youth, his
father conceived a dislike to him, and made him do menial
work; but Chang Yiieh took every Opportunity of improving his
mind, and in 689 passed first as a it FH IE ‘deserving
scholar recommended for preferment.”’ Soon afterwards, he obtained
an appointment at the Court of the Empress Wu Hou, to whom
he did not prove acceptable. For refusing to bear false witness

against Hl 7U HR Wei Yiian-chung, he was banished in 703 to

133 ©

134

135

136

137

52 _A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

ER Chiin-chou in Kuangtung. He was recalled by the Emperor
Chung Tsung, and the Emperor Jui Tsung made him Minister of
State and entrusted to him a chief share in the great measures of
government, besides charging him with the preparation of the
dynastic history. Under the Emperor Ming Huang his career was
one of alternate favour and disgrace; however at his death he was
once more a Minister of State. His fame rests chiefly upon his
poems, the pathetic beauty of which was said to have improvéd
under the reverses of his later life. He was also distinguished as
a painter. Was ennobled as Duke, and canonised as BL A.
Chang Yitn-lan ie ME ical (T. SL ee). Rose to the rank of
sub-Prefect by fighting against the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels with a
volunteer force raised in Hunan. In 1857 he was sent to Kiangsi,
and became Prefect and then Taot‘ai in 1859, being also made a
baturu for his services in the field. In 1860 he was ordered by
Tséng Kuo-fan into Anhui, and in 1862 he was made Judge of
Fuhkien. In 1863 he fell into the hands of the rebels at pt 7
Wu-p‘ing and was slain. Canonised as i Re.

Chang Yung ihe Se (T. 45 iat). A.D. 946—1015. Graduated as
chin shih in 980, and became Magistrate of the District of Sa
Ch‘ung-yang in Hupeh, where he beheaded an official servant
whom he saw coming out of the treasury with a single cash
sticking in his hair. He was highly recommended by K‘ou Chun,
and rose to be President of the Board of Works. The nickname
ae BB was given to him by himself, and signified that he found
it difficult to live in harmony with his surroundings. Canonised as
AE 78

Ch‘ang Chien te ee. 8th cent. A.D. A poet of the Tang

. dynasty. He graduated as chin shih in A.D. 727 and entered upon

an official career, but ultimately retired to the mountains and

lived as a hermit, devoting himself to the cult of Tao.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 53

Ch‘ang Chit fe VH.. A man who was working in the fields on
one occasion when Confucius, passing by, wished to find out the
whereabouts of a ford. Tzii Lu was sent to enquire of him;
whereupon the man pointed significantly towards the Master and
said, ‘‘He knows the ford.” See Chieh Ni.

Chiang Ling /& #4 (T. 4k BE). AD. 1758—1838. A celebrated
official, of Mongolian descent. He began life in 1775 as a secretary
of the Grand Council, after taking the hAsiw ts‘ai degree at the
Manchu examination. In 1787 he fought in Formosa, and in
1792—95 against Nepaul. In 1800 he was in command of the
expeditionary force sent against insurgent bands in Hupeh, and
subsequently in various operations undertaken from time to time
against disturbances caused by the evil influence of secret societies.
He became successively Governor of Anhui and Shantung, and in
1807 Governor General of Shensi and Kansuh. In 1808 he was
impeached on several charges and stripped‘of his rank, and then
banished to Ili. A few months later he was once more employed,
and gradually rose again to the highest posts. In 1825 he was
Viceroy of Ili. In 1826, when the rebel He f& Ra Jehangir
crossed the frontier and began his depredations, capturing Kashgar,
Yingishar, Yarkand and Khoten, he was appointed Generalissimo;
and by the end of 1827 had captured Jehangir and put an end to
the rebellion. The prisoner was sent to Peking in a cage, and
brained in the presence of the Emperor, who conferred on Ch‘ang
Ling a triple-eyed peacock’s feather. Canonised as aC HE, and
admitted into the Temple of Worthies.

Chiang O i# 4%. The wife of Hou I, who is said to have stolen
from her husband the drug of immortality and to have fled with

it to the moon, where she- was changed into a toad. This toad,

which answers to our ‘‘man in the moon,” is believed to swallow

the moon during an eclipse. Ch‘ang O’s name was originally |

138

139

140

141

54 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

(or 4H) Héng, in reference to the line An H CZ tH “like the
waxing moon” in the Odes; but as the Emperors Mu Tsung and
Chén Tsung of the T'ang dynasty both had Héng for their
personal names, it was therefore changed to Ch‘ang.
Ch‘ang-sun Shun-té [e j% Is file An official under the
Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, A.D. 627—650, who
took some silk as a bribe. The Emperor, instead of punishing
him, sent him a number of pieces of silk as a present, and thus
put him to shame.

Ch‘ang-sun Wu-chi 2 FH 4M F(T. if FE). Died A.D. 659.
A native of Lo-yang, and comrade in arms in early youth of Li
Shih-min, who married his sister. When Li Shih-min came to
the throne in 627 as second Emperor of the Tang dynasty,
Ch‘ang-sun was made President of the Board of Civil Office, and
was entrusted with revision of the criminal code. In 633 he was
appointed to the Board of Works, and in 648 was made Senior
Preceptor to his nephew, the Heir Apparent, whose guardian he
became, conjointly with Ch‘u Sui-liang, upon the Emperor’s death
in 649. In 654 he refused offers of heavy bribes to aid in the
elevation of the Empress Wu Hou; the result being that in 659
he was accused of treason, stripped of his honours, banished to
confinement in Ssiich‘uan, and ere long put to death and his

family exterminated.

143 Chiang Yii-ch‘un ‘Br 58) ZR (T. 4 2). AD. 1880—1369.

Originally a bandit of ed te Huai-yiian, he joined Chu Yiian-
ch‘ang in 1355, and by extraordinary acts of valour won a place
second only to Hsiti Ta. On several occasions during the struggle

to gain the empire, he turned defeat into victory, and more than

once he saved the lives of his master’ and Hsti Ta. Made a State

Counsellor and a Duke, he shared in the victorious northward

campaign of 1368—69. Brave to a fault, he treated his men with

-

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 55

kindness. A good strategist, though no scholar, he was never
defeated; and from his frequent boast that with 100,000 men he

could sweep the empire, he was nicknamed i + reek Hundred |

Thousand Ch‘ang. His statue ranked second in the Temple of
Men of Merit, and he received a place in the Imperial Temple.
Posthumously ennobled as Prince, and canonised as ie TH.

Chao Chén #fj jij (originally 4 7@). A.D. 1010-1063. Sixth
son of Chao Héng, whom he succeeded in 1022 as fourth Emperor
of the Sung dynasty. Until 1033 the Empress Dowager really
ruled, though her inclination to arrogate supreme power was
checked by Wang Tséng and other loyal men. The Emperor,
who thought himself her son, treated her with the utmost

144

deference. He was of excellent personal character, anxious to rule

well, and fond of his people; but he was weak and suspicious. He
at first fell under the domination of Liti I-chien, who induced him
to degrade his wife, and who treated harshly all his opponents,
charging them with forming illegal cliques or cabals. After Lii’s
death in 1044 this charge was forbidden. From 1058 Han Ch'i
was in power, and tlie administration was most successful. In
1034 the King of Hsia rebelled, and a desultory war ended in his
recognition ten years later, The Emperor promoted education and
patronised literature; and in 1060 the new T'ang history was
completed. A rebellion of the aborigines of Kuangsi was put down
by Ti Ch‘ing in 1052, and other local risings occurred. The
revenue was carefully fostered, and in 1059 the tea monopoly
was abolished. In 1023 Government notes were introduced into
Sstich‘uan, where the iron cash were found to be too clumsy.
The Emperor lost his three sons early, and was very reluctant to
appoint a successor. Han -Ch‘i, however, succeeded in getting a
great-grandson of Chu Huang appointed in 1062. The presentation

of auspicious articles was forbidden; general pardons were frequent,

56 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and capital punishment rare. The Emperor refused to chastise
Korea when tribute was not sent, because of his hatred of
bloodshed; and on the occasion of a pestilence in the capital in
1054, he insisted on distributing all the medicine of the Palace.
His death was lamented throughout the empire. Canonised as-
yh Bl Hu THE ae A if with the temple name of {= 4.
145 Chao Chi #fj 4. A.D. 1082—1135. Brother of Chao Hsi,
whom he succeeded in 1100 as eighth Emperor of the Sung
dynasty. For the first year the Empress Dowager |] Hsiang was
Regent, and displaced Chang Tun and Ts‘ai Pien; but the
Emperor soon recalled Ts‘ai Ching, and the conservative party
was again proscribed. The Emperor was a clever artist and an
accomplished man, exceedingly fond of all rare aud curious.
objects, which were wrung from the people by Chu Mien and the
eunuch T‘ung Kuan. In 1120 and 1121 local risings led to some
alleviation of this burden; but the people were already ruined. He
also loved Taoism, and vast sums were expended over buildings
for his assemblies of Taoist recluses. Ts‘ai Ching, in spite of
occasional reverses, remained the real Minister until he was turned
out in 1125 by his son AW Yu, who boldly encouraged the
Emperor to enjoy himself. In 1111 T‘ung Kuan brought back the
Liao traitor AS (altered to ff Chao) EE faa) Li Liang-ssti, and it
was determined to use the rising power of the China Tartars to
crush the Kitans, in the expectation of recovering the northern
Districts. Accordingly, in 1122 T‘ung Kuan began hostilities, but
the Imperial armies were twice routed, and a vast store of arms
and equipments lost. When the Kitans were finally crushed, the
demands of the China Tartars became extortionate, and in 1125
the latter invaded China in two columns. The Emperor, who had

made no preparations to resist them, abdicated in favour of his son,

taking the Taoist title of BW 3 A Se | | if. In 1127

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 57

he gave himself up, together with the new Emperor Ch‘in Tsung,

to the Chin® army, which was besieging Pien-liang in Honan, and

was carried north, where he died, his captors bestowing on him’

the contemptuous title of -EX fila AL the Besotted Duke. His son,
the first monarch of the Southern Sung dynasty, canonised him as
Hat fe fia AA ye A if, with the temple name of 42M —

Chao Ch‘ tf v4 (T. zi He). Died A.D. 201, aged over ninety.
A native of fe [os Ch‘ang-ling, near Nanking. He was a nephew
by marriage of Ma Jung, and was himself a scholar of distinction.
But his outspoken denunciation of ja EY, T‘ang Hsien, or iF ca
T'ang Pao, Governor of Lo-yang, brought him into trouble, and
he had to flee to 4Y 4 if - Pei-hai-shih(?), where he changed his
name from fff 54 Chao Chia (T. = Siil}) to that by which he
is now known. Disguised as a seller of cakes, he was accosted by
5 5 G Sun Sung, who suspected him to be no common man, and
asked how he bought and sold his cakes. “They cost me thirty
cash,’’ he replied, “and I sell them for thirty cash.” “You are no
cake-seller,” cried Sun Sung, and carried him home in his chariot.
By the year A.D. 195, Chao had risen to be a Minister in the
Court of Sacrificial Worship; and one day chancing to meet Sun
Sung, the two old friends burst into tears. Besides writing a
commentary upon Mencius, whose seven books he subdivided into
sections, chapters, and paragraphs, he was an artist of no mean
repute; and among other pictures he painted portraits of himself,
Chi Cha, Tzti Ch‘an, Yen Ying, and AX JH] Shu Hsiang, sitting
together at a feast. |

Chao Chi jj #/. A.D. 1222—1274. A descendant in the twelfth
generation from the founder of the Sung dynasty, and cousin of
Chao Ytin. He reigned as sixth Emperor of the Southern Sung
dynasty from 1265 to 1274. In spite of strict training, he turned

out a mere debauchee, who let his country go to ruin, and believed

146

147

148

149

58 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the fables of peace and prosperity told to him by Chia Ssii-tao.
Chia was treated almost as an equal, and a threat to retire never
failed to enable him to carry his point. All matters were left to
his decision. He sold office, concealed the disasters of the war, and
left the grievances of the people unredressed. Warnings of impending
Mongol invasion were disregarded, until in 1268 siege was laid to
Hsiang-yang in Hupeh. The heroic defence of (4 3C (a Lii
Wén-huan delayed the collapse of the dynasty; however in 1278,
disgusted at the feeble attempts of an apathetic Court to succour
him, and disheartened by the fall of #4 YQ Fan-ch‘éng, owing
to the use of artillery from Central Asia, that General capitulated.
Even this disaster failed to shake- the Hmperor’s confidence in
Chia Ssii-tao, whose honours were continually increased. In 1269
written Mongol characters were introduced, and in 1271 the
dynastic style 7 Ytian was formally adopted by the Mongol
conquerors. Canonised as FE a B ip -

Chao Chia 8 deg (T. 7K ih )- 9th cent. A.D. A native of
Shan-yang in Kiangsu, who flourished as a poet and official under
the Tang dynasty. He graduated as chin shih in 842, and rose to
be Commandant of y¥ fj Wei-nan in Shensi. The poet Tu Mu
called him +8 Atay PEE Chao I-lou, from a line of his poetry

which ran be tH — ies XK fy PE.
Chao Chih-hsin {§ Mi(@ (0. he. HW. PK A). AD.

1662—1744. A native of Shantung. Graduated as Asiu ts‘ai at the
early age of 14, and as chin shih in 1679. He was engaged upon
the Institutes of the present dynasty. Forced to retire at the age
of 30, he devoted himself to wine and poetry and travel. He

wrote on the Tones, and on the principles of the poetic art.

150 Chao Ch‘ung-kuo #fj FH EY (T. 4 FR). BC. 137-52. A

military commander under the Han dynasty. He belonged to a

corps of young men who met together to practise archery and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 59

horsemanship; and first distinguished himself in B.C. 99 by leading
a small force to the relief of Li Kuang-li, who was surrounded by
the Hsiung-nu. Although numbering about one hundred in all,
they broke through the cordon and accomplished the dangerous
mission. Chao himself received over twenty wounds; and when the
Emperor saw his scarred body, his Majesty at once appointed him
to an important post. Siding with Ho Kuang in the elevation of
the Emperor Hstian® Ti in B.C. 73, he was rewarded by being
ennobled as Marquis. He subsequently led a campaign against the
Tangut tribes, and won many of them over to allegiance. He was
the originator of the 7 HJ system of military settlements, under
which the settlers contributed by taxes or by service to the expenses
of administration in return for their allotments. He was canonised
as Ht, and his portrait was hung in the Fe JL Wei-yang Hall.
Chao Fei-yen 8 Fk Pat . Died B.C. 6. Daughter of a musician
named 715 Fe >» Féng Wan-chin, she was trained as a dancing-
girl; and her grace and lightness were such that she received the
name of Fei-yen ‘Flying Swallow.” At her father’s death, she and
her sister (ae filet Ho-té took the surname of Chao, and found
their way to the capital. There she was seen in B.C. 18 by the
Emperor Ch‘éng Ti, when his Majesty was roaming the city in
disguise. The two girls were forthwith placed in the Imperial seraglio;
and Fei Yen became favourite concubine, to the exclusion of the
famous Pan Chieh-yii. In B.C. 16 she was raised to the rank of
Empress Consort, Ho-té being honoured with the title of HA
Lady of Honour; but on the death of the Emperor she was driven
by Palace intrigues to commit suicide.

Chao Fu t8 48 (hs HH A. Yr. Pi ): Born about A.D. 1200.
A native of Té-an in Hupeh. Graduated as chin shih in 1234; and
having no desire to take office, he opened a school in his native

District. In 1235 he was taken prisoner by the Mongol invaders,

151

152

153

60 ~ A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and sent to the Court of the Khan. His captor, named Wk ih
Yao Shu, treated him kindly, and took charge of all his manuscripts;
and when he reached Peking, the Khan made him offers of employment.
These he steadily refused, and at length he was set at liberty. He
became the head of a college; but finally he took to a wandering
life, and disappeared from the scene, the date and place of his death
being unknown. He was the author of many commentaries on the
Classics and philosophical treatises, and also of some poetry. In
1724 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Chao Héng #ff fH (originally 7 {jjl). A-D. 968—1022. Third
son of Chao Huang, whom he succeeded in 997 as third Emperor
of the Sung dynasty. Mild, affectionate, capable, he was devoted
to Taoism and superstition. He began by restoring his uncle’s title,
and treated his elder brother well all through his reign. In 1002
the death of the ruler of Hsia gave him an opportunity of crushing
that State; but the kindly monarch contented himself with
admonishing the new ruler, who submitted and was ennobled as
Prince in 1006. In 1004 the Kitan Tartars invaded China; but
through the courage and constancy of K‘ou Chun they were forced
to agree to a treaty of peace, under which, in return for a yearly
subsidy, the integrity of China was secured. In 1008, chiefly owing
to the report of Ting Wei that there was a large surplus in the
treasury, the Emperor began a series of Imperial sacrifices which

cost vast sums. Written revelations were at this time frequently

received from God, and the documents were lodged in special temples.

Auspicious grasses and double-eared stalks of grain poured in from
the provinces, and general pardons in return for the supposed favour
of Heaven became common. In 1015 a descendant of Chang Tao-
ling received an honorary title. Confucius was likewise honoured,
and temples to him in all the District cities were decreed in 1011.

The Emperor promoted education and agriculture; and in 1014 the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 61

population was returned at 22,976,965. The power of the
eunuchs was repressed; and one was put to death in 1010. In
1020 the insanity of the Emperor led K‘ou Chun to propose the
Regency of the young heir; but the Empress ¥4| Liu, a clever
woman of low birth, who since 1012 had interfered more and
more, aided by Ting Wei and the eunuch 4 7, ZK Lei Yiin-
kung, got rid of K‘ou Chun; and on the Emperor's death the
trio seized supreme power. An error, however, in preparing the
Emperor’s grave enabled Wang Tséng to get the upper hand.
Canonised as 3 AA pt aE mH i Af, with the temple
name of ig. ope

Chao Hsi-hsii |{# Re Mil. Minister to Prince Hstian? of the
Ch‘u State. The latter enquired one day of his courtiers why
Chao was so much feared in the north. “Once upon a time,”
replied YI. @, Chiang I, “a tiger caught a fox. The fox said ,
‘Do not eat me. God has made me lord of all the beasts. If you
do not believe, I will walk on ahead, and you shall follow; and
then you will see.’ Of course the other beasts of the field, when
they saw the tiger, ran away in terror. Just so the people in
the north. They are not afraid of Chao, but of your Highness’
soldiers who follow him.”

Chao Hsiao £8 eo (T. a 2P-). Ist cent. A.D. An example of
fraternal love. In a time of famine, when people were eating
each other, some brigands had captured his younger brother Chao
me Li. Thereupon he offered to take his brother’s place, urging
that he was fat and Chao Li thin. The brigands were touched by
this appeal, and released them both. Under the Emperor Ming Ti
of the Han dynasty, both he and his brother rose to high office.

154

155

Chao Hsien iff #4. A.D. 1271-1277. Third son of Chao Ch'i. 156

He reigned from 1274 to 1276 as seventh Emperor of the
Southern Sung dynasty, under the Regency of his mother. He was

157

62 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

no sooner placed on the throne than the Mongols invaded the
Sung territory in great force, under the leadership of Bayan, who
issued a manifesto setting forth the crimes of Chia Ssii-tao. Wu-
ch‘ang offered but a feeble resistance, and having reduced it,
Bayan swept down the Yang-tsze, many cities opening their
gates. In 1275 Chia Ssii-tao, who on hearing of the death of
yA He Liu Chéng had advanced as Commander-in-chief to Wuhu,
was routed after vain attempts to negotiate, and fled to Yang-
chou. Nanking was abandoned; Soochow declared for the Mongols;
and Hangchow was in a state of siege. All chance of peace was
lost by the murder of Mongol envoys near Soochow, and a great
naval defeat near Chinkiang sealed the fate of the dynasty.
Bayan received the surrender of Hangchow early in 1276, the few
patriots who had clung to the falling throne joining one or other
of the Princes set up in Fuhkien. The Emperor and most of the
Imperial family were sent to Peking, and the former died a year
later in the desert of Gobi. Canonised as 7 —s Bs ify - |

Chao Hsii {fj EA. A.D. 1048—1085. Eldest son of Chao Shu,
whom he succeeded in 1067 as sixth Emperor of the Sung
dynasty. He possessed many virtues, but was cursed with an
ambition to recover from the Liaos all the territory that had once
belonged to the empire. Han Ch‘i and other experienced men
warned him in vain; and he found an ally in Wang An-shih,
whose projects for increasing China’s wealth and power resulted,
owing to his own undue haste and the indiscriminating opposition
of all the conservative officials, only in discontent and official
persecution. Petty wars followed: with Hsia (1067 and 1082—83);
with the Turfan (1072); with the aborigines of the south-west
(1074); and with Cochin-China (1075—-76). Intended as preparatory
to a war with Liao, these wars cost vast sums and ended in no

substantial gain; while the Emperor’s evident ambition opened the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 63

way to power for intriguing flatterers. In 1076 a eunuch, AS on
Li Hsien, was put in supreme command on the north-western
frontier, and did much mischief; but in his last years the Emperor
came to realise the vanity of his ambitious schemes, and sought
peace. The reign was made glorious by the works of Ch‘éng Hao,
Ch‘éng I, Chou Tun-i, and Chang Tsai; and in 1084 Ssti-ma
Kuang finished his great history. Honours were paid to Mencius
and other worthies, though public opinion was shocked by the

admission of Yang Hsiung and MUsitin K‘uang to the Confucian

Temple. Canonised as Fa M Fi pt HEB ce with the

temple name of my Se Tr:
Chao Hsii jf ff. A.D. 1076—1100. Sixth son of Chao 34

Hsii, whom he succeeded in 1085 as seventh Emperor of. the
Sung dynasty. The Empress ‘=A Kao, consort of Chao Shu, was
Regent until her death in 1093. Aided at first by Sst-ma Kuang,
she reversed the revolutionary measures of the last reign, and
gave office to the conservative party. They, however, split into
three factions, the Lo-yang, Sstich‘uan, and Northern, headed by
Ch‘éng I, Su Shih, and Liu Chih; and their squabbles so disgusted
the Emperor that so soon as he took the reins of government,
he announced his intention of carrying out his father’s policy.
Under the ministry of Chang Tun and Ts‘ai Pien, some of the
reforms of Wang An-shih were re-introduced, the history of the
last reign re-written, and 830 names of conservatives placed on
the list of the proscribed, a vengeance which they had deserved
by their own harshness to their opponents. In 1096 the Empress
fh Méng, who had been selected by the Regent in 1092, was
degraded to make way for a favourite concubine; but the Emperor
refused to degrade the Regent herself. Externally the reign was
peaceful, four fortresses being given back to the Hsia State in

1090. In 1088 the total population was returned at 32 millions.

158

159

160

64 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Canonised as BK 40 AS we HY Ze Et Ff, with the temple name
of ai ee ;

Chao Hstian Ti. See Li Chin.

Chao Huan jf fi. A.D. 1100-1160. Eldest son of Chao

Chi, upon whose abdication in 1125 he succeeded as ninth

Emperor of the Sung dynasty. Aided by Li Kang, he strove to
reform the Government. A new siege of his capital in 1126 by
the Chin® Tartars resulted in the cession of territory and the
payment of all his own and the inhabitants’ treasure. The Tartar
army had no sooner withdrawn than the Emperor, who would
not allow its retreat to be harassed, denounced the extorted treaty
and attempted to raise the siege of Tai-yiian in Shansi. His
advisers disbanded the forces which had gathered to save the capital
and which had contributed to the Tartar retreat; and when another
invasion took place at the end of the year the Sung Ministers,
who had been busy squabbling among themselves, were powerless
to withstand it. The Emperor went to the enemy’s camp to get
terms; and he, his father, and most of the Imperial family were
taken into captivity, Chang Pang-ch‘ang being set up as Emperor
to rule under the Chins®, The Emperor’s brother, the founder of

the Southern Sung dynasty, canonised him as AY {= JNA PM 4E
co iit with the temple name of ER a

Chao Huang jij R (originally Fe 3, changed by Chao K‘uang-
yin to 3% 3). A.D. 939—997. Brother of Chao K‘uang-yin, whom
he succeeded in 976 as second Emperor of the Sung dynasty. He
showed some indecent haste to change the year-title, and exhibited
a harshness — foreign to his general character —- towards his
younger brother and nephew, which drove them to commit suicide.
But altogether he was mild, forbearing, and economical, and an
ardent student, especially of history. He paid great attention to

education and to revenue. In 982 the chin shih were first ranged in

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 65

the existing three classes. In 987 the empire, which since the
suppression of the Northern Han State in 979 had almost equalled
in extent the China of the T‘ang dynasty, was divided into fifteen
provinces, each under a Governor; and thus the power of the
former great provincial Governors finally ceased. A rising in
Ssiichtuan in 994 led to the appointment of a eunuch General,
EE ie yal Wang Chi-én; but the Emperor, warned, as he said,
by his historical studies, refused ‘to admit eunuchs to the Central
Government. The northern frontier was constantly disturbed by
the Liao Tartars, with whom began in 981 a series of wars,
which coupled with the establishment of the Western Hsia State,
greatly impaired the power of the dynasty. Occasional droughts
and famines are recorded, but on the whole the reign was a time
of peace and prosperity. The Emperor degraded his eldest son on
account of his sympathy with his uncle; and he chose his third
son to be Heir Apparent in 995. A plot to set the Heir aside
was made by the Empress, and Wang Chi-én and other eunuchs,
aided by certain statesmen, but it was foiled by Lii Tuan. Between
982 and 989 a temple and pagoda for a relic of Buddha were
built at enormous expense, in spite of the remonstrance of HW BA
Tien Hsi. Canonised as mi Y Hu iti Bl me if , with the
temple name of Kk —

Chao-hui J Hi (T. Fl Ff). Died A.D. 1764. A Manchu,
who played a prominent part in the conquest of the Sungars in
1756—1759. His retreat from Ili to Urumtsi during the severe
winter of 1756, and in face of fearful odds, and his stubborn
defence of his camp before Yarkand at the end of 1758, won him
great fame and rewards. In 1761 he became an Assistant Grand
Secretary, and was employed on missions of investigation until his
death. In the poem of the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung entitled eet 4£

ay A Retrospect, composed in 1779, Chao-hui is one of his th
5

161

162

163

164

66 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

zs) Pi Five Men of Action, the others being Fu-héng, Ming-
jui, O-li-kun, and Yo Chung-ch‘i. Was ennobled as Duke,
canonised as BL HE, and included in the Temple of Worthies.
Chao Hui-ch‘ien tH ait (his personal name was originally
TH A). A.D. 1352—1395. A poor orphan, native of BR Wk
Yii-yao in Chehkiang, who was brought up at a temple until he
was of age, when he wandered far and wide on foot in all
weathers to study under the best teachers the Confucian Canon,
poetry, music, and the various forms of written characters. This
last was hig special subject, and he compiled the >y aE AX 3g,
a dictionary under 360 radicals, and also the He GF Bl m4 si,
which latter work was brought to the notice of the Emperor in
1405, and at once incorporated in the great encyclopedia of
Yung Lo. In 1879 he visited the capital, in reference to the
dictionary known as the jE §H, and was afterwards a Magistrate
in Kuangtung. He was known as the zo + I Ae Antiquarian.
Chaol #f S32 (T. $2 #4. H. RAL). AD. 1727-1814.
Graduated as chi jen in 1750, and was employed in the Grand
Council. In 1760 he came out second on the list of chin shih.
About 1766 he went as Prefect to Kuangsi, but was shortly
afterwards impeached, and was transferred to the army then
invading Burmah. Later on, he was Prefect at Canton, and in
1771 he retired, though he subsequently assisted by his counsels
in the pacification of Formosa. He was distinguished as a poet
and as an historical critic. Besides collections of poems, his
best known works are the pas Ey TH 3) #2 JS, an account of
the wars of the present dynasty, and the fz He Bie 30, containing
notes on matters of interest in his own time.

Chao Ju-kua #f Ur Jf. A member of the Imperial family
under the Sung dynasty, A.D. 960—1278. He held the position of

Superintendent of Customs at Ch'tian-chou in Fuhkien — the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 67

Zayton of Marco Polo — and in his official capacity was thrown
into contact with merchants of Arabia, Persia, and India, who
came to trade. He used his opportunities to advantage, and
collected a store of information on foreign countries, which he
published in a work in two volumes, under the title of #R 3%
a. Vol. I. treats of Further India, “the Archipelago and the
Philippines, Japan, Korea, the Loo-choo Islands, Ceylon, Spain,
Cochin-China, Tongking, and the dominions of Islam, &c. Vol.
II. contains a description of the various articles imported into
Ch'iian-chou, followed by an account of the island of Hainan.

Chao Kao t8 Wa- Died B.C. 207. A famous eunuch in the
service of the First Emperor, on whose death in B.C. 210 he
conspired with Li Ssti and produced a spurious Decree, giving the
throne to the late monarch’s second son, Hu Hai, instead of to
the eldest, Fu Su, who was then undergoing a sentence of
banishment. Having succeeded in his plot, he gradually began to
usurp all power, and even entered into treacherous communications
with Liu Pang regarding the ultimate partition of the empire. The
march of the latter upon the capital somewhat precipitated matters.
Chao Kao feared lest his treachery should be discovered, and at
length put his puppet sovereign to death, declaring that he was
unfit to reign. He then set up Tzti Ying, son of Fu Su, as King
(no longer Emperor) of Ch'in, meaning that he too should be
removed when necessary for his own plans. Tzti Ying, however,
got wind of his designs, and caused him to be assassinated as he
was entering the palace. T'radition says that on one occasion, in
order to discover which of the officials at the Court of Hu Hai,
the Second Emperor, would be likely to defy him, he presented
the Emperor with a stag, saying that it was a horse. His Majesty,
bewildered by the absurdity of the statement, appealed to his

surrounding courtiers. Those who were bold enough to say that it

165

68 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

was a stag were marked down by Chao Kao for destruction.
166 Chao Kou #fj #. A.D. 1107-1187. Ninth son of Chao Chi,
and first Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty, reigning from
1127 to 1162. When the Chin® Tartars carried his brother, the
Emperor Ch'in Tsung (see Chao Chi) and nearly all the Imperial
family into captivity, he was placed on the throne at Navking by
the degraded wife of Ché Tsung (who alone had been left behind)
at the request of the Chin? puppet Chang Pang-ch‘ang. Aided by
Tsung Tsé, Li Kang, and other patriots, he re-established the
Sungs, though with a much lessened territory; but he would not
prosecute the war against Chin® with ardour, and preferred peace
and the comfort of Hangchow, whither he removed his capital
permanently in 1138. At the beginning of his reign he was
entirely in the hands of his favourites ta i sf Huang Chiien-
shan and /-— {f{ & Wang Po-yen; and from 1141 until his
death in 1155 Ch'in Kuei wielded supreme power. Li Kang and
Chao Ting strove in vain to rouse their master to shame for his
lost territory; and Chang Chiin, Han Shih-chung, Bal Say Liu I,
and Yo Fei, whose prowess prevented farther curtailment of his
dominions, were alternately honoured and disgraced by the
vacillating monarch. Driven in 1129 from Yang-chou, where he
narrowly escaped capture by Chin® raiders, of whose advance his
favourites had kept him ignorant, the Emperor was forced by two
discontented leaders of his body-guard to abdicate in favour of his
son. Chang Chiin and 4 (fa fi Li I-hao, however, succeeded
in replacing him on the throne. In the same year Nanking and
Hangchow fell before the northern invaders, and the Emperor
had to seek refuge on shipboard. Yo Fei stemmed the tide of
conquest, and-Han Shih-chung, despite ultimate defeat, made the
recrossing of the Yang-tzse so hard a task that the Chins® never

penetrated south of it again. The war continued with varying

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 69

success, and extreme hardship to the worn-out people of China.
It was complicated by the ambitious hostility of the rival Emperor
Liu Yii (q.v.), and by rebellions in Hu-Kuang, Kiangsi, and
Fuhkien. The patriots wasted their energies in unworthy rivalries,
by which Ch'in Kuei profited to drive all opponents of his peace
policy from Court; and in 1141 he induced the Emperor to agree
to derogatory terms of peace, which included cession of territory
in Shensi and all north of the Huai river, acknowledgment of
vassalage, and a yearly tribute. The death of Ch‘in Kuei was
followed by an immediate change of policy, and by a fresh Chin?
irruption in 1162. The northern throne, however, was seized by
a usurper, who was as anxious for peace as was the Chinese
Emperor. On its ratification, Chao Kou abdicated in favour of his
adopted son, Chao Shén. Canonised as faa a Bip.

Chao Kua {ff 4h. Son of Chao Shé. From his youth upwards

he thought and spoke of nothing but war and military maiters,

167

to the dismay of his father, who prophesied that he would bring ~

ruin upon the Chao State. After the death of his father, war
broke out with the Ch‘in State, and he was appointed to the
command. His mother, however, was anxious for him not to go,
and petitioned the Prince of Chao to that effect, ‘quoting also his
father’s prophecy. He was sent in spite of her; the result being
that he himself was slain, and his whole army, amounting to
450,000 men, was destroyed.

Chao K‘uang-yin iff [E JA. AD. 927-976. The founder of
the Sung dynasty. Descended from a family of officials under the

T’ang dynasty, he rose to high military command under the

168

Emperor Shih Tsung of the Later Chou dynasty. On the death of |

the latter he became Grand Marshal, and was entirely trusted by
the mother of the boy-sovereign. The disturbed state of the

empire led men to look to him for the restoration of order; and

70 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

when he was sent to repel a reported inroad of the northern Han
State and the Liao Tartars, his army invested him with the yellow
robe at efi #5 the Bridge of Ch‘én in K‘ai-féng Fu. He professed
surprise and reluctance; but there is little doubt that he knew of
the design, to which his brother and successor and Chao P‘u were
privy. He used his authority well. The power of the satraps was
taken away, and Magistrates were appointed by the Emperor only.
Of the States and Principalities into which China had split on the
fall of the T‘angs, only the Northern Han survived this reign, to
fall in 979. Agriculture and education were fostered, and public
granaries re-established. Capital sentences were in future to be
confirmed by the Throne; and all chin shih were to be re-examined
and to pass the final Palace examination. The Emperor had always
loved study, and he impressed the need for it even on military
officers, while he would have no Magistrates who were not literary
men. He chose his officials with anxious care, and let them
remain long in office. Personally frugal, he forbade luxury in the
Palace, declaring that he held the empire as a great trust. To
his fallen rivals he was kind, and in every war his one command
was that there should be no slaughter nor looting, A new calendar,
a revised criminal code, and an amended set of ceremonial rules,
were among the many benefits he conferred upon the empire.
Although he had sons, in obedience to the command of his mother
he left his throne to his brother, the arrangement being that his
own son should be Heir Apparent, and succeed upon the brother’s
death. Later writers have indeed suggested that his brother forced
the Emperor to make him his heir, even using personal violence.
On the other hand, he is said to have been so fond of his brother,
that when the latter was cauterised for some disease, he too

cauterised himself, in order to share the pain. Canonised as Hat

TH Bl mi ita a ft with the temple name of I mH. -

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 71

Chao Kuo ff 3. 2nd. cent. B.C. An official under the Emperor
Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, who is said by some to have been
the first to substitute oxen for human labour in ploughing.

Chao Kuo jj dj#. A.D. 1168-1224. Third son of Chao Tun.
He reigned from 1194 to 1224 as fourth Emperor of the Southern
Sung dynasty. A good-hearted but feeble ruler, he fell under the
domination first of Han T‘o-chou, whose niece he married, and on
his assassination in 1207, under that of Shih Mi-yiian. Han T‘o-chou,
by accusing his opponents of caballing, and stigmatising as false
learning the teachings of the two Ch‘éngs and their followers, was
enabled to fill all offices with his own creatures, and to enter
upon a war with the Chin? Tartars in 1206. The war proved
disastrous, and ended in the assassination of Han and the acceptance
of burdensome conditions of peace in 1208. The Mongols, however,
were now penetrating into northern China, and in 1214 the annual
tribute was stopped; yet no preparations were made by the short-
sighted rulers of the House of Sung against the rising power that
was to overwhelm them. A desultory war with the Chins? ensued,
but few engagements took place. On the Emperor’s death, the
Empress and the all-powerful Shih Mi-yiian passed over the Heir
Apparent, who had rashly disclosed his hostility towards the latter,
and set up a descendant of the founder of the Sung dynasty.

Canonised as ‘ga Se Et A ape.
Chao Liang-tung iff B fi (1. 2% FF and Da He). A.D.
1620—1697. A successful military officer during the reign of the

Emperor K‘ang Hsi. In 1676 he quelled the mutiny of the troops
in Shensi, and took a prominent part in recovering Sstich‘uan in
1679. For the latter service he was made President of the Board
of War and Viceroy of the Yiin-Kuei provinces. In 1681 he was
sent to Yiinnan, to aid in stamping out the last traces of the

rebellion of Wu San-kuei. His plans were adopted; the provincial

169

170

171

172

173

72 j A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
capital fell, and ta {Ht FS Wu Shih-fan committed suicide. Owing

to jealousies, it was not until 1694 that he was ennobled and
received a present of Tls. 2,000. He is stated to have owed his
successes to his strict discipline and sympathy «with his soldiers,
whose hardships he invariably shared. Canonised as aE Hi, and
in 1730 included in the Temple of Worthies.

Chao Lieh Ti. See Liu Pei.

Chao Méng-chien {ff 3 B% (T. -—- [a]. H. #% Be OG -b).
13th cent. A.D. A scion of the Imperial House of Sung, who
graduated in 1226, and about 1260 was a Fellow of the Han-lin
College. After the fall of the Sung dynasty, he lived in seclusion
at Zy Hsiu-chou in Chehkiang until his death at the age of
ninety-seven. A deep student and a fair poet, he is famous for
his landscapes and flowers drawn in black and white. Author of
the Reg. an} a treatise on the plum-tree.

Chao Méng-fu jf] 3 JA O(T. 5}. A. Ah SH). A.D. 1254—
1322. A lineal descendant of the founder of the Sung dynasty,
and an hereditary official. Upon the fall of the House of Sung he
retired into private life until 1286, when he was summoned to
Court and appointed secretary in the Board of War. By 1316 he
had risen to a high post in the Han-lin College, and was highly
esteemed by the Emperor, who always addressed him by his style,
Tzt-ang, instead of using his official name, Méng-fu. He was

distinguished as a calligraphist, and as a painter of landscapes,

‘flowers, men, and horses. His wife, ve KK the Lady Kuan,

was also an artist of considerable talent. Canonised as Ml FE

174 Chao O #fj #R. A filial daughter, who lived about B.C. 150.

Her father having been falsely accused and executed, and his goods
confiscated, by a corrupt official named ZR = Chi Shou, she set
to work to avenge his death. She practised until she became an

adept at the use of the sword; and at length, after ten years of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 73

watching and waiting, she found her opportunity, and laid Chi
Shou dead at her feet. Carrying his bleeding head in her hand, she
at once gave herself up to justice; but the official who reported
the case to the Emperor obtained for her a full pardon, and shortly

afterwards married her.

Chao Pao #fj %, (T. J Fe). Died A.D. 177. A native of 1%

“Hg ©=Kan-ling in Chihli, who first distinguished himself by
disowning a cousin for becoming a eunuch. Graduating as hsiao lien,
he rose in the public service until he was appointed Governor of
Liao-hsi, in which capacity he succeeded in keeping peace along
the frontier. His mother and wife were on their way to join him
when they fell into the hands of a band of Turkic marauders.
Chao Pao at once led forth troops to the rescue; whereupon the
brigands placed his mother and wife in their front rank. His mother
however cried out that no question of ransom was to be entertained
for a moment, and Chao gave the signal to attack. The brigands
were overwhelmed, but the two women were killed in the fray.
The Emperor in vain tried to soothe his grief by ennobling him
as Marquis. As soon as the funeral was over Chao exclaimed, ‘To
take one’s pay and to shirk danger, is not loyalty; but to kill
one’s mother, even in the discharge of duty, is not filial piety.
I can no longer face the world.” He then vomited blood and died.
Chao Pien #f + (T. Ba $4). A.D. 994—1070. An official of
the Sung dynasty, celebrated for his integrity and benevolence.
Graduated as chin shih in A.D. 1034. He acted fearlessly as a
Censor, and later on opposed the innovations of Wang An-shih.
Was popularly known as $V ie fi) Gi the Censor with the Iron
Face. When asic as Governor to Shu (modern Sstich‘uan), he took
nothing with him but a lute and a crane. Even these were
dispensed with at his next incumbency, and he was attended only

by a single grey-headed servitor. When acting as Governor of

6

V7

74 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Yiieh-chou, the region of Chehkiang was afflicted by famine caused
by drought and locusts, and the price of grain went up. His
brother officials forbade the raising of prices; but Chao Pien pursued
a different policy. He proclaimed in his district that every one
with grain to sell might raise the price as he pleased; the
consequence being an influx of supplies which made provisions
abundant at a low rate. His example is still appealed to as that
of a saviour of the people in times of distress. It is also recorded

of him that every night he was accustomed to robe himself and

with. offerings and incense to submit to Almighty God the events

of the day. An act which he could not thus submit, he would
hesitate to perform. Canonised as lig Jak:

Chao Ping #ff Be. A.D. 1271-1279. The youngest son of Chao
Ch‘i, and the ninth and last Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty.
On the death of Chao Shih in 1278, most of the officials wished
to disperse and give up the hopeless struggle against the Mongols;
but Lu Hsiu-fu induced them to proclaim this boy, and aided by
Chang Shih-chieh, kept up some semblance of a Court. Being hard
pressed at #4 || Kang-chou (see Chao Shih), the Sungs moved
to the stronger position of Yai-shan, an islet in a bay some 380
miles south of the city of $f far Hsin-hui in Kuangtung. They
had still over 20,000 followers, and 1,000 vessels. Towards the
end of 1278 Canton was abandoned, and Wén Tien-hsiang, who
had been heroically struggling in northern Kuangtung, was captured
through the treachery of a subordinate. Harly in 1279 the Mongols
under Chang Hung-fan beleaguered the last stronghold of the Sungs
by land and sea. Shut up in their ships, which they formed into
a compact mass and fortified with towers and breastworks, the
patriots, deprived of fresh water, harassed by attacks during the
day and by fire-ships at night, maintained the unequal struggle -
for a month. But when, after a long day’s fighting, Lu Hsiu-fu

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 75

found himself left with only sixteen vessels, he fled up a creek.
His retreat was cut off; and then at length despairing of his
country, he bade his wife and children throw themselves overboard.
He himself, taking the Emperor on his back, followed their
example, and thus brought the great Sung dynasty to an end.
Chao Ping is known in history as if pe never having been
canonised.

Chao Pu #8 fF (T. Hl) AF). A.D. 916-992. A native of #j 178
Chi-chou in Chihli, whose family moved to Lo-yang in Honan. As
a youth he was grave and reserved. In 954 he entered the service
of Chao K'uang-yin, founder of the Sung dynasty, as secretary,
tended the future Emperor in an illness, and became his friend.
He was present when his master was invested by the army with
the Imperial robes, and was left in charge of the capital while
the sovereign’s presence was required elsewhere. In 962 he was
placed upon the Privy Council; and from that time became the
trusted counsellor of the Emperor, who is said on one occasion to
have visited him, unattended, in a snowstorm, so anxious was the
monarch to obtain his opinion. The drastic reforms which he
initiated brought him unpopularity, and intrigue caused him to
fall into disfavour at Court. He was ordered to Yiinnan; and
although after a year or two he returned, he never completely
regained his former position with the founder of the dynasty. The
second Emperor, T‘ai Tsung, received him back into favour, and
made him a Minister; and when he was departing for a high
provincial post, indited to him a farewell ode. In 992, after
holding a variety of posts, he was made Grand Preceptor of the
Heir Apparent, and ennobled as Duke. He was a devoted student
of the Analects of Confucius, and once said to the Emperor Tai
Tsung, “With one half of this work I helped your father to gain
the empire, and now with the other half I am helping your

179

76 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Majesty to keep it.” During all his years of official life, he never
asked a favour for any of his own relatives. Canonised as fist Jen.
Chao Shé +8 Ae 8rd cent. B.C. A collector of revenue under
the Chao State. Because some members of the family of the lord
of P‘ing-ytian refused to contribute, he put nine of them to death.
Their master was so struck by this bold proceeding that he
recommended Chao Shé to the Prince of Chao for employment in
connection with the State finances. Later on he was appointed to
lead an army to the rescue of the Han® State, which was attacked
by the aggressive Ch'in State, and gained a brilliant victory over

the enemy, for which he was ennobled as Prince.

180 Chao Shén #fj #f. A.D. 1127-1194. A descendant in the

181

seventh generation from the founder of the Sung dynasty. He was
adopted by the childless Chao Kou, and reigned from 1163 to .
1189 as second Emperor of the Southern Sung dynasty. He
desired to recover his ancestral possessions from the Chin® Tartars,
but the impoverishment of the country forced him to accept peace
in 1165. In 1189 the Emperor abdicated in favour of his third
son, whom he had carefully educated. Canonised as en = p= if.
Chao Shén-ch‘iao {fj FA Ay (UT. fA Hp and AA fh). AD.
1644—1720. A native of Wu-chin in Kiangnan, who graduated
as chin shih in 1670, and was for many years Magistrate of By
BB Shang-ch‘iu in Honan. His administration was earnest and
thorough; and in time of famine he gave all he had to the people,
even selling his own clothes. By 1701 he had risen to be
Lieutenant-Governor of Chehkiang, where he introduced many
economies and abolished useless and burdensome fees and charges.
Next year he became Governor, his baggage on removal consisting
of one load of books. He improved the sea-walls, the tide
continuing low for 70 days during the work, in answer to his

prayers! In 1703 he was transférred to Hunan, where, after

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 77

quelling a rising of the aborigines, he gave full play to his zeal
for reform. This gained him the love of the people, and even
now, after a century and a half, the women and children of
Chehkiang are still familiar with the name of “Governor Chao.”
But his arbitrary ways kept him in perpetual trouble, and he was
repeatedly impeached, until in 1709 he was transferred to Peking
as President of the Censorate. In 1711 he denounced the seditious
work entitled py [ly 46 F je B, and its author BY TH:
Tai Ming-shih was executed. In 1713 he became President of the
Board of Revenue, but did not get on with his colleagues. In
1715 he incurred a severe rebuke over the embezzlement of public
funds by one of his sons, who was beheaded. Three years later he
wished to retire, but was kept in office, all the sums due by him
being remitted. A record of his government, entitled j= 1 x BR,
was published by the Hunanese, and one of his clerks also
published a collection of his official writings. Canonised as iN Rx »
and included in 1730 in the Temple of Worthies. —

Chao Shih fj F:. A.D. 1268—1278. Eldest son of Chao Ch‘i. 182
On the capture of Chao Hsien by Bayan in 1276, he was
proclaimed at Foochow eighth Emperor of the Southern Sung
dynasty by fii ‘et HH Ch‘én I-chung, Lu Usiu-fu, and other
patriots. His mother, the concubine A Yang, was entrasted
with the Regency. Chang Shih-chieh, who had made the last
attempt to hold the Yang-tsze with the fleet, and Wén T'ien-
hsiang, also rallied to his standard; but the Mongol armies
overbore all opposition, and the boy-sovereign had to be taken to
sea, escaping the Mongol fleet only by a lucky fog. He wandered
south along the coast, driven from refuge to refuge, until in the
spring of 1277 an alarm in the north recalled the enemy’s forces.
Some successes now encouraged the vagabond Court; but the

respite was short, and in the autumn Canton was again captured.

183

184.

78 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Having lost half his following in a typhoon, the wretched
Emperor ended his wanderings at #4 |] Kang-chou, an islet in

the Sa Ji] Wu-ch‘uan District of Kuangtung, in 1278. Canonised
Ai ata (Ey

as Tig Se SE ‘pt
Chao Shih-hsiung #f fi Zff. 6th cent. A.D. A native of fff

a Chii-yang, who stopped one evening at a wine-shop on the
He } Lo-fou mountains near Canton. There he was entertained
by a young lady who appeared to be the hostess, and’spent the
evening drinking wine with her. Next morning, however, he
found himself lying under a plum-tree, stiff with cold, while a
pretty blue bird was singing merrily over his head.

Chao Shu #f I (originally St AF). A.D. 1032-1067. A
cousin of Chao Chén, whom he succeeded in 1063 as fifth
Emperor of the Sung dynasty. The Empress Dowager wi Ts‘ao
was left with joint control, and eunuchs sowed dissension between
her and the Emperor. In 1064 Han Ch‘i forced her to retire,
and banished all the intriguing eunuchs. Han remained in power,

aided by Ou-yang Hsiu, during the reign; but his love of sole

control led to his downfall in 1067. A hot dispute as to the

185

honours to be paid to the Emperor’s father ended in dividing the
Ministers into two hostile parties. In 1066 triennial examinations
were decreed; and the 3] 4% Mirror of History was begun by
Ssti-ma Kuang. An attempt to overawe the Hsia State, by
enrolling 30 per cent of the able-bodied males in Shensi as
militia, proved a failure. In 1066 the Emperor fell ill, and was
compelled by Han Ch‘i to abdicate in favour of his son. Canonised
as ie BC AG Te He if, with the temple name of Ha 5.
Chao Ti. See Liu Fu-ling.

Chao Ting #ff Jf) (T. 7C GH). Died AD. 1147. A native of
Fe] =. Wén-hsi in Shansi, who graduated as chin shih in 1106

and rose to be a Minister of State. He was a steadfast opponent of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 79

Ch'in Kuei and his policy of making peace with the Tartars, for
which he was banished to various places; among others to Ch‘ao-
chou Fu in Kuangtung, where he remained for five years, and
ultimately to a distant military post at ae a Chi-yang. In his
memorial of thanks to the Emperor he said, “My hair is white,
. and I can hardly hope to return. Yet though my days be few,
my heart remains firm; and were I to die nine deaths, I would not
change my views.” “This old fool,” cried Ch'in Kuei, on reading
these words, “is as obstinate as ever!’ Three years afterwards he
fell ill, and indited the following epitaph: ‘‘My grosser self has
mounted upon the stars to heaven, but my spirit will remain
under the form of hills and rivers as a line of defence for the
Throne.” He then refused all nourishment and died. Canonised
as fist fil -

Chao T‘ing-ch‘én jffj @ Gi (T. #f Ah). Died A.D. 1669. A
Chinese Bannerman, who was sent in 1645 to Shan-yang in
Kiangsu as Magistrate, and afterwards distinguished himself as
Prefect of Nanking. Dismissed for dilatoriness in the collection of
taxes, in 1653 he was made Taot‘ai in Hunan, where he set his
face against the giving and receiving of presents. In 1658 he
became Governor of the newly-settled province of Kueichou, and
Viceroy of Yiin-Kuei in 1659, where he introduced education of
the native chieftains and reclamation of waste lands. Transferred
in 1662 to Chehkiang, he simplified taxation and reformed the
military and naval administrations, and stamped out the last
efforts of the adherents of the Mings. He also issued a much

needed cash coinage. Many stories are told of his acumen as a

judge. Canonised as ia Jen.

186

Chao T‘o {ff {'%. Died B.C. 187. A general in the service of 187

the First Emperor. In B.C. 215 he was appointed to a command

under Jen Hsiao, and co-operated with him in the reduction of

80 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the wild southern tribes. Upon the death of the latter, he
succeeded as Viceroy of the South, with his headquarters in
modern Canton, whence he is sometimes spoken of as Bt {pe
Viceroy T‘o; and upon the fall of the Ch'in dynasty he proclaimed
himself Prince of Ytieh, with the title TH Martial. In B.C. 196 he
consented to recognise the first Emperor of the Han dynasty as_
his suzerain (see Zw Chia); and with the exception of a brief
period of hostility under the Empress Lii Hou, he remained a
faithful vassal until his death, which took place at a very advanced
age. He bequeathed his throne to his grandson, who however

was speedily dethroned by the Hans, and his dominions added to

_the empire.

188 Chao Tsui #7) $F (T. -F PP). 7th cent. B.C. Chief among

189

the trusty adherents who in B. (. 654 followed Ch‘ung Erh into
exile among the wild tribes of the north. Two captive girls having
been presented by the savages to his master, the latter gave the
younger, named ZS ie Chi Wei, to him, and she became the
mother of Chao Tun. On their return from exile Chao Ts‘ui was
rewarded with the post of Prime Minister; and he discharged his
duties with such success that the people were said to love him as
the winter sun.

Chao Tsung. See Li Chieh.

Chao Tun 8 =] (T. 3). 7th cent. B.C. Son of Chao Ts‘ui,
and his successor in the office of Minister, the functions of which
he discharged with such stern impartiality that he was feared by
the people as the summer sun. His master, Duke an Ling of
Chin, was a brutal tyrant. Among other things he amused himself
by shooting at his passing subjects from the top of a tower. He
put his cook to death for serving up some badly prepared bear’s-paws,
and committed similar atrocities. Chao Tun felt bound to remon-

strate, and accordingly fell into disfavour. The Duke employed an

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 81

assassin to kill him, and with that intent the latter approached
his house early in the morning; but finding Chao in his robes of
State, ready to go to Court, he was unable to do the deed, and
dashed out his own brains in despair. The Duke then invited him
to a banquet, with the same design. Chao, however, was prevented
by the fidelity of a retainer from drinking to excess, and again
got safely away. Thereupon the Duke let loose after him a fierce
dog, which the same retainer slew. Chao then took to flight, but
was soon recalled by his cousin #8 =e Chao Ch‘uan, who had
slain the Duke in his peach-orchard,

Chao Tun #fj [%. A.D. 1147—1200. Third son of Chao Shén,
whom he succeeded in 1190 as third Emperor of the Southern Sung
dynasty. At first he held the reins of power firmly, dismissed
favourites, lightened taxation and penalties; but he fell under the
dominion of his fierce wife, and was terrified into an illness which
left. all power in her hands. He was so afraid of assassination that
he would seldom give audience, and turned back on several occasions
when he had mustered up courage enough to reach the door of
the audience-chamber. In 1194 the Empress would not let her
husband visit his father, nor take his place as chiéf mourner upon
the death of Chao Shén. Thereupon the Empress Dowager, aided
by Chao Ju-yii, Yeh Shih, and Han T‘o-chou, forced Chao Tun
to abdicate in favour of his son. Canonised as +. = El ip.
Chao Tzu #8 BR. 8rd cent. A.D. An officer of the Wu State,
who was sent by Sun Ch'iian as ambassador to Ts‘ao P‘ei. When
asked by the latter how many able men they had in the Wu
State, he replied that of really able men there were about eighty
or ninety, while such men as himself might be measured by

cartloads or bushelfuls.

190

191

Chao Wén #ff JH (1. ¥ F). Died A.D. 208. A Governor of 192

the Metropolitan District under the Eastern Han dynasty. “Ah”,
6

193

194.

195

82 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

sighed he, ‘‘a hero should fly like a cock and not brood like a
hen.” Accordingly, he resigned his post and retired into private
life. Soon afterwards there was a severe famine, and he spent the
whole of his private fortune in relieving the sufferers. This coming
to the ears of the Emperor Hsien Ti, he was at once summoned
by his Majesty who took him to Ch‘ang-an and made him Minister
of State, at the same time ennobling him as Marquis. In 208 he
incurred the displeasure of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, and was obliged. to throw
up his post. i |
Chao Yeh #8 Fife Cr. B Ff ). Ist cent. A.D. A native of
Chehkiang, who after serving for a while in a subordinate official
capacity, studied for twenty years under Tu Fu. Author of the
us 7K He HK, a history of the States of Wu and Ytieh between
the 12th and 5th centuries B.C., in which there is a mixture of
fact, unauthentic anecdote, and romance. He also wrote the ay
SH} on the Odes.

Chao Yian # 7¢ (T. KA [#]). A scholar and official of the
7th cent. A.D., known’ chiefly from his intimate friendship with
the poet Ch‘én Tzii-ang. He was at Lo-yang during the reign of
the Empress Wu Hou, when he found it more consistent with
safety to lead a quiet and retired life. He died at.the age of 49,
and was canonised by his friends as Jif Be vie a,

Chao Yiian-hao #fj 7p 52. A.D. 1003—1048. The founder of
the Hsia State. He was the son of ti fil Wy] Chao Té-ming,
who had been Governor of Hsia-chou in Kansuh, and had been
posthumously ennobled as King of Hsia. The family was descended
from the Tobas. Under the T‘ang dynasty the surname AS Li
had been bestowed upon them for services rendered; and this again
had been similarly changed under the Sung dynasty to Chao. Chao
Yiian-hao succeeded his father in 1032 as Governor of Hsia-chou.

He was of a fierce and suspicious nature, a student of Buddhism,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 83

and well acquainted with the Chinese people. In 1034 he invaded
Chinese territory, and having seized all the country west of the
Yellow River, he attacked fj Lan-chou Fu. In 1038 he proclaimed
himself independent as Emperor of Hsia. In 1041, after three
| years’ successful warfare, he offered peace, and in 1042 he was
formally recognised as King of Hsia. He was killed by a son
whose wife he had appropriated. For nearly two hundred years
after his death the State he had founded continued to exist, always
more or less in antagonism to the Imperial House, until at length
it was finally overthrown by the Mongols in 1227.

Chao Yin {fj ZH (T. -F- fff). Died A.D. 229. One of the
heroes of the wars of the Three Kingdoms, distinguished by his
unusual stature and great personal beauty. He was a champion of
the cause of Liu Pei, whose son (see Liu Ch‘an) he is said to have
saved twice, — once in the rout at fk HY Ch‘ang-fan-p‘o,
and again when J& Fe JL Lady Sun, the wife of Liu Pei, was
about to take him into Wu. It was on the first occasion that Liu
Pei is said to have cried out ‘“Tzti-lung’s whole body is one mass
of courage!” In a subsequent engagement he was less successful,
and was dismissed to an inferior command; yet he was highly
honoured in the Kingdom of Shu, and at his death he was
posthumously ennobled as Marquis.

Chao Yin fi =. The accomplished and beautiful mistress of
the poet Su Tung-p‘o. She accompanied her lover on his banishment
to Hui-chou in Kuangtung, and there died, with these words from
the Diamond Sétra upon her lips: — “Like a dream, like a
vision , like a bubble, like a shadow, like dew, like lightning.”
A tablet to her memory still stands upon the shores of the
Western Lake. |

Chao Yiin Ff] =. A waiting-woman in the family of a man
named -— $f Wang Shén, skilled in playing on the flute. The

196

197

198

84 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

aborigines near 4x Ch‘in-chou in Kansuh having revolted, her

master sent her in disguise to win them back to their allegiance,

which by the aid of her playing she succeeded in doing.
199 Chao Yin {ff 14. A.D. 1203—1264. A descendant in the
eleventh generation from the founder of the Sung dynasty. He
reigned from 1225 to 1264 as fifth Emperor of the Southern
Sung dynasty (see Chao K‘uo). He left Shih Mi-ytian in supreme
power until the latter’s death in 1233. Then for a year, with the
able aid of Chéng Ch‘ing-chih, the Emperor ruled well; but the
collapse of the Chin? power proved too great a temptation, and a
rash expedition, in defiance of treaty, to recover the ancient
capitals, K‘ai-féng and Lo-yang, brought on war with the Mongols.
The enemy penetrated to the Yang-tsze, while the new Minister,
Bil Be Shih Sung-chih, failed to offer any effectual resistance.
The country was overrun with superfluous officials; the people were
ground down with taxes and the expenses of the war; the high
officials neglected their duties and speyt their time in intriguing.
In 1256 the Emperor, grown arbitrary and capricious, came under
the influence of the obsequious Ting Ta-ch‘iian, who fell three
years later, when the successes of the Mongol invaders could no
longer be concealed. Chia Ssti-tao, brother of the favourite
concubine ya yy Chia Shé, had risen to high rank in Hu-Kuang,
and now by offers of vassalage and tribute induced Kublai Khan,
who was also anxious to return to the north and make sure of
his throne, to withdraw his forces from Ch‘ang-sha and Wu-
ch‘ang. A treacherous attack on the Mongol rearguard, and the
subsequent imprisonment of his envoys in order to conceal the
terms of peace, determined Kublai to crush the perfidious Sungs;
but the Emperor died ere Kublai’s preparations were completed.
Canonised as $f = A if
200 Chiao Fu Hi 4 or Si fe -f. A recluse who lived in the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 85

time of the Emperor Yao, B.C. 2357. As he grew old he began

to seek shelter among the branches of trees, and removed still
farther from contact with the world. Yao offered him ‘the throne,

but he declined, and immediately went and washed his ears to
free them from the defilement of such worldly contamination.
Another story runs that when the throne was offered to Hsiti Yu,

and the latter washed his ears in a brook, Ch‘ao Fu would not
even let his calves drink of the water. |

Ch‘ao Kung-so Bry BL WH (LT. Ff py ). A celebrated poet of 201
the 12th cent. A.D. He graduated as chin shih in 1188, and rose

to high rank in the public service. See Ch'ao Kung-wu.

Chao Kung-wu 9 Azt (1. F Ik. oo A RE). 12th 202
cent. A.D. Elder brother to Ch‘ao Kung-so. From 1165 he was
Prefect at Hsing-yiian in Shensi, and so endeared himself to the
people that he received the sobriquet of }{# pat via Pe,

Ch'iao Pu-chih #R Aj C (T. FER. WH. Ee HB). AD. 208
1053—1110. A native of $B Ef Chti-yeh in Shantung, and son

of Ch‘ao Tuan-yen. An official and poet of the Sung dynasty,
who when quite a boy attracted the notice of Wang An-kuo. At

the age of 17 he accompanied his father to Hangchow, where the
great Su Shih was stationed. There he produced such an
exquisite poem on the beauties of Ch'ien-t‘ang that Su Shih said:

“IT may now lay down my pen!” Graduating first on the list of
chin shih, he entered upon a public career, in which he rose to
high office. On one occasion he was degraded for a mistake in
the biography of the Emperor Shén Tsung. He built himself a
residence which he called, from T‘ao Yiian-ming’s famous poem,
“Home Again!” and gave himself the sobriquet of fia 3 -F-.
Author of the AS i ‘4. Regarded as one of the Four Great
Scholars of the empire (see Chang Lei).

Chiao Ts'o fe GF or Ft GH. Died B.C. 155. A native of 204

86 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary —

Ying-ch‘uan in Anhui, who rose under the Emperor Wén Ti of
the Han dynasty to be chief tutor to the Heir Apparent, in which
capacity he gained for himself the sobriquet of yan Be the
Wisdom-Bag. Upon the accession of his young master as the
Emperor Ching Ti, he was made a Privy Councillor, and proceeded
to advise the new monarch to get rid of the feudal Princes, whose
animosities and treacheries threatened the stability of the empire.
Ch‘ao Ts‘o’s father, hearing of this, hurried up from Ying-ch‘uan
to the capital, and begged his son to withdraw from such a
dangerous enterprise. Ch‘ao T's‘o explained that his measure was
intended to secure peace for the House of Liu; to which his father |
replied that it would secure anything but peace for the House of
Ch‘ao. And as the old man felt unable to face the coming crisis,
he took poison and died. Ten days later, seven of the feudal
States revolted; and as Tou Ying, secretly backed by Ytian Yang,
laid the whole blame upon Ch‘ao Ts‘o and his unpopular measures,
the Emperor gave orders for the latter to be dressed in full official
robes and thus to be led forth to execution.

205 Ch‘ao Tuan-yen. J¢ ti Be (T. A SS). Born A.D. 1035.
The descendant of a long line of statesmen and writers, and father
of Ch‘ao Pu-chih. He was born on the same day as Chang Tun;
their names were published as graduates on the same list, and
they both received their appointments at the same time. Hence
they came to be called the = Ja] Three Sames. Later on,
the political conduct of Chang Tun was such that Ch‘ao was
forced to impeach him. ‘“We are no longer the Three Sames,”
-he said, “but rather the Hundred Differents.” He gained some
reputation as a poet, and rose to be sub-Librarian in the Imperial
Library.

Ché Tsung. See Chao Hsit.
206 Ch’é Yin Hi A (T. pe -F-). Died A.D.? 397. A native of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 87

I 2p. Nan-p‘ing in Fuhkien, who flourished as a high official
at the close of the 4th cent. A.D. In his youth he was too poor
to afford a lamp, and studied by the light of a bag of fireflies.
Yet he rose to be President of the Board of Civil Office. He
entered the service of Huan Wén, and his wit and beauty made
him a great favourite at Court. On one occasion he was present
when Hsieh An and his brother were expounding the Filial Piety
to the Emperor Hsiao Wu. He whispered to Bs = Yiian Yang
that there were several points about which he would like to be
enlightened, but that he feared to weary and annoy the two sages.
“Fear not!” replied Yiian Yang. “Did you ever see a bright
mirror wearied with reflecting, or a clear stream annoyed by a
genial breeze?” About A.D. 385 he retired in ill-health, with the
title of Marquis.

Chén Chiang vA 6. 5th cent. B.C. The virtuous wife of
Prince JK Chao of the Ch‘u State. When the prince went from
home, he left her in a tower surrounded by water; and it was
agreed between them that if he sent for her, he would give the
messenger a token to be shown to the princess. On one occasion
there was a flood, and the water began to rise high round the
tower. The prince hurriedly sent off a messenger to rescue his
wife, but forgot the token; the result being that the lady declined
to leave the tower, and perished in the flood.

Chén Té-hsiu fifi fi A> (T. $e UE and $4 Fy and Ay 7c.
H. py lj). A.D. 1178—1235. A native of P‘u-ch‘éng in Fubkien.
Graduating in 1199, he was appointed to the Imperial Academy,
and soon rose to high office at the capital. At his own request he
was sent into the provinces; and his administration, in spite of
the denunciations of enemies, was marked by signal success. On
the accession of the Emperor Li Tsung in 1225, he was falsely

accused of having favoured the Emperor’s brother, who had just

207

208

88 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

been put to death. He was degraded, but ultimately restored to
office, and became President of the Board of Ceremonies. He was
the author of the yf ZE ZU, a philosophical work treating of
the character and doings of eminent Ministers of past times; of
the Fx #4 45 BE, illustrating the doctrines of the Great Learning;
of the BL ia ES, a collection of model essays, etc. etc. His
miscellaneous works were published under the title of ig py ily
46. Canonised as BL ih, in 1437 his tablet was placed in the

_ Confucian Temple.

209

210

211

212

213

Chén Tsung. See Chao Héng.

Ch‘én Chao-lun [ii Jk 4 (T. 4 LL. H. Ae Be). 18th cent.
A.D. Served in Peking, of which he ultimately became Governor.
As a writer, he was chiefly noted for poems and calligraphy. His —
works were published under the title of a Ay an Fiz 4B.
Ch‘én Chén [ii #. 4th cent. B.C. Famous for the advice he
gave Ji |} Chao Yang not to attack the Ch‘i State, the latter
having sufficiently carried out instructions by the conquest of Wei.
“Tt would be,” said Ch‘én,” as though you were to add feet to a snake.”
Ch‘én Chi-ch‘ang fifi 48 Fe (A. FE EB Gb). A man of
the Sung dynasty, whose ~ shrewish wife’s voice was likened by
Su Tung-p‘o to the} roar off a. lioness.

Ch‘én Chi-ch‘ang, Bi fu i. Graduated as PU 7Q “quadruple
first” during the reign of Chia Ch‘ing, A.D. 1796—1821, the
only instance under the present dynasty; that is to say, in addition
to the ‘‘triple first’? (see Chien Chieh) he was also BH IU first
of the AK AE or $e Fa AE. ;

Ch‘én Chiiao fiji A (T. + [l]). Died A.D. 975. A worthy
of the Sung dynasty, who reached his 60th year before he took
his degree; in honour of which event a literary friend gave him
his daughter in marriage. Upon this, Ch‘én Ch‘iao is said to have

composed the following lines:

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 89

They say that P‘éng Tsu lived eight hundred years,
Compared with which I’m but a little child.

Unfortunately, however, for the story, this verse occurs in the
poetry of the T’ang dynasty.

Ch‘én Chiien [ii (aj (T. -F HE). A.D. 522-566. Nephew of 214
Ch‘én Pa-hsien, whom he succeeded in 559 as second sovereign

of the Ch‘én dynasty. He was an industrious ruler, and made the
Palace watchmen wake him every time they passed at night. His
reign was disturbed only by one abortive rebellion, that of the
Governors of Chiang-chou in Hupeh and [iJ Min-chou in Fuhkien.
Canonised as {Ht ji, 3¢ 54 if.

Ch‘én Ching-yin [i $+ 2 (1. ApH). A widely-read 215
historical critic, who flourished under the reign of K‘ang Hsi,
A.D. 1662—1728. He failed to take his degree, and lived the life

of a recluse. He wrote numerous critical works on history; among
others, the AL, It . B, a manual for historical readers, giving
concise histories of reigns from the Han to the end of the Ming
dynasty. ;

Ch‘én Chung [ii Hr (T. Er ZN). 2nd cent. A.D. Famous for 216
his friendship with Lei I, the two being said to stick together
tighter than glue. Upon taking the highest degree, he wished to
resign his place to his friend; but this was not permitted. Lei I
graduated in the following year, and the two were employed in
the same department, both ultimately rising to the highest offices

of State. On one occasion, a comrade accidentally carried off a
pair of breeches which did not belong to him. The owner suspected
Ch’én, who at once went to the market and bought another pair

to put in the place of the missing garment; and it was not until

the comrade’s return that the real truth was discovered.

Chén Fan [ii 3 (T. ff Ht). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of 217

Ju-nan in Honan, who rose to be Governor of Yii-chang, part

218

219

90 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of Kiangsi, but fell a victim to eunuch intrigues, together with
Tou Wu. When a boy of fifteen, he carried a letter from his
father to FRE By) Hsieh Ch'in; and the latter, on coming to call
next day, said, ‘‘You have an extraordinary son. I came to see
him, not you.” Then, noticing that the court-yard was in a
neglected state, he turned to Ch‘én Fan and asked him why he

did not sweep it against the arrival of guests. ‘“‘A hero,’ replied

the lad, ‘‘should sweep the empire, and not court-yards.”

Ch‘én Hao fii ye (T. BY) 7. H. SE WE and 4 fi). A.D.
1261—1841. A native of #§ [3 Tu-ch‘ang in Kiangsi, and son
of an official in Hupeh. Author of the jj! aU 46 Bit, an
elaborate work on the Canon of Rites, which is still the text-
book for the public examinatioas. He is also known as cu pe
#2, from the situation of his birthplace. In 1724 his tablet was
admitted to the Confucian Temple.

Ch:én Hao I Re: A.D. 1478—1519. A grandson of Prince
‘ied. tig Ning-ching, a scion of the Imperial family of the Mings.
In 1507 he was restored to the title and dignity of which his
grandfather had been deprived for misconduct, and was recognised
as Prince Ning. After having enjoyed for years the favour of the
debauched and extravagant monarch, Wu Tsung, to whom he
owed his elevation, he took advantage of the confusion into which
public affairs were thrown in 1519 by the Emperor’s whim of
undertaking a progress through the southern provinces, to head a
revolt. With a large body of adherents, he made himself master
of a portion of the province of Kiangsi, and proceeded to lay
siege to An-ch‘ing. The Imperial commander, Wang Shou-jen,
who had subdued an insurrection in Kiangsi in the previous year,
at once devised measures for drawing away the insurgent army
from the Yang-tsze, lest an attempt should be made upon

Nanking. He marched upon Nan-ch‘ang Fu, the capital of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 91

Kiangsi, then in the power of the rebels, and took it by storm;

upon which Ch‘én Hao abandoned his design upon An-ch‘ing and

returned to meet the foe in his rear. His fleet, while ascending

the river Kan, encountered that of Wang Shou-jen; and after
an obstinate engagement, Ch‘én Hao was defeated and taken
prisoner. He was shortly afterwards executed at T‘ung-chou, on
the Emperor’s return from his ill-fated journey to the south.
Ch‘én Héng [yi te. A man of the Ch‘i State, who assassinated
his sovereign, B.C. 479, in consequence of which crime Confucius
begged the ruler of the Lu State to send a punitive expedition
against Ch‘i.

Ch‘én Hsiang [ffi 32 (T. jit py). 11th cent. A.D. A native
of Foochow, distinguished for his labours in the cause of education
in his native province. He also held several provincial posts, in
which he effected many useful reforms. In 1068 he was sent on a
mission to the ‘Kitan Tartars; and a year later, as a Censor, he
vigorously opposed the innovations of Wang An-shih, who
ultimately sent him back to the provinces. He was recalled by the
Kmperor shortly before his death at the age of 68, and appointed
sub-Reader in the Han-lin College. Ssti-ma Kuang and _ several
other leading men were recommended by him to the Emperor.
Ch‘én Hsien fifi jy. 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. A high legal
official under the Emperors Ai Ti and P‘ing Ti of the Han
dynasty. Unable to countenance the changes introduced by Wang
Mang, he tendered his resignation; and when Wang Mang
usurped the throne, he and his three sons all declined to hold
office, and retired into private life. He concealed all his legal
books and documents in a wall, and continued to use the old
calendar of the Hans, declaring that he could not recognise
the new calendar of the Wang family. His reputation had
been that of a just judge, and he strongly impressed upon

220

221

Zz

92 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his sons the desirability of erring on the side of leniency.

223 Ch‘én Hsien [ii SE (T. AK FL. H. EF BH). A.D. 1641-1722.

224

Descended from an illustrious Chehkiang family, he graduated as
chti jen in 1672, and served as a Censor in Peking, offering many
valuable suggestions, especially on the conservation of the Yellow
River. Sent as Governor to Kueichou, he promoted the reclamation
of waste lands, sericulture, and fruit-growing, besides doing much
for education. After a term as Governor of Hupeh, he returned to
Peking as President of the Board of Works, and retired in 1719.
An indefatigable student, he left only scattered notes on the History
and the Four Books. Canonised as Bl Ips |

Ch‘én Hsien-chang fi Ek Fa (T. AL Fy). A-D. 1428-1500.
A native of Fy Oa Po-sha near Canton, from which he is
sometimes spoken of as Ff rb ae HE. Of a studious disposition,
he graduated as chi jen in 1447, but failed to take his chin shih
degree. He then built himself a house, which he called a Fe Ee,

and shut himself up in it for several years, receiving no visitors

and spending all his time over books. After this, he went to the
capital to study in the Imperial Academy; and on one occasion,
being ordered to write some verses after the style and on the
subject of a poem by Yang Shih, he turned out a composition
which the examiner declared to be superior to the original. This
brought him to the notice of the Emperor, and he was recommended
for official employment; but he declined to hold office, and retired
into private life. He left no written work behind him, and his
teachings encourage meditation rather than the study of books.
Hence he was stigmatised by Hu Chii-jen as a Buddhist. He is
said to have been a handsome man, though disfigured by seven
black spots on his cheek. He was remarkable for his filial piety;
and on one occasion when his mother was longing to see him,

he felt a sympathetic throb in his heart. In 1584 he was canonised

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 93

as AC ZS, and his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Ch‘én Hst [ii FA (T. 34) {H). A-D. 531-582. Brother of
Ch‘én Ch‘ien and uncle to Ch‘én Po-tsung, whom he deposed in
558, mounting the throne as fourth Emperor of the Ch‘én dynasty.
In 573 he recovered many Districts from Ch‘i, but was overawed
by the rising power of Chou. Canonised as =" — a A if -
Ch‘én Hstian [ii HE (T. *E UY. WH. HK JL). A famous
calligraphist and bibliophile of the 18th cent. A.D.

Ch‘én Huang-chung [if fr FA (T. Fa A. H. BE HP). 18th
cent. A.D. An historical writer, who refused to be recommended
to the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung, preferring a life of comparative
poverty. Author of the 3 Bil Ee a history of the Sung dynasty,
of the [ed if] ae Ee 7 a work on the canonisations of the
present dynasty, of two books on the dates of metropolitan and
provincial high officials, and of a collection of poems and essays.
Ch‘én Hung-mou fi 4 a (T. te A. H. Ps FA). AD.
1695 —1771. Graduated as chin shih in 1728. After serving in the
Gensorate he was sent to the provinces, and soon rose to be
Governor; and during the next twenty years he was moved about
from province to province over half the empire. In 1757 he was
Viceroy of the Two Kuang, but lost the post in consequence of
alleged incapacity in dealing with a plague of locusts. In 1763 he
was President of the Board of War, and in 1767 Grand Secretary
and President of the Board of Works. In 1771 he retired from ill-
health, with the title of Senior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, and
died soon afterwards. Ch‘én was a most successful administrator.
He always had his room hung round with maps of the province
in which he was serving, so as to become familiar with its
geography. He was severe but just to ‘his subordinates, and always
anxious to improve the condition of the people. He encouraged

the production of copper in Yiinnan by allowing the sale of all

225

226

227

228

229

230

a A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in excess of the government quota, by which means he rendered
importation from abroad unnecessary. He established free schools,
and spread education among the aborigines of various provinces.
Canonised as 4 Ft.

Ch‘én K‘ang BH TG (T. -F: &). Born B.C. 512. One of the
disciples of Confucius. When his brother -¥- A Tzi-chii died,
the wife and steward of the latter planned together that Ch‘én
K‘ang should be buried alive with the corpse; but Ch‘én K‘ang
pointed out that they were the more fitting persons to attend the
dead in the world below. From this date it is said that the custom
of burying alive fell into desuetude.

Ch‘én Kuo-jui [it Fin - 19th cent. A.D. A native of Ke BR

Ying-ch‘éng in Hupeh, who entered upon a military career, and

after distinguishing himself under Séng-ko-lin-sin by his exploits

231

against the rebels in Anhui during the reign of the Emperor
Hsien Féng, was promoted to the rank of Brigade General. He
was leading troops through Tientsin in June 1870 and is popularly
supposed to have instigated the massacre of Europeans which took
place on the 21st of that month. He rose to be Provincial
Commander-in-chief at J§& Ch‘u-chou in Chehkiang, and after his
death temples were erected in his honour, and his life was recorded
by the Imperial Historiographer.

Ch‘én Lan-pin [ft fj #% (HB. FRE PK). A native of Kuangtung,
who graduated as chin shih in A.D. 1853. In 1867 he was appointed
to the staff of Liu Ch‘ang-yu, who was commanding against the
Nien fei: In 1872 he proceeded with a number of students on an
educational mission to the United States. He was sent on a
commission of enquiry into the coolie traffic with Cuba, from
which he returned in 1874, when he was appointed Vice Director
of the Imperial Clan Court. In 1878 he was sent as Envoy to
Spain, Peru, and the United States. In 1879 he was made Senior

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 95

Vice President of the Court of Censors, and in 1882 Minister of
the Tsung-li Yamén. From the latter post he was dismissed in
1884, and a month later he retired into private life.

Chén Li [ii PR (T. 3 gy). AD. 1252-1833. A native of
4K fifa. Hsiu-ning in Anhui. At three years of age his grand-
mother taught him to repeat by heart the Canon of Filial Piety
and the Confucian Analects; at five he was reading the Canon and
general history; at seven he was qualified to take his chin shih
degree; and at fifteen he was regarded as the greatest literary
authority in the neighbourhoud. He declined to hold office under
the Mongols, and devoted himself to teaching, being known to
his disciples as ns oF 4, HE, from the name he gave to his
house. Author of the as Ef] 3 42, an historical work covering
the period from Fu Hsi down to the close of the Sung dynasty.
Ch‘én Lin fii Ht. 2nd cent. A.D. A native of Kuang-ling in
Kiangsu. He began life as official secretary to Ho Chin; but
subsequently passed into the service of Ts‘ao T’s'ao, who had a
high opinion of his skill as a dispatch-writer. He was a poet of
some distinction, and is ranked among the Seven Scholars of the

Chien-an period (see Hsi Kan).

232

233

Chén Méng-lei fifi #4 ff. 17th and 18th cent. A.D, A 234

scholar who flourished under the reign of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi,
and took a leading part in the preparation of the great encyclo-
pedia known as the ES 4B WX - No sooner, however, had
Yung Chéng acceded to the throne than Ch‘én and his son were
banished to the frontier, on the ground that the former had been
mixed up in the rebellion of Kéng Ching-chung in 1674, and that
although pardoned by the late Emperor, he had committed further
acts of lawlessness and disloyalty. The continuation of the work
was thereupon entrusted to Chiang T‘ing-hsi.

Ch‘én Min-hsiu fifi #X 46. 12th cent. A.D. A scholar of the

235

96 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Sung dynasty, known as Thy We FR -E., who graduated about
1145, when already 73 years of age. The Emperor, finding that
he was still unmarried, gave him one of the Palace ladies,
together with a handsome dowry; whereupon the following doggrel

was freely circulated:

If the bridegroom’s age the newly-wedded bride would like to know,
He had three and twenty birthdays half a century ago.

236 Ch‘én Pa-hsien [ii #4 7 (T. tit fa). A.D. 503-559. A

237

native of Ch‘ang-ch‘éng in Chehkiang, and a descendant of Ch'’én
Shih. He was ambitious from boyhood, and a great reader of
military treatises. In 527 he entered the army of the Liang
dynasty, whose founder greatly esteemed him for his successful
campaign in 546—47 against Cochin-China. He supported the
dynasty against the rebel Hou Ching, who was utterly routed at
a great battle near Wuhu in 551. After several posts as Governor,
he became Minister of Works in 554, and in 555 he surprised
and slew Wang Séng-pien, the Prime Minister, who had set on
the throne the Marquis of A iB Chén-yang, to the exclusion of
the rightful heir. The last Emperor of Liang, in grateful
recognition of his aid, bestowed on him a Dukedom and the
military command of the Kingdom; and he made himself Prime
Minister and a Prince. He compelled his sovereign to abdicate in
his favour at the end of 557, and mounted the throne as first
Emperor of the Ch‘én dynasty. His short reign was without
incident. A devoted Buddhist, he publicly took the vows in 558.
A clever General and a mild Governor, he was_ personally
economical and averse to splendour. Canonised as cA mH we y=) if.
Ch‘én P‘éng-nien fii TH 4F (T. 7K 4B). AD. 961-1017.
A smooth-tongued artful courtier, known as ‘‘the nine-tailed fox”,
who rose to be Minister of State under the Emperor Chén

Tsung of the Sung dynasty. He was the only son of his mother,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 97

and she tried hard to keep him from over-study; but he managed
to elude her watchfulness, and after becoming a pupil of Hsii
Hstian, graduated as chin shih and entered the public service. He
was at one time employed upon the dynastic annals, and was the
author of the Fa aU,, and of a collection of masterpieces in
literature. He was also employed, together with [fF HfE Ch‘iu
Yung, upon the revision of the well-known i 4A a phonetic
dictionary containing over 26,000 characters arranged according
to 206 finals under the four tones. Canonised as Bl fe.
Ch‘én P‘éng-nien [yi {2 4e (T. 4 jt and Y yi). A.D. 288
1663—1723. Graduated as chin shth in 1691, and became a
District Magistrate in Chehkiang, where he soon earned the
reputation of an incorrupt official. In 1704 he became Prefect of
Nanking, and in 1705 he was accused of treason and imprisoned.
This caused a riot, and Ch‘én was sentenced to death, but was
pardoned and summoned to Peking. In 1708 he was Prefect of
Soochow, but in 1709 he was again summoned to Peking, and
there employed in the Imperial Library. He rose by 1728 to be
Director of the Yellow River, and died at his post in consequence
of illness brought on by exposure on the dykes. Wrote essays,
memoirs, and some poetry. Was one of the Five Devils (see
Wang Ch'in-jo). Canonised as ¥% Hy .
Ch‘én Pin PER (T. a a. H. JR jl). AD. 1655-1718. 239
A native of Kuangtung, who graduated as chin shih in 1694, and
served mostly in the provinces. He managed by frugality and
abstemioushess to live on his salary, and even to save money for public
works. He was Governor of Fuhkien from 1716 until his death. The Em-
peror K*‘ang Hsi, when he appeared at an audience in 1715, exclaimed;
“Why, this is surely some ascetic old priest!’ But he nevertheless
appreciated his purity, which was free from all taint of meanness.
Canonised as ig Iq» and included in 1730 in the Temple of Worthies.
1

240

98 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ch‘én Ping [ii P- (T. 3 -F¥-). Died B.C. 178. A native of”
GB Ht Yang-wu in modern Honan, whose family was exceedingly
poor. He himself, however, was so tall and handsome that a
wealthy man of the neighbourhood gave him a granddaughter
who had already been married five times, all her husbands having
died shortly after marriage; ‘‘for beauty like his,” argued the old
gentleman, “cannot be long associated with poverty.” Being
appointed to manage the distribution of the sacrificial meats at
the local altar to the spirits of the land, he conducted the
business with such impartiality that the elders wished he could be
appointed to manage the empire. “Were I to manage the empire,”
said he, “it would be just as with this meat.’ Entering the
service of Prince 4 Chiu of Wei, ‘he became Chamberlain; but
fell a victim to intrigue, and took refuge under the standard of
Hsiang Chi, who advanced him to high posts, and ennobled him
as Prince for his reduction of the Yin State. But when Liu
Pang’s forces succeeded in their raid upon Yin, Ch‘én P‘ing’s life
was in danger, and once more he fled to the enemy’s camp, this
time to become the.trusted counsellor of the House of Han until
his death. He is known as the author of Six Wonderful Plans, as
follows: — 1. By bribery he managed to destroy the confidence
of Heiang Chi in Fan Ts‘éng and his other counsellors, B.C. 205.
2. By substituting coarse herbs for the customary ox presented to
envoys, when he received the envoy of Hsiang Chi, he gave the
latter to understand that an envoy from Fan Ts'éng would have
been welcomed with full honours, thus leading Hsiang Chi to
distrust Fan Ts‘éng’s loyalty, B.C. 204. 3. By means of a woman
he raised the siege of Jung-yang (but see Chi Hsin). 4. By four
times pressing Liu Pang’s foot he caused him to create Han Hsin
(q. v.) Prince of Chi. 5. By Liu Pang’s pretended pleasure-trip to
the lake of EY ah Yiin-méng, he succeeded in making Han Hsin

PPRDRAAA A,

wich ‘BoghapARal a Bisignary 99
prisoner. 6. By ae of movable, ane Waid to have been the
origin of Pamth | SMT Hip ype. of Whith represented a
beautiful girl, Frelnduoedibe Hay, chncly Pho was besieging
Liu Pang in ce Po-téng-Ho allow th etter to escape; for
which he was made Marquis. >of Hh si wae
Ch‘ii'-yiit). He became sole Minister ‘in 179, and is ranked as one
of the Three Heroes (see Chang Liang).

Ch‘én Po-tsung fifi 47 4c (T. AX 34). A.D. 550—568. Son 41

of Ch‘én Ch‘ien, whom he succeeded in 566 as third sovereign of

ti-ni (sometimes read

the Ch‘én dynasty. He was a weak youth, and was deposed after
little more than a year by his uncle, to whom his father had
offered the succession. Known in history as Rs it or Kid if. =F.
Ch‘én Shéng [ffi I (T. vy). Died B.C. 209. A ploughman of 242
the Ch‘in State. One day he stood still in the furrows and said to
his fellow-labourers, “‘When I am rich and powerful, I will not
forget you.” ‘How is a ploughman going to get rich and powerful?”
asked his companions, mockingly. ‘‘Ah,” replied Ch‘én, “what can
swallows, and sparrows know of the aims of the snow-goose or the
wild swan?” Entering upon a military career, he rose to a rank
of some importance; but revolted, together with Ls ii Wu
Kuang, because being prevented by flood from reaching a certain
place by a certain date, he was liable under the prevailing law to execu-
tion, He seized Hi, Ch‘i in modern Anhui, and established himself at
Ch'én in Honan. The people rose on all sides against the Ch'in
officials, and he soon had a large following. His armies however
were unsuccessful, and he was driven out of Ch‘in by = tf
Chang Han at the head of a body of enfranchised slaves,
whereupon he took to flight, but was slain by his charioteer. He
refused to allow himself to be styled Prince of Ch‘u, but he is

often referred to as Prince of Ch‘én. He was posthumously known

w BE.

243

244

400 - = A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ch‘én Shih fifi —f (T. {} A). A.D. 104—187. An official of
the Han dynasty, distinguished for purity and uprightness. As
Magistrate of Fx Fr T'ai-ch‘iu in Honan, he ruled so justly that
people from neighbouring Districts flocked to his jurisdiction.
Resigning office, he returned to his home in Ying-ch‘uan in
Anhui, where he was appealed to as arbiter in all disputes by the
people, who preferred to suffer the penalties of the law rather
than incur his disapproval. On one occasion, when a thief had
hidden himself among the roof-beams, he quietly called together
his sons and grandsons, and after a short moral lecture pointed
up at the thief, saying, “Do not imitate this Yh cl ia pat -F-
gentleman on the beam.” The latter was so touched that he came
down and asked forgiveness, promising to lead an honest life for
the future, and departing joyfully with a present of money. In
168 Ho Chin in vain tried to induce him to accept high office.
His funeral is said to have been attended by 80,000 persons from
all parts of the empire. He and his two sons (T. 7U fy and
ZS Fy), both distinguished men, were known as the = pie
Ch‘én Shih-kuan fifi ti: {# (T. Fe @. H. SH). AD.
1680—1757. Fourth son of Ch‘én Hsien. He graduated as chin
shih in 1708, and after several educational and literary posts,
became Governor of Shantung in 1724. He was degraded in 1734
for procrastination in reporting on the Kiangnan waterways, but
rose again in 1741 to be a Grand Secretary. At the end of 1748
an erroneous judgment led to his dismissal, but he was recalled
to his high office three years later. He retired with honour in
1757, leaving behind him the reputation of a most conscientious
officer. Canonised as Bl Hy} .

Ch'én Shou fifi 28 (7. Fk Ff). ALD. 233-297. A native of
Sstich‘uan, who after studying under Ch‘iao Chou took service

under the Minor Han dynasty, and alone ventured to oppose the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 104

all-powerful eunuch Huang Hao. He brought himself into notice
by collecting the public papers of Chu-ko Liang, and was employed
under the Chin dynasty to edit the History of the Three Kingdoms,
which was much admired. His biographies of Chin men, however,
are marked by personal bias. He became a Censor, but retired at
the death of his mother, chiefly on account of the opposition of
his rival Hstin Hsti; and later he refused to take up a post of
Instructor to the Heir Apparent. He also wrote the ns [ex na
History of Ancient States, and a biographical work on Sstich‘uan
worthies, entitled yar) BA G 46 {i .

Ch‘én Shu-pao [ii At FF (T. 7U Fy). A.D. 553—604. Eldest
son of Ch‘én Hsti, whom he succeeded in 582, and fifth and last
sovereion of the Ch‘én dynasty. He gave himself up to a life of
debauchery, employing unworthy minions to oppress the people,
until the Sui armies took his capital without any opposition in
589. When the victorious invaders burst into the palace, the
wretched poltroon caused himself and his favourite concubines,
Chang Li-hua and others, to be lowered into a well, from which
they were ignominiously dragged up by the conquerors. His life
was spared, and he was sent as Duke of Ch‘ang-ch‘éng, his family
home, to Ch‘ang-an. Known in history as # =.

Ch‘én Shun [ii 72 (T. Z Spi). AD. 1151-1216. A native
of #E 4 Lung-ch‘'i in Fuhkien, who was attracted to the study
of philosophy by reading the j/r FA 4 of Chu Hsi, and when
the latter was appointed Governor of ji. Chang-chou, received
instruction from him as a disciple. He remained an ardent student
for the rest of his life; and although he never actually held office,
he was greatly esteemed by all the local officials. In 1216 he
received a small appointment, but died before he could proceed.
He is said to have been the first to use the term iP: PE in the

sense of philosophical speculation.

246

247

248

249

250

251

102 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ch‘én Ta-shou fiifxi 4 (T. ,4 Ry. H. By Be). AD.
1701—1751. A successful official, who graduated as chin shih in
1733. Early distinguished for erudition, he won the first place at
the special examination of Han-lin graduates held by the Emperor
Ch‘ien Lung in 1737. In 1748 he was a Minister of the Grand
Council, and earned the Emperor’s high approval by his diligence
in dealing with the vast mass of correspondence during the war in
Chin-ch‘uan. He was subsequently Viceroy at Canton. Canonised
as Bl HF, and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Ch‘én-tai fifi As. Died A.D. 1655. A grandson of O-yi-tu,
who shared in the conquest of China. Appointed Pacificator of the
South in 1647, he soon reduced Fuhkien to order and repelled the
attacks of the pirate eK FZ Chéng Ts‘ai. After being degraded in
1651, in 1655 he was restored to. his rank of Grand Secretary
and sent to suppress a rising of Chang Hsien-chung’s successors
in Hu-Kuang. He died soon after his success had gained him the
title of Viscount. Canonised as Ht HE

Ch‘én T‘ao ili [94 . 9th and 10th cent. A.D. A poet and
astronomer of the T‘ang dynasty. Unable to brook the rule of the
Later T‘angs, he retired to the hills, and lived in retirement with
his wife, who was also a scholar, and grew oranges for a
livelihood. ‘It is not,” said he in one of his political poems,
“that the phoenix and the cht lin visit the Middle Kingdom no
more, but that they are all caught in the nets of the Imperial
family.” A neighbouring official once sent a waiting-maid to try
his chastity, but he was proof against all her arts. He called
himself = BL Ah RK.

Chén Ti fii $4 (T. ZS qr). 16th cent. A.D. A native of J
ya Lien-chiang in Fuhkien, who served as a military official
beyond the Great Wall to the north of Peking, but who is chiefly

known as a writer on linguistic subjects. Author of the }R ae

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 103

He and of the = a a a works on the old

sounds of characters as deduced from the rhymes in ancient
poetry, etc. etc. He maintained & owtrance that in early ages there
was no such thing as pronouncing a word in poetry not according

to its ordinary sound, but in accordance with the requirements of
rhyme. He named his home the tH: ate +, and under that title
published a catalogue of the books in his library.

Ch‘én Ting ig apace (T. -F #K). Ath cent. B.C. Commonly 252
known as i a oe Ch‘én Chung Tzt. A man of the Chi
State, who was offered a large sum of money to become Minister

to the Prince of Ch‘u. But he would not face the cares of official
life, and fled away with his wife into the country, where they
occupied themselves in watering plants. On one occasion he went
without food until he could neither see nor hear. His principles
were so lofty, not to say impossible, that Mencius declared a man
would have to be an earthworm in order to carry them out.

Chén Ting-ching fifi Z: He (T. -F iy. H. Pe Be). Died 253
A.D. 1712. Originally named Ch‘én Ching, the ‘‘T‘ing” was added
by the Emperor to distinguish him from another Ch‘én Ching,
who also graduated as chin shih in 1658. He served in Peking in
various literary and educational posts, and afterwards in the
Boards, until in 1703 he became a Grand Secretary. He retired
in 1711, but was recalled to office next year. He was a constant
and diligent student, and compiled, with Hsii Ch‘ien-hstio, the
pe HF Hie re and was also an editor of many of the chief
works published by K‘ang Hsi. His poems gained the commendation
of the Emperor for their elegant simplicity and directness. His
chief theme at Court was the need of repressing extravagance and

of making clean-handedness the first requisite for all offices.

Canonised as Bl A.
Chén Ts‘ao fii RE (1. 4s er. BH. Fy UL -F and FE aff 24

255

104 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

-F-). 11th cent. A.D. A recluse from Sstich‘uan, who studied
under the Taoist fe 2 fifj Chang I-chien along with Su Tung-
po. He was intimate with Su after the latter’s banishment to
Huang-chou in Hupeh. Author of the FF an -¥- {#8 , a treatise
on the value of harmony in life and nature.

Ch‘én Tsu-fan [ii fH yi (7. Ap tee. He Jl Gf). A.D.
1676—1754. A native of Kiangsu, who distinguished himself as a
scholar, but who refused to take his degrees in the usual course.
He lived in retirement, and gathered around him many disciples,
reluctantly accepting the headship of the a Tzti-yang
College at Soochow, and afterwards that of several other Colleges.
In 1751 he headed the list of men recommended to the Throne
for classical knowledge and exemplary conduct, but he declined to

take office. His literary efforts consist chiefly of essays and poems.

256 Ch‘én Tsun [Hi Pa (T. Ge AL). Died A.D. 25. A native of

Tu-ling in Shensi, of a wild and festive disposition. When he
became a subordinate official at the capital, he used to appear
with a handsome equipage instead of the lean horse and poor
carriage of his colleagues. He also happened to have exactly the
same names as one of the grandees of the Court, for whom he
was constantly mistaken; and in consequence of the excitement
often caused by the supposed arrival of the great man, he was
nicknamed [iff # 4ft Ch‘én the Disturber of Sittings. He was
almost always drunk, but it was said that he never let this
weakness interfere with the dispatch of business. He rose to high
office under the Emperor Ai Ti, and for services against some
dangerous rebels he was ennobled as Marquis. He became Governor
of Honan under Wang Mang the Usurper, and was sent under
Kéng Shih on a mission to the Khan of the Hsiung-nu. On his
return he heard that Kéng Shih had fallen, and remained for
safety in Kansuh where he was killed by brigands, being dead

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 105

drunk at the time. He was distinguished as a letter-writer, but |
still more famous for his love of good company. He used to keep
his guests with him, even against their will, by throwing the
linch-pins of their carriages into a well.

Ch‘én T‘uan fifi fA (T. fal Ry. H. A HS). Died A.D. 989, 257
A native of Po-chou in Anhui, who when three or four years old
received suck from a strange woman as he was playing on the
banks of a stream. From that moment his mental powers
quickened, and he could readily learn anything by reading it over
once. He soon acquired distinction as a poet, and in 932 went
up for his chin shih degree. Failing to succeed, he retired to the
wt ff Wu-tang mountains in Hupeh, and remained there in
seclusion for over twenty years. Five supernatural beings, who
came to hear his teaching, are said to have transported him
thence in the twinkling of an eye to the Hua mountain in
Shensi, where they taught him the art of hibernating like an
animal so that he would sometimes go to sleep for a hundred
days at a time. In 956 the Emperor Shih Tsung of the Later
Chou dynasty, who was fond of the alchemistic art, summoned
him to Court, and kept him a month at the palace. But Ch‘én
T'uan said, ‘Your Majesty, as lord of all within the Four Seas,
should think only of the administration. What has your Majesty
to do with transmutations of. the yellow and the white?”
Refusing all offers of employment, he returned to his mountain
refuge; but twice more visited the Court during the reign of the
Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the Sung dynasty, who showed him much
kindness and bestowed upon him the designation of Aq mI
AB. In 988 he bade his disciples prepare a rock chamber for
him, saying, “My hour for rest is at hand;” and in the autumn
of the following year, as soon as it was finished, he said, “My

days are numbered,” and quietly passed away. His body remained

106 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

warm for seven days, and for a whole month a glory played

258

around the entrance to his tomb. A profound student of the
Canon of Changes, he was never seen without a book in his
hand, and gave himself the nickname of Ff 4. -F-. Author of
the 44 JU: a treatise on the elixir of life, and of other works.
He is sometimes known as the }jjf RK ey A, Hemp-clad Philosopher.
Ch‘én Tzi-ang fifi -F- 5} (T. 4A AK). A.D. 656 —698. A native
of ay ye Shé-hung in Ssiich‘uan, who belonged to a wealthy
family, and up to the age of 17 amused himself only with hunting
and gambling. He then set himself to study, and in 684 he
graduated as chin shih. Proceeding to the capital he adopted the

following expedient to bring himself into notice. ‘He purchased a

very expensive guitar which had been for a long time on sale,

259

and then let it be known that on the following day he would
perform upon it in public. This attracted a large crowd; but when
Ch‘én arrived he informed his auditors that he had something in
his pocket worth much more than the guitar. Thereupon he dashed
the instrument into a thousand pieces, and forthwith began handing

round copies of his own writings. After this he soon attracted |
the notice of the Empress Wu Hou, and became one of her most
intimate counsellors, giving her excellent advice upon great
matters and at the same time flattering her pride on such points
as the change of dynastic title from T‘ang to Chou. His ill-
health, coupled with attacks of his enemies drove him into
retirement, nominally to wait upon his aged father. At the death
of the latter he got into trouble with the magistrate of his
District, who had an eye upon the family wealth, and was
thrown into prison on a trumped-up charge and died. His poetry
ranks among the most beautiful even of the poetical dynasty

under which he lived.

Ch‘én Ya fifi WH (T. Hi 2). 10th and 11th cent. A.D. A poet.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 107

and humorist of the Sung dynasty. He graduated as chin shih
in 1002, and rose to be Secretary in a Board.

Ch‘én Yu-liang fifi % fy. Died A.D. 1363. The son of a
fisherman at ye Na Mien-yang in Hupeh, and originally named
wht Hsieh, who in 1350 quitted his post as gaoler to join the
forces of Hsii Shou-hui. By 1857 he had risen to command an
independent force; and in 1358 he captured An-ch‘ing, slew
Hsti, and proclaimed himself Prince of Han, and finally Emperor
of the Han dynasty, with his capital at Wu-ch‘ang. He obtained
the mastery over a large portion of western China; but he was
ultimately vanquished by Chu Yiian-chang, the founder of the
Ming dynasty, in a decisive battle on the Po-yang lake, and
killed by a stray arrow when already in full retreat. He had two
brothers, named Ch‘én R A= Yu-jen and Ch‘én KR =I Yu-kuei,
who were associated with him in his adventurous career.

Ch‘én Yiian-lung [ii 7c WE (T. Jae Ge. H. He HR). AD.
1650—1736. Graduated in 1685, and served in the Grand
Secretariat until 1704, when he retired to attend on his aged
parents. Resuming his career, he was Governor of Kiangsi from
BTL ton odenl’e edhe “Proskddats Yt) in Boandystands ini Tae
became Grand Secretary. He was the author of the #< FY aa i,
an encyclopedia of arts and sciences, and editor of a collection
of essays by various members of his family. Was canonised as
if 1.

Ch‘én Yung-chih fifi FA A (or GR or Z). 10th cent. A.D. A
native of Honan, and a famous artist, known from his abode as
ah 2e. [yi Ch‘én of Hsiao-yao. He excelled in figures, landscapes,

and religious subjects.

260

261

262

Chéng Chan-yin iff} & -. The Chief Augur to whom Ch'ti 268

Ytian applied for advice as to whether he should give up official

life. But the Chief Augur gathered up his divining apparatus and

264.

108 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

saluted him, saying, “A foot is oft-times too short; an inch, too .
long. The implements of my art are not adequate to your
requirements. Think for yourself and translate your thoughts into
action. The divining-rod and the tortoise-shell would avail you
naught.”

Chéng Ch‘éng-kung 2} BK Dy (T. Zi). AD. 1628—1662.
Son of Chéng Chih-lung, under whom be served with great
distinction for many years. In 1649, he attacked Ch‘ao-chou, and
in 1657 he took both T‘ai-chou and Wénchow. In 1659, he made
an attack upon Nanking, but was beaten off with great loss, five
hundred and more of his ships being burnt. In 1660, a few
months before the death of the Emperor Shun Chih, the
populations of no less than eighty-eight townships on the coast
of Fuhkien and Kuangtung were removed inland, in consequence
of the piratical attacks organised by Chéng Ch‘éng-kung. This _
was done under the advice of Li Shuai-t‘ai, Governor of Fubkien.
In 1661, he attacked the Dutch in Formosa, whence their
expulsion was effected in the following year; and a valuable
possession came through his instrumentality to be added to the
Chinese empire. Succeeding in 1662 to his father’s command, he
determined to avenge the latter’s treacherous death, and declared
an implacable warfare against the new Manchu dynasty. About
this time the last scion of the Mings honoured him by bestowing
upon him the surname rs Chu, which was’ that of the Imperial
House. Hence he came to be commonly spoken of as [Bl #E ER
Kuo hsing yeh, which title was corrupted by the Portuguese into

the well known Kowinga or Koshinga. Meanwhile, several of his

‘late father’s chief adherents tendered their submission to the

Manchu cause, his own brother, a Wh Chéng Ch‘éng-tz‘t,
falling into the hands of the enemy at Amoy. In the sixth moon

it was reported to the Throne that Chéng Ch‘éng-kung had gone

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 109

mad after an outburst of wrath in consequence of his eldest son
Chéng Chin having been installed in his stead, and that he had
caused his own death by biting off his fingers. On the 15th February
1875, the Peking Gazette contained a memorial from the Imperial
Commissioner appointed to reside in Formosa during the Japanese
invasion of 1874, requesting that the spirit of Re sii a) Chu
Ch‘éng-kung, known as Prince of Mie 7f Yen-p‘ing — a title
conferred upon him in 1657 by Prince # Kuei of the Ming
dynasty, who was then in Yiinnan — should be fittingly canonised,
and a temple erected in his honour in T‘ai-wan (now ‘T'ai-nan)
Fu. It was pointed out that the Emperor K‘ang Hsi had declared
this man to be merely one of the supporters of the Ming dynasty,
and not a revolting rebel against the Manchus. Also that the literati
of T‘ai-wan Fu had put the following facts on record about him:
‘Devoted to scholarship in his youth, he became involved, on
reaching the age of manhood, in the troubles which befell the State;
and imbued with the prevailing sentiments of heroic devotion, he
postponed the obligations of filial mourning to the duties of patriotism.
He founded in the midst of the waste of waters a dominion which
he transmitted to his descendants, and which was by them
surrendered to the Imperial sway. His former opposition being
condoned, his name was admitted to a place in the record of the
loyal servants of the dynasty; and in the ensuing ages his
Supernatural intervention has been granted when cries of distress
have arisen in times of national calamity.” The memorial was granted.
Chéng Chiiao i fff (T. 7M {if. H. Ae Y%). AD. 1108—
1166. A native of ri Hj P‘u-ttien in Fuhkien, and one of the
most famous men of letters of the Sung dynasty. For a long time
he lived in studious seclusion at AK ex iy Chia-chi-shan, cut
off from all human intercourse. Then he spent some time in visiting

various places of interest, devoting himself to searching out marvels,

265

266

267

110 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

investigating antiquities, and reading (and remembering) every
book that came in his way. In 1149 he was summoned to an
audience, and received an honorary post. He was then sent home
to copy out his 3 AR History of China, which covered a period
from Fu Hsi down to the T‘ang dynasty. On its presentation to
the Emperor he was made an Imperial historiographer. Besides this,
he was author of a collection of twenty-six poems and seven prose
pieces, published under the title of IK vas Ee He also wrote a
treatise entitled 44 8X BC, in which he showed that the inscriptions
on the famous Stone Drums, hitherto accepted as dating from the
early part of the Chou dynasty, belonged rather to the latter half
of the 8rd century B.C. He was opposed to the famous peace
proposals of Ch‘in Kuei, and this led to his early retirement into
private life, where he died at the age of fifty-eight.

Chéng Chiien Fj} 3B. 8th cent. A.D. A poet and landscape-
painter of the T‘ang dynasty, famous for having illustrated his
own poems. Being unable to procure paper to write upon, he used
persimmon-leaves; yet he rose under the Emperor Hstian Tsung,
A.D. 718-—-756, to be a Doctor in the Imperial Academy. In
consequence of certain published notes on contemporary events, ©
he was accused of tampering with the dynastic history, and was
banished for ten years. On his return, he withdrew a large portion
of these from circulation. Popularly known as el a Ml.
Chéng Chih-lung M4} & 7 (7. Fk H). Died A.D. 1662.
A native of Nan-an, near Amoy. As a young man, he visited
Macao and Japan, and married a Japanese wife, by whom he had
a son, the famous Koxinga (see Chéng Ch‘éng-kung). Having obtained
the leadership of a large fleet of junks, traders or pirates as occasion
served, he was compelled to place his services at the command of
the last sovereign of the Ming dynasty, in whose cause he fought

against the Manchu invaders. In 1628 he tendered his submission

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 1

to the latter, and for a time was well treated, and cleared the
seas of other great pirates. Gradually however he became too powerful,
and it was deemed necessary to restrain him by force. He was

finally induced to surrender to the Manchu general in Fuhkien;

and having been made a prisoner was sent to Peking with two

of his sons, Chéng {H al Shih-én and Chéng {iH ies Shih-yin,
together with other of his adherents, all of whom were executed
upon arrival.

Chéng Chin J} gH (or $€). Died A.D. 1682. Eldest son of
Koxinga, whom he succeeded in 1662. Summoned to aid Kéng
Ching-chung, he established himself on the coast of Fuhkien, and
by 1676 held Chinchew, Ch‘ao-chou Fu, and other important
places. His generals lost them al! in the following year; but in
1678 he invaded Fuhkien in force, and carried everything before
him, capturing the provincial Commander-in-chief and 30,000 men
at Wit YS Hai-ch‘éng. His able general Liu Kuo-hsiian was however
hemmed in by vast armies and compelled to retreat to Formosa
in 1680. | ’

Chéng Chiing-chih if 7 CC (T. fi Je. H. Zé IM). Died
A.D. 1248. A native of the #§ Yin District in Chehkiang. He
graduated as chin shih in 1210, and twenty-five years later had
risen to be Senior Minister of State. Throughout his career he was
distinguished for probity and rectitude, but in later life he left
everything to the control of his wife and sons, with disastrous
results. Author of a literary collection entitled the ¥ id 4B.
He was posthumously ennobled as Prince, and canonised as fist yee
Chéng Chio fj Ek. 9th and 10th cent. A.D, An official, who
graduated as chin shih, and held high office under the Tang, Liang,
and Later T‘ang dynasties. In his youth he once planted a single
hemp-seed, which straightway grew up before his eyes; and this

was held to presage his future greatness.

268

269

270

271

272

273

112 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Chéng Chung /4} % (T. aE pe). Died A.D. 114. A eunuch,

native of Nan-yang in Honan, who acquired great influence over
the Emperor Ho Ti of the Han dynasty. In A.D. 89 he was
appointed magistrate at a) iG Kou-tun, and was subsequently
ennobled as Marquis, being the first eunuch upon whom such an
honour had been conferred.

Chéng Ho #4} Fl. Died A.D. 21431. A eunuch of Yiinnan,
who distinguished himself as a military officer in the rebellion
which set the Emperor Ch‘éng Tsu on the throne. In 1405 he
sailed from Woosung with a large fleet to cruise along the coasts
of Cambodia and Siam; some say to demand tribute, others say to
search for the vanished Emperor Hui Ti. In 1408 and 1412 he
conducted naval expeditions to the countries of south-eastern Asia,
going as far as Ceylon, and inducing: many States to send envoys
back with him to China. In 1415 and again in 1421 he returned
with the foreign envoys to their native States in order to open
trading relations with them; and in 1424 he was sent to Sumatra.
He returned from this last expedition to find a new Emperor on
the throne, and in 1425 he was appointed chief Commandant at
Nanking. Five years later, as no envoys had come to Peking, he
and his old lieutenant =F Er BJ, Wang Ching-hung visited
seventeen countries, including Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. On
his death at an advanced age, the thirty States with which he
had re-opened relations ceased to deal with China. He was styled
the = 4H Ik Be and has been said by some to have introduced
the practice of opium-smoking into China.

Chéng Hsieh i} #e (T. 7p #). Died A.D. 1119. A native
of jit j7g Fu-ch‘ing in Fubkien, who graduated as chin shih and
entered upon a public career. Seeing the evils consequent upon
the innovations of Wang An-shih, and pitying the condition of
the people, he memorialised the Emperor Shén Tsung; but not

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 113

venturing to put his views in writing, he expressed them in
pictorial form, which so impressed his Majesty that Wang
An-shih was at once dismissed. He then memorialised that Wang’s
successor in office, re BI a Lit Hui-ch‘ing, was mixed up with
a seditious society, in consequence of which he himself was banished.
Pardoned and restored to office in 1101, he again lost office under
Ts‘ai Ching, and retired into private life.

Chéng Hstian 14) % (T. fit iy). AD. 127-200. A native
of J ag Kao-mi in Shantung, and one of the most famous
pupils from the school of Ma Jung. Beginning life as a petty
official in his native place, he soon resigned his post and became
an ardent student under Ma Jung. After having made a name for

himself as a scholar, he again took office; but the rebellion of the

214

Yellow Turbans threw the empire into confusion, and Chéng retired |

into private life and devoted himself to study. As an instance of
the general respect in which he was held, it is recorded that at
his request the chief of the rebels spared the town of Kao-mi, leading
his troops forward by another route. In A.D. 200 Confucius appeared
to him in a vision, and he knew by this token that his hour was
at hand. Consequently, he was very loth to respond to a summons
sent to him from Ba Chi-chou in Chihli by the then powerful
Ytian Shao. He set out indeed upon the journey, but died upon
the way. He is one of the most voluminous of all the commentators
upon the Confucian Classics. He simply lived for learning. The
very slave-girls of his household were highly educated , and interlarded
their conversation with quotations fron the Odes. He was nevertheless
fond of wine, and is said to have been able to take three hundred
cups without losing his head. His tablet was placed in the Confucian

Temple in 647; in 1530 it was removed; but in 1724 it was replaced.

Chéng K‘o-shuang eK C3 BBR. The gon and successor of Chéng 2%

Chin, and grandnephew of Koxinga (see Chéng Ch'éng-kung). He
8

276

200

278

114 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

was for some time independent ruler of Formosa under the title
of Prince of fi 7 Yen-p‘ing; but in A.D. 1683 he submitted
to the victorious Shih Lang, and shaved his head in token of
submission to the Manchu power. In return for his surrender of
the island, he was made a Duke, and was enrolled under the Red
Banner of the pes i Han-chiin. |

Chéng Ku # 4 (T. -— Ah. H. Wf AR). A native of
pas I-ch‘un in Kiangsi. Graduated as chin shth about A.D. 886,
and subsequently distinguished himself in poetry, of which he was
a composer at the early age of 7. He said that no oné should
sing his Song of the Partridge in the presence of southerners, as
it made them think sadly on their far-off homes. Hence he gained
the sobriquet of ff |i AE, “Partridge Chéng.”

Chéng Tsao-ju i ER An. Died A.D. 1894. A native of
Kuangtung, who graduated as chin shih in 1851, and in 1873
was assistant overseer of iron machinery at the Shanghai Arsenal.
Five years later he was appointed Customs’ Taot‘ai at Tientsin,
and from 1881 until his retirement from ill-health in 1885 was
Minister at Washington, rising also to be Director of the
Banqueting Court.

Chéng-yang Hou. See Hsiao Ytian-ming.

Ch‘éng-chi-ssit. See Genghis Khan.

Ch'éng Hao #1 BA (T. {4H 4. H. WY 3a). AD. 1032—
1085. The elder of the two famous sons of Ch‘éng Hsiang (see
Chéng I). He was born at Lo-yang in Honan, and after showing
great precocity as a child, graduated as chin shih in 1057.
Appointed to be Magistrate at ail) Hu in Shensi, he soon made
a reputation, especially by the suppression of a stone image in a
Buddhist. temple, which was said to emit rays from its head and
which was the cause of disorderly gatherings of men and women.

He subsequently seryed. in Kiangnan and Shensi, and in 1069

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 115

was made a Censor. But finding himself in opposition to the
powerful Wang An-shih, he thought it desirable to apply for a
provincial appointment, and served in Shensi and (in 1075) in
Honan. Soon afterwards he retired to Lo-yang, and devoted
himself to study and teaching until his death. He was the author
of the ‘E AA Zs ,, and was tutor to the great Chu MHsi.
Posthumously ennobled as Earl, he was canonised as }fj, and in
1241 admitted to the Confucian Temple.

Ch‘éng Hsiang FF) (T. {A YH). AD. 1006-1090. A 279
native of Lo-yang in Honan, and father of the —. fig Two
Ch‘éngs — Ch‘éng Hao and Ch‘éng I. The descendant of officials,
he himself held office as Magistrate in Kiangsi, Kuangsi, and
Kiangsu; but his unflinching opposition to the innovations of
Wang An-shih brought him into trouble, and he retired into
private life. In 1530 his tablet was admitted to the Temple of
Confucius. |
Ch‘éng I #2 A (T. IEA. H. HF Jil). AD. 1033-1107. 280
The second and more famous of the two sons of Ch‘éng Hsiang
(see Ch‘éng Hao). Born at Lo-yang in Honan, he studied as a
youth under Chou Lien-ch‘i, and graduated as chin shih in 1057.
Declining to take office, he remained at home engaged upon his
great commentary upon the Canon of Changes, afterwards published
under the title of a {isi . But in 1086, just after his brother’s
death, the influence of Ssti-ma Kuang caused him to be made
tutor to the young Emperor Ché Toung, who was then mounting
the throne. He made many enemies at Court; among others, the
poet Su Tung-p‘o. In 1097 he was sent to a post in Ssiich‘uan,
from which he was recalled in 1101, to be re-instated in the
Imperial Academy. In 1103 he was dgain in trouble, and this
time retired finally into private life, devoting himself to his books

until overtaken by his last sickness. He was canonised as JF,

116 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and posthumously ennobled as Earl; and in 1241 his tablet was
admitted to the Coufucian Temple.

281 Ch’éng Miao ## $4 (T. 7U A). 8rd cent. B.C. An official

under the First Emperor, who invented what is known as the
Lesser Seal character, being a simplified form of the older and
more cumbrous style. He followed this up by the invention of the
Li script, which is again simpler and more easily written than
the Lesser Seal. It was from the Zi script that the modern clerkly
style was developed.

282 Ch‘éng T'ang BX ye. The title in history of the Prince of Ta
Shang, who overthrew Chieh Kuei, the last Emperor of the Hsia
dynasty, and mounted the throne in B.C. 1766 as first Emperor
of the Shang dynasty. He is often spoken of simply as “ri aac, =
and is said to have had four elbow-joints. See Z Yuin.

Ch‘éng Ti. See (Han) Liu Ao; (Chin) Sst-ma Yen.

283 Ch'éng Tien Tai Hou AK KK jy. Daughter of Yeb-lii
Ta-shih. On the death in 1153 of the Emperor Jen Tsung, third
sovereign of the Western Liao dynasty, she was left as Regent
for his young son; but she slew her own husband in order to
carry on an intrigue with his brother, and was herself put to
death by her father-in-law. The young Emperor, known in history
as Ze =f, was captured by ie Hh 4#4£ Goutchlouc, son of the
Khan of Naiman, who seized the government, adopted the Liao
costume, and ruled peacefully until the Mongol armies swallowed
up all Turkestan in 1218. |
Ch‘éng Tsu. See Chu Ti.

284 Ch‘éng Yao-t‘ien #2 HF A (T. ft). Graduated as chi jen
in A.D. 1770, and served as an Officer of Education. Author of
the 3 Bb HH, a collection of some twenty treatises on ethics,

art, and science, all bearing upon illustration of the Classics.

285 Ch‘éng Yen-tsu #2 HE # (I. ER AB OH. fH HE). A.D. 1740—

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 117

1817. A diligent student of the Classics, history, and philosophy,
who refused to enter upon an official career, and devoted himself to
literature. He wrote commentaries on the Canons of History and
Changes, notes on the Spring and Autumn, and poems. He was
an opponent of the Sung school of classical interpretation. Gave
himself the sobriquet of WW we fe kh. :

Chi An ia Hee (‘T. te y=). Died B.C.? 108. An able Minister
under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, who spoke of
him as pee PER pi. an official with the weal of the people at his
heart. On several occasions he fell into disfavour, but always
managed to recover his position, thus justifying the remark of
Huai Nan Tzti that all the Imperial advisers could be shaken off
like dust, except Chi An. While Governor of the modern ¥fi#
Hai-chou in Kiangsu he put into practice, with considerable
success, the doctrine of pas trop gouverner inculeated by Lao Tazit.
In B.C. 181 he defended the fallen Tou Ying, and in 125 his
bold disputations with He vi Chang T'ang, whose policy he
described as that of a mere clerk, led to his being shelved as
Junior Director of the Clan Court. He lost favour still fur-
ther by opposing the wars against the Hsiung-nu, and by tel-
ling the Emperor that he selected Ministers as he might gather
a faggot, always putting the last sticks on the top. In B.C. 118
he became Governor of modern K‘ai-féng Fu, and there made
great efforts to put an end to the illicit coinage which prevailed,
while once more practising the same policy of administration as
in earlier years at Hai-chou.

Chi Cha Zz FL. 6th cent. B.C. A descendant in the twentieth
degree from Wu T'ai Po, founder of the State of Wu, or (2) in
the nineteenth degree from )i&. 4th Yui Chung. He was the fourth
and favourite son of Shou Méng, Prince of Wu, who wished to

bequeath to him the throne; but he declined to usurp the rights

286

287

118 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of his elder brother, Chu Fan, and accepted the fief of Yen-ling,
from which he is now often spoken of as JIE [Be a -F-. His
services were employed by the rulers of Lu and RR Hsii; and the
latter had a special hankering after a sword worn by him. Chi
Cha knew this, but departed on a diplomatic mission without
saying anything about it. On his return he found that the ruler
of Hsii was dead; whereupon he took the sword and hung it as a
votive offering upon a tree which shaded the dead prince’s grave.

288 Chi Ch‘ang #f Ey. A famous archer of old, who studied the
art under Fk {85 Fei Wei. He began by lying for three years
under his wife’s loom, in order to learn not to blink. He then
hung up a louse, and gazed at it for three years, until at length
it appeared to him as big as a cart-wheel. After this, he is said
to have been able to pierce a louse through the heart with an

arrow.

289 Chi Chitieh Bf ft (Ch‘iich of Chi). 7th cent. B.C. A man of
the Chou dynasty, noted for the politeness with which he treated
his wife. When he was labouring in the fields and she brought
him his dinner, he would receive her with a bow as though she
were some honoured guest.

290 Chi Hsin #f! 48 . 8rd cent. B.C. A captain in Liu Pang’s army.
When the latter was besieged by Hsiang Chi at ae IB Jung- |
yang, with little hope of escape, Chi disguised himself as Liu
Pang and proceeded to the enemy’s lines to tender his submission.
In the excitement that ensued, Liu Pang succeeded in getting
clear away; but when the ruse was discovered, Hsiang Chi ordered
Chi Hsin to be burnt alive. A shrine was erected to his memory
at Nis pe Shun-ch‘ing in modern Sstich‘uan, as a patriot whose
loyalty saved the country, and as one who reckoned his own life
of no account compared with that of his sovereign.

291 Chi Huan Tzii 4% fi -F-. 6th and 7th cent. B.C. A noble in

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 119

the Lu State, to whom the Duke of the Ch‘i State forwarded a
number of singing-girls and horses as a present for his sovereign
Duke cE Ting. The acceptance of these by the latter caused
Confucius to retire from office.

Chi Huang 7 He (T. fay {& and Ail Re. H. Hh B). A.D. 292
1710—1794. Son of Chi Tséng-yiin. He graduated as chin shih
in 1729, and was attached to the person of the Emperor Ch‘ien
Lung. In 1766 he was made Director-General of the Yellow
River, and dealt with it so successfully that stories arose of special
providential intervention on his behalf. Recalled to Peking in 1799,
he became a Grand Secretary in the following year, and was
practically Prime Minister until his death. Ch‘ien Lung, who was
of the same age, never wearied of loading him with honours, even
granting him leave in 1790 to ride in his sedan-chair up to the
Hall of Audience. Canonised as. Bl FX -

Chi Kang Ai HE (T. AL 7X). A.D. 223-262. A native of 293
modern Anhui. His ancestors came from Chehkiang, whence they
had fled in consequence of political disturbances, changing the
family name from & Hsi to Chi. As a youth, he was clever
and handsome, and seven feet seven inches in height. Yet he is
said to have regarded his body as so- much clay or wood, and
refused to adorn it. He married into the Imperial family, and
received an official appointment. But- his favourite study was
alchemistic research; and he passed his days sitting under a
willow-tree in his court-yard and experimenting in the transmutation
of metals, varying his toil with music and poetry, and practising
the art of breathing with a view to securing immortality. Happening
however to offend by his want of ceremony one of the Imperial
princes, who was also a student of alchemy, he was denounced
to the Emperor Wén Ti of the Wei dynasty as a dangerous

person and a traitor, and condemned to death. Three thousand

294

295

120 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

disciples offered each one to take the place of their beloved master,
but their request was not granted. He met his fate with fortitude,
calmly watching the shadows thrown by the sun and playing
upon his lute. Was one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
(see Hsiang Hsiu).

Chi Li 45 MK. B.C. 1284-1185. Third son of Tan Fu, and
father of the great Wén Wang.

Chi-mu Chiien 3 } 7 (T. 4S 3H). 8th cent. A.D. A
native of Fl eZ] Ching-nan in Hupeh, who graduated as chin
shih in 726 and greatly distinguished himself as a poet.

296 Chi Pu a Af - Qnd and 8rd cent. B.C. A native of the Ch‘u

297

State, who gained the reputation of a bold fellow and was employed
by Hsiang Chi against Liu Pang. When the former perished, a
price of 1000 taels was set upon his head, and he was forced to
remain in hiding until the new Emperor pardoned him (see Chw
Chia). He rose under the Emperor Hui Ti to be Governor of Ho-
tung, and would have been made a Censor had not some one
pointed out that his abuse of liquor made it unpleasant to be
near him. There was a saying in Ch‘u that his pledged word was
worth more than a hundred ounces of gold.

Chi Shao 7% 44 (T. HE ji). Died A.D. 304. Son of Chi
K‘ang. He was very handsome; but one day when some one was
praising his appearance to Wang Jung, saying that he was like
a crane among chickens, the latter observed, “Nay, you did not
know his father.” He rose to be Imperial Librarian under the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty; and when the Princes of
Ye) fifj Ho-chien and Ch‘éng-tu rebelled, of which he had given
warning two years previously, he fell in battle, bravely defending
the Emperor Hui Ti, whose body-guard had fled. His blood was
splashed over the Emperor’s robes, but his Majesty refused to
allow his attendants to wash it off. Canonised as ik BB.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 121

Chi Tséng-yiin #4 #f $5 (T. WS AK. H. jt WH). Died A.D.
1737. A native of Kiangsu. Graduated in 1706, and served in
the Peking Boards until 1723, when he was sent to the Yellow
River, where the rest of his career was passed. In 1733 he was
made a Grand Secretary, and acted as Governor in Chehkiang,
devoting his attention chiefly to the sea-walls. He revised and
added to the Wy YT. 3 a Topography of Chehkiang.

Chi Tung Ff} i (T. Fy HL. H. BE =e). A diligent student
of the Classics, of history, and of political economy, who flourished
about the middle of the 17th cent. A.D., and travelled widely
throughout the empire. His collected works, among which his
poems hold a high rank, are known as BY = 46.

Chi Tz #€-F-. 12th cent. B.C. Viscount Chi, one of the
foremost nobles under Chou Hsin, the last Emperor of the Yin
dynasty. For protesting against the evil courses of his master,
he was thrown: into prison; and on being released by the victorious
Wu Wang in 1122 he retired to what is now modern Korea, on
the ground that he could not serve a sovereign who was after all
a usurper. The authorship of the Great Plan, a portion of the
Canon of History, has been attributed to him.

Chi Yin #2 19 (T. HE RA. A. AR OL, BG ZB). AD. 1724—
1805. A native of the Hsien District in Chihli, and a scion of a
wealthy and distinguished family. Took his chin shih degree in
1754. After holding various appointments, he was transferred to
a sub-Chancellorship in the Han-lin College. For the offence of
revealing certain matters connected with an official enquiry, he
was banished to Urumtsi, whence he was recalled and in 1772
was placed at the head of the commission appointed for the
collection of the Imperial Library. This undertaking kept him
employed for 13 years. In 1796 he became President of the Board

of War. Famous for his general literary attainments, he was

298

299

300

301

122 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

specially noted for his atjuatitanied with the views of the Han
scholars on many vexed questions connected with the Canon of
Changes; but he published little beyond the results of his labours
upon the catalogue of the Imperial Library. In fact, he openly
declared that everything worth saying would be found, if one only
knew where to look, to have been said already. A collection of
miscellaneous jottings from his pen appeared under the title of
sal teh =) i =i aU: and he contributed a considerable portion
of the #é 3B... Canonised as oe 3

302 Chi Ch‘ao 4} #8 (T. $e or 54 ML). A.D. 335-377. As a
youth he was.self-willed and original, and a clever talker. His
father, who was a Taoist, he himself being a Buddhist, let him
take what he liked from his vast fortune; and Ch‘i Ch‘ao is said
to have given away several millions in a single day! Huan Wén
took him into his service as military secretary, and he and —E
thy Wang Hstin soon gained the entire confidence of their chief.
The two were popularly called the Bearded Secretary and the
Dumpy Registrar. On one occasion Huan had placed Ch‘i Chao
behind a blind in order that he might overhear a consultation
with Hsieh An and Wang T‘an-chih. During the interview a puff
of wind blew aside the blind, whereupon Hsieh An jokingly
remarked that Huan Wén evidently reposed a blind confidence in
his secretary. ‘Ch'i Ch‘ao protested against the war which in 369
resulted in the defeat of Huan at Ai BA Fang-t‘ou in Honan.
When the news came of a subsequent victory, Huan, who had
felt greatly mortified, asked him if this was enough to wipe out
the shame of Fang-t‘ou. He replied, “You have not stultified my
estimate of you.” He had a lifelong feud with Hsieh An, but
kept his treason secret from his father. On his deathbed,
however, he entrusted a box full of correspondence with Huan

Wén to one of his retainers, with orders to give it to his father,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 123

should the latter grieve for him overmuch. And as the father
became seriously ill after the death of Ch‘i Ch‘ao, the box was
handed over to him. Then his sorrow was turned into regret that
his son had lived so long.

Chii Chao-nan 9K 7 Bg (T. AU. WH. we and A
fa] ). 18th cent. A.D. A native of Chehkiang. After serving as
Reader in the Grand Secretariat, he became President of the
Board of Rites in 1748. In 1749 he retired, and was appointed
to be head of a college, his retirement being due to a fall from a
horse which impaired his once marvellous powers of memory.
Besides being a deep student of geography, he was the author of
several works on history and chronology. He also published a
collection of poems, and the aK Sem a a a description of the
rivers and water-courses of China, Korea, Tibet, and Mongolia.
Chi Chi-kuang py (3% (T. OU EY. H. By HE). Died
A.D. 1585. A native of Téng-chou in Shantung, who rose to be
a military captain in. Chehkiang, and distinguished himself by
repelling an invasion of the Japanese, for which services he was
promoted to be Lieutenant-Colonel. Subsequent achievements of a
- similar nature in Fuhkien gained for him the distinction of Senior
Guardian of the Heir Apparent and other honours, but he was
compelled by illness to retire soon afterwards into private life.
Author of the oh Fe j= #E and of the FE. at Hr SE, works
on military training, strategy, etc. Canonised as ph Ag.

Chi Chien 25 B@. 4th cent. A.D. Father-in-law of Wang Hsi-
chih, When about to marry his daughter, he sent to obtain one
of the sons of Wang Tao. The go-between reported that all the
sons were nice young fellows, except one who lay en déshabillé
on a couch and paid no attention to what was said. Ch‘i Chien

at once chose him.

303

304

305

Chi-fu Chiien-kuei 4 {ft i fy. Died A.D. 410. Brother of 306

307

308

309

310

dll

124 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ch‘i-fu Kuo-jen, whom he succeeded in 888 as King of the
Western Ch'in State. He greatly extended his territory, warring
with varying success against Li Kuang and Yao Using, the latter
of whom kept him at one time at his Court. On the rise of the
Hsia State he escaped, and returning home resumed the title of
King of Ch‘in. Two years later he acknowledged the suzerainty of
Yao Hsing; but once more, after a successful campaign against
the Southern Liangs, he was about to assert his independence
when he was assassinated by a nephew. Canonised as TH It +.
Chi-fu Chiih-p'an 4 {k Bk #2. Died A.D. 427. Son of
Ch‘i-fu Ch‘ien-kuei, whom he succeeded in 410. After some years
spent in warfare with the Southern Liang and Hsia States, in 416
he tendered his allegiance to the Emperor Wén Ti of the Sung
dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Ch‘i-fu ¥ H Mu-mo,
who reigned for three years, when he was put to death by Ho-
lien Ting of the Hsia State.

Ch‘i-fu Kuo-jen ia AR fe As Died A.D. 388. The chief of a
Turkic colony in Kansuh, who served under Fu Chien (2). Upon
the latter’s final defeat, he declared himself independent, and in
384 assumed the title of King of the Western Ch'in State.
Canonised as ‘ee Fl =F.

Chi Li Chi #y FA 2S. One of the Four Gray-heads (see
T‘ang Hstian-lang).

Chi Nu #6 x. A young lady of the Ch'i State, who had two
lovers, one living to the right and the other to the left of her
house. On being ordered by her father to tuck up one sleeve on
the arm corresponding with the swain she preferred, she tucked
up both sleeves, explaining to her astonished father* that she
wished to eat with the one of them who was rich, and live with
the other who was handsome.

Ch‘i Po jv AW . One of the Assistants of the Yellow Emperor,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 125

B.C. 2698, and the reputed founder of the art of healing.
Chii-su-lé 9K fe Hh (T. HZ). Died AD. 1729. A Manchu
‘of the Plain White Banner. He began his career in the Board of
Astronomy, but was soon transferred to the Yung-ting river
works; and after a year as Judge of Shantung with charge of the
Grand Canal, he became in 1724 Director-General of the Yellow
River, a post in which he laboured with great success until his
death. In 1728 he cleared the Woosung bar. Canonised as Hy} Me,
and included in the Temple of Worthies. .

Chii-tiao K‘ai # Fit Bi) (1. - PY and FH HH and F: (if).
Born B.C. 541. One of the disciples of Confucius. He declined to
take office, on the ground that he was not sufficiently prepared
by study.

Ch‘'i Wang. See Shih Ch‘ung-kuei.

Chia Ch‘ang-ch‘ao FY Ey iif (T. -F- W]). A.D. 998—1065. A
descendant of ya hie Chia Wei, one of the historians of the Chin
dynasty, and a distinguished writer on philology. He graduated as
chin shih in 1017, and in 1043 he became a Minister of State;
but his constant wrangles with Ue B Wu Yii led to his dismissal
to a provincial post. On the accession of the Emperor Mo Tsung
he was made Governor of Féng-hsiang in Shensi, and ennobled as
Duke. Canonised as Bl TU:

Chia Chien a1 BX. 5th cent. A.D. A famous archer, who at
the age of sixty would place a cow at a distance of 100 paces and
with one arrow graze its back, while with a second he grazed
its belly.

Chia Chih eB Zp (T. 44 Hh). AD. 718—772. A native of Lo-
yang. Official and poet under the Tang dynasty. Was banished to
Yo-chou in Hunan, and there some of his finest poems were
composed. Restored to favour he rose to be Vice President of the

Board of Rites, and filled other high offices. Canonised as Nl.

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

426 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Chia Chih-yen f Jf =. Died A.D. 835. His father having

been sentenced to drink poison, he seized the cup and drained it,
recovering by a miracle, with no other result than a chronic
lameness. Touched by this act of devotion, the Emperor Tai Tsung
commuted the father’s ‘punishment to banishment to Kuangtung,
whither he was accompanied by his son (see Tung Shih).

Chia Ching 34 J. Died A.D. 1820. The title of the reign of
HA (or 7K) ER Yung-yen, the fifteenth son of the Emperor
Ch‘ien Lung. He succeeded in 1796, and proved a worthless and
dissolute ruler. His reign was constantly disturbed by family feuds,
secret society risings, and plots, which cost vast sums to put down;
while from 1805 to 1809 the coast from Shantung to Tongking
was infested with pirates, who fought pitched battles with the
Imperial navy and almost stopped trade. In 1803 the Emperor
was attacked in the streets of Peking; and ten years later a band
of conspirators penetrated into the palace, and the Emperor owed
his life to his second son, whom he at once made Heir Apparent,
and to a nephew. He gave up the annual hunting excursions,
which had been associated with Manchu energy. By insisting on
the “kotow,’ he repelled Lord Amherst’s mission in 1816. He
was strongly opposed to missionaries, and expelled the famous
Pére Amyot. Canonised as {= <= x A if.

Chia Ch‘ung ¥, (T. A [Rj). AD. 217—282. A native of
Hsiang-ling, whose father, Chia K‘uei, predicted that he would
some day Wt fill [4] the village with congratulations. He inherited
the title of Marquis, and held civil and military appointments. He
attached himself to 3] 5 fii Ssti-ma Shih, who engrossed all
power in Wei, and afterwards to his brother Ssii-ma Chao; and
in A.D. 260 he fought the last Emperor of the Wei dynasty
when he tried to leave the palace to slay Chia’s patron, and

urged one of his followers to kill him, In 264 he pressed the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary _ 127

claims of Ssti-ma Yen to succeed his father Ssti-ma Chao, and
consequently the founder of the Chin dynasty greatly trusted him,
and raised him to be Duke of Lu and Prime Minister. He then
drew up a new law code which was favourably received by the
people. In 280 the attack upon Wu, which he had at first
deprecated, was crowned under his leadership with such perfect
success that he actually fell ill from shame. He was succeeded by
his daughter’s son, ire = Han Mi (see Chia Mi), his jealous wife
having compassed the death of two nurses whom she suspected of
undue familiarity with their master, and thus caused his only two
boys to pine away and die. Though an able Minister and a clever
writer , posterity has ranked him among the traitors of his
country. He was canonised as PX, some suggesting that Wt would
be more appropriate.

Chia Hu j= BA: A man of old, who cut open his bolly in
order to hide a valuable pearl, thus showing, as the Emperor
T‘ai Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty said, that he loved mammon even
more than life.

Chia I 27. 2nd cent. B.C. A native of Lo-yang, whose
precocious talents were brought to the notice of the Emperor
Wén Ti of the Han dynasty, the result being that he was made
a Doctor in the Imperial Academy. He was so young, however,
that the other Doctors would not consult with him; and upon this
being laid by. him before the Emperor, he was at once transferred
to the Privy Council. His first business was to suggest that, the
empire being at peace, due attention should be paid to Music and
Ceremonial. He was unable to carry his point; but introduced
such important and valuable changes into the administration that
the Emperor proposed to make him a Prince. His enemies at once
set to work to destroy him. He was exiled, and became tutor to

the Prince of Liang, who proved such a kind master that when

320

321

3

2

128 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he was thrown from his horse and killed, Chia I grieved so
bitterly that he died within the year. Author of the Hr ase a
collection of essays on Confucianism, and also of some poetry.

Chia Kéng Hou as 4. 2nd cent. B.C. When the Emperor
Kao Tsu of the Han dynasty was still a private individual, he
called one day with some friends at his sister-in-law’s house. The
latter tapped on the soup-kettle, as a hint to her brother-in-law
that it was empty; at which he was so chagrined that when he
came to the throne he marked his displeasure by creating his

nephew “Marquis Tap-the-Soup,” as above.

323 Chia K‘uei Ff 22 (T. $4 4ff). AD. 30-101. A native of 7

Na P‘ing-yang in Shensi; an eminent scholar, and a follower of
Liu Hsin, from whom he obtained the Tso Chuan and notes
thereon. He was a very successful teacher, some of his pupils
coming from a distance of no less than 1,000 Ui; and as he was
always paid in grain, he accumulated a large store. Hence he was
said to “till with his ‘tongue,” a phrase which now signifies “to
make a livelihood by teaching.” Under the Emperor Ming Ti he
was appointed, together with the historian Pan Ku, to the post
of Imperial historiographer. In common with Ma Jung and several

others, he was known as i the Universal Scholar.

324 Chia Mi Pf #2 (T. #2 GR). Died AD. 300. The son of the

younger daughter of Chia Ch‘ung, and the nephew of the wife of
the Emperor Hui Ti (see Han Shou). He was a clever studious
youth, gained enormous influence as favourite of his all-powerfnl
aunt, and indulged in great extravagance and splendour, forming
a coterie known as —. -- py R the Twenty-four Friends, with
Chiu I, Shih Ch‘ung and others. He held many high offices; and —
was in constant attendance on the Emperor, while he treated the
Princes as equals. He joined his aunt in a plot to set aside the

Heir Apparent, and was beheaded with her by the rival party of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 129

4g; Lun, Prince of Chao, the ninth son of the Emperor Wu Ti.
Chia Shan {9 [I]. 2nd cent. B.C. A scholar of the Han
dynasty, who was said to scamper over books as a huntsman over
the fields, — all breadth, and no depth. In B.C. 178 he
addressed to the Emperor Wén Ti a document entitled 3p ss
illustrating from the example of the Ch‘in dynasty the principles
of good and bad government. And in B.C. 175 he protested
against the toleration of free coinage, the penalties on which had
been withdrawn.

Chia Ssi-tao Ff 1) 3 (T. fi} Hx). Died A.D. 1276. A
native of T’ai-chou in Chehkiang, who was a wild youth, but
received an official post as the usual recognition of his father’s
services. His sister became a favourite concubine of the Emperor
Li Tsung of the Sung dynasty, and through her influence he was
advanced to high office. In 1258 he was sent as Commissioner. to
act against the Mongols in modern Hupeh; instead of adopting
energetic measures, he secretly acknowledged allegiance to them,
and promised an annual tribute. In the following year the Mongols
sent to demand this tribute; and although the old Emperor had
placed full control in his hands, he had some difficulty in
arranging the matter. On the accession of Tu Tsung in 1265, the
power of Chia Ssii-tao reached an unprecedented height. Whenever
he made obeisance, the Emperor responded with a similar
ceremonial. His Majesty did not venture to address him by his
personal name as usual, but used the term fifj i, implying that
although Chia was his subject he was at the same time his
instructor and guide. At the death of Tu Tsung, things came to
a climax. It became absolutely necessary to meet the Mongols in
the field; and when the Chinese general was utterly defeated, Chia
Ssti-tao sought safety in flight. His enemies demanded his head.

’ He was however sentenced merely to banishment; but shortly
9

325

326

327

328

130 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

afterwards a plot was laid to secure vengeance. A Magistrate,
named Fi} J% Bi Chéng Hu-ch'én, whose family he had injured,
was sent after him, and he was slain at a temple near Chang-
chou in Fuhkien. Another account says that he anticipated his
fate by taking poison.

Chia Tao Ff & (T. J Ul). AD. 777-841. A native of
Fan-yang in Chihli. He began life as a Buddhist priest under the
style FE AX Wu Pén, and proceeded to Lo-yang, where the
Governor had forbidden priests to be seen after noon. He was
noted for his love of poetry, which he would compose while
walking through the streets. One day, riding along on a donkey,
he was considering whether “push” or “knock” would be more
suitable in the following verse: FB; fq th ve Bi, fH HE (or
Ex ) FA JH FA; and he was “pushing” and “knocking” in the
air with his hands, when he ran up against the great Han Yi,
then Governor of the Metropolitan District. The latter, on learning
what was the matter, at once declared for ‘“‘knock”; and
forthwith taking the priest under his protection, caused him
to quit religious life, and enter upon an official career. He failed
repeatedly, however, to take his chin shih degree. Under the
Emperor Wén Tsung, A.D. 827—841, he was banished to fe
YT. Ch‘ang-chiang in Ssiich‘uan for indulging in lampoons; but
shortly before his death he was restored to favour and appointed
to posts which he never took up. He used to write some poetry
every day without fail; and at the end of each year he put all
these poems together and sacrificed to them with meat and wine,
in order, as he said, to repair the loss they had caused to his
mental powers.

Chia Yi Ff 4) (7. iE 3). 10th cent. A.D. Magistrate at
(il) 3#é Hsien-yu in Fuhkien under the first Emperor of the
Later T‘ang dynasty, noted for his probity. On handing over his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 131

seals of office, he remarked that one of his late lictors had seized
the opportunity to get drunk, and said to him, ‘‘When I come
back here, I will punish you!” Thereupon the drunken man
laughingly retorted

Your Honour may come back again

And iron ships may cross the main.
Strange to say Chia Yiu was re-appointed to Hsien-yu, and
detected the said lictor embezzling public money. He added to his
sentence these words: — ‘Copper cash are not cast for purposes
of peculation; there are iron ships, not made with hands, which
are able to cross the sea.” |
Chiang Chén 3 j2 (T. py} and Yt fH). AD. 1627—
1699. A native of Chehkiang, noted in his youth for poetical
talents, calligraphy, and general knowledge of ancient literature.
Summoned to Court, he was employed upon the history of the
Mings; besides which, he wrote works on river conservancy and
sea-walls, poems, and essays. He graduated only in 1697, when
he was already 70 years of age.
Chiang Chung-i 77 # 2g (T. wR AR). AD. 1834-1868.
Volunteered in 1852 to fight against the T'ai-p‘ing rebels in
Hunan, and raised himself by his own exertions to the rank of
Taot‘al, receiving the distinction of baturu in 1859. In 1860—61
he successfully opposed Shih Ta-k‘ai, and kept him out of Hunan.
Was then appointed acting Governor of Kueichou, but did not
proceed, In 1862 he acted as Commander-in-chief in Kueichou
and Kuangsi. In 1868 he crushed the rebels in Kiangsi and won
great victories in Anhui, which services were rewarded with the
Yellow Jacket. He died on his way to Nan-ch‘ang. Was canonised
as av PS.
Chiang Chung-yian jT YA (T. RHE). AD. 1811—
1854. A native of Hunan, who was Education Officer at $r a

329

330

331

302

333

334

132 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Hsin-ning in 1844. Foreseeing the T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion, he instituted
the trainband system and developed a force famous later on as the
Braves of Hupeh. After a succession of brilliant exploits against
the rebels, for which he was made Governor of Anhui and
rewarded with the order of the batwru, he was hemmed in at
ie Hsii-chou, and committed suicide upon the capture of the
city. Canonised as HR Fi.

Chiang Fan /T. 3 (T. + JR). A disciple of Yt Hsiao-k'o,
who flourished at the close of the 18th cent. He wrote the [el
Fi] OK A RK 35 E] Hk. a compendium of the theories of his
contemporaries on classical interpretation, including however only
those who like himself followed the Han as opposed to the Sung
scholars. —

Chiang Hou es Ip: 9th cent. B.C. The consort of Prince
Hstian? of the Chou dynasty. When her husband gave himself up
to festivity, she stripped herself of all her jewels, and proceeded
to the palace gaol for women of the Court; at the same time
notifying the Prince that she considered herself to be the cause
of his misconduct, and was awaiting punishment accordingly.
Touched by this behaviour, the Prince not only amended his
ways, but from that time associated her with himself in all
affairs of State.

Chiang Ko YT. (T. 4 We). Died A.D. 535. A native of
K‘ao-ch‘éng in Honan, distinguished as one of the 24 examples
of filial piety. At six years of age he was already good in
composition, and before he was sixteen he is said to have rescued
his mother from brigands by carrying her many miles on his
back. Entering public life, he rose to high office under the first
Emperor of the Liang dynasty. On one occasion he was captured
by the forces of the Wei State, but refused to abjure his allegiance,

and was allowed to return home unharmed. Canonised as 4H -J*-

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 133

Chiang Kung Es WE. Ist and 2nd cent. A.D: One of three
brothers (4H ¥f% and ZS /T.),. who lived under the Eastern
Han dynasty and were so fond of each other that even after
marriage they all slept with their wives under the same quilt.

Chiang Pin jT HK . Died A.D. 1521. The chief favourite of the
Emperor Wu Tsung, whose notice he attracted by his pluck in
action against the rebels in the Imperial Domain in 1511. He
encouraged the Emperor to make tours to the frontier, and to
seize girls and even married women for his harem. In 1517,
1518, and 1519, the north-west was visited; and in 1519 the
drunken monarch appointed himself to the chief command against
the rebel = %e Chén Hao, and proceeded to Yang-chou,
spending his time in riot and debauchery. In 1520 the Emperor
began to doubt Chiang’s loyalty, and insisted on returning. On
his Majesty’s death Chiang, who had been ennobled and placed in
command of the frontier men substituted for the Peking garrison,
meditated rebellion. But Yang T‘ing-ho lured him into the palace
on pretence of sharing in the Imperial obsequies, and he was
seized and executed. His confiscated property included 70 chests of

gold, 2,200 chests of silver, and many other valuables.

335

336

Chiang Pu 42 yh (T. | Ay. H. Pe He). A.D. 1708-1761. 337

Son of Chiang T‘ing-hsi. He early displayed signs of talent, and.

at the age of 13 was a great favourite with the Emperor Yung
Chéng. His career, except for two years as Governor of Hunan,
was passed in Peking; and in 1759 he became a Grand Secretary
to the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung, who treated him with especial
consideration. Canonised as Bl ms, and included in the Temple
of Worthies.

Chiang Shéng jr # (T. #( SH. HW. B fe). AD. 1733—
1810. A native of Kiangsu, who wrote on the text of the Canon

of History, advocating the ancient interpretations of the Han

338

134 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
school. He also wrote on the Six Scripts, and on the Ae A of.

Liu Chén. So conservative was he in all matters relating to
antiquarian usage, that even in private life he only used the seal
character! | |

339 Chiang Shih 36 3h. 1st cent. A.D. One of the 24 examples
of filial piety, in the practice of which virtue he was rivalled by
his wife. The latter, because her mother-in-law preferred river
water, used to trudge several miles every day to fetch it. An
effort was also made to provide the old lady with minced fish, of
which she was very fond; the upshot of all which was that one
morning a spring, with a flavour precisely like that of river
water, burst forth near their dwelling, and daily threw out on the
bank two fine fresh carp. The Red-Eyebrow Rebel, Fan Ch'ung,
was so impressed with their filial conduct that he bade his soldiers
spare their village, and even sent them food during a dearth,
which Chiang Shih however buried in the ground. In A.D. 60,
there was an Imperial levy of men of filial piety; and Chiang
Shih received a Magistracy, at which post he died.

340 Chiang Shih yT 7 (T. #E A). 5th and 6th cent. A.D. An
official under the Northern Wei dynasty. Author of the HF A
5" aie a lexicon based upon the Shuo Wén. He was an
accomplished master of the seal character, and wrote the
inscriptions for the palace gates at Lo-yang.

341 Chiang Shih-ch‘tian #2 - 3% (T. BR and 4 AE. HB.
Tit ZF). AD. 17251784. A distinguished literary official of Kiangsi,
whose mother began to teach him philosophy and instruct him in
the T'ang poets when he was only four years of age. Besides
holding literary and educational posts at the capital and in the
provinces, he became Vice President of the Censorate. In 1781 he
was sent at his own request to set in order the Imperial Library

at Moukden, and died there. He was a poet, and also wrote

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 135

several historical and biographical works, such as #2 FF a

A History of the Kitan Tartars, KK AR Xk KK ya Biographies
of Officials, etc. etc. The treatises on the Constitution entitled
GK FE EH SH HL sand 1 BY 4c JER SHA % are founded on
an unfinished work of his. |

Chiang T‘ing-hsi Hee BE By Ce. Bi Fh and py yy. H. EZ]
Vb). A.D. 1668—1732. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated as
chin shih in 1703, and in 1717 became one of the Readers to
the Emperor K‘ang Hsi. Under Yung Chéng he rose rapidly to
be a Grand Secretary. As a youth, he was successful as a poet
and a flower-painter. Author of a collection of poems and essays
entitled W fal iy a 4B, and President of the Commission
under which the a 46 im the vast encyclopedia initiated
by the Emperor K‘ang Hsi, was ultimately brought to completion.
He had also been Vice President of the Commission appointed
to compile the Institutes of the present dynasty. Canonised as
cat

Chiang Tzi-ya 32 -—- FF. 11th and 12th cent. B.C. The
common designation of an old man named [4 fed Lii Shang
(T. -F- FT); whose clan name was Chiang, and who became the
chief counsellor to Wén Wang. One day, when the latter was
going out hunting, he was told by the divining-grass that his
quarry would be none of the usual animals, but a ‘‘Prince’s

9

Teacher.” He fell in with the above old man, then eighty years
of age, who was fishing with a straight piece of iron instead of
a hook, upon which the fishes readily allowed themselves to be
caught, in order to satisfy the needs of this wise and virtuous
angler. “Ah!” cried Wén Wang, “it is you for whom my
grandsire &&% looked.” Thereupon he carried the old man home
with him in his chariot, and named him accordingly Jx A &.

For twenty years he served Wén Wang and his son, aiding them

342

343

344

345

136 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in consolidating the dynasty of Chou. He is said to have exercised
authority over the spirits of the unseen universe; and on one
occasion during Wu Wang’s campaigns, when the ground was
covered with deep snow, he enabled the whole army to pass over
it without leaving a footprint or a cart-rut behind. Even Ssti-ma
Ch‘ien speaks of him as having ‘marshalled the spirits.” Hence
the phrase 38 fx AL FE JIL “Chiang T'ai Kung is here!” often
seen written up on doors to frighten away evil spirits, this
being another form of the name under which he is known.
Reputed author of the ra WG. a work on military tactics.
Chiang Wei es ME (T. AW ¥)). Died A.D. 263. A native of
K IK Tien-shui in Kansuh, whose ambitious temperament led
him to leave his humble farmstead and attach himself to the
fortunes of Chu-ko Liang. After rising to high military rank and
greatly distinguishing himself in various campaigns, he failed to
oppose the armies of Wei; and at the tragic close of the reign
of the Emperor Hou Chu of the Minor Han dynasty, he was
taken prisoner and put to death.

Chiang Yen Jr yf (T. 20 3H). AD. 443-304. A native
of K‘ao-ch‘éng in Shantung, who distinguished himself in youth.
by his application to books, and rose to the highest offices of
State under the last Emperors of the Ch‘i and the first Emperor
of the Liang dynasty. He was a voluminous writer and published
two collections of his miscellaneous works, entitled Bir 46 and
B 46, as well as the RK Pil i i: consisting of episodes in the
history of the Ch‘i dynasty. One night while still a young man,
he dreamt that some one gave him a gaily-painted pen which
put forth flowers, from which date his compositions became far
more elegant than before. At the end of ten years, a handsome
man, who said his name was Kuo P‘o, appeared to him in a

dream and claimed the pen; after which Chiang’s compositions

A Ghinese Biographical Dictionary 137

began to fall off, and soon ceased to attract any attention. He
was ennobled as Marquis, and canonised as oe

Chiang Yung yt 7 (T. KB). AD. 1680-1762. A native
of AX ii Wueytian in Anhui, who passed his long life as a
teacher and a recluse. His studies lay chiefly in the direction of
the Confucian Canon, but he also devoted much attention to Lao
Tztt and to Chuang Tzti. His greatest work is the jf! 30, 4 A,
on the Book of Rites; besides this he wrote on the topography
of the Spring and Autumn, on ancient rhymes, on astronomy, on
music, and an important treatise on the ancient sounds of certain
characters, entitled na el pee VE .

Chiao Fu-tzi. 4& F -F-. A legendary philosopher, said by
Chang Shih-nan to have been worshipped in the 10th century
B.C. at Ii LL] Min-shan in Ssiich‘uan. His cognomen had been
forgotten, and he was accordingly styled only Fu-tzti, or the
Master, in honour of his great learning. He was represented in a
grotesque and repulsive form, with huge eyes, an immense nose,
and a curly beard.

Chiao Hung ff i (T. 5 (KR. H. i []). AD. 1541-1620.
A native of Chiang-ning in Kiangsu, who took his first degree in
1564, and graduated in 1589 as first on the list at the Palace
Examination. He then entered the Han-lin College, and became
Expositor to the Heir Apparent. In 1598 he was Examiner for
the Metropolitan District, but got into trouble over the language
used in the essays of some of his successful candidates, and was
banished to Foochow as sub-Prefect. He was shortly afterwards
further degraded, and then retired from public life. He was a fine
scholar, and especially good in the archaic style of writing. His

honours were posthumously restored to him, and he was canonised

346

347

348

Chiao Kan 4€ iy (T. ME 3%). Ist cent. B.C. A great scholar, 349

’

350

351

302

138 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

who served under the Emperor Ytian Ti of the Han dynasty.
He was the pupil of 3 = Méng Hsi, and the instructor of
Ching Fang. As magistrate of 4P fry Shao-huang he distinguished
himself by his skill in detecting crime; and his labours for the
public welfare so endeared him to his people that when he was
recommended for promotion, they went in a body to demand that
he should remain where he was. Author of the FA AK a work
on the Canon of Changes.

Chiao Sui 4& 2K . 8th cent. A.D. One of the Eight Immortals
of the Winecup (see Li Po). He was said to stammer so badly
that when sober he would not say a word; but after five pints of
wine his i ali would flash out as quickly as echo follows sound.
Ch‘iao Chou #ff JA) (T. 70 By). AD. 200—270. A famous
scholar of the Minor Han dynasty, employed by Chu-ko Liang to
promote learning in #% Yi-chou in Sstich‘uan. Devoted to the
past and an ardent student, he was employed as Tutor to the
Heir Apparent of the last monarch of his dynasty, and though
taking no active part in the administration, was highly respected.
In 263, moved by the worn-out state of the people, he advocated
submission to the Wei invaders, by whom he was ennobled and
repeatedly invited to take office, but was prevented from doing so
by ill-health. Author of a large collection of writings on law,
the Classics, history, and literature.

Ch‘iao Kuo Fu Jen #f€ fl KH A. 6th cent. AD. The title
bestowed upon the Lady EE Hsi, wife of his) 54 Féng Pao,
for her services in aiding the founder of the Sui dynasty in his
operations against the aborigines of modern Kuangtung. She not
only equipped a strong force, but actually led her men on to

battle, herself dressed in the garb of a soldier.

353 Chich Chih-t'ui 4+ 2 HE or Chieh Tzi-tui ff - HE. 7th

cent. B.C. A native of the Chin State, whose name was originally

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 139

FF 3K Wang-kuang. It is recorded in the fes R $f that when
only fifteen years of age he was Minister in the Ch‘u State,

and that Confucius (who was not then born!) sent to make
enquiries about him. The messenger returned and said that in
the verandah he had seen twenty-five refined scholars, and in
the hall twenty-five old men. “The wisdom of twenty-five scholars,”
cried Confucius, “is more than that of Ch‘éng T'ang or Wu
Wang, and twenty-five old men are more than equal to P‘éng
Tsu!” In B.C. 635 he went into exile with Ch‘ung Erh, and
returned with him nineteen years afterwards, when the latter
came to the throne as Duke Bl Wén of Chin. In the distribution
of rewards which ensued, he seems to have been overlooked;
although on one occasion, in the days of exile, he had cut a
piece off his thigh to feed his starving master. He retired with
his mother to the he Mien-shang mountain, disdaining to
remind the prince of his services: but his friends posted a notice
on the palace gates, calling attention to the neglect of a faithful
adherent. The prince then set to work to find him, but without
success. He died in his retirement; and then, as an act of
atonement to his memory, the name of the Mien-shang mountain
was changed to Mt. Chieh. According to a later legend, when
he flatly refused to leave his mountain retreat, the prince, in
mistaken kindness, caused the wood which covered the mountain
to be set on fire, in order to smoke him out. But Chieh and
his mother clasped hands around the trunk of a tree, and
perished in the flames. [The origin of the Cold-meat Festival has
been erroneously ‘attributed to the tragic fate of Chieh Chih-t'ui.]
Chieh Kuei #4 ¥%. Died B.C. 1763. The last Emperor of the
Hsia dynasty. He came to the throne B.C. 1818, and for many
years indulged in cruel brutality and lust almost unparalleled

in history. He spent vast sums of money merely to amuse his

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140 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

favourite concubine Mo Hsi. His utter wickedness was even said
to have caused the rivers {fF I and YE Lo to dry up. Only
one of his Ministers, jinrtied Pal He ¥@ Kuan Lung-féng, ventured
to remonstrate; and to him the Emperor replied, “T am to the
empire what the sun is to the sky; when the sun goes, I shall.”
He then caused Kuan to be put to death. At length Ch‘éng
T‘ang took up arms against him. His forces were defeated, and
in B.C. 1766 he himself was sent into banishment, where he died

three years later.

355 Chieh Lin va Hf. A name for the old man, seen on the ice

by moonlight, and sometimes called A gor who is supposed to
join by an invisible red thread such persons as are destined

afterwards to become man and wife.

3596 Chieh Ni bis BY - A man who was working with Ch'ang Chii

357

(q. ») when accosted by Tzti Lu. He took the opportunity to
moralise upon the iniquity of the world, and advised the disciple
to withdraw from it into retirement.

Chien I 32 3§ (T. Tf Z). Died AD. 1485. As President
of the Board of Civil Office from 1403 until his death, he and
Hsia Yiian-chi were the most prominent statesmen of their time.
He graduated as chin shih in 1380, and entered the Privy
Council, becoming a great favourite with Chu Yiian-chang, who
altered his name from FA Jung to I on account. of his fine
character. He persuaded the Emperor Yung Lo to modify his
intention of reversing all the acts of the preceding reign; and in
1421, as one of the twenty-six Imperial Commissioners sent to
inspect the condition of the people, he procured the adoption of
many reforms. The Emperor Jen Tsung on his accession gave
him an autograph letter recognising his services, and also a
seal, inscribed Fe fait A “Chien, the Loyal and Pure”, to be |
kept as an heirloom. Canonised as ih 4E-

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 441
Chien Wen Ti. See (Chin) Ssti-ma Yti; (Liang) Hsiao Kang.

Chiien Ch‘én-ch‘tin 4& fii 4a (T. TE Ae. H. Ap Ht). AD.
1686—1744. A native of Chia-hsing in Chehkiang, who graduated

358

as chin shih in 1721, and by 1752, when a throat affection -

necessitated his retirement, had risen to be Vice President of the
Board of Punishments. His mother, who had in his youth
supported the family by the sale of her paintings, styling herself
P2] pss oA A, had also been his tutor; and in 1766 the Emperor
_ accepted a book of her pictures, each bearing a descriptive verse
from his father’s pen. He himself was no mean poet, and
celebrated in verse each notable achievement in peace or war
during the reign of Ch‘ien Lung, presenting them written in
“orass” or other fanciful characters. The Emperor and he were
wont at frequent intervals: to exchange poems and drawings, and
he is one of the Five Men of Letters of Ch‘ien Lung (see Chang
Chao). He enjoyed great popularity, and was universally mourned,

Canonised as aC we, and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Chiien Chi g¥ fu (T. fi 4 or ff MH). Sth cent. A.D. A 359

native of Wu-hsing, who flourished as a poet under the Tang
dynasty contemporaneously with Wang Wei, to whom he addresses
one of his poems. He graduated as chin shih about 750, and was
one of the Ten Men of Genius of the period A.D. 766-—779.

Ch‘ien Chieh BS BE Famous as the only instance of a =
FU ‘triple first” under the present dynasty; that is to say, he

graduated as jis TU : cry JU : and WR FUL successively. See
Chién Chi-ch‘ang.

360

Chien Liu $& 3H (T. H. 3%). A.D. 851-932. A native of 361

Lin-an in Chehkiang, noted as a child for the skill with which
he drilled his playmates as soldiers, while he sat under a big tree
and directed their evolutions. He grew up with a distaste for

ordinary occupations, and took to salt smuggling for a living. He

362

363

142 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

was a good archer and spearman, and had some knowledge of
drawing. In 875 he enrolled himself as a volunteer to put down
a local rebellion; and later on he inflicted a severe defeat upon
Huang Ch‘ao’s forces, killing his general and taking a large
number of prisoners. Thenceforward his career was rapid and
brilliant, until in 907 he was finally created Prince of Wu and
Yiieh. He had already in 898 received a certificate, engraved on
iron, of exemption from the death-penalty on nine possible
occasions. In 923 the first Emperor of the Later T‘ang dynasty
presented him with a jade tablet and a golden seal, and for
many years he reigned as a practically independent sovereign. At
the instigation of An Ch‘ung-hui, who thought that he was
growing too powerful, the second Emperor deprived him of his
rank; but after An’s death this was immediately restored. Like

Ssti-ma Kuang in his study, Ch‘ien Liu is said to have used on

his campaigns a cylindrical pillow, to prevent him from sleeping

too heavily. He built an embankment against the famous “bore”
in the Ch‘ien-t‘ang river near Hangchow, which was his capital;
and on one occasion, when the works were threatened, he is said
to have driven back the waters by the discharge of a flight of
arrows. Canonised as jet fy.

Ch‘iien Lo 4 4%. 5th cent. A.D. A scholar who is said to
have re-constructed the armillary sphere. It had been known to
the ancients, but all knowledge of it had disappeared since the
accession of the First Emperor.

Chien Lou Tzi 4 3 -F-. 5th cent. B.C. A philosopher and
recluse of the Ch‘i State. At his death, the shroud was found to
be too short. If his head was covered, his feet stuck out; if the feet were
covered, his head remained bare. Some one suggested that the shroud
should be placed cornerwise. ‘‘No!’” cried his wife; ‘better the straight,

even if insufficient, than the crooked, though enough and to spare!”

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 143

Chiien Lung i (&. A.D. 1710—1799. The title of the reign
of Bl, je Hung-li, fourth son of the Emperor Yung Chéng,
whom he succeeded in 1735. An able ruler, with an insatiable thirst
for knowledge, and an indefatigable administrator, he rivals his
grandfather’s fame as a sovereign and a patron of letters. He
disliked missionaries, and forbade the propagation of the Christian
religion, whose professors were persecuted in 1746 and 1785.
After ten years of internal reorganisation, his reign became a
succession of wars. The aborigines of Sstich‘uan and Kueichou
were crushed wholly or for a time; Burmah and Nepaul were
forced to pay tribute; the Chinese supremacy was established in
Tibet; Kuldja and Kashgaria were added to the empire; and rebellions
in Kansuh and Formosa were suppressed. At the same time it
was found advisable to cease from interfering with the government
of Annam. In 1770 the Turguts, who had emigrated from
Sungaria into Russia between 1650 and 1678, returned in one
vast body from the borders of the Caspian Sea, and settled in
fli among the Altai mountains. Their journey and their sufferings
have been poetically described by De Quincey in his essay on
The Flight of the Kalmuck Tartars. In fifty years the population
nearly doubled itself,-and the empire on the whole enjoyed peace
and prosperity throughout the reign, in spite of occasional
famines and floods. The year 1792 saw the first outbreak of the
White Lily Society. Every effort was made to perfect the
conservation of the Yellow River, and to improve the administration
in general. With western‘ nations relations were friendly, a
Portuguese embassy in 1750 being succeeded by Lord Macartney’s

mission and a Dutch mission in 1723, and by a Spanish envoy in

1795. With Russia, in spite of frontier disputes, caravan trade

through Kiachta was maintained. In 1763 two Chinese visited

Europe. In literature the Thirteen Classics and the Twenty-one

364

365

144 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Histories were revised, and new editions issued of the a A =
i > of the 3H @= ip oe and of the three great encyclopedias.
In 1772 search was ordered for all literary works worthy of
preservation, and in 1782 was published the HRY
hii ZE, a collection embracing many rare works partly taken
from the Yung Lo Ta Tien. The descriptive catalogue of the
Imperial Library, the PU Jif A> JE #4 A. containing 3,460
works arranged under the four heads of Classics, History,
Philosophy, and General Literature, was drawn up in 1772—1790.
It gives the history of each work, which is also criticised. The
vastness of this catalogue led to the publication of an abridgment
entitled py i Be a fifi HW] =| BR which omits all works not
actually preserved in the Library. In 1795, on completing a cycle
of sixty years of power, the Emperor abdicated in favour of his
son; and three years later he died. Canonised as fan — aly =a if -
Chien Shu 4€ 4 (T. 3¢ fifi). A.D. 929-988. Ninth son
of Chien Yiian-kuan, and fifth Prince of Wu and Yiieh, to the
throne of which he succeeded in 947. His personal name was
originally 5, th Hung-shu, the character “Hung” having. been
introduced into the family in consequence of an inscription which
promised power and a long line to some combination of an open
mouth and a bow; but it was laid aside in deference to the
custom of taboo in names. He continued to govern his Principality
until 975, when he determined to hand it over to the first
Emperor of the now firmly-established Sung dynasty. Proceeding
to the capital, he was met by the Heir Apparent, and introduced
at Court with much honour. He received a present of a sword;
he was not addressed as usual by his personal name; his wife
was gratified with a patent of nobility; and to crown all, he and
the Heir Apparent were ordered to become sworn brothers. With

tears and prostrations he declined this honour, but up to his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 145

death continued to receive marks of Imperial favour. On his sixtieth
birthday, while feasting the Imperial envoy who had brought him
some valuable presents, a shooting star was seen to fall as it
were in his bedroom, its brightness illumining the whole courtyard.
And during the night he died. Canonised as hind Bh.
Chien Ta-hsin GEFC WT (T. BEG. H. 2A and FF 366
{J ). A.D. 1727—1804. A native of FA ‘E Chia-ting in Kiangsu.
Taking his degree in 1754, he was for some time employed in
editing various works on geography for the Court. In 1767 he
went as Literary Chancellor to Canton, but was soon forced to
retire in mourning, after which he steadfastly refused to resume
his official career, contenting himself with the headship of a college
in his native place. His studies embraced the Classics, history,
music, archeology, genealogy, geography, and mathematics, in
all of which he was distinguished. His principal works are =,
abe Pa Bil He a critical examination of the Twenty-two
Dynastic Histories, and the AST aH rg 4B, a very clever collection
of essays. He also wrote poems, notes on the pottery of the Yiian
dynasty, the i KA, which was published after his death, and
the Be aE $*, in which the births and deaths of many eminent
persons are given with the correct dates.
Chiien Tien gE Fh (T. Ek). Graduated as hsiu ts‘ai in 367
A.D. 1744. A skilled writer of the lesser seal character, and author
of several works on the Classics and on geography.
Chien Tsai $8 Hy (T. Hh —. H. fe % and Ah PA). AD. 368
1708—1793. A native of Chia-hsing in Chehkiang. He graduated
as chin shih in 1752, and rose to be President of the Board of
Rites. But he is chiefly famous as a painter, especially of the
bamboo and orchidaceous plants. Also known as FE 4A KG a.
Chiien Tso $& {4 (T. jpfj av). AD. 928—947. Son of Ch'ien 369
Ytian-kuan, and third Prince of Wu and Yiieh. He was only

10

370

a1

372

373

34

146 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

thirteen when he came to the throne, and his short reign was
quiet and uneventful. Canonised as ie jen.

Ch‘ien Tsung $8 4%. Younger brother of Ch'ien Tso. He was
fourth Prince of Wu and Ytieh for a short time in A.D. 947,
but was deposed by General tH 3f— JA, Hu Chin-ssii in favour of
Ch‘ien Shu.

Ch‘ien Wei-ch‘éng §& #E HR (T. 4 HK. H. HK WH).
Graduated as first chin shih in 1745, and rose to be a Vice
President of the Board of Punishments. He was a distinguished
poet and painter, and author of the collection entitled AY ily 4B.
His daughter > 4] Méng-tien was also a poetess, and wrote

two books of verses, entitled ee 2 Py ak ¥a and et RK A xe if -
Canonised as AK.

Ch‘ien Wei-yen 4% He Yt (T. 4 HZ). Died A.D. 1029. Son
of Ch‘ien Shu, and distinguished as a scholar and official during
the early decades of the Sung dynasty. He rose to the highest
offices of State, and his family became connected by marriage
with that of the Empress, in consequence of which he was
impeached by a Censor for interference with the ancestral temple
of the Imperial House. Canonised as Bl {..

Chiien Wén-féng 3% BC AR. 10th cent. A.D. Grandson of
Ch‘ien Liu, and foremost of the young men of his age in shooting,
hunting, book-learning, music, painting, medical skill, and even
in football. He rose to high rank under the first Emperor of the
Later Chin dynasty, and was canonised as a.

Chien Yiian-kuan $€ 7p HE (1. Wy HH). AD. 886-941.
Son of Ch‘ien Liu, and second Prince of Wu and Yiieh. As a
child, he had been placed as a hostage with Hj #H T'ien Yin;
but after the latter’s revolt and death, he managed to return
home. He was a kindly ruler, and was a patron of literature. He

was however very extravagant, especially in the matter of building

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 147

palaces. One of these, in which he was living at the time, having
caught fire, he removed to another, which shortly afterwards also
took fire. This gave him such a shock that he fell ill and died.

* Canonised as Bl BB.

Chih Hsi 98 #4 (T. 3¢ Ff). 2nd and 8rd cent. A.D. Bosom 375
friend of K‘ung Jung. When the latter was executed, and no one
dared to show sympathy, he rushed forwards and flung himself
upon the corpse, crying out, “O my friend, let me die with thee!
What have I now to live for?” He was immediately arrested by
order of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, but was subsequently pardoned.

Chih-i #! BH. Died A.D. 597. A native of Ying-ch‘uan in 3%6
Anhui, named [ii fit Fe Ch‘én Té-an, who became a Buddhist
priest under the above name and was leader of the Chung-lun
school of Buddhism (see Hu/-ssi). In 569 he parted from Hui-ssit,
whose views on Samadhi and the Lotus Satra he had fully
acquired; and in 575 he betook himself to the K a Tien-t'ai
Hill in Chehkiang, where he died after founding the famous
T'ien-t'ai school from which he is, sometimes called. Besides
considerable literary work on the Canon, he is said to have
founded 35 large monasteries, and to have personally ordained
over 4,000 Buddhist priests. The Emperor Yang Ti wrote his epitaph.
Chih Ti. See Liu Tsuan. . |

Chith Sung Tzii Fp #4 -F-. A being who controlled the rain 377
and wind in the legendary age of Shén Nung. Among other —

he was able to pass unharmed through fire.

Chih Yu #4 F;. A famous rebel, who tried to overthrow the 378
power of the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2698, but was defeated in
battle at Y9x¢ JRE Cho-lu, the capital, in modern Chihli.

Chin Fu i) if (T. 3 HH). AD. 1633-1692. A native of 379
Liao-yang, who in 1671 was sent to Anhui as Governor, and
there succeeded in re-introducing the irrigation system. From 1677

ae

148 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to his death he was engaged in keeping in order the Yellow
River, which had been greatly neglected. His fondness for dyking,
on which he spent altogether some 2!/, million taels, led to many
disputes, from which he emerged successful, being able to report
in 1688 that the river was in its old bed. In 1685 he introduced
locks to let off flood waters, and caused willows to be planted
along the dykes. He was anxious to be allowed to keep back the
sea by dykes at the mouth of the river, but this scheme met
with disapproval. In 1689 he retired, but was recalled in 1692 to
his old post, his last work being the successful transport up river
of grain for the famine in Shensi. His work, the o vay St on
the conservancy of the Yellow River, is still highly valued.

Canonised as Bl ey

380 Chin Kang Chih 4 [if] 4}. Vadjramati, an Indian priest, of

381

royal descent, who arrived in China A.D. 270. He was summoned
to Court, and succeeded in procuring rain during a time of
drought. He introduced the system of magic formulae, which was
elaborated later on by Amdégha (see Pu K‘ung).

Chin Li-hsiang <> 6 wt (T. | W%. H. fE I). AD.
1232—1303. A native of jij }4 Lan-ch‘i in Chehkiang. Devoted
to study in his youth, the Mongol invasion and subsequent fall
of the Sung dynasty deterred him from entering upon an official
career. He retired to a quiet life upon Mt. {= Jen near his
native place; hence the name by which he is known in literature.
Later on, he appears to have become head of a college at
Chin-hua, and to have had numerous disciples. He was author
of the ji @z Bi Ay» a history of early China, from the days
of the Emperor Yao down to the point at which Ssti-ma Kuang’s
history begins. Also of a miscellaneous collection, published under
the title of 4F an Bl 4, and of many commentaries upon the
Classics. He was canonised by the last Emperor of the Yiian

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 149
dynasty as BL Je, and in 1487 his tablet was placed in the

Confucian. Temple.

Chin Mi-ti 4 Hf fi# (T. 4 AK). Died B.C. 86. A statesman 382
of the Han dynasty, orginally Heir Apparent to 4 KB Hsiu-ch'n,
Khan of the Hsiung-nu. Taken prisoner by Ho Ch'i-p‘ing, he
was made a Government slave, and set to tend horses. Being eight
feet in stature, he attracted the notice of the Emperor Wu Ti,
who gave him the name of Chin (said to be taken from the
golden image of Buddha brought by Ho Ch'ii-p‘ing) and rapidly
raised him to important posts. In B.C. 88 he detected the conspiracy

of Fe 4ny #4 Mang Ho-lo, — who had slain the Heir Apparent,
wrongfully as the Emperor found out too late, — and caught the
traitor entering the palace with a sword concealed under his robes,
overpowering him after a desperate struggle. Together with Ho
Kuang, into whose family he married, he received the dying
commands of his Imperial patron, and together they became
guardians of the young Emperor Chao Ti. His two sons had been

the playmates of the latter, and both received signal marks of
favour; but Chin slew the elder with his own hand when he
found him spoilt by prosperity. The phrase <> ie na TR “the

old families of Chin and Chang,” as opposed to “new men,” has
reference to the families of Chin Mi-ti and Chang An-shih, and

the influential position occupied by their descendants for several
generations. By a posthumous Decree of the Emperor Wu Ti,
Chin Mi-ti was ennobled as Marquis, and at death he was canonised

as fir. |

Chin P‘ang <> Pee (T. rH and 2% Hie ). A. distinguished 383
pupil of Chiang Yung, he graduated in 1772, and henceforth
devoted his life to study. He wrote the qe =, a work on the
Book of Rites, much esteemed by scholars.

Chin Shan ¢ ¥ (T. 4) J). A.D. 1868—1481. Graduating 384

150 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

as chin shih in 1400, he shared the favour of the Emperor Yung
Lo with Hsieh Chin and the three Yangs (see Yang P'u). He
accompanied the Emperor on two northern expeditions, the events
of which he duly recorded. In 1414 he aided in preparing a new
edition of the Four Books, and six years later was made a Grand
Secretary. He was left in charge of the Emperor's remains in
1424, while Yang Jung hastened to Peking with the news of
his decease. He continued to be greatly trusted, drawing three
salaries, as President of the Board of Rites, as Grand Secretary,
and as Han-lin Chancellor, until in 1425 he retired to attend
on his aged mother. On her death in 1426 he was entrusted
with the preparation of the biographical records of the third and
fourth Ming Emperors. In 1428 he was sent on a mission to
fifa. ye] Ning-hsia in Kansuh, and reported on the grievances of
the people. He named his house 3 fig The Retreat, and is

himself always spoken of by his “style.” Canonised as Bl i -

385 Chin Shéng-t‘an ~¢> HZ ae (T. FB SR. 4H. XK Win): Born
A.D. 1627. Editor of the four novels = [aj AE Ye Bs, py iH
20, <> jf HH, and JK if (Hf, which he published with
commentaries and entitled the py K 4 ES Four Wonderful
Works. Being suspected of treasonable tendencies shortly after the
accession of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi in 1662, he was executed,
together with sixteen other men of letters.

386 Chin-shun ¢> JH. Died A.D. 1886. A Bannerman of Kirin,
who left his native place in 1853. He did good service against the
T‘ai-p‘ings in Hupeh and Anhui, rising in 1872 to be Military
Governor of Uliasutai. From 1873—77 he was occupied in
suppressing the Mahomedan rebels in Kansuh and Kashgaria,
becoming Military Governor of Ili in December 1876. He and Liu
Chin-t‘ang did most of the hard fighting as lieutenants to ‘Tso

Tsung-t‘ang, under whom he was Assistant Administrator of the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 454

New Dominion. He died at Su-chou in Kansuh on his way to
Peking for audience, and received the posthumous title of Senior
Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He is described as a good official,
but too lax with his subordinates. In 1892 a temple was erected
to his memory at Kirin, on the ground that he had encouraged
learning and subscribed liberally to public undertakings in his
native province.

Chin Ying yy Fa. 15th cent. A.D. The trusted eunuch of the
Emperors Hstian Tsung and Ying Tsung of the Ming dynasty,
until Wang Chén engrossed supreme power. In 1449 he was
appointed Chief Commissioner to examine into criminal appeals,
sitting under a yellow canopy in the centre at the Court of
Revision, with Presidents and other officials ranged on both sides.
When Ying Tsung was captured by the Oirads, he and the
eunuch at FE Hsieh An induced the Empress Dowager to place
the Emperor Ching Ti on the throne. A year later he was sentenced
to death on a charge of receiving bribes, but escaped with
imprisonment.

Chin Chung 4 34 (T. AX FF). 6th and 7th cent. A.D. A
native of Li-ch‘éng in Shantung. He served under Hf 2A Se
Chang Hsii-t‘o against the rebel Ji HA FA Lu Ming-yiieh; and
when they were outnumbered ten to one, he distinguished himself
by volunteering to lead a forlorn-hope party against the enemy’s
camp in order to cover the retreat of the main body. The plan
was eminently successful, and the rebel host was put to the rout.
Hitherto a servant of the Sui dynasty, he was ultimately driven
to join the standard of the first Emperor of the T'ang dynasty,
under whom he rose to high office and was ennobled, At his
death, the second Emperor gave orders that a statue of him and
of his horse should be carved in stone and erected at his grave,

in token of the valour with which he had fought; and in 639

387

388

389

390

152 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he was posthumously ennobled as Duke. His portrait, with that
of Wei-ch‘ih Kung, is often painted on the entrance doors to
official residences, the two being regarded as special guardians of
the welfare of the State. He is depicted with a white face, and
Wei-ch‘th Kung with a black face. The phrases 40 At and pt
By, often seen on doors, have also reference to the above two
heroes, respectively.

Ch‘iin Hsi 47 A. 7th cent. B.C. An official under Duke Mu
of the Ch‘in State. He recommended Po-li Hsi to his master; and
when the latter declined to employ him, he watched his
opportunity, and rushing up to the Duke’s chariot cried out,
“Since I am of no use to my country, I had better die!’ With
that he dashed his brains out against the wheel. The Duke’s eyes
were opened, and he took Po-li Hsi into his service, with great
advantage to the State.

Chiin Hui-tien 25 Hi fy (T. BPI. H. BR RK). AD.
1697—1759. Famous as a writer on ceremonial observances. He
graduated as chin shih in 1736, and served all his life in the
Peking Boards. In 1750 and 1753 he was Chief Examiner for the

metropolitan examination, retiring from ill-health in 1754, as

391

President of the Board of Punishments and Senior Guardian of
the Heir Apparent. He earned a reputation for justice, and for an
extraordinary knowledge of precedent; also for filial piety, having
begged to be allowed to take the place of his father who was

imprisoned for deficiencies in his official accounts. Canonised as

Chiin Kuan Z& #1 (1. Ay j§ and Jx je). AD. 1049—
1101. A native of Jar ek Kao-yu in Kiangsu. He was high-

spirited and chivalrous, and of good literary capacity. He failed
however to take his final degree, and in disgust set to work to

study military writers. Meanwhile, he fell in with Su Shih, who

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 453°

greatly admired his poetry, and brought it to the notice of Wang
An-shih, and at the same time coached him for his degree once
more. This time he passed, and was duly drafted into the public
service. He rose to high rank, and was employed in the
preparation of the dynastic history; but in 1094—98 he fell a
victim to intrigue, and was accused of falsifying the records. He
was sent to a petty post in Chehkiang, and then banished, on a
further charge of Buddhistic leanings, to Lei-chou in Kuangtung.
Upon the accession of the Emperor Hui Tsung in 1101, he was
appointed to a small office and allowed to return; but he died at
jpR T’éng-chou in Kuangsi, while visiting one of the sights of
the neighbourhood. He was reckoned as one of the Four Great
Scholars of the empire (see Chang Lei).

Chiin Kuei 4 he (T. Gr 2). A.D. 1090—1155. A native of 392
Chiang-ning in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in 1115 and
entered upon a public career. In 1126 he was employed upon the
commission for ceding territory to the Chin® Tartars, and was
promoted to be a Censor. In 1127, when the Emperor and his
father proceeded to the camp of the invading Tartars to ask for
terms, he accompanied them; and when they were sent away
northwards (see Chao Héng), he followed them as far as Peking,
in spite of Chang Pang-ch‘ang’s invitation to him to return. In
1130 he was allowed to go back, on the secret understanding
that he was to use his influence with the Emperor to secure
terms of peace. On presenting himself at Court, he was made
President of the Board of Rites, and at once set himself to serve
the cause of the Tartars. In spite of the opposition of Li Kang,
Chao Ting, Yen Tun-fu, and others, a peace was concluded in
1134, under which the northern half of China was ceded to the
enemy. From that time Ch‘in Kuei’s influence was paramount,

and he was loaded with honours. The Emperor visited him at

393

154 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his private house, and conferred distinctions upon his wife and
children. He himself was several times ennobled; finally, in 1147,
as Duke. In 1150 an attempt was made to assassinate him; after
which he was allowed to come to Court in a sedan-chair, and in
consequence of ill-health was excused the usual prostrations. When
on his death-bed, the Emperor went to enquire after his health
and gave orders that he should be raised to the rank of a Prince;
but that very night he died. He was posthumously ennobled as
Prince, and canonised as ie in token of his unshaken loyalty.
But the Chinese people could never forgive him for surrendering
their soil, coupled with his official murder of the patriot Yo Fei,
who opposed him. Exactly fifty years after his death his patent
of princely nobility was cancelled, and the glorious phrasing of
his canonisation was changed into os PH False and Foul. Worse
than that. Posterity took his name — cherished possession of all
high-spirited men — and contemptuously bestowed it upon a spittoon!
Chiin Mi ZS aR (T. -F Hi). Died A.D. 226. A learned
scholar, who for a long time refused to take office. An envoy
from the Kingdom of Wu being sent to obtain his services, the
latter enquired of him, ‘‘Has God a head?” “Do not the Odes
tell us,” replied Ch‘in, “that He beholds this lower world in
majesty?” ‘‘Has He ears?” asked the envoy. ‘‘Do not the Odes
tell us,” replied Ch'in, ‘that God on high hearkens unto the
lowly?” “Has He feet?’ continued the envoy. ‘‘Do not the Odes
tell us,” replied Ch‘in, ‘‘that the way of God is hard and difficult?”
‘Has He a surname?” asked the envoy. ‘‘Yes,” replied Ch'in,
“His name is Liu.” “How do you know that?” enquired the
envoy. ‘‘Because that,” replied Chin, “‘is the name of the Son of
God.” By this term he referred to the newly proclaimed Emperor,
the great opponent of the Wu Kingdom, Liu Pei, under whom

he subsequently became Minister of Agriculture.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 455
Ch‘in P‘éng 4S ¥% (T. 4H FP). Died A.D. 88. A native of 394

Mou-ling in Shensi, whose twin sister entered the seraglio of the
Emperor Ming Ti of the Han dynasty. Through her influence, he
obtained in 64 an official appointment, and in 72 was operating
against the Hsiung-nu. In 76 he became Governor of Shan-yang

in Shantung, where he abolished punishments and tried to influence

the people aright, promoting education and religious ceremonial;
the result being that a chi lin, a phoenix, and other good
portents appeared. From the high offices held by five members,
with salaries at the rate of 2,000 piculs of rice, the family came

to be known as wee) Ay AS KK.
Ch‘iin Tsung ER — A man of the Sung dynasty, who is said 395
to have given birth to a child, after a gestation of ten months.
Ch‘in Tsung. See Chao Héng.

Ch‘in Wang. See Li Shih-min. |

Ch'in Yueh-jen ZS Hk A. 5th cent. B.C. The keeper of an inn 396
in the Chéng State, who received from one of his customers, an old
man named fie Ea #f Chang Sang Chiin, a certain drug which

he had to take for thirty consecutive days, and which then
caused him to understand the nature of things. The old man
also gave him books on medicine and healing, armed with which

he set forth and travelled from State to State as a doctor,
performing all kinds of wonderful cures, and earning for himself
the name of Jay Hf Pien Ch‘iao. He was said to be able to see
into the viscera of his patients, and the knowledge of the pulse

is still inseparably associated with his name. He was assassinated

at the instigation of AS fie Li Hsi, chief physician at the Court

of Ch‘in, out of jealousy of his unrivalled skill.

Ching Ch‘ai =4 7%. Ath cent. B.C. A poet contemporary with 397
Ch‘ti Yiian. A few of his poems are included in the collection

known as the Elegies of Ch‘u. One authority says that he was an

398

399

156 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

official in the Chéng State, and that it was he, and not Tzt
Ch‘an, who lent his carriage to convey people over its rivers, an
act of condescension censured by Mencius.

Ching Fang Rt fy; (T. AY WA). 1st cent. B.C. A disciple of
4 si Chiao Kung (T. fie =), under whom he made a deep
study of the Canon of Changes. The latter was delighted. with
his progress, but predicted that his learning would lead to his
destruction. He was also distinguished as a fine musician. In B.C.
51 he graduated in the second degree, and soon attracted the
notice of the Emperor by his skill in foretelling the future, and
was summoned to Court. He then tried to introduce a scheme for
periodical examinations of officials; but it was rejected by the
Ministers of State, who hated him and who persuaded the Emperor
to send him as Governor to Zi #§ Wei-chiin (parts of Chihli
and Honan). There he was allowed to carry his scheme into
execution. Shortly afterwards, however, he announced that a great
inundation was imminent; and when this came to pass, he was
thrown into prison and put to death at the age of forty-one. His
real name was AS Li, changed by himself to Ching.

Ching K‘o +h] ifiay . Died B.C. 227. The Ch'in State having
claimed from the Yen. State the rendition of a deserter, together
with the surrender of a slice of territory as a fine, Prince }}
Tan of Yen induced Ching K‘o, a bold adventurer of the day, to
undertake the assassination of the ruler of Ch‘in, who was later
on to become famous as the ‘First Emperor.” Ching K‘o was sent
on a pretended mission to Ch‘in to tender the humble allegiance
of the Yen State. He carried with him a roll-map of Yen, in
which lay concealed a sword. Prince Tan with a few friends
escorted Ching K‘o as far as the river ay I, where the latter as

he bade farewell uttered the following lines: -—

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 4157

The shrill blast is blowing, chilly the burn;

Your champion is going — not to return!
His prophecy was fulfilled. On reaching the capital of Ch'in and
gaining access to the sovereign, Ching K‘o unfolded his pretended
mission, and seized an opportunity of striking a blow at his
intended victim. He only succeeded however in wounding the
Prince of Ch‘in, who thereupon fled down a narrow passage, where
he would have been killed but for a eunuch who called to him to
turn and draw. He did so, and ultimately succeeded in slaying
his pursuer.
Ching Po i De. Died A.D. 649. One of the great scholars at 400
the Court of the Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the T'ang dynasty, whom
he aided in the compilation of the History of the Chin Dynasty.
He graduated as chin shih about 627, and rose to be a Supervising
Censor, but incurring his master’s displeasure, he was sent to a
subordinate post in Sstich‘uan, and died on the way thither. Joint
author, with Hsii Ching-tsung, of the History of the Rise of the
T'ang Dynasty, and biographer of T‘ai ‘T'sung. He also wrote a
preface to the Record of Western Countries by Usitian Tsang.
Ching Ti. See (Han) Liu Ch‘i; (Wu) Sun Hsiu; (Liang) Hsiao
Fang-chih; (N. Chou) Yu-wén Yung; (Ming) Chu Ch‘i-yu.
Ching Tsung. See (T‘ang) Li Chan; (Liao) Yeh-lu Hsien.
Ching Wei fj 7#j. A daughter of the legendary ruler FR it 401
Yen Ti. She was drowned in the Hastern Sea, and changed into
the small bird known as the Ching Wei. Ever since-her death
she has been carrying chips and pebbles from the Western
mountains to fill up the sea. Hence the saying Py fify Mtl)
“like the tomtit: carrying pebbles,” in the sense of wasting one’s
powers over a hopeless task.
Chiing Chi ies #%. A swift runner of the Wu State of old. 402
Ch‘ing I-kuang ies ZAM ff. Grandson of the 17th son of the 403

404.

405

406

407

158 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Emperor Ch‘ien Lung. While only a Prince of the 3rd order, he
was placed at the head of the Tsung-li Yamén on the fall of
Prince Kung in April 1884. On the Empress Dowager’s fiftieth
birthday he was promoted to be a Prince of the 2nd order, and
in February 1894 of the Ist order. In November 1885 he became
a Minister of the Board of Admiralty, and in 1891 he succeeded
Prince Ch‘un as its President. In consequence of his strongly-
expressed opinion that there was no danger to be apprehended
from Japan, he fell from power; however in November 1894 he
was appointed to assist Prince Kung in the command of the
armies about Peking and in the general conduct of the war.
Chiing-kuei fe #E (T. Hi BE). AD. 1735—1816. Son of
Yin-chi-shan. He served for many years in Turkestan and
Manchuria, becoming in 1799 a Grand Secretary. In 1802 he
was ennobled, and in 1813 he retired, having held most of the
highest offices in the Government. Canonised as Bo Me

Chiu Fang Yin It Fr HK . A famous phrenologist of old. The
‘“‘Lavater’ of China. |
Ch‘iiu Ch‘ang-ch‘un §f} fS Ze (name in religion SR ¥).
A.D. 1148—1227. A Taoist of great repute for wisdom and
sanctity, who in 1221 was summoned from his retirement in
Shantung by Genghis Khan, and travelled in quest of the Emperor’s
camp through Central Asia to Persia and the frontiers of India.
A disciple, named AS Fe ‘Li Chih-ch‘ang, who accompanied
him, wrote an account of their wanderings, entitled py We aU.
which was published in 1228.

Chiu Chin 5 7% (T. {h BB). AD. 1420—1495. A native
of Hainan, distinguished as a scholar and statesman. He lost his
father at an early age, and was brought up by his mother in
great poverty. However, by dint of borrowing books he managed

to pass his examinations, and became a member of the Han-lin

».

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 159

College. In 1465, when a rebellion broke out in Kuangtung and
Kuangsi, he submitted his views to the Grand Secretary Li Hsien,
- who brought him to the notice of the Emperor; and in 1488 he
rose to be President of the Board of Rites. He was one of the
continuators of the 3H Ge 4) Fy (see Chu Hsi), and author of
numerous historical and biographical works. He also compiled the
well-known 47 Sh Tf & 34 PK, a handbook of historical and
mythological allusions, for beginners, variously known as the
WK and the a Eo = Ji. Canonised as Bl Wf

Chiu Hsiang {, # or Chiu Lan ff, ¥ (T. BE AW). ist
and 2nd cent. A.D. A beadle, who lived under the Eastern

‘Han dynasty, and distinguished himself by reforming, without:

‘punishment, an unfilial son named iyi jt Ch‘én Ytan. For this
he was ultimately promoted to be a magistrate, on the ground
that “the phoenix does not roost on a bramble, nor does an area
of one hundred li give sufficient scope for a worthy official.”

Ch‘iu Shén-chi §$ ji! Hy. A military commander who was put
to death for conspiracy under the reign of the Empress Wu Hou,
at the close of the 7th cent. A.D. See Lai Chiin-ch‘én. |

Chiu Yieh-hsiu 2 FY @ (T. 4x JE and ¥ -fb). AD.
1712—1773. A native of #7 $4£ UHsin-chien in Kiangsi, who
graduated as chin shih in 1739, and rose to high office. In 1756
his suggestions as to the Ili campaign attracted the Emperor’s
notice; and after a year at Barkul, he was sent on many important
judicial enquiries all over China. But it was as an adviser on
river conservation that he won his chief fame. He advocated the
clearing out of waterways so as to let off floods; and at his
proposal the practice of filching the banks and beds of rivers for
agricultural purposes was prohibited — unfortunately only for a
time. He owed much to his mother, a stern lady who, when

announcing the death of his favourite son, warned him that as

408

409

410

411

413

460 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the people were his children he should not on his son’s account
neglect his public duty. He was a noted calligraphist, and was
employed to restore injured portions of certain works in the Imperial
Library. Canonised as BL 3

Cho Mao Hi #E (T. -F- He). Died A.D. 28. A native of
Nan-yang in Honan, who distinguished himself in his youth by
his profound ‘knowledge not only of the Classics, but also of
mathematics and military science, gaining the name of 3 f#
Universal Scholar. Entering upon an official career, he proved ©
such a successful Magistrate that ‘‘things left on the road were

not picked up.” He was liberal-minded and humane, and no violent

language was ever heard to escape his lips. He rose to the highest offices -

under the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti, and was ennobled as Marquis.
Chou Fu-ch‘éng }¥ iif i. Died A.D. 1081. Father of the
famous Chou Tun-i. He graduated as chin shih in 1015, and rose
to be Magistrate of #E 4p Kuei-ling in Kuangsi. In 1595 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Chou Han ji pa (H. $l a ). A native of a $eh Ning-
hsiang in Hunan, who graduated as /siw ts‘ai, and then enrolled
himself for service under Tso Tsung-t‘ang, whom he accompanied
upon the great campaign into Turkestan. He subsequently became
Prefect of Yen-an in Shensi, whence he was transferred to a
military post. He acquitted himself so well that he was promoted
to be Taot‘ai, with the brevet rank of Judge. A disagreement
with Tso Tsung-t‘ang caused him to retire into private life, since
which date he has occupied himself in fostering a bitterly hostile
feeling to foreigners in general and missionaries in particular. He
is known to have issued many inflammatory placards against
Christianity, and was suspected of complicity in the Yang-tsze
Valley riots of 1891. The last report, however, was that he

himself had become a convert!

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 161
Chou Hsin }} >. Died B.C. 1122. The title of 3 Shou,

last Emperor of the Yin dynasty. His career was one course of
extravagance, lust, and cruelty. To please his infamous concubine,
T’a Chi, he constructed a vast pleasaunce, known as the IE EX,
in which there was a lake of wine and a garden with meat
hanging on the trees. There all kinds of the wildest orgies were
carried on, until he was finally overthrown by Wu Wang, and
perished in the flames of his palace, which he had himself caused
to be destroyed. See Pi Kan.

Chou Hsing J] Hi. Died A.D. 691. A native of Wan-nien in
Kiangsu, who by studying law rose from a mere clerk to be
a Judge under the Empress Wu. His memory is execrated,
inasmuch as he condemned many innocent people to death (see
Lai Chiin-ch‘én). He was ultimately banished to Kuangtung, and
slain by an enemy on his way thither.

Chou Hsing-ssi }¥] iat jaa) (T. JH 32). Died A.D. 521. A
scholar of the Southern Ch‘i dynasty, who graduated as hsiu ts‘ai
in 494, and was appointed sub-Prefect of Kuei-yang in Honan.

He was dismissed by the first Emperor of the Liang dynasty;

414

415

416

Whereupon he addressed a poem to his Majesty, which so _

enchanted the latter that he was re-employed and rose to be a
supervising Censor. The story that he composed the = aes Bl
Thousand Character Essay in a single night, and that his hair
turned white under the effort, appears to be apocryphal.

Choul Ji] ea (T. {ff {E). Died A.D. 822. One of the
officials who helped to consolidate the empire of the Emperor
Yuan Ti of the Chin dynasty. At first a man of great promise,
he developed into a drunken sot, and was once cashiered for
drunkenness. As Lord Chamberlain, he gained the nickname of
the =f ES At Three-days’ Chamberlain. He was ultimately

taken prisoner by Wang Tun, and put to death.
11

417

418

419

420

162 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Chou Kung Ji] 24 (Duke of Chou). Died B.C. 1105. The title
under which AU Tan, fourth sou of Wén Wang and younger
brother to Wu Wang, is generally known in history, though
sometimes spoken of as Wi NS ‘Duke of Chi. At the death of
his father he was left counsellor and assistant to his elder brother,
and by his wise advice aided materially in establishing the
dynasty -of Chou. He drew up a legal code, purified the morals
of the people, and devoted himself wholly to the welfare of the
State. He was so energetic that he could hardly take a bath
without rushing forth several times in the middle of it, holding
his long wet hair in his hand, to consult with some official on
matters of public importance. Several times during every meal he
would put the food out of his mouth for the same purpose. He
is said to have had a wrist like a swivel, on which his hand
could turn completely round. Tradition also assigns to him the
invention of a wonderful ‘‘south-pointing chariot,’ which he
devised in order to assist some tribute-bearing envoys from
Tongking back to their own country; and on the strength of
this, the discovery of the mariner’s compass has been loosely
credited to the Chinese. Ennobled as Prince of Lu.

Chou Liang-kung Ji] 5S 0 (T. 7p =. H. #4 [ia]). ALD.
1612—1672. A celebrated public servant and scholar under the
reign of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi. Author of [ri] Ay RE Notes on
the Province of Fuhkien, and of EJ A, 4 Biographies of Seal-
engravers.

Chou Pi-ta ub (Tv. PEs. H.-F FE). AD. 1126—
1204. A native of Lu-ling in Kiangsi, who graduated while still
a mere boy, and soon attracted the notice of the Emperor Kao
Tsung. He held high office under the Emperor Hsiao Tsung, but
is chiefly renowned for his writings and erudition. Author of the

Bf HE GL, memoranda of his official experience, dwelling at

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 163

length on the duties of members of the Han-lin College, and
the BL sid A, a collation of various issues of the writings of
Ou-yang Hsiu. Was ennobled as Duke, and canonised as Bl HE.
Chou Po-chii Ji] {ff 3y (T. 44 2H). Died A.D.? 1870. A
native of Jao-chou in Kiangsi, who by 1352 had risen to be
Vice President of the Board of War, and in 1857 was sent to
put down the rebellion of Chang Shih-ch‘éng. He was detained in
the rebel lines for over ten years; and on the collapse of the
movement before the arms of the first Emperor of the Ming
dynasty, he returned to his home, where he shortly afterwards
died. A man of profound learning, he was the author of the >
HE JE sj, a work on orthography, and also of the jf 3C af
JRi, on the sources of the characters in the Shuo Wen.

Chou P’o Ji] 3. Died B.C. 169. A native of. AS Chiian in
Honan, who removed to P‘ei in Kiangsu, where he supported
himself by composing popular songs, blowing the trumpet at
funerals, etc. Attracting the notice of Liu. Pang, future founder
of the Han dynasty, he soon received a command, and by his
unflinching integrity ere long obtained the full confidence of his
patron, honours and rewards being showered upon him. Upon the
death of the Empress Lii Hou in B.C. 179, there was a conspiracy
among the members of her family to raise one of their own
number to the throne. Chou P‘o thereupon proceeded to the army
and notified the soldiers that all in favour of the Empress’s
family were to bare their right arms, while all in favour of the
direct Imperial line were to bare their left arms. To a man the
_ soldiers declared in favour of the latter, and Chou P‘o at once
caused the Princes of the Lii family to be put to death. Placing
the rightful heir upon the throne, he served as Minister of State
for eighteen months, and then retired; but on the death of Ch‘én

P'ing he again took office. Later on he was accused of treason,

421

422

164 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of which charge however he was honourably acquitted and was
finally restored to his honours. He was ennobled as Marquis,
and canonised as pp.

423 Chou Shu il fig. One of the Four Gray-heads (see T'ang
Hstian-lang). He took the name of $i pil Ke He.

424 Chou Té-wei Ji] 7 i (T. SB i). Died AD. 919. A
commander in the service of the Prince of Chin, subsequently
firs; Emperor of the Later T‘ang dynasty, whom he greatly
assisted in his opposition to the usurping House of Liang. Of
military instincts from his youth upwards, he could judge of
the number of an enemy by the accompanying cloud of dust. In
911 he inflicted a severe defeat upon the forces of the Liangs
(see Liw Shou-kuang), and in 919 accompanied the Prince upon
a campaign along the Yang-tsze. Passing a night at tA AS) pe
Hu-liu-p‘o, in the early dawn it was announced that the Liangs
were upon them. There was a rush to arms, and a confusion of
which the enemy took full advantage, Chou Té-wei and his son
being both among the slain.

425 Chou Tun-i }i] 2% GA (T. th sky. A.D. 1017-1073. A
scholar of the Sung dynasty, commonly known as }i + Chou
Tzti, and ranked second only to Chu Hsi. He was born at Lien-
ch‘i in Hunan; hence he came to be spoken of as Hf A FE AB.
He was holding a small military command at Nan-an in Kiangsi,
when Ch‘éng Hsiang applied to him for instruction. He replied
that the latter was too old to profit by such a courst, but was
prevailed upon to undertake the education of his two sons, the
afterwards famous scholars Ch‘éng Hao and Ch'éng I. He
subsequently occupied a judicial post in Kuangtung, where he
made himself ill by overwork and strict attention to the interests of

the people at all hazards to himself. His chief works were the

Kk i eS and the i oS written to elucidate the mysteries

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 165

of the Canon of Changes and published after his death by his
disciples, with commentaries by Chu Hsi. Canonised as 3E HE
[His personal name was originally ibe, E. It was changed to
avoid clashing with the personal name of the Emperor Ying
Tsung. |

Chou Ya-fu Jj He 2¢. Died B.C. 152. A virtuous young man,
who was posthumously assigned as son and heir to Chou P‘o,
whose own son, Chou i ia Shéng-chih, had been put to death
for murder. In B.C. 174 he was appointed to a command against
the Hsiung-nu, who were then invading the empire; and when
the Emperor Wén Ti presented himself at his stronghold, his
Majesty was unable to gain admittance until Chou himself had
given orders for the gate to be opened. He also refused to make
the usual obeisance, declaring that soldiers under arms were
exempt from ceremonial observances. This action was justified by
success, and the gratified Emperor advanced him to high posts.
Under the next Emperor Ching Ti he conducted an expedition
against the States of Wu and Ch‘u, then in open rebellion. He
was unable to bring their troops to close quarters; but by dint
of cutting off supplies, he succeeded in -utterly destroying them.
In A.D. 152 he became a Minister of State, but fell into disfavour
by opposing the Emperor, who wished to set aside the Heir
Apparent. The Emperor sent for him to the palace, and caused
food to be put before him, without giving him any chopsticks
with which to eat it; whereupon Chou, who began to feel
uncomfortable, mentioned it to his Majesty. “‘Nothing satisfies you,”
cried the Emperor, laughing. Resigning office, as he passed out
of the door the Emperor followed him with his eyes, and said,
“That is a great grief to both Prince and Minister.’ Shortly
afterwards he bought a suit of armour, and wished to bury alive

in it one of his slaves, as an offering to his dead father. The

426

427

166 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

affair created much scandal; and Chou Ya-fu being summoned to
Court, remained five days without eating, and so starved himself
to death. | |

Chou Yen-ju Ji] #E fe (T. 7 HE). AD. 1593-1643. A
native of EH Ei I-hsing in Kansuh, who graduated as first chin

shih when little over twenty, and attracted notice by his handsome

face and spirited bearing. The last Emperor of the Ming dynasty

made him a Grand Secretary in 1630, and in spite of Censor
denunciations of him as an evil liver, the sovereign reposed great
confidence in him. Chou allied himself with Wén T-jen, who
repaid his help by undermining his position with the Emperor,
until in 1633 Chou Was driven from office on a charge of
treasonuble correspondence. with the rebels. Hight years later he
was recalled as Prime Minister, partly through the Hi A Tung
Lin faction; and having learnt wisdom in adversity, he laboured
to neutralise the evil government of Wén T'i-jén. He was,
however, quite unable to cope with the rebels and «with the
Manchus, and his partisans were greedy and corrupt. In 1648,
when the Manchus raided Shantung, he obtained command at 3A
T‘ung-chou, where he spent his time in carousing, while he
reported imaginary victories. The Emperor was ultimately informed
of the truth; but Chou was only dismissed to his home. His
enemies presently charged him with speaking ill of his Majesty;
whereupon he was brought up for trial to Peking, and was forced to

commit suicide.

428 Chou Yi ji] #7 (T. AV EH). A.D. 174-218. A native of

@y Shu in Anhui, whose father and grandfather had both
occupied high official posts. He was a handsome lad; and when
Sun Chien, who had raised a volunteer force to oppose Tung
Cho, was quartered at Shu, he became very friendly with the

general’s son, Sun Ts‘é, and ultimately attached himself to the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 167

latter’s fortunes, and in 198 obtained a command. He was then

twenty-four years of age, and was popularly known as fil EB.

Two years later, when Sun Ts‘é died, he joined his brother Sun
Ch‘iian, and remained for many years his faithful counsellor and
lieutenant. In 208 he was chosen to oppose the advance of T's‘ao
Ts‘ao, and inflicted upon him a crushing defeat at the a BE
Red Wall, near B J Usia-k‘ou in Hupeh. Ts‘ao Ts‘ao’s forces
were estimated at eight hundred thousand men; his war-vessels
were said to stretch stem and stern for a thousand J; his
banners darkened the sky. Against this host, Chou Yti is reported
to have asked for only thirty thousand men. Yet he burnt Ts‘ao
Ts‘ao’s fleet; and the Red Wall, discoloured by the smoke, was
still to be seen in the days of the poet Su Shih. For these
services he was made generalissimo and Governor of modern
Hupeh. After some time he planned an attack upon Liu Pei,
with a view to bring modern Ssich‘uan under the sway of his
master; bat he died ere he could carry out his design, at the
early age of thirty-six. He is said to have possessed such an
exquisite ear for music that if any one played or sang a false
note, he would immediately look up, even though tipsy. Hence
the phrase Hi Aq a JE) ByS BA. It was said by FE WF Ch'éng
P‘u, who had been associated with him in the glorious victory at
the Red Wall, that friendship with Chou Yti was like drinking
good wine; it made a man drunk without his knowing it.

Chou Yung }f A (T. E 4G) 5th cent. A.D. A native of Ze
Ji An-ch‘éng in Honan, who distinguished himself as a scholar,
and rose to high office under the Emperor Ming Ti of the
Southern Ch‘i dynasty, by whom he was taken into confidence.
Not venturing to remonstrate openly with his Majesty, he would
skilfully introduce some allusion from the Classics bearing upon

the ,point in question, and thus influence the Emperor in the

429

168 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
right direction. He wrote the py ies 4] GA, a work on the four

tones, of which he is considered by some to have been the first

430

431

432

exponent (see Shén Yo). He devoted much attention to Buddhism,
and published treatise, entitled = am in which the
doctrines of its three chief schools are discussed.

Chou Yung-nien Jil Ik ap (T. = =) ). Graduated in 1771,
and was employed in the Imperial Library. He devoted his life to
study, and spent all his fortune upon books, building a special
library to hold them.

Ch‘ou Luan Tu iv%. Died A.D. 1552. One of the most worthless

Ministers of the Ming dynasty. Very studious as a boy and a---

clever writer, he proved proud and haughty when placed in office.
In 1529 he went as Governor to Canton, and only escaped
disgrace for cruelty and extortion by retiring ill. In 1537 he was
sent to es p=] Ning-hsia in Kansuh, and took command against
Anda, Prince of NA Es Shun-i, who was ravaging the border.
By promising to open trading stations, he tried to induce the
enemy to retire; but Anda raided up to Peking, and being
attacked at jy 4 [J Ku-pei-k‘ou while retreating, defeated his
pursuers. However, by falsely reporting a victory and presenting
some eighty heads of peaceful ‘villagers, Ch‘ou obtained rewards
and honours. In the following year the Tartars crowded inside the
Wall on the pretext of trading. He shirked an engagement; and
at the instigation of Yen Sung, whom he had displaced as first
favourite, he was recalled. He died the day before his secret
dealing with the enemy was discovered. His corpse was beheaded,.
his family exterminated, and his ill-gotten possessions confiscated.
Chu Chan-chi 4K H@ JE. AD. 1898—1435. Eldest son of
Chu Kao-chih, whom he succeeded in 1425 as fifth Emperor of
the Ming dynasty. His reign was marked by the rebellion of his

uncle, Chu Kao-hsti, and by a revolt of the Kuangsi aborigines.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 169

Annam was left to itself, and the north-western frontier which
he occasionally visited was withdrawn to a point in a AV,
Hstian-hua in Chihli. A well-meaning monarch, he lightened the
grain tribute, allowed commutation in rice for all penalties, and
in 1429 established custom-houses at important centres. By
organising within the palace a school for youthful eunuchs, he
fostered their growing power. His favourite concubine, who palmed
off on the childless monarch a supposititious son, succeeded in
displacing the Empress. Canonised as ‘py = iy B if -

Chu Chiang-lo 4& ‘hr Y. A.D. 1582—1620. Son of Chu I-
chtin, whom he succeeded in 1620 as fourteenth Emperor of the
Ming dynasty. On his accession the mining taxes were abolished,

and the eunuch collectors were recalled. He died after a reign of two

months under suspicious circumstances, and his father’s favourite,

the concubine Chéng, in vain tried to retain power by taking
possession of his eldest son. She was forced to retire, and two

eunuchs, of whom one was the infamous Wei Chung-hsien,

433

obtained control of the Emperor. Canonised as 3% = vA pad if.

Chu Chi-wéng jj $B #R. The surname and sobriquet of an
old hermit, who lived under the Chou dynasty and amused
himself by breeding chickens.

Chu Chii-chén 7 ji} GR. A.D. 1427—1464. The supposititious
son of Chu Chan-chi, whom he succeeded in 1435 as sixth
Emperor of the Ming dynasty. The Empress, acting as Regent,
left the administration to the Grand Secretariat. The Emperor fell

434

435

under the malign influence of Wang Chén, a eunuch who had

been his constant companion as a boy, and became a devout
Buddhist, spending vast sums on temples. The Oirads gave
continual trouble, to say nothing of three expeditions against
[33 Jil) Lu-ch‘uan in Ytinnan, and in 1449 the Emperor led an

army against them. He was routed and captured by their

436

437

170 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

chieftain +H, 4, Yeh-hsien, Wang Chén and many others being
slain. Next year he was released and lived in seclusion until, on
his brother’s refusal to appoint his nephew his successor, Shih
Héng and the eunuch Ts‘ao Chi-hsiang forced him to re-ascend
the throne. During his second term he was a mere puppet in the
hands of Shih Héng and Ts‘ao Chi-hsiang; and after their fall in
1461, of another eunuch named Mén Ta, who was ultimately
banished to Kuangsi. He was the first of the Ming sovereigns
who gave orders that none of his concubines should be sacrificed
at his death. Canonised as Yi = FS. aA if.

Chu Chi-yii 3e wis $k. A.D. 1428-1457. Brother of Chu
Ch‘i-chén, on whose capture by the Oirads in 1449 he became
Regent, subsequently ascending the throne as seventh Emperor
of the Ming dynasty. The attack of the Oirads on. Peking was
beaten off, aud in 1450 they sued for peace. A devout Buddhist,
he built a vast new temple at the suggestion of a eunuch; and
under the same influence he set up his own son as Heir Apparent
in place of his nephew. Money was scarce, and in 1453 entry
into the Imperial Academy was to be bought. An attempt was
made to replace cash by notes, but the people would not permit
it. In 1453 his son died, and in 1457, as he persistently refused
to nominate his nephew to be his successor, he was deposed in
favour of his predecessor and died soon afterwards. Known in
history as AR A or = if -

Chu Chia KR Be. 2nd and 8rd cent. B.C. A famous knight-errant
of the Han dynasty, contemporary with Liu Pang. He had over 100
retainers and crowds of servants; yet he was neither haughty nor
overbearing, but always ready to sacrifice himself for others. He
once saved the life of Chi Pu by receiving him when a fugitive from
the wrath of Liu Pang; yet when the latter became a great man,

he made no claim upon him for the service he had formerly rendered.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary cote

Chu Chien-shén 4 Fl Be. A.D. 1489—1487. The eldest son
of Chu Ch‘i-chén, whom he succeeded in 1464 as eighth Emperor
of the Ming dynasty. He removed his father’s favourite eunuch,
but was himself entirely under the influence of his concubine Fe
Wan, on whom he lavished untold wealth and who in return for
heavy bribes appointed eunuchs to important posts. The reign was
marked by weakness abroad, and by disturbances, floods, and
drought at home. After 1471 no audience was given to Ministers,
and the eunuch Wang Chih practically ruled the country. In
1475, for the first time, an embassy from the Manchus is
recorded. The Heir Apparent died in 1472, and it was not until
1475 that the existence of another son by a concubine, whom the

Lady Wan had ordered to be destroyed, was revealed to him.
Canonised as ox a xi Et ip -
Chu Chih-hsi Fi @ #Y (T. H Ju. H. Hy PE). AD. 1624—
1666. A native of A #% I-wu in Chehkiang, who graduated as
chin shih in 1646. In 1649 he was employed on the History of
the Ming Dynasty. In 1656 he was sent to the Yellow River; and
in this post he laboured for ten years, introducing improved
| systems of conservation with the aid of dredgers, and getting rid
of abuses and oppressive customs. In 1662, on the occasion of a
serious breach in the embankments, he composed a short ditty
which inspirited the men to labour with zeal. He was also the
author of a popular work on river conservation. Constant exposure
in all weathers, together with want of rest and regular meals,
caused his death. His devotion to the public weal led to his being
worshipped as a deity by the people along the river, and even
prayed to by boatmen when in danger. Canonised as 44 Ze.

438

439

Chu Chiin-ming jit & WY (T. 3¢ HA). Died A.D. 711. 440

A native of 47 Shih-p‘ing in Shensi, who rose to high
office under the Emperor Chung Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, and

172 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in 705 became President of the Board of Rites and was ennobled
as Duke. He was banished for concealing the death of a parent
in order to escape enforced temporary retirement from public
life, but was soon afterwards taken back into favour. Upon the
occasion of a grand banquet, in order to amuse the Emperor he
danced about and finally stood on his head. His Majesty laughed
heartily, but Lu Ts‘ang-yung sighed and said it was as bad as
sweeping the ground with the Five Classics.

441 Chu Fang 7e #K. 7th cent. A.D. A native of Hsiang-chou in

Hupeh, distinguished as an official and poet under the T'ang
dynasty. He was summoned to Court in A.D. 627, but declined

to proceed.

442 Chu Hai WY. 8rd cent. B.C. A man of the Wei State,
Zz

443

famous for his great strength. He was introduced by Hou Ying
to Wu Chi, and the latter sent him on a mission to the Prince
of Ch'in. The Prince however threw him into a den of tigers;
whereupon -Chu’s hair stood on end, and he glared so fearfully
at the tigers that they did not venture to attack him, and he
was released. When the Ch‘in army was besieging Han-tan, Wu
Chi hastened to its succour. The Wei army was commanded by
= aly Chin P‘i; but by the advice of Hou Ying, Wu Chi
persuaded the Prince’s favourite concubine to steal from her lord
the other half of Chin P‘i’s tally of command. Armed with this,
Wu Chi and Chu Hai proceeded to Chin P‘i’s tent, and called
upon him to surrender his post; and when he refused to do 50,
Chu Hai produced from his sleeve a forty-pound mace of iron,
and brained him on the spot. With the aid of his troops, Wu
Chi succeeded in raising the siege.

Chu Hao-ling 7 #E BA (T. fe FE. H. By ie). A native
of Kiangsu, who distinguished himself during the 17th century as

an enthusiastic student, and who was a friend and contemporary

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 173

of Ku Yen-wu. He wrote on the Classics, and also published
poetry and essays.

Chu Hou-chao 7e JS HR. A.D. 1491—1521. Son of Chu Yu-
t'ang, whom he succeeded in 1487 as tenth Emperor of the Ming
dynasty. He devoted himself entirely to pleasure, and his exorbitant
demands for money caused frequent rebellions, until in 1511
Peking was in danger and many provinces were harassed by
bandits. The people found the troops worse than the rebels; and
they said in Hu-Kuang that the rebels combed them with an
ordinary comb, “the Imperialist troops with a tooth-comb, and the
officers with a razor. Eight eunuchs, known as the Hight Tigers,
encouraged their master’s vagaries, and bribery and corruption
were rife, until in 1510 the chief eunuch was executed for
treason and his vast treasures confiscated. The Emperor learnt
Tibetan, Mongol, and Manchu, and gave himself titles in these
languages, besides taking the Buddhist style of Prince of the Law.
In 1517 and 1518 he travelled incognito to Hsiian® Fu, and was
nearly captured in a Tartar raid. He next gave orders to himself,
under the name rN = Chu Shou, to go on a southern tour;
and when Wang Shou-jen put down a serious rising in Kiangsi,
he proposed to have the rebel leader left at large on the Po-yang
lake until he could proceed thither and smite him in person. He
died from the effects of being upset from his fishing-skiff. Canonised
as TH Sa oe Ei

Chu Hou-tsung 7e JS JM. A.D. 1507—1566. Nephew of Chu
Yu-t‘ang, and paternal second cousin of Chu Hou-chao whom he
succeeded in 1522 as eleventh Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He
proved an autocratic ruler and was swayed by a series of
worthless favourites, among whom Ch‘ou Luan, Hsia Yen, and
Yen Sung were the most infamous, to the exclusion of such men

as Mao Ch‘éng, Yang T‘ing-ho, and Yang Shén. The north-west

445

446

174 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

frontiers were constantly raided and Peking itself was in a state
of siege more than once, while the Japanese, angry at the
stoppage of trade, harried Kiangnan, Chehkiang and Fuhkien, and
local and aboriginal risings were frequent. Audiences to officials
were rare; large sums were spent on palaces and temples; while
the Emperor, especially in his latter years, wasted much valuable
time in seeking after the elixir of life. The growing weakness of
the Court was shown by an attempt in 1542 to murder the
Emperor while in a concubine’s apartments. Canonised as TH: 7B
Fea Se “h-

Chu Hsi Fi & (T. 76 Kil and Me Hf. H. He 48 and ve
Ri} and ZS HE and Ht: 4 By and i By and Se A te Ad

A.D. 1180— 1200. The famous a known as Chu Tzti
or Chu Fu Tzit. Born at Ff; YA Yu-ch'i in Fuhbkien, where his
father, Chu Sung, was an official, he soon displayed signs of
unusual ability and graduated as chin shih at the early age of
nineteen. His father had already died, but had left his education
to the care of three trusty friends. In 1151 he was sent as
assistant Magistrate to T‘ung-an in Fubhkien, where he remained
for three years, reforming the administration and improving the
condition of the people. He had previously been suspected of a
strong leaning towards Buddhism — some say that he actually
became a Buddhist priest; but. by the year 1154, under the
guidance of the philosopher Li T’ung, he had seen the error of
his ways and had given himself up completely to the study of
orthodox doctrines. His next appointment was a sinecure in
Hunan, which left him an abundance of leisure for literary work
until 1163, when he was summoned to the capital by the
Emperor Hsiao Tsung. He soon returned to his old life and
remained in comparative retirement until 1178, when he was

forced to become Governor of pg fit Nan-k‘ang ‘in Kiangsi,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary a5

where his administration was again very successful. While holding
office here he built for himself a retreat at the White Deer Grotto
on the hills near the Po-yang lake, and thither he was
accustomed to retire for intervals of meditation. He was afterwards
appointed for special duty on the coast of Chehkiang; and while
there he ordered the demolition of the shrine which had been
built in honour of the infamous Ch‘in Kuei, his father’s foe. In
1190 he was made Governor of Chang-chou in Fuhbkien; and then
began a series of attacks in which he was accused of sedition, of
magic, of breaches of loyalty and filial piety, of seducing nuns,
and even of weeping at the death of +8 te Bh Chao Ju-yii,
when all the Court was rejoicing. At first these attacks were
unsuccessful; but at length Hu Hung, in 1196, caused him to be
deprived of all honours and of his official posts. Three years later
he was to a great measure re-instated; but he was now too old
and infirm to re-enter official life. He passed the rest of his days
in retirement, soothed by the ministrations of his faithful disciple
Ts‘ai Ch‘én. At his death, his coffin is said to have taken up a
position, suspended in the air, about three feet from the ground.
Whereupon his son-in-law, falling on his knees beside the bier,
reminded the departed spirit of the great principles of which he
had been such a brilliant exponent in life, — and the coffin
descended gently to the ground. He was a most voluminous
writer. In addition to his revision of the history of Ssti-ma
Kuang, which under the title of 3 9% #j is still regarded
as the standard history of China, he placed himself first in the
first rank of all commentators on the Confucian Canon. He
introduced interpretations either wholly or partly at variance with
those which had been put forth by the scholars of the Han
dynasty and hitherto received as infallible, thus modifying to a

certain extent the prevailing standard of political and social

447

176 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

morality. His principle was simply one of consistency. He refused
to interpret words in a given passage in one sense, and the
same words occurring elsewhere, in another sense. In the preface
to his PY aE AE -F AX Ze PEB, published in 1745, FH
Fy Wang Pu-ch‘ing (born 1671) has the following passage: —
“Shao Yung tried to explain the Canon of Changes by numbers,
and Ch‘éng I by the eternal fitness of things; but Chu Hsi alone
was able to pierce through the meaning and appropriate the
thought of the prophets. who composed it.” His other best known
works are the ir A ER a metaphysical treatise containing the
essence of his later aebalanienss and the sJy a, Lesser Learning,
a handbook for the young. He was ennobled as Duke, and
canonised as Bl, and in 1241 his tablet was placed in the
Confucian Temple.

Chu Hsti RR J. 4th cent. A.D. Governor of Hsiang-yang in
Hupeh when it was besieged by the lieutenants of Fu Chien. His
mother, heading a body of some hundred men, together with all
the women of the city, proceeded to throw up an earthwork,
afterwards known as the K XN oe Ladies’ Rampart, by means

of which the enemy’s assault was effectually repulsed.

448 Chu Huan rN hal (T. AK pS). Died A.D. 288. A Hop hemdeaat

but brave and honest officer under Sun Ch‘iian. In A.D. 222 he
was ennobled as Marquis for successfully repelling an incursion by
wi A=: Ts‘ao Jen of the Wei Kingdom.

449 Chu Huan 4 fa (T. Y% Ai}. H. FH FF). Author of the fA

AR & EL S FF GB. . a biographical dictionary of eminent
officials, published in A.D. 1758.

450 Chul fe fy, (T. 4 $f). Died B.C. 61. A pure and incorrupt

official of the Han dynasty, who rose to be Minister of Agriculture.
In early life he had been a petty Magistrate at fia] $eh 'T‘ung-
hsiang in Chehkiang, and had so won the love of the people that

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 177

he left orders with his son to bury him there, where his memory
would be kindly cherished. The Emperor Ustian Ti greatly
lamented his death, and presented a hundred ounces of gold to
the family.

Chul FEF. (1. B Fal). A.D. 483—549. A native of Ch'ien-
t‘ang in Chehkiang, who as a youth was a great gambler and a
disgrace to his neighbourhood. When he grew up, he reformed
and devoted himself to study, acquiring a profound knowledge of
the Classics, of history, and even of the arts and sciences. He
was personally examined by Shén Yo, and received an official post
when only 21 years of age. His fine presence and marvellous power
of work led to his appointment to the Privy Council by the Emperor
Wu Ti, an office which he held for twelve years without once
incurring reproof. He was greedy of wealth, venal, a sycophant,
and fond of luxury and sensuality. He and his sons lived in a
group of palaces within a splendid park, never spending a cash
in charity. He advised the Emperor to accept Hou Ching’s offer
of allegiance, and died of shame when Hou Ching promptly
revolted and besieged the capital. Author of commentaries on the
Book of Rites and the Canon of Changes.

Chu I-chiin 74 yf] $4. A.D. 1563—1620. Son of Chu Tsai-
hou, whom he succeeded in 1572 as thirteenth Emperor of the
Ming dynasty. His long reign ushered in the ruin of the dynasty.
It opened well, his Minister Chang Chii-chéng ruling for the first
ten years arbitrarily but well. In 1578 the population was returned
at 603 millions, ana in 1580 the arable land was found to be
over 106 million acres, an increase of 45 million acres in a
century. The frontiers were kept at peace and even extended, and
the country was very rich. The death of Chang left the Emperor
free to indulge in sensualism and extravagance; and in 1599, the

metropolitan treasuries being empty, provincial surpluses were
12

451

452

178 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

annexed to provide Tis. 24,000,000 for the marriage of the Heir
Apparent. For a quarter of a century before 1610, when one
single public Court was held to celebrate the reconciliation of the
Emperor with his heir, no one but eunuchs ever saw the
sovereign. The Court was torn by several parties, half the offices
were left vacant, memorials were not answered, and distress in
the provinces went unrelieved. Meanwhile, the empire was
harassed with special taxes, inquisitorially collected on petty
household articles by eunuchs, to pay for mines, the proceeds of
which went into the Privy Purse. The middle class were mostly
ruined, and the people, finding life unendurable, took to
brigandage. In 1583 Nurhachu appears in history, and before the
end of the reign the Manchus had risen to power and were
invading Korea and threatening Liao-yang, meeting with but a
feeble resistance from the ill-paid soldiery and corrupt officers of
the Ming§. The Japanese invaded Korea in 1592; and when on
the death of 7 AF a P‘ing Hsiu-chi they at last evacuated
Fusan, China had lost incalculable sums and thousands of men.
Aboriginal risings, Mongol incursions, Yellow River floods,

droughts and famines, are recorded again and again; and the

avaricious monarch left a ruined country to his feeble successors.

453

Canonised as Jjilf 4 Aa Et if.

Chu I-tsun Fixe (T. Py te). AD. 1629-1709. A
devoted student of archeology, who travelled far and wide to
compare inscriptions on tombs and buildings with the records of
them as given in books. He was also a clever essayist and a poet.
In 1679 he was brought to the notice of the Emperor, and
employed in historical and other work. He was the author of the
Hh 4£ F] , an archzological and historical description of Peking
and its neighbourhood, of which an Imperial edition was published in
1774. Also, of the K a # , a critical commentary on the Classics.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 479

Chu Ju (i (#. A dwarf of the Chou dynasty. The Chinese 454
“Tom Thumb.”

Chu Jung ji fl. A legendary being, said by some to have 455
been a Minister under Huang Ti; by others, to be identical with
Ch‘ung Li, a descendant of Chuan Hsti; while a third account
makes him contemporary with Fu Hsi. He is the God of Fire and
rules over. the south; hence he is sometimes called Pa] wil Hf

and Pz] wil Dp ify - He is also known to the Taoists as Dr he

Ke -¥- and is represented as an animal with a human face.

Chu Kao-chih 4i jy HR. AD. 1878-1425. The eldest son 456
of the Emperor Yung Lo. He reigned as fourth sovereign of the
Ming dynasty for one year. He released all political prisoners, and

set to work to lighten the heavy burdens which had been imposed

on the people by the splendour and enterprise of his father.
Canonised as {= Sr or if -

Chu Kao-hsti 4 jy Hil. Died A.D.? 1426. The second son of 457
the Emperor Yung Lo. He gained fame and favour during his
father’s successful rebellion, and aspired to succeed him on the
throne. In 1404 his hopes were disappointed through the
representations of Yang Shih-ch‘i, Hsieh Chin, and _ other
counsellors; and for the rest of the reign he took every
opportunity of attacking them and the Heir Apparent. In 1417

his father, discovering that during his absence on an expedition
against A-lu-t‘ai, the Prince of Han (the title of Chu Kao-hsii)
had enrolled some 3,000 men and rioted at will in Nanking;
wished to degrade him; but at the tearful entreaty of his brother,

he was merely sent to Be Ze Lo-an in Shantung. There in
1426, on the accession of his nephew, he raised the standard of
revolt; but the prompt appearance of the Emperor: with artillery
forced him to submit. He was shackled and manacled like a

criminal; and when the Emperor went to see him, his Majesty —

458

459

180 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

stumbled over one of the shackles and upset a large caldron, by
which Chu was so severely burnt that he died of his injuries.
Chu-ko Chin i B Ht fs A -¥- Fv )- A.D. 173-241. Younger
brother of the famous Chu-ko Liang. In the troubles which
gathered around the close of the Han dynasty he attached himself
to the fortunes of Sun Ch'tian, under whom he rose to high
office in the Kingdom of Wu. At a conference between the rival
leaders he met his brother face to face, but allowed no sign to
escape him that he was dealing with other than a stranger. An
attempt was once made to. persuade Sun Ch'tian that he was in
treacherous collusion with the enemy; whereupon the latter said,
“His oath is for life and death; he would no more desert me than
I would desert him.”

Chu-ko Liang 7% B ze (T. FU Hf}. Also known as [BK He
te, AE). AD. 181-234. A native of Bs #8 Yang-tu in
Shantung, whose father died while he was still a child and left
him to the care of an uncle serving under Yiian Shu. Thence he
went to the district ruled by Liu Piao, and there much of his
early life was passed. As a young man he showed signs of
literary genius, occupying his leisure in versifying. He used to
compare himself with the famous Kuan Chung and Yo I, and one
of his intimate friends recommended him to Liu Pei. The latter,
then an unimportant adventurer, made three expeditions in A.D.
207 to the reed-hut where the future Minister, like another
Cincinnatus, was leading a life of retirement. On the third
occasion he obtained an interview, at which the recluse showed
such wide knowledge of the empire and such a grasp of the needs
of the times that Liu Pei was astounded, and declared that on
receiving a promise of his services he felt the joy of a fish
regaining its native element. At that juncture Sun Ch‘tian had a

strong position in Wu, while Ts‘ao T's‘ao was in command of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 181

Wei. Putting himself entirely into the hands of his new
counsellor, and following his advice in everything, Liu Pei
embarked upon the contest with his two rivals for the possession
of the empire. Chu-ko Liang, seeing that a coalition would be
fatal to the prospects of his master, kept a watchful eye on the
conduct of the vacillating Sun Ch‘tian, with whom he succeeded in
making a defensive alliance, and by whose means he inflicted a
severe blow on Ts‘ao Ts‘ao at the Dp BE Red Wall on the
Yang-tsze. Having at length seated Liu Pei upon a throne in
Shu, modern Ssiich‘uan, he next devoted himself ardently to
internal reforms, as well as to the organisation of a great army.
Liu Pei upon his deathbed confided his son to his Minister’s care,
at the same time begging him, if the young man should prove
incapable, to mount the throne himself. The government of Shu
having been satisfactorily settled, Chu-ko Liang undertook an
expedition to the south to subdue the border tribes, and is said
to have penetrated into Burmah. Returning from this expedition
in A.D. 227, he began a great campaign against Wei, which was
successful but not to the extent anticipated. Chu-ko Liang
thereupon applied to be degraded; and degraded he actually was,
although still retained as chief in the conduct of affairs. Another
campaign was undertaken in A.D. 231, when he made use of the
famous device of “wooden oxen and running horses” as a means
of transport. What the device was, nobody now knows. He died
while engaged in another campaign against Wei in A.D. 234.
Always well informed as to the doings of his contemporaries ,
“K‘ung-ming,” as this darling hero of the Chinese people is
affectionately styled, was gifted with a deep insight into human
nature, often seeming to his subordinates to be in possession of
Superhuman faculties. Besides the ‘oxen and horses” mentioned

above, he invented a bow for shooting several arrows at once. He

182 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

did not invent, as is often stated, but improved and ultimately
perfected the Eight Dispositions, a series of military tactics. He
was generally regarded as a mechanical and mathematical genius,
and one who could not only foretell the course of natural
phenomena but even control them. His collected writings have
been published in two thin volumes. He was ennobled as Marquis
in A.D. 228, and canonised as fist TH: and in 1724 his tablet
was placed in the Confucian Temple.

460 Chu Kuang-ch‘ing Ke Se Spi . 14th cent. A.D. A rebel chief,
who set up his standard of revolt towards the close of the Mongol
dynasty, styling himself Emperor of the K & Great Chin
nation.

461 Chu Kuei A ¥E (T. G A. H. PH FE). AD. 1781-1807.
A native of Ta-hsing in Chihli, who was the youngest of fone
brothers, another of whom, Chu Yiin, also became celebrated as a
scholar and official. He graduated as chin shih in 1748; and in
1775, when Treasurer of Shansi, he was denounced for studying
all day and recalled to be tutor to the young prince who
subsequently reigned under the style of Chia Ch‘ing. In 1790 he
became Governor of Anhui; and five years later, while acting as
Viceroy at Canton, he is said to have “turned back an English
tribute-mission.” What he appears really to have done was to
return the gifts which the English mission had given to the
former Viceroy and Hoppo, his action in which matter was
approved by the venerable Emperor Ch‘ien Lung only five days
before his abdication. On the death of the Emperor Ch'ien Lung
he became one of Chia Ch‘ing’s chief advisers, and in 1805 was
made Grand Secretary. He was exemplary in all his family
duties, and a stranger to corruption in every form. For the last
forty years of his life, subsequent to the death of his wife, he
lived alone, not even taking a concubine. Author of the 7 *

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 183

vis 7 ay Bl 46 , a collection of poems and essays to which the
Emperor prefixed some stanzas. Canonised as Bl JE, and admitted

into the Temple of Worthies.

Chu Kuei-chén 4 # Hi (T. HE BL. H. MM fie). ALD.
1766—1839. A native of [| jE Shang-yiian in Kiangsu, who
graduated as chin shih in 1799 and rose by 1830 to be Governor
of Kuangtung. As a boy, he induced his father to sell his
property in order to give relief in a time of famine; and when
Prefect of {ii te Chén-yiian in Kueichou, he risked his own life
by unauthorisedly spending all the cash in the treasury for a similar

purpose. The grateful people made good the deficit by public

subscription. He is admired as a model of zeal for the sovereign

and the people, and of personal uprightness and thrift. Canonised
as aE my.

Chu Kuo-chih AR [ad ee Died A.D. 1674. A Chinese Bannerman,
who after distinguishing himself at minor posts was appointed
Governor of Ytinnan. Captured by Wu San-kuei in 1674, he died
cursing the rebels. In 1742 he was included in the Temple of
Patriots.

Chu-ma-la Pf FE fi). A.D. 1605—1662. A Mongol adherent of
the Emperor Tai Tsu of the present dynasty, noted for his reckless
bravery. After a chequered career of honour and degradation, he
was sent in 1654 to repel an incursion of Chang Hsien-chung’s
successors, and for his victory he was ennobled as Viscount.
Canonised as aE Be.

Chu Mai-ch‘én Fi BEL (T. gf -F-). Died BC. 116. A
wood-cutter under the Han dynasty, whose wife left him because
she could not stand poverty. By diligent study he became Governor
_ of Kuei-chi in Chehkiang; and his wife, who had sunk to
destitution, begged to be allowed to rejoin him. But he replied,

“If you can pick up spilt water, you may return;” whereupon

462

463

464

465

184 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his wife went and hanged herself. On his appointment to Kuei-chi,
he proceeded to his post in old clothes and without any ceremony;
suddenly producing his seal of office, to the great astonishment of
his disconcerted subordinates, who were spending their time in
drinking. He ultimately rose to the rank of Minister of State,
but became mixed up in some intrigue and was put to death.

466 Chu Mien [ay . Died A.D. 1126. The son of a druggist of
P‘ing chiang in Hunan, who with the aid of Ts‘ai Ching was
enabled to present the particular precious stones which the Emperor
Hui Tsung loved, and thus to obtain official rank. Placed at the
head of the Tribute Office, he so oppressed the people of Chehkiang
that they rose in rebellion in 1120, and T‘ung Kuan was forced
to abolish the office and dismiss him. Nevertheless his immense
wealth, wrung from the people, enabled him to control the bestowal
of offices, so that it was said there was an imitation Court in the
south-east. At the close of the reign of Hui Tsung, he leagued
himself with the eunuchs and was appointed to high office. His
huge palaces, hosts of retainers, and fleet and bodyguard, excited
the suspicion of the new monarch, and in 1126 he was
disgraced and compelled to commit suicide, the whole of his vast
landed property being confiscated.

467 Chu Shih 4 ft (T. $6 9% and Fy BS). AD. 1666-1736.
A native of Kao-an, whence he is often spoken of as Jey & AH
[eel « Graduated as chin shih in 1694, and rose by 1730to be
President of the Board of War. He was the trusted counsellor of
two Emperors, whose esteem he enjoyed throughout their lives,
receiving an Imperial visit of sympathy during his last, illness. He
wrote on the Classics and on history. Canonised as Bl in:

468 Chu Shou-ch‘ang 4 #8 A) (1. AE $x). AD. 1031-1102.
One of the twenty-four examples of filial piety. His mother was

his father’s concubine, and gave birth to him shortly after the

A Chinese Biographical Nictionary 185

latter’s departure for his post as Governor of the Metropolitan
District. A few years later he was sent as a child to his father’s
house at the capital, and-heard no more of his mother. Entering
into official life, he distinguished himself by his energetic |
administration; and after many years had elapsed, he determined
to find her. All his efforts were for some time in vain. He tried
various Buddhistic methods, such as cauterising his back, burning
the top of his head, and writing out sdtras with blood. At length
he resigned office and set out to search for her, his efforts being
ultimately crowned with success after a separation of about fifty
years. He was at once restored to office, and became a Minister
of State.

Chu Shu-chéng WM JA. 9th cent. A.D. A poetess of the 469
T'ang dynasty, and a descendant of Han Yi.

Chu Sung 4 hs (T. A 4A. H. HE PR). AD. 1097-1143, 470
The father of the famous Chu Hsi. A native of Anhui, who
graduated as chin shih in 1118 and entered upon an official career,
rising to be a secretary in the Board of Civil Office. But his
opposition to Ch‘in Kuei and to the peace proposals with the
Chin* Tartars brought him into trouble, and he retired into private
life. In 1530 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Chu Ti 4 pie. A.D. 1360-1424. The fourth son of Chu Yiian- 471
chang, and uncle to the Emperor Hui Ti whom he succeeded
in 1403. The elder son of Chu Yitian-chang having died, Chu
Ytin-wén became Heir Apparent. Shortly ‘afterwards the Emperor
sent Chu Ti to the north in a kind of Viceregal position, as
Prince of Jf 7 P‘ei-p'ing, his mental capacity and energetic
temperament being in awkward contrast with those of his nephew,
the Heir Apparent. The seat of his government was to be at
Peking, the old capital of the Mongols, from which he came to
adopt the title of Prince of Yen. It was popularly believed that

186 A Chinese Biographical. Dictionary

the Emperor allowed his son but a trifling force with which to
venture on his northern raid; at any rate the son proved himself
fully equal to the emergency. Upon the whole journey from —
Nanking to Peking, he found only one place, + Mao-chou in
Shantung, which succeeded in holding out against him; and on
the return of the victorious army this city was captured, and taken
to pieces brick by brick. This march is one of the most memorable
events in modern Chinese history. The great plain north of the
Yang-tsze was depopulated, “swept by the besom of Prince Yen.’’
Immediately after the installation of his nephew upon the throne,
the Prince of Yen threw off his allegiance. At the head of a
large army he marched southwards, defeating the forces which loyally
endeavoured to support the legitimate sovereign. Notwithstanding
several early reverses in Shantung , where he was twice defeated
by the Imperialist commanders, he advanced to the Yang-tsze
which he crossed in the summer of 1403; and having been joined
by 4S =4 HF Li Ching-lung and others of the chief Imperial
leaders, he entered Nanking in triumph. The young Emperor
disappeared in the confusion which followed upon the entry of
the troops into his palace, and was never seen again; although in
after years pretenders started up on more than one occasion, and
obtained the support of many in their efforts to recover the throne.
This victory was signalised on the part of the Prince of Yen by
the immediate assumption of the Imperial dignity, under the now
famous year-title of 7x 4% Yung Lo. The new Emperor showed
that he could govern as well as he could fight. He brought
immigrants from Shantung and Shansi to repeople the districts
which had been laid waste. Peking was built; a Penal Code was
drawn up; and missions under the charge of eunuchs were sent
to Java, Sumatra, Siam, and even to Ceylon. Various military

expeditions were dispatched against the Tartars, costing vast sums

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 187

of money, with however very little result. In 1409 eunuchs were
appointed to official posts, and set to watch the doings of the
regular staff. In 1419 the Japanese invaded Liao-tung, but their
attempt proved a disastrous failure. In 1421 the capital was moved
to Peking. The Emperor patronised literature, and issued the huge
encyclopedia known as the 7K 4% 7c Hi

Ar?

which occupied for
over two years the energies of five chief directors, twenty sub-
directors, and 2,169 subordinates (see Hsieh Chin). His Majesty
was an ardent Buddhist, and the priests of that religion were
raised to high positions and exerted considerable influence at Court.
In 1421 there were loud complaints that some 10,000 priests were
maintained in Peking, while the people of several provinces were
reduced to eating bark and grass. Canonised as 4{ Bf, to
which was added later on the temple-name of K me -

Chu Tsai-hou i Hy Yq. A.D. 1537—1572. Son of Chu Hou-
tsung, whom he succeeded in 1567 as twelfth Emperor of the
Ming dynasty. His short reign opened with reforms, the building
of palaces being stopped and magicians punished. The grain-
transport route was reopened and the breach in the Yellow River
was closed, though fresh breaches took place in 1569 and 1570.
Kunuchs however still continued to be charged with the supervision
of the regular officials. In 1567 Anda threatened the capital, but
four years later made peace and received a title. Canonised as
13 ae HE 2 ip.

Chu Tz‘t mS “W,. A.D. 742—784. A native of Ch‘ang-p‘ing in
Chihli, and son of a lieutenant under An-lu-shan. He gained great
popularity by his ostentatious liberality while serving under AS
ses {lj Li Huai-hsien. In 772 he was confirmed as Viceroy of
JE He Lu-lung in Chihli, and was ennobled as Prince. Two
years later he came to Court in state, and at his own request

was transferred to Shensi, his post being changed to Féng-hsiang

4°72

473

188 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in 780. In 782 he was recalled to the capital and received high
rank but-no power, his brother Chu Val T‘ao having revolted. In
783 the troops sent against Li Hsi-lieh mutinied while passing
Lo-yang, and the Emperor fled to Féng-t‘ien in Shensi. The
mutineers, old soldiers of Chu Tz‘t, placed him at their head,
and he styled himself Emperor of the Han dynasty; but he failed
to capture Féng-t'ien, and in spite of the friendship of Li Huai-
kuang, was driven from Ch‘ang-an in 784. He was slain by one

of his own officers while trying to reach the Turfan.

474 Chu Wang Shén #7 mip . It is related that in the country

475

of the 1K BS Yeh-lang a girl was once washing linen when
suddenly a large piece of bamboo was drifted up to her feet.
Hearing a sound from within, the girl broke open ‘the bamboo
and found a man-child. This child became in time a great warrior
and made himself chief of the Yeh-lang, adopting Chu as his
surname. In B,C. 111, when the Yeh-lang territory was absorbed
into the empire, he tendered his submission and received from the
Emperor a seal of jade. Was worshipped after death as a god.

Chu Wén 4 jf. AD. 854-914. A native of #4 [I] Yang-
shan in Honan. He began by following the fortunes of Huang
Ch‘ao; but in 882 he submitted, and was appointed to be
Magistrate at vp Pien-chou by the Emperor Hsi Tsung, his
name being changed from Wén to 4> it Ch‘iian-chung. The
last Emperor of the Tang dynasty, in return for his rescue from
the eunuchs, made him Prince of Liang, and ultimately became a
puppet in his hands. He compelled the weak monarch to move
the capital from Ch‘ang-an to Lo-yang which was Chu’s own
place of residence; and in 904 he assassinated him and all his
sons, except one boy of fourteen who abdicated in Chu’s favour
in 907. He then changed his name to Ls Huang, and mounted
the throne as first Emperor of the Later Liang dynasty. In 909

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 189

he transferred his capital from Pien-chou to Lo-yang, and there
he was murdered by his eldest son uN R F£ Chu Yu-kuei, lest
his own claim to the throne should be set aside in favour of an
adopted son who happened to have a lovely wife. He was a most
licentious man, and is said to have had incestuous relations with
his eight daughters-in-law. He is sometimes spoken of as a Li
Ch‘'tian-chung, Li being the surname of the House of Tang.
Canonised as Ft jill.

Chu Wén-lao 7 4 A(T. We =. H. pe fag). 18th cent.
A.D. A native of Wu-chin in Kiangsu, who gained great
reputation as a painter under the reign of the Emperor Ch‘ien
Lung. His painting in water-colours of the hundred horses famous
in Chinese history was a wonderful work of art, being one
hundred and thirty-two feet in length by seventy-three feet in
breadth. For this chef d’euvre he was rewarded with an official
appointment in his native province, and also with an honorary
degree.

Chu Yu-chén # K WA. Died A.D. 923. Son of Chu Wen,
whom he succeeded as second Emperor of the Later Liang dynasty.
He killed his elder brother and placed himself upon the throne,
changing his name to Fi, T'ien. But he was ultimately
overpowered by Li Ts‘un-hsii, and perished in the flames of his
palace to which he himself had set fire. Known in history as
Ki. |

Chu Yu-chien 4 py #®. Died A.D. 1644. Brother of Chu
Yu-chiao, whom he succeeded in 1627 as sixteenth and last
Emperor of the Ming dynasty. The eunuchs were promptly put
down, and an attempt made to reorganise the Government and
army. The regular annual deficit of over a million taels, apart
from the Palace expenses, necessitated extra taxation; and this,

joined with bad seasons, drove the north-west into revolt. Yet

476

477

478

490 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the rebels were often in great straits, from which they were
saved only by the jealousies of the Imperialist Generals and the
constant pressure of Manchu incursions. The Emperor desired to
rule well, but his fear of parties led him to reappoint eunuchs to
watch his Generals. In 1640 grain in Honan was 10,000 cash a
peck; and the province, after the capture of Honan and K'ai-
feng by Li Tzii-ch‘éng, was in a state of anarchy. In 1642 Li
found himself strong enough to bid for the empire; and after
easily scattering the raw levies of which the Imperialist armies
were now composed, advanced into Shensi, where he assumed the
Imperial title and issued a manifesto, and then through Shansi on
Peking. In the capital all was confusion. The treasury was
‘empty; the garrison were too few to man the walls; and the
Ministers were anxious each to secure his own safety. Li’s
advance was scarcely opposed, the eunueh commanders of cities
and passes hastening to surrender them; and on April 9,.1644,
Peking fell. On the previous night the Emperor, who had refused
to flee, slew the eldest Princess, commanded the Empress to
commit suicide, and sent his three sons into hiding. At dawn the
bell was struck for the Court to assemble; but no one came. His
Majesty then ascended the By jg Wan Sui Hill in the palace
grounds and wrote a last Decree on the lapel of his robe: —
“WE, poor in virtue and of contemptible personality, have
incurred the wrath of God on high. My Ministers have deceived
me. I am ashamed to meet my ancestors; and therefore I myself
take off my crown, and with my hair covering my face await
dismemberment at the hands of the rebels. Do not hurt a single
one of my people!’ He then hanged himself, as did one faithful
eunuch. Li Tzti-ch‘éng caused his body and that of the Empress
to be coffined, and they were buried by the Manchus. His three

sons were caught by Li, and were taken with him when he

4 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 494

was driven from Peking by Wu San-kuei and the Manchus.
Canonised ag ae oA Fox p= Th and also known in history as
I a

Chu Yu-hsiao 7K Fy PRE. A.D. 1605-1627. The fifteenth
Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He succeeded his father in 1620,
and left the government entirely to the eunuch Wei Chung-hsien.
During this reign nothing was done to check the Manchu
advance, all lLiao-tung being practically abandoned, while in
Sstich‘nan and the south-west there was a serious native rising.
So impoverished was the Government, that when in 1624 the

Yellow River burst its banks at Msii-chou, that city was

abandoned and no attempt was made to repair the dykes. During

the year 1623 the Dutch made an attack on the Pescadores and
other places, and also occupied Formosa. Canonised as 3% — ae
am.

Chu Yu-lang KR EH BK. Died A.D. 1662. Known as Prince
ak WH Yung Ming, who in 1646 set up as Protector, with his
Court at Js yes Chao-ch‘ing in Kuangtung, and soon adopted
the Imperial style as heir and successor of the Mings. In 1648
no less than seven provinces owned allegiance to him; but by the
end of 1651. only Yiinnan and Kueichou remained. In spite of the
efforts of his brave Minister, Chii Shih-ssiti, the Manchus gradually
advanced and in 1659 entered Yiinnan. Chu fled by way of
Moulmein into Burmah; and when that country was invaded by
Wu San-kuei in 1661, he was surrendered to the conquerors and
in due course put to death. He and many of his adherents were
Christians; and the Jesuit Father, A. Koffler, has styled him the
Constantine of China.

Chu Yu-t‘ang 7 jf Be. A.D. 1470-1505. Son of Chu
Chien-shén, whom he succeeded in 1487 as ninth Emperor of the

Ming dynasty. A kindly, weak man, he instituted several reforms,

479

480

481

482

483

192 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

but was too much in the hands of relatives and favourites.
During his reign there was some desultory fighting about Hami,
and occasional Tartar raids, while the aborigines of the south-
west rose more than once and the Yellow River gave much
trouble. He consulted his Ministers, and curtailed the power
of the eunuchs. In 1491 the population of the empire was
returned at 521 millions. He left his young son under the
regency of three high officials. Canonised as a = fie fe if -

Chu Yii-chien 4i St $F. Died A.D. 1646. The Prince of
T‘ang, a descendant of the first Ming Emperor, who was set up
by Chéng Chih-lung on the fall of Hangchow in 1645. He was
himself energetic, but his partisans in Hu-Kuang would not obey
his orders. The Manchu forces steadily advanced through Fuhkien
into Kiangsi, and the Prince, who in his distrust of Chéng Chih-
lung had reached Kan on his way to Ch‘u-chou, was forced to
flee. He was ultimately captured, and starved himself to death.

Chu Yiian-chang 4i 7p Be (T. [Bl Hig). A-D. 1828-1899.
A native of fi fff Chung-li in Anhui. His family was poor,
and his early years were spent in tending cattle. At the age of
17 he lost both his parents and an elder brother. It was a year
of famine, and they died from want of food. He had no money
to buy coffins, and was forced to bury them in straw. He was
then advised by his dead parents, who appeared to him in a
dream, to enter the Buddhist priesthood; and accordingly he
enrolled himself as a novice at the Et 42 Huang-chiieh monastery
near Féng-yang. At this time Shun Ti, the last Emperor of the
Mongol dynasty, had degenerated into a voluptuary and was a
mere puppet in the hands of his Ministers. Misgovernment and
rebellion prevailed. The priests, unable to provide for their own
wants, dismissed the novices. Chu proceeded to Ho-fei, where he

led a wandering life for some three years, and at length returned

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 193

to the monastery. Shortly afterwards, Kuo Tzti-hsing at the head
of a large force attacked and took Pre Hao-chou and burnt the
monastery. The priests all fled for their lives, and with them Chu;
but the latter soon returned to the city with a view of offering
his services to Kuo Tzii-hsing. As a Mongol army was close at
hand, he was at first taken for a spy and nearly lost his life.
He managed however to obtain an interview with Kuo Tzii-hsing,
and so impressed the Generalissimo, as he styled himself, with his
military bearing, that his offer was readily accepted. He did good
work under Kuo Tzi-hsing, winning victories wherever he fought;
and when Kuo died in 1855, and Han Lin-érh was set up at Hao-
chou, he was appointed Assistant Generalissimo. Declining the
post, he crossed the Yang-tsze; and after recovering all the left
bank of the river, proclaimed himself Prince of Wu in 1364.
Within the next two years he became master of Kiangsi and parts
of Chehkiang. In 1367 he sent his generals northwards, and in
1368 he mounted the throne as first Emperor of the Great Ming
dynasty, with the year title Yk $f Hung Wu, by which he is
commonly known to foreigners. In the same year he conquered
Fuhkien, Kuangtung, Kuangsi, and Shansi; and in 1369 Shensi
was reduced. In 1370 the Mongol Emperor Shun Ti died at
Karakorum, and all hopes of a re-establishment of the Mongol
power were at an end, though Mongol invasions continued
periodically throughout the reign. In 1871 Ssiich‘uan and Liao-
tung were added to his dominions, and Yiinnan in 1881.
Meanwhile the new Emperor, in addition to his military genius,
showed almost equal skill in the administration of the empire and
also became a liberal patron of literature and education. He
organised the present system of examinations; restored the dress
of the T'ang dynasty ; published a Penal Code; abolished such

punishments as mutilation; drew up a kind of Domesday Book

13

4194 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

under which taxation was regulated; and fixed the coinage upon
a proper basis, government notes and cash being equally current.
Kunuchs were prohibited from holding official posts. Buddhism
and Taoism were made State religions. Suzerainty was asserted
over Korea, which on a dynastic revolution in 1892 became
known as Hi f€{ Chao-hsien. On the other hand, the Japanese
made frequent descents all through the reign upon the coast of
Chehkiang, necessitating a special system of coast defence. By his
wife, who had been the adopted daughter of Kuo Tuzii-hsing and
was afterwards known as Ma Hou and by four concubines he had
twenty-four sons. All of these became Princes, and nine of them
were set over nine separate divisions of the empire. In his old
age he grew very suspicious, and many of the able men who had
aided him in early days were accused of treason and perished on
the scaffold. Popularly known as the “Beggar King,” in allusion
to the poverty of his early days, he was canonised as Hy Be Lg ih
with the temple name of Ik ji, and is sometimes spoken of as
the Golden Youth. ;
484 Chu Ytin IR = (T. 7%). 1st cent. A.D. A native of modern
Shantung, who led the life of a swashbuckler until he was 40,
when he reformed and entered upon a public career. His life was
a chequered one, and he was more than once sentenced to death.
On one occasion, he asked the Emperor Yiian Ti to lend him his
Imperial sword that with it he might slay a certain traitor. At
this his Majesty was very angry and ordered him to be beheaded
at once. But he clung to the railings, demanding to be cut open
like Pi Kan, which so touched the Emperor that he was pardoned.
Instructions were then given that the railings, broken in the
scuffle, were not to be replaced but to be left there as a tribute

to a loyal official.

485 Chu Yun 4 $8 (7. HFS and Pp A. A Pep). AD.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 195

1729—1780. A native of Ta-hsing in Chihli and elder brother
of Chu Kuei, celebrated as a scholar under the reign of the
Emperor Ch‘ien Lung. Graduating as chin shih in 1754, he was
sent in 1771 as Literary Chancellor to Anhui. Here he published
a new edition of the famous Shuo Wén, with a learned preface;
and on the issue of an Imperial Decree calling for the production
of works not generally known, he memorialised the Throne,
drawing attention to the famous encyclopedia of Yung Lo (see
Chu Ti), then preserved among the archives of the Han-lin
College. This, he said, contained a vast number of ancient
works quite unknown to the public at large; and he proposed
that Commissioners should be appointed to examine its contents
on a system which he proceeded to set forth in detail. At this
time, Liu T‘ung-hstin was a member of the Grand Council, and
he viewed the question unfavourably on the ground that it was
of no importance to the administration of government. However,
after much opposition Chu Yiin’s proposal was laid before the
Emperor. Hence the Commission which resulted in the publication
of the py Jif a SE. It was in activity for the space of 13
years, during which time 3460 separate works were brought
together, no less than 500 being extracted from the encyclopedia,
all of which were at the time out of circulation. Chu Yiin next
suggested a revision of the Thirteen Classics, but this scheme
was not carried out. He was subsequently appointed Literary
Chancellor of Fuhkien, and died at his post in the following

year. He was the author of a collection of essays, published

under the title of =| yay Bl 4B. Canonised as BL JE B.

Chu Yiin-ch‘ien 7 7p, {fy (T. AG Be. H. BB). Born A.D. 486
1789. A native of the Soochow Prefecture, who took his hsiu ts‘ai

degree at 14 and was afterwards a Magistrate in Anhui. There he

completed in 1853 his gt 3C 3H Hill HE BK Phonetic Shuo Wen,

196 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
in which he was aided by mS or He Chu Ching-jung. He also
wrote commentaries on four of the Classics and on Mencius, and

is the author of poems, and of works on history, astronomy, and

mathematics.

487 Chu Yin-ming gi 7, WA OT. 47 PF. BH. Ae LY). AD.

488

1460 —1526. A native of Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu, who distinguished
himself as a scholar and calligraphist under the Ming dynasty.

Chu Yiin-wén Fe 7p, Kf. Died A.D. 1440. The son of yi
Piao, eldest son of Chu Yitian-chang. He had a very receding
forehead, which much displeased his grandfather; however he grew
up to be a clever boy, and could make good verses. His father
dying in 1392, he succeeded to the throne in 1398 as second
Emperor of the Ming dynasty, and at once took measures to

deprive of power his uncles who were Princes of various parts of

the empire. Five of them were degraded; but Pit Ti, Prince of

489

Yen, who ruled modern Chihli, rebelled in 1399, nominally on
the pretence that he wished to remove his sovereign’s evil advisers.
The Emperor and Fang Hsiao-ju mismanaged the war, trusting to
double-dealing, until in 1402 Ti was treacherously allowed to cross
the Yang-tsze, and Nanking opened its gates to the great monarch
afterwards known as Yung Lo. The. defeated sovereign vanished.
It is supposed that he fled to Yiinnan in the garb of a monk,
left to him, so the story runs, with full directions by his
grandfather. After nearly forty years’ wandering, he is said to
have gone to Peking and lived in seclusion in the palace until
his death. He was recognised by a eunuch from a mole on his
left foot, but the eunuch was afraid to reveal his identity. Known
in history as yeas al pe. or el ith -

Chu Yung-shun 4 AA fi (7. 3% —. H. Ay YB). AD.
1617 —1689. A native of K‘un-shan in Kiangsu, at the sack of
which town by the conquering Tartars his father perished rather

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 197

than submit to the new dynasty. In consequence of his father’s
death he steadily declined to enter upon a public career, and gave
up his life to study and teaching. He was the author of commentaries
upon the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean, and of
other works; but none of these is so famous as his Family Mazims,
which has sometimes been published under the title of RR Bl vn
Be WI], as though the great Chu Hsi had been the author. His
favourite saying was, “To know what one ought to know, and to
do what one ought to do, that is enough; there is no time for
anything else.”
Ch‘u I $f E€. A swashbuckler of the Chin State, employed by
Duke Ling to assassinate 3fff ‘= -F- Chao Hstian Tzit. But when
he saw “the people’s lord,” sitting ready dressed and waiting to
go to Court, he could not bring himself to strike the fatal blow.
“It would be a disloyal act,” said he; ‘‘and yet it is a breach of
faith to disobey the Duke..... ” Thereupon he dashed out his own
brains against a tree.
Ch‘u-ku #45 Jifi. A.D. 1615-1675. Won the title of baturu by
his prowess at the age of 17, and later on shared in the pursuit
of Li Tzii-ch‘éng and the destruction of Chang Hsien-chung, and
in the expedition of 1652 against the Ordos Mongols. In 1656 he
fought a successful engagement off Foochow with Koxinga’s fleet.
Canonised as aE Ht, and admitted into the Temple of Worthies.
Ch‘u Kuang-hsi a Ce Be. 8th cent. A.D. A native of ies Jun-
chou in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in 726 and distinguished
himself as a poet. He rose to the rank of Censor about A.D. 750,
and left a collection of his writings entitled High HR 4 3:
Chu Pou #§ 3 (T. ZS HF). 4th cent. AD. A military
official of the Chin dynasty, who was said by the father of Huan
Wen to have had the Spring and Autumn inside him. This remark

was based upon the well known ‘“‘praise and blame” theory of the

490

491

492

493

198 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Annals, and meant that he did not openly praise and blame, but
kept his judgments to himself. Hsieh An remarked of him,
“Though Ch'u P‘ou says nothing, yet he acts like the varying
influences of the four seasons; meaning that he could warm to
life or chill to death, as occasion might require, without even
opening his lips.

494 Ch‘u Sui-liang 7% 3% A(T. K H). AD. 596-658. An
official who rose to high office under the first Emperor of the
T'ang dynasty. Appointed Guardian of the Heir Apparent, he
continued to enjoy the favour of the young Emperor, who
ennobled him as Duke. In A.D. 655 he strenuously opposed the

- elevation’ of the Empress Wu Hou, to the great dissatisfaction of
the Emperor. The climax was reached when in full Court dress
he flung himself at the foot of the throne, and beat his head in
obeisance upon the ground until the blood flowed freely. He was
dismissed to a provincial post and finally banished to Korea where
he died, his two sons being shortly afterwards put to death. In
later years he took up with Buddhism, and is said to have sat in
a niche with an image of Maitréya Buddha. He was famous as a
calligraphist, and is regarded as a disciple of Wang Usi-chih.
Ch‘u Ti. See Shih Ch‘ung-kuei.

495 Ch‘u Yin-liang #§ fg 32 (T. #5 FP. H. #1). Died
A.D. 1785. A writer on the Classics, chiefly on the 4&
Decorum Ritual; but more especially a mathematician and
astronomer.

496 Ch‘u Ying aE Fi. Ist cent. A.D. The name under which is
known Ying, Prince of Ch‘u, sixth son of the Emperor Kuang
Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. He is said to have been one of the
first in China to become a believer in the Buddhist religion.

497 Chu Yiian #5 ji] (T. [p]). AD. 435-482. The son of a
princess of the Northern Sung dynasty, and one of the PY B

7

wt

ye hinése » Biarophi Ding 199

Four Regents left “bye ithe ; Egpperot “Ming Ti ‘ab his death in 472.

_ He aided his jomt { Regent, pine Pidltreng ia slay the young
prince = Cin ese and he “tMbaled they plot of the other
two Regents against» iao. - Consequently, “arhien the latter came

to the throne in 479 as epee ofathe House of Ch‘i, Ch‘u
was appointed to be Minister of Works.
~Chii Liang }& YA. A strong man or “Samson” of old. 498
Chii Shih-ssu ¥P 5U #H (T. ¢t fA). Died A.D. 1659. A 499

native of Ch‘ang-shu in Kiangsu. He graduated as chin shih in

1616, and entered upon an official career. A successful Magistrate,
he got into trouble over the impeachment of Chou Yen-ju for
treason and was compelled to retire. He subsequently attached
himself to the fortunes of Chu Yu-lang when the latter proclaimed
himself Emperor, and underwent great hardships in that service,
his wife even sellitg her jewels to raise money for paying the
soldiery. When the Manchus closed around him after the defeat
at Es pes Chao-ch‘ing in Kuangtung, he and ¥fF Jnl aX Chang
T'ung-ch‘ang resolved to die together. They sat pledging each
other in wine until seized by the enemy; and when led out to
. execution gravely adjusted their official robes, made obeisance
towards the south, and submitted calmly to their fate.

Chii Sung YH 7 fj. A legendary personage, said to have filled 500
the office of Recorder under the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2598, and
to have been associated with Ts‘ang Chieh in the invention of
the art of writing.

Chii Yuan je 7% (T. {A FB). Died B.C. 500. A disciple of 501
Confucius, whom the Master reckoned to be a superior man,
saying, ‘‘When good government prevails in his State, Chti is to
be found in office. When bad government prevails, he can roll
his principles up and keep them in his breast.” In A.D. 739 his
- tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple,

502

503

200 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ch‘iti Ju-chi J} th PR (T. FU a). 16th and 17th cent.
A.D. The son of a high official, who on the strength of his
father’s services obtained an entry into the public service. His
career however was not a successful one, and he finally retired.
He is known as the author of the 44 H 2, a large collection
of Buddhist biographies.

Chiti Yiian ji} Ji or Chi Piing jai 7 (T. Be H4). B.C.
332—295. A native of ¥{} Ying, who is still famous throughout
the length and breadth of China as the type of a loyal Minister.
He was appointed to the high office of = al San Lii (Director
of the affairs of the three families We Chao, ix Ch‘ii, and er
Ching) under Prince eed Huai of the Ch‘u State, and enjoyed
the full confidence of bis sovereign until impeached through the
intrigues of rivals. Then it was that he composed the well-known
poem entitled fit IR% Falling into Trouble, which is an allegorical
description of the writer’s search after a prince who will listen to
good counsels in government. He himself had advised Prince Huai
against making war upon the Ch‘in State, but the latter
disregarded his Minister’s warnings, and finally fell into an
ambuscade and was captured by his opponents. His son coming
to the throne as Prince Hsiang, Ch‘ii Yiian sank still deeper
into disfavour; until at length, caring no longer to live, he went
out to the bank of the yH HE Mi-lo river. There he met a
fisherman who accosted him, saying, “‘Are you not his Excellency
the Minister? What has brought you to this pass?” ‘The world,”
replied Ch‘ti Yiian, “is foul, and I alone am clean. There they
are all drunk, while I alone am sober. So I am dismissed.”
‘Ah! said the fisherman, ‘the true sage does not quarrel with
his environment, but adapts himself to it. If, as you say, the
world is foul, why not leap into the tide and make it clean? If

all men are drunk, why not drink with them and teach them to

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 201

avoid excess?” After some further colloquy, the fisherman rowed
away; and Ch'ii Yiian, clasping a large stone in his arms,
plunged into the river and was seen no more. This took place
on the 5th of the 5th moon; and ever afterwards the people of
Ch‘u commemorated the day by an annual festival, when offerings
of rice in bamboo tubes were cast into the river as a sacrifice to
the spirit of their great hero. Such is the origin of the modern
Dragon-boat Festival, which is supposed to be a search for the
body of Ch‘ti Yiian. See Chéng Chan-yin.

Chuan Chu HA a 6th cent. B.C. A native of the Wu State,
who was employed by AS -F Ye Kung-tzii Kuang to assassinate
his sovereign, Prince fit Liao, with a dagger which he secreted
in the belly of a fish served up at a banquet. See Wu Yiian.
Chuan-sun Shih #8 $% fifi (T. -— BE). Born B.C. 504. A
native of the Ch‘én State, and one of the disciples of Confucius.
His ideal man was one ready to risk his life at the call of duty,
and to set public before private interest; reverential at a sacrifice,
and at a funeral sad. In A.D. 720 his tablet was placed in the
Confucian Temple, and he was subsequently ennobled under a

variety of titles.

504

505

Chitian Pu-i #6 as Re. 2nd cent. B.C. An official under the 506

Han dynasty. On one occasion, a fellow-lodger missed a sum of
money, and suspected him of taking it. Chtian at once paid up,
but shortly afterwards another fellow-lodger returned to say that
when leaving he had accidentally carried off the money in
question. Chiian subsequently rose to be a Censor, and was
ennobled as Marquis.

Chitian Té-yu fi fa f(T. ). A.D. 759-818. A
statesman and scholar of the Tang dynasty. At three years of
age he could distinguish the four tones, and at four he could

Compose poetry. At seven, his father died; and it is recorded that

507

202 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he felt the loss as keenly as though he were a grown man.
Entering the public service he rose to the highest offices of State,
never being seen from his earliest youth to his latest hours
without a book in his hand. Canonised as 4C.

508 Chitian Tsu-wang 4> ji SY (T. 49K and FH UL). AD.
1705—1755. A scholar of profound learning, who attracted much
attention in his youth, but who failed to distinguish himself in
Peking and retired into private life at his home in Chehkiang.
He was the head of several colleges, and wrote notes on history,
on the topography of the Han History, essays, etc. etc.

509 Chuang Chou HE io B i 4c). Commonly known as aE
HE oor HE Chuang Tzt. 38rd and 4th cent. B.C. A native
of ae Méng in modern Anhui, who devoted his life and
energies to the glorification of Lao Tzt. He appears to have held
a petty official post at ZF Ch‘i-yiian in Shantung; hence in
the book language he is often spoken of under that name. When
the Prince of Ch‘u, hearing of his fame as a scholar, sent
messengers with costly gifts to offer him the post of Prime
Minister, Chuang Tztt smiled and said, “You offer me great
wealth and a proud position indeed; but have you never seen a
sacrificial ox? After being fattened up for several years it is
decked with embroidered trappings and led to the altar; but
would it not then willingly change places with some uncared-for
piglg? ..) cues Begone! I will never take office.’ On another
occasion he was out fishing when the Prince sent two high
officials to beg him to undertake the administration of the Ch‘u
State. “I have heard,” replied Chuang Tzt, ‘‘that in Ch‘u there
is a sacred tortoise which has been dead now for some three
thousand years; and that the Prince keeps this tortoise carefully
enclosed in a chest on the altar of his ancestral temple. Now

would this tortoise rather be dead and have its remains yenerated,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 203

or be alive and wagging its tail in the mud?” “It would rather
be alive,” said the officials, ‘‘and wagging its tail in the mud.”
“Begone!” cried Chuang Tzii, “I too will wag my tail in the
mud.” “He accordingly gave himself up entirely to the study of
philosophy, attacking the schools of Confucius and Mo Tzi with
such dialectic skill that the best scholars of the age were unable
to refute his destructive criticism. His work, which now consists
of thirty-three chapters, though fifty-three were extant in the
fourth century, has been known. since A.D. 742 as the
v2] fe HO 8k = Holy Canon of Nan-hua; Nan-hua being the
name of a hill in Ts‘ao-chou, Shantung, on which Chuang Tzt
lived in retirement. When he was about to die, his disciples
expressed a wish to give him a splendid funeral. But Chuang
Tzti said, “‘With Heaven and Earth for my coffin and shell; with
the sun, moon, and stars as my burial regalia; and with all
creation to escort me to the grave, — are not my funeral
paraphernalia ready to hand?” ‘‘We fear,” argued the disciples,
“lest the carrion-kite should eat the body of our Master;” to
which Chuang Tzt replied, ‘Above ground I shall be food for
kites, below ground I shall be food for mole-crickets and ants.
Why rob the one to feed the other?” He is occasionally spoken
of as PK 7K “Autumn Floods”, from the title of one of his most
famous chapters.

Chuang Lieh Ti. See Chu Yu-chien.

Chuang Tsung. See Li Ts‘un-hst..

Chun-t‘a 46 #£. Died 1647. Fourth son of Hu-érh-han. He
gained considerable reputation by his successes against the Mings,
for which he was ennobled, and received the rank of baturu. In
1646 he managed to rid Ssiich‘uan of the tyrant Chang Hsien-chung,
and later on put down the Shensi pretender TA K cE Wu Ta-ting.

Canonised as 3B Re -

510

204 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

511 Ch‘un I-huan pes Ba aye. Died A.D. 1891. The seventh son of
the Emperor Tao Kuang, his mother being the sister of the
Empress Dowager Tz‘t Hsi, whose son reigned as T‘ung Chih. ©
Under the latter monarch he became a Prince of the Ist order
and a Grand Chamberlain, and held other high posts at Court. On
the accession of his son, the Emperor Kuang Hsii, he relinquished
the command of the Peking Field Force, and retired into private
life until the Treaty of Livadia. On the fall of Prince Kung in
1884, he succeeded to the leadership of the Government, a Decree
of the Empress Dowager directing the Grand Council, during the
Emperor’s minority, to refer all important questions to him. In
1885 he became President of the new Board of Admiralty, and
went on a tour of inspection to Tientsin, Chefoo, and Port
Arthur in the following year, during which he also received the
foreign Ministers at Peking. His princedom was made hereditary
for ever by his son; and after 1880 he was Director-in-chief of
the Peking Field Force. He was popularly known as -—¢ SR the
Seventh Prince, and his style was Fl 4 the Imperial Father.
He was canonised as S; his name a was forbidden to be
used in writing; and a temple was erected to him in the Imperial
City, where Imperial rites are paid to his memory.

512 Ch‘un-yii I ee a H. Born B.C. 205. A superintendent of
granaries in the Principality of Ch‘i, distinguished for his
knowledge of medicine. In B.C. 180 he was appointed to be
Court physician, and is said to have practised according to the
principles of the legendary Pien Ch‘iao with much success. Being
treated contemptuously by the nobles, he declined to make further
use of his skill, and in B.C. 167 fell into disfavour with the
Emperor Wén Ti, who would have subjected him to the
punishment of mutilation but for the devotion of his daughter

T'i-ying. From this date the above penalty was abolished.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 205

Ch‘un-yuii K‘un vee. = #2 Ath cent. B.C. A _ famous
conversationalist and wit of the Ch‘i State, who declared that
his capacity for drink varied with his company, that is, from a
single cup with the Emperor to a cask with a bevy of courtesans
who had shown all their other male companions to the door.
Hence the phrase 3% ya ey = , used for “being in clover” in a
vicious sense. He was contemporary with Mencius; and on one
occasion tried to entrap the Master into admitting that, because
men pha Grdines should not touch each other’s hands, a man
ought to allow his sister-in-law to drown before his eyes. On
another occasion, when the Ch‘u State was about to attack the
Ch‘i State, he was ordered by the Prince of Ch‘i who was his
father-in-law, to proceed to the Chao State and ask that an army
might be sent to their assistance; to which end the Prince
supplied him with 100 lbs. of silver and 10 chariots, as offerings
to the ruler of Chao. At this Ch‘un-yi laughed so immoderately
that he snapped the lash of his cap; and when the Prince asked
him what was the joke, he said, “As I was coming along this
morning, I saw a husbandman sacrificing a pig’s foot and a
single cup of wine; after which he prayed, saying, “O God,
make my upper terraces fill baskets, and my lower terraces fill
carts; make my fields bloom with crops, and my barns burst with
grain!’ And I could not help laughing at a man who offered go
little and wanted so much.” The Prince took the hint, and
obtained the assistance he required. |

Chung Chin #& Hi (T. = i =), 2nd cent. B.C. A precocious
youth, who at 18 years of age was placed among the selected
scholars of the empire. He attracted the notice of the Emperor
Wu Ti, and became a Supervising Censor. Within three or four
years he was sent on a mission to the Hsiung-nu, and later on

to Annam, where he fell a victim to local intrigues and perished

513.

514

515

516

206 _ A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

with all his suite. He was known as 2 if, in reference to his
extreme youth.

Chin Wang. See Chu Yu-chén.

Chung Hui (if Ji. One of the chief Ministers of Ch'éng
T‘ang. He was descended from Hsi Chung, who was Master of
the Equipage under the Hsia dynasty.

Chung Hui $f @ (T. Zz), Died A.D. 263. Youngest son
of Chung Yu. He distinguished himself in the campaign against
Liu Ch‘an and rose to the highest offices of State, being ennobled
together with his two sons. In the troublous times which marked
the close of the Wei dynasty, his loyalty gave way. He. planned
rebellion, but was killed in a mutiny of his troops. After his death
a work by him, entitled ey am but really a treatise on criminal
law, was found in his house. Many stories are told of his early
life. On one occasion, when his father was dozing, he and his
brother Chung ‘Sat Yi thought they would help themselves to a
rare kind of wine which was on the table. The elder made the
usual obeisance and then drank up his glass, whereas Chung Hui
made no obeisance at all. Their father, who had been quietly

watching the scene, asked Chung Yiti why he made obeisance.

“Oh,” he replied, “it was the proper ceremony when drinking.” —

“And why did you make no obeisance?” said the father to Chung

Hui. “Because,” replied he, “there is no ceremony in stealing.”

_ Again, Hstin Hsti had a valuable sword, which his mother kept

for him. By forging Hsiin Hsii’s handwriting, Chung Hui got the
mother to deliver up the sword. Hsiin Hsiti, guessing who had
played him this trick, avenged himself in the following manner.
Being an artist, he went to a house which Chung Hui and his

brother were building, and painted on one of the inner walls a huge

picture of their dead father in full Court costume. The brothers

on entering their new house were so shocked by this sight that

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 207

they declined to live there, and allowed the place to go to ruin.
Chung K‘uei ##i jf. An imaginary being, believed to wield 517
powers of exorcism over malignant demons, and depicted as an

old man in ragged clothes, attended by a HH bat (= iH
happiness). His portrait is hung up in doorways on New Year’s
Day, in order to keep off wicked spirits. According to Chao Yi,

the legend dates from the days of the T'ang dynasty when the
above characters were substituted for xR YE, the name of a
plant to which magic virtues of a like kind were attributed. But

in the History of the Northern Kingdoms the origin of the term

is more correctly ascribed to gE fig Yao Hstian, a commander

of the 5th cent. A.D. who was named $i ¥X Chung K‘uei (T.
ke AS = exorcism). —

Chung-li Ch‘tian $f ff #2 (T. F34. H. SE Fs FC AL). 51s
The chief of the Hight Immortals of Taoism, the other seven
being Chang Kuo, Lii Yen, Ts‘ao Kuo-ch‘iu, Li T‘ieh-kuai, Han
Hsiang Tzti, Lan Ts‘ai-ho, and Ho Hsien-ku. He is said to have
lived some thousand years B.C. and to have obtained the elixir
of life. | 7

Chung-li Ch‘un if Ete uy 4th cent. B.C. A native of aplace 519
called fff Fg Wu-yen, sometimes spoken of as the Woman of
Wu-yen, who was so ugly that at forty years of age she was
still unmarried. At length she obtained an audience of Prince
Hstian® of the Ch‘i State, and in spite of the laughter of the
courtiers she so impressed his Highness with her wit that he forth-
with took her to wife.

Chung Tsung. See Li Hsien.

Chung Tzii-ch‘i $ifi a Hy. The name of a musical woodeutter 590
mentioned in the story of Po Ya. Now used in the sense of a

connoisseur of music.

Chung Yu $i 44 (T. 7U ‘y). Died A.D. 230. A native of 521

522

208 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

fE met Ch‘ang-shé in Anhui, famous for his skill as a
calligraphist in the li style. After studying for a couple of years
under 4] ff Liu Shéng, he had returned home when he
chanced to see at the house of the calligraphist FA wi Wei Tan
a specimen of the handwriting of the great Ts‘ai Yung. Wei Tan
refused to part with it; but on his death his coffin was broken
open by thieves and the precious document passed into the
possession of Chung Yu. The latter further distinguished himself
by arranging the escape of the Emperor Hsien Ti after his
capture at Ch‘ang-an by Li Ts‘ui; after which he was employed
by Ts‘ao Ts‘ao on a campaign against the Hsiung-nu, whom he
defeated in battle, killing their Khan. Under the Emperor Wén
Ti of the Wei dynasty he was raised to high office, and ennobled
as Marquis, his Majesty declaring that he and Hua Yin and
Wang Lang were “the three great giants of the age.” Canonised
as WK -

Chung Yu 4) py (T. FF #%). B.C. 543-480. A native of
- Pien in the State of Lu. For some time he was one of the
most intimate of the disciples of Confucius, but finally entered
upon a public career and became Magistrate at, 7H fa, P‘u-i.
His family was poor, and he had been accustomed to fetch rice
from a distance for his parents while living chiefly on
bishopwort himself. When his parents had died and he himself was
“sitting on double cushions and eating from an array of -dishes,”
he grieved that the days of rice-carrying and bishopwort would
never return again. Hence he has been enrolled as one of the
twenty-four examples of filial piety. Upon the discovery of a plot
against his chief, the ruler of Wei®, he boldly espoused the cause
of the man whose pay he tuok, and met his death at the hands
of the conspirators. He was rash to a fault; and Confucius, who

dreaded his impetuosity, foretold that he would come to a violent

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 209

end. Yet the Master frankly declared that had he to sail forth on
a raft over the ocean, Tzti Lu would be the man he would
choose to have with him sub isdem trabibus. He was posthumously
ennobled as Duke, and his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.

Ch‘ung Erh Ht #. B.C. 696 —628. Personal name of the son
of Duke Hsien of the Chin State. In 654 his father, at the
instigation of his favourite concubine Li Chi, who wished to clear
the way for her own son Hsi Ch‘i, sent a eunuch to kill him;
but he escaped with a few followers (see Chao Ts‘wi) and took
refuge among the wild tribes of the north. He remained there
nineteen years, and married the daughter of ‘one of the chiefs. In
634 he returned to his country and assumed the reins of
government as Duke 4¢ Wén, succeeding also to leadership in
the confederacy of Princes, known as the Ff. ae by which the
empire was swayed from B.C. 685 to B.C. 591.

Ch‘ung-hou JB or #4 $e MA Je (7. Hh ly). AD. 1824—
1893. A Manchu official, said to have been a lineal descendant
of the Imperial House of the Chin® Tartars. Graduating as chi
jen, he became a Taot‘ai in Chihli in 1858, and in 1861
Superintendent of Trade for the three northern ports, to reside at
Tientsin. He was occupying this post when the Tientsin Massacre
occurred on the 21st June, 1870. Of all actual connivance at or
participation in this tragedy he was doubtless innocent, though
with a stronger man in power it would moe likely not have
taken place. He was sent to France with a letter of apology,
which he handed to M. Thiers, being undoubtedly the first
Chinese official of any rank who had ever visited the west. On
his return in 1872 he was appointed Vice President of the Board
of War and a member of the Tsung-li Yamén. In 1874 he was
Vice President of the Board of Revenue, and in 1876 he was

14

528

524

525

526

210 A Chinese Biographical Dietionary

sent as acting Military Governor to Shingking, replacing his
brother who had died that year. In 1878 he proceeded as
Ambassador to St. Petersburg, and negotiated the Treaty of
Livadia, by which a large portion of Ili was ceded to Russia.
In 1880 he was denounced by Li Hung-chang and Tso Tsung-
t‘ang, nominally for returning without leave; and also by the
then Censor Chang Chih-tung for having exceeded his powers. He
was cashiered and arrested, and finally sentenced to death. For
some time it was feared that he would lose his head. The foreign
Ministers did all in their power to effect his release, but in
vain, At length Queen Victoria interposed on his behalf; and in
response to her letter he was pardoned, upon which he retired
into private life. He died in 1893, of creeping paralysis; and in
1894 his rank was restored, less two grades. He was extremely
courteous to foreigners, and was much liked by all foreign officials
with whom he was thrown into contact. |

Ch‘ung Li Hf Fg The God of Fire (see Chu Jung). Also
explained as two separate personages, ruling over the elements
wood and fire, and entrusted with the administration of heaven
and earth, respectively.

Ch‘ung Ti. See Liu Ping.

Confucius. See K‘ung Ch‘iu.

F.

Fa Hsien }£ BA. 4th and 5th cent. A.D. A native of Wu-
yang in Shansi, who became a novice in the Buddhist priesthood
at the age of three, exchanging his family name of Be Kung
for the religious designation above. On reaching manhood he was
ordained, and proceeded to Ch‘ang-an to make a thorough study
of the Buddhist religion. Finding that there was a lack of

material for this purpose, and full of zeal and faith, he set out

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary : 214

in A.D. 399 in company with several others on an overland
pilgrimage to India, his object being to obtain a complete set of
the Buddhist Canon in the original tongue. Alone of the party
he reached the goal, and spent some time in India, travelling
about to various important Buddhist centres and generally fulfilling
the purposes of his mission. In A.D. 414 he was back in China,
having returned by sea, vid Ceylon and the Straits of Malacca;
and then he spent several years at Nanking, being prevented by
the disturbed state of the empire from carrying his books and
sacred relics on to Ch‘ang-an. He occupied the time in translating
the {7 mK Af, a work on monastic discipline. He also related
to his friend and fellow-labourer, Buddha Bhadra, a great Indian
Buddhist, then in China, the incidents of his long journey. These
Buddha Bhadra committed to writing, thus forming the work now
known as the 45 BU, Record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms.
The original title is uncertain, as also the date of publication;
but the latter was certainly not later than A.D. 420.

Fa Shun }£ JH. Died A.D. 640. A Buddhist priest, surnamed
Axi, a native of Wan-nien in Kiangsi, who founded at ios Ch‘ing-
chou the exoteric school usually known as the EE = ‘School
of the True Nature” of the written doctrine. He devoted his
attention chiefly to the fe 44 Hua-yen sitra. He is said to
have possessed marvellous healing powers, and is popularly
supposed to have been a re-incarnation of Bl He Manjusri.
Fan Ch‘éng-hstin jj AK Hf. Died A.D. 1714. Third son of
Fan Wén-ch‘éng, and distinguished as a provincial administrator,
especially in subjugating the aborigines of Yiinnan.

Fan Ch‘éng-mo jij, 7 GH O(T. BH AL). Died AD. 1676.
Graduating in 1652, by 1668 he had risen to be Governor of
Chehkiang, where he earned a name for sympathy with the people.
Promoted to be Viceroy of Fuhkien, he was seized by Kéng

527

528

529

—

530

531

212 . A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ching-chung on the outbreak of his rebellion in 1674; and after

an attempt to starve him into complicity had failed, he was kept

in close confinement. He employed his leisure in composing
verses and essays, which he scrawled with a bit of charcoal on
the white-washed walls of his cell. In 1676 Kéng Ching-chung
himself was forced to submit. He first compelled Fan to hang
himself, after which he burnt Fan’s corpse and dispersed the
ashes, in the hope of destroying all traces of his crime. Fan’s
constancy however was reported to the Emperor K‘ang Hsi, who
caused his ashes to be collected and interred with high honours.
A collection of his works, composed in prison, was published with
a preface by the Emperor. Canonised as it A.

Fan Ch‘éng-ta 3 WAC (T. 2X AR. H. 4 hs). AD. 1126 —
1198. A poet and official of the Sung dynasty. The first Emperor
of the Southern Sung dynasty made him a secretary in the Board
of Civil Office; but the Censors objecting to such rapid promotion,
he was forced to become magistrate at B Ch‘u-chou in Chehkiang,
where he improved the system of public labour and restored the
old irrigation works. In 1170 he was sent as envoy to the Chin?
Tartars, and later on to Sstich‘uan, where he put the frontier
defences in order. In 1179 he was a Minister of State. Besides
a collection of poems, entitled 4] ra; ap), he wrote the WB, py
By ai » a work on 85 varieties of chrysanthemum cultivated in
his own gardens. He also published various records of his long
journeys, especially that from Ssiich‘uan to Hangchow in 1177,
entitled Re fl RK. This last work contains notes of a mission
of 300 priests to India in search of Buddhist relics. Canonised
Fan Chi #4 Hi. The consort of Prince aE Chuang of
the Ch‘u State. Because her lord was too much devoted to

the chase she abstained for two years from animal food; until

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 213

at length, touched by her determination, he gave up hunting
altogether.

Fan Chih yy (T. 3¢ #). Died A.D. 954. A native of 532
| = YR Tsung-ch‘éng in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih in
933. At his final examination he was placed thirteenth on the
list, ‘‘in order,” as Fil HE Ho Ning the Grand Examiner told
him, “that you may hand down my robe and bowl (g. d. follow
in my footsteps), though you really ought to have been higher.”
Ho Ning himself had been thirteenth, and rose to be a Minister
of State, a dignity which was subsequently attained by Fan Chih.
Fan Chi yi Afe (T. AM). 8rd cent. B.C. A native of the 533
Wei State, who began life in a subordinate capacity to an official
named ZA y= Hsti Ku. He accompanied his master on a mission
to the Ch‘i State, and fell under suspicion of receiving bribes to
divulge State secrets. Hsii Ku reported this to the Minister, 2
RE Wei Ch‘i, with the result that Fan Chti was severely beaten.
He pretended to be dead, and his body was cast into a privy;
but he was rescued by a night-watchman, and lived for some time
in concealment under the assumed name of be jee Chang Lu.
Attracting the attention of =F ## Wang Chi, who had come on
a mission to the Wei State, he was taken by the latter to the
Ch'in State. As they neared the frontier, they met the great Wei
Jan coming out; whereupon Fan Chii hid himself in the carriage,
for itinerant politicians were not admitted within the State. “Ah!”
cried Fan, when the Minister’s cortége had passed, ‘Wei Jan is
a clever man, but he will regret not having examined this
carriage more carefully.” On arriving at Ch‘in, he received no
employment for some time; but at length he managed to obtain
an interview with King Chao Hsiang and was appointed Foreign
Minister. Then he set to work to undermine Wei Jan, urging

that no one ever heard of the King of Ch'in, but only of the

534

214 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Marquis of Jang (Wei Jan) and of the queen-dowager. In B.C.
266 Wei Jan fell, and Fan Chii took his place, being ennobled
at the same time as Marquis. Shortly afterwards, Hsti Ku was
sent-on a mission to Ch‘in, having no idea that the powerful
Minister known as Chang Lu ie none other than his old victim.
Before receiving him, Fan Chi, dressed in rags, paid him a
private visit. ‘‘What!” cried Hsii Ku, “Is Fan Chii reduced to
this?” Thereupon, in pity, the former took off his own robe and
placed it on Fan Chii’s shivering body, and otherwise showed him
kindness. This saved his life; but Wei Ch‘i did not escape so
easily. Fan Chii pursued him with such relentless vigour that he
was at last driven to cut his own throat. From this time the
aggressive policy of the Ch'in State was steadily pursued, and by
B.C. 259 all Shansi was annexed. In the same year Fan Chii
was beguiled by the King of Chao into making peace, though the .
Chao State was in extremities, on the ground that Po Ch‘i would
probably take all power out of his hands. This led to a breach
between Po Ch‘i and Fan Chii; and in the following year, when
another campaign was organised against Chao, the former refused
to conduct it, alleging ill-health as his excuse. Serious defeats
ensued; a check was given to the designs of Ch'in; and from that
time the influence of Fan Chii began to wane. Upon the advice
of BS jae Ts‘ai Tsé, who succeeded him, he retired into private
life, B.C. 255. —

Fan Ch‘un-jen ¥ij #4 (T. 2 FE). Son of Fan Chung-
yen. On one occasion, when returning home with a boatload of
grain, he fell in with a friend, named Shih Yen-nien; and
learning that the latter was in difficulty about the burial of
three relatives he at once presented him with all the grain, to
help defray expenses. Further, when he heard that two of Shih’s

daughters were still unmarried he handed over the boat too as a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 215

contribution to their dowry. Arriving at his home, he reported
all this to his father who at once approved of what he had done.
Fan Chung-yen 7 (} 4 (T. 4 BC). A.D. 989—1052. A
native of the Wu District in Kiangsu. When three years of age,
his father died and his indldaiésdadeiea @ man named rN Chu,
under which name he grew up to manhood. About 1012 he
graduated as chin shih, and entering upon an official career
reverted to his own family name. He became Governor of Yen-an
in Shensi, and proved a most successful administrator. He was
popularly known as shy Yi, oA -¥- to distinguish him from K
We, TF, or WH, HE Fan Yung, who had also been Governor
of Yen-an. Under the Emperor Jen Tsung he was advanced to
high office; but at length he fell a victim to slander, and was
banished to Jao-chou in Kiangsi. When the Tartars invaded the
eastern portion of the empire, he was once more summoned to
play a leading part, and operated against them with such skill
and success that peace and order were restored. His name was
coupled with that of Han Ch‘i, as striking terror into the hearts of
the western rebels. He was noted for his filial piety; and when his
mother’s second husband died, he received her into his home and
tended her until death. He was an opponent of Buddhism and
the supernatural in general, declaring that he could not believe
in anything he could not see. “Nevertheless,” cried an adversary,
“you believe in what your pulse tells you as to the state of your
bodily health, although you cannot see the conditions thus
indicated!’ He was canonised as 4 JF, and the Emperor wrote
his epitaph; and in 1715 his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.

Fan Ch‘ung BA: xe, A brigand chief, who ravaged north-western
China about A.D. 30. He and his soldiers all dyed their eyebrows

red, in order to inspire terror, and he himself adopted the name

535

536

537

216 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ir JK Red Eyebrows. After setting up a temporary claim to
the sovereignty, he submitted to the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti.

Fan Hstan yj‘ (T. a <7): Ath cent. A.D. A_ clever
youth, fond of solitude and of studying the Book of Rites.
Kixtremely poor, he supported himself by farming, and proudly
declined aid from an admirer, the Prefect of Yii-chang in Kiangsi.
His fame attracted Tai K‘uei and others from great distances, and
to him and to Fan Ning is attributed the taste for classical
studies which developed in Kiangnan and Chehkiang. Author of a
work on the Rites and Canon of Changes, entitled mee oa) ami HAE .

538 Fan Jan jf A} or Yi J} Fan Tan (T. 8 BE). Died A.D.

539

185. A native of Ah Bir Wai-huang in Honan. When young,
he and a friend had only a single coat between them; and in this
they used to visit their friends, one waiting outside the door
until the other came out. Upon receiving an official appointment
he ran away and supported himself for some time by telling
fortunes. Ultimately however he rose to be a Minister of State,
and was canonised as A fi vie A.

Fan K‘uai #4 l@. Died B.C. 189. A dog-butcher of P‘ei in

modern Kiangsu, who attached himself early to the fortunes of Liu

-Pang; and who, when the latter became Emperor, was raised to

the highest honours and ennobled as Marquis. It was he who had
prevented the attempt on Liu Pang’s life, as planned by Fan

“Ts‘éng; and as a further reward for his services, he was allowed

to marry the daughter of a younger brother of the Empress.
When the Emperor was failing, his Majesty shut himself up in
his palace and refused admittance to all. But Fan K‘uai forced
his way in and found his master sleeping, pillowed upon a
eunuch. He burst into tears and cried, “Sire, think of Chao
Kao!” The Emperor smiled and rose up, and soon after appointed

Fan K‘uai to put down a rising in the Principality of Yen. Fan

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 217

K*uai’s severity in this case was so extreme that he incurred
much odium, and the Emperor ordered Ch‘én Ping to have him
beheaded. The latter however prudently disobeyed this order; and
when shortly afterwards his Majesty died, the Empress Lii Hou
restored her niece’s husband to all his honours.

Fan Li Sie ae. 5th cent. B.C. A native of the Ytieh State,
who became Minister under Kou Chien —~ planned the scheme
(see Hsi Shih) by which his master was enabled to reduce the
rival State of Wu. After this success he withdrew from official
life, declaring that Kou Chien was one with whom adversity but
not prosperity might be shared; and that having spent the best
part of his life in the public service, he wished to devote his
remaining energies to private enjoyment. He repaired first of all
to the Ch'i State, where he adopted the sobriquet of is wR -¥-
ge. and afterwards to (i) T‘ao, where he took the name of
NS BR. Here he seems to have amassed a large fortune; and the
name (4) KR BB, by which he is sometimes known, is now often
used in the sense of ‘millionaire.’

Fan Ning 7 42 (T. pe -F-). AD. 339-441. A native of

540

541

JA Shun-yang in Honan. In youth a diligent student, he |

did not take office until over thirty years of age, when he
became a Magistrate in Chehkiang. Six years later he held high
office at the capital; but he attacked the powerful Minister 7]
fis iH Ssti-ma Wén, and was sent away to be Governor of Yii-
chang in Kiangsi, shortly after which he retired into private life.
As an author he is chiefly known by his Za AK ay Yh {ili 4B
ff, a work on Ku Liang’s commentary to the Spring and
Autumn, Annals. In 647 his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple; in 1530 it was removed; and in 1724 replaced.

Fan Shih-ch‘ung yi HE #2. Died A.D. 1720. Son of Fan
Ch’éng-mo. On the execution of Kéng Ching-chung, he tore

542

218 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

away a piece of the dead man’s flesh to place on his murdered
father’s grave. Rose to be Viceroy of Fuhkien and Chehkiang,
and died President of the Board of War.

543 Fan Su + 3. A concubine of the poet Po Chii-i, famous for

her cherry lips. See Hsiao Man.

544 Fan Ts‘éng iy, Hf B.C. 278-204. The famous counsellor,

545

546

first of Hsiang Liang, and afterwards of Hsiang Chi, who is said
to have advised the assassination of Liu Pang, and who smashed
to atoms with his sword the jade vessels sent to him as a present
by that potentate. The title Ay Fi Ya' Fu’ was granted to him
by Hsiang Chi; but falling under suspicion of treacherous dealings
with Liu Pang, his power was curtailed; whereupon he retired in
disgust, and soon afterwards died.

Fan Tsu-yu Yi, ji 3 (T. et FP and 2 7a. H. ae FF ).
A.D. 1041—1098. Graduating as chin shih, he assisted Ssti-ma
Kuang in the compilation of his history; and when this was
finished he received an appointment in the Imperial Library, and
ultimately rose to be a Supervising Censor. He firmly opposed
the eniployment of such a man as Chang Tun; and when his
counsels were unheeded, he applied for a provincial post and died
in exile.

Fan Wén-ch‘éng Yi 3¢ Fe (T. Bef). Died A.D. 1665. A
descendant of Fan Chung-yen, who joined the Emperor T‘ai Tsu of
the present dynasty in 1618, and became his secretary and
confidential adviser. In 1632 he urged the invasion of China, and
in 1637 he accompanied the army of invasion. On the capture
of Peking he induced the Regent to attend before anything else
to the proper burial of the last Ming Emperor and his, consort.
He successfully advocated reforms of government and the
speedy restoration of the examination system, measures which

won great popularity for the new dynasty. Trusted and consulted

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 219

by four Emperors, he died loaded with honours. Canonised
anpeiah

Fan Yeh jig Hie (1. ff 32). Died A.D. 445. Distinguished 547
from his youth for learning and literary ability, he compiled the
History of the Eastern Han Dynasty while Governor of ‘Ey ¥¥
Hstian-ch‘éng in Anhui. He afterwards rose to be Supervisor of
Instruction to the Heir Apparent under the Emperor Wén Ti of

the Sung dynasty, but was executed for his share in the
treasonable designs of FL, BE KE, K‘ung Hsi-hsien (see T‘an-ch‘ien).
Fan Yin jij St (1. & Fi). AD. 451-503. A distinguished 548
official of the Southern Ch‘i and Liang dynasties, who was
ennobled by the founder of the latter and canonised as Bl or
‘az. A great student of ancient ‘inscriptions, he left only a
few essays.

Fang Chung-t‘ung Fi rH i (T. DE. AH ). A famous 549
mathematician, who flourished at the end of the 17th cent. A.D.
His chief work was the By EE SF a mathematical summary,
including geometry, calculation by abacus, written arithmetic, and

the ancient 7, we. It was published about 1721.

Fang Féng-shih Fy & Hy (T. F¥ ). Died A.D. 1596. A 550
distinguished frontier official, who graduated as chin shih in 1541.

He helped to quell an insurrection in Kuangtung and Kuangsi,
and in 1570 was placed in command at Ta-t‘ung in Shansi,
where he induced Anda and his allies to enter into friendly
relations. His policy of subsidies and trade was supported by Kao
Kung, and proved a success. He succeeded - He ns Wang —
Ch‘ung-ku as Military Superintendent of the north-west, and
carried out his policy of strengthening the strategic frontier. His
ability as a general and an administrator gained him great fame.

Fang Hsiao-ju Fy 4B (1. 4 A and 4 R- H. JE & 551

and BA i). A.D. 1857—1402. A native of KR BR Hou-ch‘éng

552

220 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in Chehkiang, near the ‘Tien-t‘ai mountains, whence he is
sometimes spoken of as FR ra I, He. As a child he was
precocious and clever, and by his skill in composition earned for
himself the nickname of yJy M& "Ff the little Han Yi. In 1878
he accompanied bis father to the official post of the latter in
Shantung, and remained there until his father’s execution. After
conveying the body home, he set to work to study under Sung
Lien. About 1390 he became tutor to one of the sons of the
Emperor, and followed him to his Principality in Ssiich‘uan. The
Emperor Hui Ti loaded him with honours and made him a
Minister of State. And when that monarch vanished so
mysteriously from the scene, Fang UHsiao-ju absolutely refused to
place his services at the disposal of the new Emperor who ruled
under the year-title of Yung Lo. For this refusal he was cut to
pieces in the market-place, his family being as far as possible
exterminated, and his philosophical writings burned. A small
collection of his miscellanies, known as. Hi TE 3. 46 , was
preserved by a faithful disciple and afterwards republished.
Himself a poet, he edited in conjunction with Sung Lien the
poems of Chang K‘o-chiu of the Yiian dynasty. He was canonised
as AC JF, and in 1863 his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.

Fang Hsien 77 BA (T. Ji) GA. H. fe HH). AD. 1676-1741.
Noted for having first brought under regular civil government the
aboriginal tribes occupying territory in southern Kueichou. In 17381
he was promoted to be Judge, and in 1732 he built the city of
a zal T‘ai-kung, which he held during a local rebellion for sixty-
nine days against overwhelming odds. He subsequently became
Governor of Sstich‘uan and Kuangsi, but was forced by failing
sight to retire into private life. He wrote an account of his

operations against the Miao-tzi.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 221

Fang Hsiian-ling fg & PH (T. WH). AD. 578-648. A
native of figs ys Lin-tzi in Shantung, who exhibited great
precocity of intellect and was called pe, te. something that
would be of service to the State. He joined the Emperor T'ai
Tsung while the latter was still Prince of Ch‘in, and was at once
received into favour. In 628 he became Lord High Chamberlain,
and in 680 he was appointed to supervise the compilation of the
History of the Chin Dynasty. Five years later, on his retiring
from Court in consequence of some slight rebuke, the Emperor
went in person to fetch him back; in such high estimation was
he held as a loyal and able adviser. During his last illness he
was attended to in the palace, and his dying request was that
the disastrous war with Korea might be abandoned. He was
ennobled as Duke, and canonised as BC UY. See Tu. Ju-hut.

Fang Kuan-ch‘éng Fy i AK (T. ‘A A. A. Ah SS). AD.
-1698—1768. His father being banished to the Amoor, Fang was
brought up in a temple. In 1733 he served in a campaign
against the Sungans and rose by 1749 to be Viceroy of Chihli,
which post he held until his death. He devoted himself to
improving the condition of the people by establishing granaries,
conserving waterways, and reforming the grain-transport. In spite
of Imperial progresses, and of troops for Burmah and the west
passing through his province, the people were never oppressed.
Many fanfous men of the day owed their promotion to his keen
insight. And his early travels having given him a wide knowledge
of the wants of the empire, he was always loth to yield to the
theoretical views of the Peking Boards. Canonised as #& FRE

Fang Kuo-chén Fi ed yy. Died A.D. 1874. A farmer of T‘ai-
chou in Kiangsu, devoted to athletic exercises. In 1819 he took
to piracy, on account of a fatal quarrel with his landlord. In 1348

he submitted and received a post; but he soon returned to piracy,

553

554

55d

556

557

222 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

which he varied with periods of submission until in 1367 he
became Governor of Chehkiang and Kiangsu, and was ennobled |
as Duke. He received a salary, but was not entrusted with any
real power. His name was originally 77 # Fang Chén (T.
). He changed it to FA (T. 4 JA) out of respect to Chu
Yiian-chang. ©

Fang Pao F @, (T. pe 2. H. SY YR). A.D. 1678-1749.
A native of Kiangnan, who graduated in 1699 as first chi jen
and as chin shih in 1706. He devoted himself to a study of the
Classics and of philosophical literature in general; but his name
happening to be mentioned in a treasonable work written by a
relative, he was arrested in 1711 and cast into prison. There he
still managed to continue his work, and in 1713 his real merits
were brought to light. He not only received a full pardon, but
was at ones made tutor to the Imperial princes. In 1735 he was »
appointed to assist in editing works for the Imperial Library, and
his advice was much sought by the Ministers of the day. In 1737
he became Vice President of the Board of Rites, but not agreeing
with his colleagues he soon resigned on the plea of ill-health. In
1742 he finally retired from official life and spent his remaining
years in study. His collected writings were published under the
title of GY B 46, and he himself was popularly known as
Ai t¥ BB.

Fang Ts‘ung-ché Fy 4 Pr (T. FA yj). Died A.D. 1628.
Graduating as chin shih in 1583, he soon withdrew from public
life. But the fame of his culture reaching the Emperor’s ears, he
was by private Decree made a Vice President of the Board of
Civil Office in spite of his protests; and in 1613 he became a
Grand Secretary. He succeeded Yeh Hsiang-kao as Prime Minister;
and finding remonstrances useless, he made friends with the eunuchs

and allowed the Emperor to neglect his duties. Of the three

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 223

factions of Ch'i, Ch‘u, and yeu Ché, which fought for place and
so threw the Emperors into the hands of the eunuchs, the first
was led by one of his own followers. The capture of Fu-shun by
the Manchus in 1618, and a great defeat in 1619, failed to
arouse the slothful Emperor who would not part with Fang;

however in 1620 his rash recommendation of a sub-Director of the

Banqueting Court, as physician to his dying master, compelled -

his retirement. Canonised as Bl i - See Hsiung T'ing-p‘i.
Fang Yao 77 #2 (T. H@ Wf). A.D. 1834—1891. A native of the
ate. on P‘u-ning District in Kuangtung. Entering the military service
in 1851, he rose from the ranks, fighting against the T'ai-p‘ing
rebels in various provinces, to be Brigade General at Ch‘ao-chou
Fu, in which capacity he distinguished himself by the rigour, not
to say brutality, of his measures for repressing local clan-fights
and piracy. For these services he was rewarded with the Yellow
Jacket. He established a College at Ch‘ao-yang, and repaired the
waterways so as ‘to prevent floods. From 1877--79 he was acting
Commander-in-chief at Hui-chou; but on the landing of the
Japanese in Formosa, he returned to his previous post. In 1883
he was placed by a secret Decree in command of the forts at
Bocca Tigris, and in 1885 he was gazetted Admiral. Known to
foreigners as ‘‘General Fong.”

Fei Ch‘ang-fang ie fe fyy. A native of Ju-nan in Honan,
who lived during the Han dynasty and studied the art of magic
under Hu Kung. On taking leave of his master, the latter
presented him with a bamboo rod upon which he eould traverse
immense distances in a few moments; also with a charm,
consisting of two lines of verse relating to the magic rod. Fei,

who thought that he had been absent from home for a few days

only, found that some ten or fifteen years had in reality elapsed.

since his departure. On laying down his staff, he discovered that

558

559

22.4 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

it was a dragon. From this time forward he had control over all
the powers of darkness, and in the course of one day he was
seen at places many thousands of leagues apart. Having
subsequently lost the charm given him by his master, he was
attacked and slain by assembled demons.

560 Fei Hsin I 4%. Son of an official at Ik 42 T‘ai-ts‘ang in
Kiangsu, to whose duties he succeeded. Author of the Fe 6
iB OR an account of four voyages made to the Indian Ocean
by Imperial envoys during the first quarter of the fifteenth century.
Fei Ti. See (Wei) Ts‘ao Fang; (Wu) Sun Liang; (E. Sung)
Liu Yeh; (N. Ch‘i) Kao Yin; (L. T'ang) Li Ts‘ung-k‘o.

561 Fei-yang-ku #? #3 7. Died A.D. 1701. Distinguished himself
in the war of 1674—1679 in Kiangsi against Wu San-kuei’s
lieutenants, and was appointed Minister of the Council. In 1690
he accompanied the expedition against Galdan, whom he utterly
defeated in 1696 at Chaomoto, to the north of the desert of Gobi,
and was left in charge of the Khalka pastures. In 1697 Galdan
committed suicide in despair and his followers submitted, all the
country to the east of Mount Ortai becoming Chinese territory.
Ennobled as Duke, and canonised as 38 4, in 1732 he was
admitted into the Temple of Worthies.

562 Fei Yen pits Pat (= Flying Swallow). Ist cent. B.C. A
beautiful lady of humble extraction, who was taken as concubine
by a man of wealth and taught to sing and to dance. She
subsequently attracted the attention of the Emperor Ch‘eng Ti of
the Han dynasty, and was taken to the palace, being finally raised
to the rank of Empress.

563 Fei-ying-tung v2 Fa. HE . A.D. 1564—1620. One of the Five
Ministers of the Emperor T‘ai Tsu (see Hu-érh-han), noted for

his extraordinary strength and courage. Hnnobled as Dwke, and

canonised as i Be.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 225
Féng Fu “f(T. FL and fy BR). A.D. 1608-1691. 564

Graduated as chin shih in 1646, and soon rose to be Vice
President of the Board of Civil Office. In 1667 he established

an orphanage at Peking, the pattern for many such institutions
throughout China. Transferred to the Censorate, he boldly showed

up the misgovernment of the Regent Ao-pai and also various
abuses in civil and military and judicial administration. In 1670

he became President of the Board of Punishments, and next year

a Grand Secretary. He then occupied himself in choosing at a
special examination 50 sound scholars, all of whom _ proved
satisfactory officials. At a banquet in 1682, the Emperor, as a
mark of favour, personally handed him a goblet of wine, which
made him so drunk that he had to be assisted home. Canonised

as AC Re -

Féng Hou pint a: One of the Six Ministers of the Yellow 565
Emperor, B.C. 2698. His functions appear to have been astronomical

and astrological; in addition to which he is said to have assisted

in subduing the great rebel Ch‘ih Yu.

Féng Hou 7H; jr. Ist cent. B.C. A lady in the seraglio of the 566
Emperor Yiian Ti of the Han dynasty. On one occasion, when

his Majesty was looking at some wild animals, a bear escaped
from its cage. All the other ladies fled, shrieking; but Féng Hou
remained, and boldly faced the bear. “I was afraid,” she
explained to the Emperor, ‘lest some harm should come to your
Majesty’s person.” |

Féng I “EG i (T. A ¥& ). Died A.D. 34. A native of 4% HR 567
Fu-ch‘éng in Anhui. He was holding that town for Wang Mang
when Liu Hsiu passed with his army, and immediately threw
Open its gates and attached himself finally to the fortunes of the
future Emperor. He served his new master with the greatest

fidelity, providing him with food when provisions were absolutely
15

226 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

unobtainable, and even gathering fuel for a fire to dry his clothes
when drenched after a day’s march in the rain. For his services
in various campaigns he was loaded with honours; yet such was.
his modesty that when the other generals were discussing their
deeds of arms around the camp fire, he would withdraw to
solitude under some tall tree. Hence he gained the sobriquet of
the K fi} 4 ZF -Big-tree Commander. In A.D. 25 Liu Hsiu
mounted the throne as Emperor, and in the following year Féng
I was ennobled as Marquis. He was subsequently employed in
various military enterprises. Among other achievements, he
succeeded in putting down the rebellion of the Red Hyebrows (see
Fan Ch'ung). Being summoned to Court, the Emperor introduced
him to the other nobles and high officers as “the man who was
once my book-keeper and carried firewood on his back for me.”

He died in camp, and was canonised as ‘ii :

568 Féng I is Be . A son of the mythical Hsien Ytian. After death,

569

570

571

he became the aK mip God of Water.

Féng Kuo-hsiang “5 fd 4H. Died AD. 1718. A Chinese
Bannerman, who aided in repressing the rebellion of Wu San-
kuei and commanded the artillery in the expedition against
Galdan. He was included in the Temple of Worthies, and
canonised as A ts :

Féng Min-ch‘iang 5% EY (T. fff [L). A.D. 17471806.
A poet and calligraphist.

Féng Pao (EE +R. Died A.D.? 1582. A native of Shén-chou in
Chihli, and the eunuch ally of Chang Chii-chéng whom he helped
to supplant Kao Kung. On the death of the Emperor Mu Tsung
in A.D. 1572, Féng forged a Decree associating himself with the
Regents. He established his power over the Emperor Shén Tsung
by reporting his boyish freaks to the stern old Dowager, who
never failed to rate her sovereign. By the end of 1580 Féng had

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 227

driven out all his rivals, and ruled the Emperor, who spoke of
him as his “colleague,” with a rod of iron. He and Chang
together defied all attempts to displace them; but the death of the
Dowager and of Chang, coupled with the Emperor's growing
experience of government, weakened Féng’s position, and in 1582,
by the machinations of two rival eunuchs, he was degraded to be
Groom of the Imperial Stud at Nanking, where he died.

Féng Po Ja 4 or Jal ill or Jil, Rij. The God of the Winds, 572
also known as | Ft he Fei Lien. Said by some to be identical
with the constellation ae Sagittarius; by others to be a super-
natural bird; by others again to have the body of a deer, the
head of a bird (with horns), the tail of a serpent, and the spots
of a leopard. A statue of this being was cast in bronze by the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty.

Féng Tao “34 (T. Hy $4). A.D. 881-954. A native of 573
aah Ying-chou in modern Chihli, who has been credited by some
with the invention of block-printing. Entering the service of Liu
Shou-kuang and later on of fe Ik Chang Ch‘éng-yeh, he
was recommended by the latter to the Prince of Chin and
received a post in modern Shansi. When the second Prince of
Chin mounted the throne as first Emperor of the Later T‘ang
dynasty, A.D. 923, Féng Tao was appointed secretary in the
Board of Revenue and member of the Han-lin College. The
second Emperor, whom he served for ten years, raised him to
still higher rank; yet when in the following reign #f Jn} Ts‘ung
Ko rebelled and subsequently entered the capital, Féng Tao
quietly took service under him. And when Shih Ching-t‘ang
crushed T’s‘ung K‘o and founded the Later Chin dynasty, Féng Tao
once more entered the service of his old masters. When the
Kitans put an end to the Chin dynasty, Féng Tao presented
himself at the Court of Yeh-ltii Té-kuang, second sovereign of the

574

228 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Liao dynasty, and positively asked for a post. He said he had
no home, no army, and very little brains; a statement which
appears to have appealed forcibly to the Tartar monarch, who
at once appointed him Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent. This
did not prevent him from quitting his new patrons at the earliest
opportunity, and entering the service of the successful founder of
the Later Han dynasty, A.D. 947. And again when the Hans
went down before the Later Chou dynasty, Féng Tao once more
ranged himself on the side of victory and success, receiving a

high post as a reward for the transfer of his services. Thus he

served first and last under no less than ten sovereigns of four

different Houses. He gave to himself the sobriquet of te Bit y cag
which finds its best equivalent in the “Vicar of Bray.” Also
known as is vial #.

First Emperor, The. See Shih Huang Ti.

Fo-t‘u-ch‘éng 4B lal UE Died A.D. 348. A native of India,
originally surnamed EA Po, skilled in necromancy. In 310 he
appeared in o-yang, professing to be more than a century old
and to exercise power over demons. When Lo-yang was taken,
he entered the service of Shih Lo and obtained great favour by
his successful prognostications. He is said to have employed a boy
to read future events reflected on hemp-oil held in the hollow of
his hand. Mariy marvellous tales are told of him, and Shih Chi-lung
for his sake permitted his people to embrace Buddhism, in spite
of the remonstrances of his statesmen. Before his death he had
fallen into disfavour. He prepared his own tomb, and prophesied
the troubles of 348, After his death a disciple reported having
seen him travelling westwards. His coffin was thereupon opened,
and found to contain only a stone, which Shih Chi-lung rightly
interpreted to portend his own end. ~

Fong, General. See Fang Yao.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 229
Fu An {Hi ZH (T. ie 8 38 ). Died A.D. 1429. A Supervising

Censor, who was dispatched in 1385 with two other Censors and
a eunuch named yi HE Liu Wei, to open communications with
the nations of Central Asia. They traversed the desert of Gobi
and reached Hami; thence on to Karakhodjo and Ilbalik, the
ancient capital of Kuldja. Their mission was successful as far as
Samarcand, the various places visited acknowledging the suzerainty
of China. There however they were imprisoned until 1407. The
survivors, including only 17 of their original escort of 1500 men,
were then sent back and were well rewarded on arrival. Fu An
and his companions went on six missions altogether, chiefly to
Samarcand, Bishbalik and Herat, until in 1415 Fu An retired to
wait on his aged mother.

Fu Ch‘ai je &. Died B.C. 473. Son of Prince Ho Lii of the
Wu State, to the throne of which he succeeded in B.C. 495.
With Wu Yiian as his Minister he maintained for a long time a
~ successful struggle with the rival State of Yiieh, then under the
rule of Kou Chien, and defeated his enemy’s army in the great
battle of Fe fix Fu-chiao; but at length he fell a victim to the
craft of Fan Li, Kou Chien’s famous Minister (see Hsi Shih). His
kingdom was overthrown, and he himself was driven to commit suicide.
Fu Chieh-tzii (if 7} -F-. 1st cent, B.C. A famous commander
under the Emperor Chao Ti of the Han dynasty. Although fond
of study, at fourteen years of age he threw his writing-tablets
aside, saying with a sigh, ‘Tis in foreign lands that a hero
must seek renown; how can I let my life pass away as an old
bookworm?” At that time the rulers of the Sia ¥% Kuei-tzi and
pe Fal Lou-lan countries had killed some Chinese envoys; and
with a view to punishing them, Fu volunteered to proceed as
envoy to Ferghana or Khokand. As a result of his mission he

slew, some say by stratagem, the ruler of Lou-lan; and when he

575

576

577

578

579

230 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

was asked for some proof of his statements, he produced the
murdered monarch’s head.

Fu Chien 4} f@t (T. jd! 34). A.D. 316—355. Third son of
Fu Hung, whom he succeeded in 350. Just before his birth his
mother dreamt of a great bear, and as he grew up he showed
signs of a warlike temperament and a love for military exercises.
On his accession he discarded the title of Prince of Ch'in, and
acknowledged the suzerainty of the House of Chin. He drove’ Ak
yk Tu Hung from Ch‘ang-an, and took it for his capital. A
year later he assumed the title of Great Khan and King of the
Great Ch‘in dynasty, and after defeating an Imperialist army, he
proclaimed himself Emperor. He did away with the burdensome
regulations of Chao and tried to alleviate the sufferings of the
people. He encouraged learning and held scholars in high esteem.
In 854 Huan Wén defeated his army at Lan-t‘ien, to the south-
east of Ch‘ang-an, and encamped for a while on the Veil Pa river,
but was ultimately compelled to make a disastrous retreat. He died
of grief for the loss of his brother Ay KE Fu Hsiung (T. 7¢ AW),
who had filled the posts of Chancellor and of General in his army.
“Tf God,” he cried, “wished me to tranquillise the empire, why
did He carry off Ytian-ts‘ai so soon?” He received unauthorised
canonisation as Jey iH DY Be.

Fu Chien 4 BX (T. 3x fej). AD. 337-384. Son of Fu
Hsiung (see wu Chien), and cousin to the tyrant Fu Shéng whom
he assassinated in 857, placing himself upon the throne in his
stead. A wise and earnest dita) he set himself to purify the
administration and consolidate his power, paying special honour
to Confucianism and prohibiting Taoism and divination. The death
of FL RS i Mu-jung K‘o enabled his general Wang Méng to
annex Yen in 3870 (see Mu-jung Wei). He transferred 40,000
Turkic families to the neighbourhood of his capital, subdued

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 234

several tribes, and conquered parts of Kansuh, Shensi, Sstich‘uan
and Yiinnan. In 377 he received tribute from northern Korea and
from the tribes in the south-west of China. In 378 he attacked
the Imperial House and overran southern Honan; but on advancing
close to Nanking, he was driven back to the north of the Huai
river in 879. In 381 he was converted to Buddhism, and in 382
dispatched Lui Kuang on an expedition into what is now Chinese
Turkestan, no less than sixty-two tribes having acknowledged his
rule. In 884, contrary to the advice of his general At fae Fu
Jung, but at the instance of Yao Ch‘ang and others, he again led
a vast army into the Imperial territory. Fu Jung had pointed out
that the Yang-tsze with its swift current would be a serious
obstacle, but to this he scornfully replied that his ‘troops would
dam it up by merely throwing their whips into the stream. He
was however disastrously routed at the [2 Fei river by the
Imperial forces under ah 43 Hsieh Shih and wht @. Hsieh Hsiian,
and Fu Jung was slain. In the retreat which followed, his beaten
soldiery were harassed by perpetual alarms, fancying the whistling
of the wind and the screaming of cranes overhead to be the shouts
of their victorious pursuers. The State which had been so
energetically built up, at once fell to’ pieces. Yao Ch‘ang and
other leaders threw off their allegiance, and soon only southern
Shansi remained. Besieged in Ch‘ang-an by the forces of Western
Yen, Fu Chien forced his way out to a stronghold in Féng-hsiang
Fu; and there, after a desperate assault, he was taken prisoner
by Yao Ch‘ang and _ strangled. Received the unauthorised
canonisation of {H- jill ‘es. Hf S! ifr.

Fu Ch‘ien A iE (B; -¥- iB ). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of 580
ore GS Iung-yang in Honan, who distinguished himself by his
scholarship and wrote a famous commentary on the Tso Chuan.

He had previously taken service as cook in the house of Ts‘ui Lieh

581

582

583

584

232 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

who was then lecturing on the subject, but found that he had
nothing to learn. After a while Ts‘ui Lieh suspected who he was;
and one morning, before Fu Ch‘ien was awake, shouted to him
by his right name. Fu Ch‘ien, taken thus unawares, promptly
answered; after which the two became fast friends. In 189 he
was Governor of Kiukiang, but lost his post in the political
troubles which ensued and died shortly afterwards, leaving behind
him a collection of miscellaneous writings.

Fu-ch‘ing (fi jz. Died A.D. 1750. A Manchu, who began his career
in the Imperial Guard, and in A.D. 1744 was sent as Resident to
Tibet where he remained until the danger of a Tibetan-Sungar
alliance seemed over. The last king of Tibet would not submit
to the tutelage of China, and having poisoned his elder brother,
proceeded to prepare for revolt. Fu-ch‘ing returned with all speed
and slew the king in the Chinese Residency, whither he had
lured him, the result being a popular rising in which he and his
staff perished. The present government system of four Kablon
under the Dalai and Panshen Lamas was then established. The
Resident’s guard was raised to 1500 men, and all intercourse with
Tangut and Sungaria was forbidden. The Emperor Ch‘ien Lung
published a special Decree defending the treachery of Fu-ch‘ing,
and ennobled his heir as Viscount. Canonised as aE PA , and
included in the Temple of Worthies.

Fu Chiung #7 #2. Died A.D. 395. The last of the line of
Fu Chien, killed by Ch‘i-fu Ch'ien-kuei in A.D. 395 at Y FA
Huang-chung in Kansuh.

Fu Fei J£. 4). A daughter of the legendary Emperor Fu Hsi,
who drowned herself in the Lo, and became the patron goddess
of streams.

Fu-héng qh I (H. ae Fl). Died A.D. 1770. A Bannerman,

who entered the Guards at an early age and was promoted to be

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 233

a Grand Secretary in 1748. In that year he was sent to put an
end to the campaign against Chin-ch‘uan, which had been
incompetently conducted. He enticed the chief rebels to his camp
and executed them, and by vigorous attacks forced the rest to
submit early in the following year. For his services he was
ennobled as Duke, and on his return to Peking was received
with extraordinary honours. In 1763 the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung
publicly, acknowledged the valuable aid he had given in the
prosecution of the Sungar war. Four years later he obtained
leave to carry on the Burmese war, hitherto mismanaged; and
_ reaching Moulmein in May 1769, he contrived to build a flotilla,
crossed the Lankau river, and after some fighting laid siege to
Kauntong, whereupon the Burmese consented to pay tribute. He
died on his way to Peking and was buried with princely honours,
Ch‘ien Lung paying a personal visit of condolence to the family.
He is specially mentioned in the poem by Ch‘ien Lung entitled
hea 4£ ai A Retrospect. Canonised as Bl ih, ‘and included in
the Temple of Worthies. | |

Fu Hsi {K g. B.C. 2953-2838. The first of the Five
Emperors of the legendary period, also known as Ail as KK
and Ik ek He is said to have been miraculously conceived by
his mother, who after a gestation of twelve years gave birth to
him at Ch‘éng-chi in Shensi. He taught his people to hunt, to
fish, and to keep flocks. He showed them how to split the wood
of the fal t‘ung tree, and then how to twist silk threads and
stretch them across so as to form rude musical instruments. From
the markings on the back of a tortoise he is said to have
constructed the Hight Diagrams, or series of lines from which was
developed a whole system of philosophy, embodied later on in the
mysterious work known as the Canon of Changes. He also

invented some kind of calendar, placed the marriage contract upon

585

234 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

a proper basis, and is even said to have taught mankind to cook

their food.

586 Fu Hsiian (ff % (T. ff JB). Died A.D. 278. A scholar and

587

588

statesman who rose to be Censor and Chamberlain under the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty. He was of such an
impatient disposition that whenever he had any memorial or
impeachment to submit, he would proceed at once to the palace,
no matter at what hour of the day or night, and sit there until
audience at the following dawn. It was while thus waiting that
he caught the chill of which he died. Canonised as fi} -

Fu Hung #F HE (T. J {ik). AD. 284-350. A native of
Shensi, and father’ of Fu Chien. He received his name Hung,
“Deluge,” in consequence of a persistent fall of rain which gave
rise to a popular saying: “If the rain does not stop, the Deluge
will come,” alluding to a great inundation which happened under
the reign of the Emperor Yao. In the troublous times of his
youth, he spent large sums of money in collecting men and
forming a kind of Defence Corps; and when Liu Yao mounted
the throne, he at once attached himself to the new monarch.
Upon the fall of the latter, he joined Shih Chi-lung; and at his death
Fu Hung submitted to the House of Chin. By the Emperor Mu
Ti he was appointed generalissimo of the north and Viceroy of
modern Chihli. He then changed his surname, which had been
sii] P‘u, and gave himself the titles “Great General, Great Khan,
and Prince of the Three Ch‘in.” He claimed Imperial rank, and
received an unauthorised canonisation as HA rH ih.

Fu Hung-lich ({ # PY (T. fh Be. H. 7% A). Died A.D.
1680. A native of Kiangsi, who gave in his allegiance to the
Manchus in 1657 and was employed as a Prefect. For reporting
the treasonable designs of Wu San-kuei in 1688 he was

condemned to death, but the sentence was commuted to

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 235

banishment to Kuangsi. Here he was when Wu revolted, and the
latter at once sent to seize him. He tried to drown himself, but
was rescued and sent to the revolted general of Kuangsi, $% @E
#4 Sun Yen-ling, who was however won over by his
admonitions, joined with the entreaties of his wife, and sent him
to e2] 2B Nan-ning in order to get aid from Cochin-China. To
save himself from suspicion, Fu accepted a general’s commission
from the rebels, and at the same time entered into a secret
league with Shang Chih-hsin against them. In 1677 he opened
communications with the Imperial generals in Hunan and
Kuangtung; and having enlisted many of the frontier tribes,
fought his way to 77 Shao-chou and so joined hands with them,
to learn that he was appointed Governor of Kuangsi. All his
family had been sent as hostages to Wu San-kuei, and were slain
on his taking the Imperialist side; and this so enraged him that
he laid down his Governorship and devoted himself entirely to the
war. His efforts were hampered by Shang K‘o-hsi, who would not
lend a gun nor a horse and would not move a man. Yet he was
on the whole successful, even though working with raw levies,
and in 1680 had got to the borders of Kueichou. Then the
stupidity of a subordinate, who without his knowledge marched a
force after him as he went to an interview with an ex-rebel
leader, excited the latter’s suspicion, and he was seized and sent
to Kuei-yang. Here the grandson and successor of Wu San-kuei,
Su HEE «Wu Shib-fan, after vain endeavours to shake his
loyalty, caused him to be put to death. His remains, recovered
on the recapture of Kuei-yang at the end of 1680, received a
public funeral; and the Emperor published his secret memorials
revealing the treasonable designs of Shang Chih-hsin, memorials
which this time were acted upon without undue delay. Canonised
as pit Re and included in the Temple of Patriots.

589

236 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Fu I (ff JE. A.D. 554—639. An official of the Sui dynasty,
who became Historiographer under the first Emperor of the T'ang
dynasty. He presented a memorial asking that the Buddhist
religion might be abolished; and when Hsiao Yti questioned him
on the subject, he said, ‘You were not born in a_ hollow
mulberry-tree; yet you respect a religion which does not recognise
the tie between father and son!” He urged that at any rate
priests and nuns should be compelled to marry and bring up
families, and not escape from contributing their share to the
revenue, adding that Hsiao Yii by defending their doctrines
showed himself no better than they were. At this Hsiao Yi held
up his hands, and declared that hell was made for such men as
Fu I. The result was that severe restrictions were placed for a
short time upon the teachers of Buddhism. The Emperor T'ai
Tsung once got hold of a Tartar priest who could “charm people
into unconsciousness, and then charm them back to life again,”
and spoke of his powers to Fu I. The latter said confidently , “He
will not be able to charm me;” and when put to the test, the
priest completely failed. He was the originator of epitaphs, and
wrote his own, as follows: —

Fu I loved the green hills and the white clouds.
Alas! he died of drink.

590 Fu-k‘ang-an. jig SE Zé (T. ¥f% PK). Died AD. 1796. A

- Manchu, who distinguished himself in the second Chin-ch‘uan war
of 1771—76, in the Nepaulese war of 1791—92, and in the war
of 1794-96 against the Kueichou aborigines, besides putting down
rebellions in Kansuh and Formosa. He was never defeated, and
won his soldiers’ hearts by large gifts from his immense private
fortune, a lavishness of which the Emperor strongly disapproved.
Ennobled as Prince and canonised as RL ae, and included in both
the Temple of Worthies and the Temple of Patriots.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 237
Fu-la-t‘a (fi JX HE. Died A.D. 1694. An Imperial clansman,

who rose rapidly by service in Peking and the provinces to be
Viceroy of the Two Kiang in 1688, a post he worthily filled until
his death. The Emperor K‘ang Hsi described him as the only fit
successor to Yti Ch‘éng-lung, “a man of peace without weakness,
not afraid of responsibility, and devoted to the people.” Canonised
as iia i and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Fu Ling ci BE. Son of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han
dynasty, by his concubine the Lady Kou I. At his father’s death
in B.C. 86, he came to the throne as the Emperor Chao Ti and
reigned until B.C. 73. The period of gestation passed by his
mother previous to his birth is said to have been fourteen months.
Fu-min 7 #{ (7. GE BL. H. je AB). AD. 1673—1756.
One of the tutors of the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung, and a Grand
Secretary from 1738 to 1745. Canonised as Bl ae and included
in the Temple of Worthies.

Fu Nai (§ 7k (T. HE Hie). A.D. 1758—1811. A statesman
who made himself famous by his skilful treatment of the aborigines
of Hunan. He first conquered and disarmed them, and then set
to work to teach them to cultivate the arts of peace. He was
particularly successful as a military leader, though himself actually
a civilian. In 1809 he rose to be Judge in Hunan, and was
ordered, by special request of the aborigines, to visit their territory
once a year.

Fu-ning-an oe Ze. Died A.D. 1729. Son of O-lan-t‘ai. As
President of the Censorate and of various Boards he had already
earned a great name when in 1715 Ts‘é-wang Arabtan invaded
Hami. In 1717 he was appointed Commander-in-chief and sent to
Barkul, whence he attacked the Sungar borders and presently
advanced to Urumtsi. In 1721 he was himself attacked at Turfan,

but inflicted several defeats on the enemy, who ‘fled far away.”

591

592

593

594

595

238 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

In 1723 he became a Grand Secretary, but did not return to
Peking till 1726. He received many marks of honour, and was
ennobled as Marquis, a title he lost in 1729 for remissness.

Canonised as pe RK and included in the Temple of Worthies.

596 Fu Pei yA (T. 7K AL). Died A.D. 386. Eldest son by a

597

concubine of Fu Chien (2), who finding him well-read in history
and fond of military studies, caused him to be instructed in the
art of war. On Fu Chien’s death, he assumed the royal title at
+= |} Chin-yang in Shansi; and in 385 he claimed the throne
of China, only to be defeated in the following year and slain by
one of the generals of the rival pretender, Mu-jung Ch‘ui.

Fu Pi A oy (T. E [ed ). Died A.D. 1085. A native of Honan,
who distinguished himself by his scholarship and was appointed
in 1402 to a post in connection with criminal administration
at the capital. As this was displeasing to Lii I-chien, when it
became necessary to send an envoy to the Kitan Tartars, he at
once suggested Fu Pi. The latter was completely successful in
his mission, persuading the Tartars to give up their claim to
any further territory on condition of receiving an increased
subsidy. Returning home, he was rewarded by various important
appointments; but he was unable to reconcile himself to the
innovations of Wang An-shih, and in 1068 he retired on the

plea of old age. He was ennobled as Duke, and canonised

sa eee

598 Fu Pu-ch'i 3K OR WR (T. -— HE). Born B.C. 513. One of

the disciples of Confucius. He was Governor of ees 4¢ Shan-fu
in Lu, but left the administration in the hands of five of the
inhabitants more virtuous than himself, while he sat in the
judgment-hall playing on his lute; the result being that the
district was a model of good government. He was succeeded by

one AK iB Hy Wu-ma Ch‘i, who by dint of great personal

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 239

energy also obtained the best results. “Ah,” said Fu to Wu-ma,
who spoke to him on the subject, “T place my trust in men;
you place your trust in energy. Mine is the better method.”

Fu Shéng ff IB or FR AE (T. -¥- HE). 2nd and 3rd cent. 599
B.C. A native of Chi-nan in Shantung, who at the time of the
“Burning of the Books” (see Zi Ss%) concealed a copy of the
Canon of History in the wall of his house. Driven from his home
during the troublous times which ensued, upon his return under

the Han dynasty he found only 29 sections of the work
remaining, and these he at once set to work to teach. Later on,
when the Emperor Wén Ti wished to reproduce the above Canon,

he sent for Fu Shéng. But the old man was then over 90 years

of age, and could not obey the summons. He handed over to
Ch‘ao Ts'o, the Imperial Commissioner, the work such as it
remained to him. Another less trustworthy account says that he
had preserved more than 20 sections of the Canon in his memory,
and repeated them verbatim to an officer who took down the
words from his dictation. In A.D. 647 his tablet was placed in
the Confucian Temple. A descendant of his, named Fu Yt Chan,
popularly known as £h ys Rel» was a virtuous official under the
last Emperors of the Han dynasty, and was. put to death by
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao.

Fu Shéng #f AE (T. fe AA). A.D. 334—857. Son and 600
successor of Fu Chien (1). He instituted a reign of terror,
destroying or driving away all his father’s old Ministers. Was
assassinated by his cousin Fu Chien (2). Received the unauthorised
canonisation of jis #-.

Fu Su + ff. Died B.C. 210. Eldest son of the First Emperor. 601
For remonstrating with his father on the persecution of the
literati who refused to burn their books (see Li Sst), he was

banished to the north, where he served in the army operating

240 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

against the Hsiung-nu and aided in building the Great Wall. He
was there murdered by command of Li Ssti, in order that his
younger brother, Hu Hai, might succeed to the throne.

602 Fu Téng 4 & (T. 2 faq). AD. 344-395. Fifth sovereign
of the rebel dynasty known as the Earlier Ch'in, founded by Fu
Chien (1) in A.D. 351. A descendant of Fu Chien (2) in the
second generation, he was for a time Governor of Ch‘ang-an in
Shensi, but was ultimately banished to the. frontier. When the
government of the Chin dynasty fell into confusion, he joined
=: il Mao Hsing who appointed him his Minister of War and his
successor. On the death of Fu P‘ei in 3886, he assumed thé
Imperial title. Nine years later he was defeated and slain by Yao
Hsing. Canonised by his son Fu Ch‘ung as = Bt if -

603 Fu Yaoyu (i 36 4 (7. GC). AD. 1024-1091. An
upright official of the Sung dynasty, and a vigorous opponent of
the reforms of Wang An-shih, for which opposition he was banished
to act as a superintendent of pastures. At his death, the Empress
said, ‘Truly he was a perfect man, as it were of gold or jade!”

604 Fu Yueh {i aft. A famous Minister under the Emperor Wu
Ting of the Yin dynasty, who reigned B.C. 1324.— 1265. He was
originally a poor man, and being unable to subscribe towards the
repair of certain roads, worked upon them himself. Just then the
Emperor dreamt that God sent him an able Minister; and on
seeking for the man according to the features seen in the dream,
Fu Yiieh was discovered in a workshed and forthwith received the
appointment. At his death he became the constellation known as

the FE Sieve, which forms a part of Sagittarius.
G.

. Gayuk. See Kuyak.
605 Genghis Khan J 77 JA. A-D. 1162—1227. The famous ruler

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 241

of tiie: ‘Mongols. Born on the banks of the Onon, his father th,
ng ¥ Yesukai, a Mongol chieftain, named him $y Ar i
Temuchin, after a Tartar rival whom he had recently vanquished.
Yesukai died when he was only thirteen years old; whereupon
various tribes threw off their allegiance. But Temuchin and his
mother took the field against their enemies, and soon asserted
their ascendency. After offering his services to the Chins*, who
then ruled over the north of China, he conducted a series of
successful campaigns against various Tartar tribes; and at length
in 1206 he felt himself powerful enough to assume an Imperial
title. On the spot where he was born, he took the title of
Genghis (or Jenghiz, or Chingiz) Khan, and forthwith began to
make arrangements for a projected invasion of northern China. In
1209 he captured a pass of the Great Wall and gained possession
of ga. B Ning-hsia in Kansuh. By 1214 he was able to say
that he was master of all the enemy’s territory north of the
Yellow River, except Peking; and at this juncture he made peace
with the Chin® Emperor, retiring once more beyond the Great
Wall. The latter immediately transferred his capital to Pien-liang
in Honan, which created such suspicion in the mind of Genghis
that hostilities were renewed. After several successful campaigns,
including the submission of Korea, he turned his attention to
Central Asia, where by 1221 he was master of Tashkend,
Bokhara, Samarcand, and other cities. From this time forwards,
until his death at the age of sixty-six, his career was one of
slaughter and conquest. He died of sickness on the banks of the
river Sale in Kansuh, and was canonised as TH pe th with the

temple name of Fx ji.
Great Yu, The. See Ta Yi.

16

242 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

H.

606 Ha-li-ma or Ka-li-ma BA TL Sit - 14th and 15th cent. A.D. A

Tibetan priest, whose fame as a magician and soothsayer so
powerfully impressed the Emperor Yung Lo that in 1403 he
dispatched one of his eunuchs, named eA fA Hou Hsien, to
proceed at the head of an embassy and bring the holy man to
his Court. In 1408 Hou Usien returned, accompanied by Ha-li-ma
who was thereupon ordered to institute masses on behalf of the
Emperor’s parents. It was soon reported to his Majesty that
supernatural manifestations had- followed upon these masses,
consisting in the appearance of auspicious clouds, the falling of
heavenly..dew, apparitions of azure-winged birds, white elephants
etc. In consequence of this, Ha-li-ma was invested with the title

of Ke #¥ HE =E Prince of the Great Precious Law, together

with a number of other high-sounding epithets; and he was

607

likewise proclaimed as the head of the Buddhist faith throughout
the empire. His three attendant disciples were invested with the
titles of PE TH Fc (A Aili Grand State Preceptors of the Order
of Baptism.

Hai Hsi Kung. See Ssti-ma I.

Hai Jui fp Hi (T. Te BB and OBA. H. fl) &). AD.
1513—1587. A native of Hainan, distinguished as a wise and
fearless statesman. The freedom of his remonstrances, especially
in regard to superstitious practices, led to his disgrace in 1566.
He was thrown into prison, where he remained under sentence of
death until the accession of the Emperor Mu Tsung, when he was
released and re-instated in office. In 1569 he became Governor of
Nanking and ten other Prefectures, but went to extremes in

supporting the poor against the rich, and was compelled to resign.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 243°

When already seventy-one years of age he was appointed Vice
President of the Board of Civil Office at Nanking, and afterwards
Vice President of the Censorate. He died in great poverty, his
friends defraying the cost of his burial. Canonised as ik 4P.
Hai-lin Wang. See Hsiao Chao-wén.

Hai-ling Wang. See Wan-yen Liang.

Han An-kuo Pid Ze [etl ee {= iz). 2nd cent. B.C. An
official who served with distinction under Prince en Hsiao of the
Liang Principality, and on the latter’s death entered the service
of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, and rose to be a
Censor. When the Hsiung-nu proposed a matrimonial alliance, he
was in favour of it, and opposed the recourse to arms suggested
by =F WR Wang Hui. The Emperor however was in favour of
the latter; the result being that there was a fiasco, and Wang
Hui was driven to commit suicide. Soon afterwards Han became a
Minister of State, but fell out of his carriage and for a time was
obliged to go into retirement. Appointed to command the northern
army, he suffered so many reverses that at length he burst a blood-
vessel from mortification and died.

Han Ch‘ao-tsung i Hi] e Sth cent. A.D. Son of a
distinguished official named Han A “is! Ssti-fu. In 734 he became

Governor of Ching-chou in Hupeh, and his administration was

608

609

such as to call forth from the poet Li Po the following famous —

lines; —

Oh do not say that I may rule some vast and wealthy fief,

But grant me once to see the face of Ching-chou’s honoured chief!
Transferred to Hsiang-chou, he made himself very popular by
removing from an old well a notice saying, “Those who drink
here will die,” his intercession with the spirits having caused the
water to regain its original purity. Later on he got into trouble;

and in 742, when false reports were spread about rebels coming,

*

610

244 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he took refuge on the ¥& PZ] Chung-nan mountain. The
infuriated Emperor at once sent him into banishment in Shensi,
where he died.

Han Ch‘i et Sj (T. FE SE). A.D. 1008—1075. A native of
An-yang in Honan. In 1028 he graduated first on the list of
chin shih; and when his name was called out, a variegated cloud
appeared beneath the sun. In early life he served with Fan Chung-
yen in the eastern provinces, and aided in reducing the southern
portions of Kansuh and Shensi. Later on he became Governor of
4— Ting-chou in Chihli, and ultimately rose to be Minister of
State. For three years he was a Censor, and distinguished himself
by his outspokenness against the Empress Dowager T's‘ao Hou
when, as Regent, she tried to prolong her interference in the
government. In 1069 he attacked Wang An-shih and his system
of advances to farmers; but the latter was too strong for him,
and in 1070 he was sent to Ta-ming Fu in Chihli where he died
five years later. It is recorded that he wished to burn the drafts
of all his memorials of remonstrance to the Throne, but finally
decided on preserving some seventy for his self-justification. These
were afterwards published, together with extracts from his official
correspondence and other details. He was ennobled as Duke,
whence he is often spoken of as Bi Ay , and later on as Prince,
and canonised as ie JBK 3 and in 1852 his tablet was placed in

- the Confucian Temple.

611

Han Chien ie 3! (T. {& WF). A.D. 857-914. A rough
soldier of Honan, who came into notice during the rebellion of
Huang Ch‘ao as a lieutenant of the eunuch A 48 4. Yang Fu-
kuang. On the Emperor’s return to Ch‘ang-an in 888, he became
Governor of Hua-chou in Shensi and devoted himself to promoting
the peaceful arts and to learning to read and write. In 890 he

was transferred to Ho-chung in Shansi; and five years later joined

*

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 245

with Li Mao-chén and =F 47 37 Wang UHsing-yii in an attack
on the capital, which Li K‘o-yung defeated. In 896 the Emperor,
fleeing from Li Mao-chén, took refuge with Han Chien, who
slew sixteen Princes and deposed his sovereign. He was obliged
however to let him go on the approach of his rivals. In 898
he was ennobled as Duke. He afterwards joined the founder of the
Liang dynasty, by whom he was advanced to great honour, and
perished in a mutiny of his garrison at Hsiti-chou in Honan.
Han Ch‘in-hu He iG JE (T. -F- 3H). AD. 527-581. A
native of Hi Tung-ytian in Honan, who distinguished
himself in his youth by a combination of martial and_ literary
tastes, coupled with great courage and a fine physique. He served
under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Later Chou dynasty, and
subsequently aided the first Emperor of the Sui dynasty in
consolidating his power, rising to the highest military offices and
being ennobled as Duke. He fell into a trance, which lasted
several days and at length ended in death. He was accustomed
to say that he asked nothing more than in life to be ruler of
the #£ Kuei State (Kuangsi), and in death to be king of hell.
He is now supposed to be a judge in Purgatory.

Han Chiu-ying Hist EK Hi. A virtuous maiden, who defiled

herself in order to escape dishonour at the hands of brigands.

Han Fei ire JE. Died B.C. 288. Son of a Duke of the Han:

State. Like Yang Hsiung he had an impediment in his speech.
He studied together with Li Ssti under the philosopher Hstin
Ch‘ing, and then turned his energies in the direction of criminal
law and procedure. His essays attracted the notice of the Prince
of Ch'in who said with a sigh, “Had I only such a man as this
by my side, I could face even death without regret!’? When the
Prince mounted the Imperial throne, the Han State tendered its

allegiance, sending Han Fei as ambassador. The Emperor was

612

613

614

246 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

pleased with him and appointed him to a post; but Li Sst soon

became jealous of his influence, and by wmisrepresentations

succeeded in throwing -him into prison where he committed

615

616

617

suicide. Fifty-five of his essays are still extant, and are especially
valuable as containing many of the sayings attributed to Lao
Tzi, woven later on into the spurious work known as the
Tao Té Ching.

Han Usi-tsai ig HE dy. 9th and 10th cent. A.D. A scholar
and official, who graduated as chin shih at the close of the T‘ang
dynasty and rose to be Minister of State. He was popularly
known as ise K og Philosopher Han, and he and Hsii Hsiian
are often spoken of as ies FR . Canonised as Bl Uy

Han Hsiang ii yh (T. fig Je). 9th cent. A.D. A nephew
of the great Han Yii, of an idle and harum-scarum disposition.
His uncle urged him to study, and he subsequently produced
some verses in which he _ spoke of flowers blossoming
instantaneously. ‘‘What!’’ cried Han Yii, ‘can you make flowers

better than God Almighty?’ Thereupon Han Hsiang took a little

-earth and put it under a basin; and after a short interval he

raised the basin and disclosed a flower with two buds, on the
leaves of which was written in gold characters a couplet
referring to exile. “You will understand this by and by,” said
he; and later on, when Han Yi was on his way to his place
of banishment near the modern Swatow, his nephew suddenly
appeared to him and asked if he remembered the verses on the
flowers. He became a pupil of Lii Yen, and was taken up
into the peach-tree of the gods, from the branches of which he
fell and so entered into eternal life. He is now ranked as one
of the Hight Immortals.

Han Hsin Hie 4 Died B.C. 196. A native of Huai-yin in

Kiangsu, who was so poor that he was compelled to earn his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 247

living as an official underling, drifting in that capacity to the
establishment of a petty Magistrate at Nan-ch‘ang in Kiangsi. But
his master’s wife would not give him enough food, and he was
driven to seek his fortune elsewhere. He then went to fish in the
river outside the city; and one of the washerwomen at work
there, seeing how hungry he looked, gave him something to eat.
Han Hsin thanked her, and said that some day he would repay
this kindness, as he eventually did; but the washerwoman flared
up, and declared that she wanted no reward. While a youth at
Huai-yin, some other lads were one day bullying him in the
market-place. One of them called out, “If you are not afraid to
die, strike me; if you are afraid, then pass under my fork.”
Whereupon Han Hsin bent down and crawled between the boy’s
legs; at which all the people in the market-place laughed, calling
Han Hsin a coward. When Hsiang Liang passed through Huai-yin,
Han Hsin at once entered his service, and after his death
continued to serve under Hsiang Chi. But his ambition was
unsatisfied, and ere long he left Hsiang Chi and betook himself
to the camp of the great rival captain, Liu Pang. There, after
narrowly escaping decapitation, he attracted the attention of Hsiao
Ho, who when Han Hsin had once more departed in disgust at
want of recognition, followed him and brought him back, and
told Liu Pang that he had not such another man in his army.
Liu Pang gave him a command, and he then began a series of
campaigns against the various States, the successes in which have
made his name famous in Chinese military annals. On one
occasion Liu Pang said to him, “How large an army do you
think I could lead?’ ‘‘About a hundred thousand men,” he
replied. “And you?” asked Liu Pang. “Oh!” he answered, “the
more the better.” In B.C. 203 he proposed to Liu Pang to

appoint him nominal Prince of Ch‘i, in order to preserve peace in

s
248 ; A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

that region; and when Liu Pang seemed put out by the
extravagance of the demand, Chang Liang pressed his foot and
whispered, “Do so!’ Of such importance was his alliance to the
House of Han. Again, when about to dispatch him against the
Wei State, Liu Pang asked who was the general likely to be in
command of the enemy’s forces. On being told that it was rH i
Po Chih,. he cried out in derision, ‘‘Why, his mouth still smells
of mother’s milk; he is no match for our Han Hsin!” In B,C.
201, after the final defeat of-Hsiang Chi, he was created Prince
of Ch‘u; but in the following year he was secretly denounced to
the Emperor as being egged on by K‘uai T‘ung to conspiracy and
revolt. The Emperor thereupon, at Chang Liang’s suggestion,
gave out that he was about to visit the lake of p= 4 2 Yiin-
méng in modern Hupeh, and summoned all his vassals to meet
him. Han Hsin came among the rest, and was at once seized and
bound and carried back to Lo-yang. He is now said to have

uttered the memorable words, “When the cunning hares are all
dead, the hunting-dog goes to the cooking-pot; when the soaring
birds are all killed, the trusty bow is laid aside; when the
nation’s enemies have all perished, the wise counsellor is
forgotten. The empire is now at peace; ‘tis time I should go to
the cooking-pot.” He was however pardoned, and ennobled as
Marquis of Huai-yin, a title under which he is still often
mentioned. In B.C. 196, when ae Ch‘én Hsi revolted, and
the Emperor took the field in person, Han Hsin was prevented
by illness, real or feigned, from accompanying the expedition. He
then planned to seize the Empress Lii Hou and the Heir
Apparent; but the plot was divulged by a eunuch who owed him
a grudge, and when Han Hsin went to congratulate the Empress
on the news which had just arrived, of the defeat of Ch‘én Hsi,

he was seized and beheaded, and his father’s, mother’s, and wife’s

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 249

families were also put to death. He is ranked as one of the Three
Heroes (see Chang Liang).

Han Hsiu Hie I. 8th cent. A.D. A statesman who joined
Chang Chiu-ling in his remonstrances addressed to the Emperor
Ming Huang of the T‘ang dynasty. His Majesty is said to have
lost flesh in consequence; but when his courtiers suggested that
the Ministers were to blame, he replied, ‘Though I may be thin,
the empire is fat.” He was a Minister of State in 733, and died
about 740, aged 67. Canonised as Bl Me.

Han Hung it 1B (EB; A AP). 8th cent. A.D. A native of
Nan-yang in Honan, ‘who graduated as chin shih about A.D. 750
and distinguished himself as a poet and official under the T‘ang
dynasty, earning the sobriquet of TK RK ar -F- Genius of the
Ta-li period, A.D. 766—780. There happened to be another

official of the same name; and when this one was recommended

618

619

for promotion, the Emperor Té Tsung asked which of the two —

was intended. “It is Han Hung, the poet,” replied the Minister
on duty. See Chang-t‘ai Liu.

Han Lin-érh iif pf be. Died A.D. 1867. A native of i 4F
Chén-ting in Chihli, whose father was executed for connection
with the White Lily Society, while he himself escaped to Ying-
chou in Anhui, and sought refuge with yl i i Liu Fu-t‘ung,
a notorious wizard of that place. In 1851 Liu broke into open
rebellion, a red kerchief being the distinguishing mark of his
followers who soon numbered over 100,000. In 1355 Liu set up
Han Lin-érh as yp BY FE, with Po-chou in Amhui as the
capital of a new Sung dynasty, which was recognised by Chu
Ytian-chang and by Kuo Tzii-hsing’s son. The new ruler had soon
to flee to Ze ie. An-féng in Anhui, where he remained until
Liu captured Pien-liang (the modern K‘ai-féng Fu) in 1358. A

year later he was forced to return to An-féng, where he was

620

621

622

623

624

250 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

besieged in 1863 by Chang Shih-ch‘éng. Chu Yiian-chang came to
the rescue; and though too late to save the city and Liu, he
escorted Han to the modern Nanking where he died in 1367.
Han Ni-chou {jj BY (T. fff Fe). Died A.D. 1207. A
prominent statesman under the Southern Sung dynasty. He played
a leading part in the deposition of the Emperor Kuang Tsung,
and subsequently rose to a position of great power and influence;
but his failure to cope with the invading forces of the Chin*
Tartars, together with his own great unpopularity, brought about
his downfall, and he was assassinated in a garden of the palace
as he was going in to audience.

Han P‘éng Hie sii . Minister to Prince it K‘ang of the Sung
State under the Chou dynasty. The Prince seized his wife, a great
beauty, and cast him into prison where he committed suicide. The
wife dang herself down from the top of a high tower, leaving a
letter in her girdle in which she asked to be buried with her
husband. This the enraged tyrant refused; whereupon their two
coffins sprouted into growth, the two graves became one, and in
a tree which grew hard by, two birds sang together a dirge over
their remains. |

Han Po-yi Wi 4/1 4. A filial son, who lived under the Han
dynasty. In early life he never cried when his mother beat him,
but later on he began to do so. On his mother asking the reason
of this, he replied, ‘Formerly your blows hurt me, and I knew
you were strong and well. Now they don’t hurt me any more,
and I know that your strength is failing; therefore I weep.”
Han Pu He yA 10th cent. A.D. A native of Ch‘ang-an, who
graduated as chin shih in 954 and rose to high office under the
first two Emperors of the Sung dynasty, retiring in ill-health in
991. He was a widely-read scholar, especially remarkable for his

knowledge of eminent men of the Tang dynasty and his power

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 251

of interesting an audience; whence he came to receive the
nickname of 3)r TH By aig the Walking Dictionary of Modern
Biographies. His younger brother Han yq Chi, also a chin shih,
once spoke contemptuously of the elder brother’s writings, saying
they were like a “straw hut with a door hung on rope,” just fit
to keep off the wind and rain; while he compared his own
compositions with the famous Five-Phoenix Tower, built by the
first Emperor of the Later, Liang dynasty. Han P‘u heard of this;
‘and when some one sent him a present of fine paper he forwarded
it to his brother, saying that it was useless to himself but might
help towards the adornment of the Five-Phoenix Tower. At which
Han Chi was covered with shame.

Han Shih-chung i {it Ht (T. Fo BH). Died A.D. 1151. A 625
native of Yen-an in Shensi, noted for his tall and well-made
frame and for eyes which flashed like lightning. He was unusually
fearless and would ride unbroken horses, but was overfond of
wine and of a violent temper. In 1105 he distinguished himself
against the Western Hsia forces, who were then giving trouble,
and for many years afterwards he succeeded in holding in check
the Chin® Tartars, inflicting upon them several severe defeats, for
which he was ennobled as Duke. He opposed the peace proposals
of Ch'in Kuei, and submitted to the Emperor a violent memorial
against their author; but this only resulted in his retirement from
office in 1141, loaded with honours which were increased as years
went on. -Over affairs of State, his devotion found vent in
paroxysms of weeping; and as for Ch'in Kuei, if he met him
beyond the precincts of the council-chamber, he would recognise
him only by a cold bow. In the evening of his life he interested
himself in Buddhism and Taoism, and dubbed himself the ia 4
J} -E Pure and Passionless Recluse. Canonised as #2 gt.
Han Shou i! 32 (T. ff Fi). Died A.D. 291. The handsome 626

- 252 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

secretary of Chia Ch‘ung and secret lover of his younger daughter.
When the Emperor Wu Ti presented some wonderful foreign
perfume to Chia Ch‘ung, his daughter stole a portion of it for
Han Shou; and the father discovering this, thought it desirable to
consent to their union (see Chia Mz). On the accession of the

Emperor Hui Ti in 290 he became Governor of Honan.

627 Han T'an He 3 (T. yo AP and Fe JE). AD. 1636—1704.

A native of Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu, who graduated first on the
list of chin shih in 1678 and first at the subsequent Palace
examination. The Emperor K‘ang Hsi himself read his papers, and
commended the examiners’ choice. He was at once taken into
favour and was employed to revise the Ze RE th FE, a work on
the Canon of Filial Piety. His bent however was towards a quiet
country life of study, and he retired from 1679—1684, and again
for eight ‘years in 1687 on the plea of ill-health. At his home,
with the aid of a few recluse scholars, he edited the Six Classics
and the Twenty-two Histories. He is also credited with having
restored the standard of scholarship at the public examinations,
which had sunk since the fall of the Mings. In 1695 his friends,

anxious to rise with him, procured his recall to Peking as

628

Chancellor of the Han-lin College, and five years later the
Emperor insisted on his also filling the post of President of the
Board of Rites. These posts he retained until his death, but his
outspoken opinions, often opposed to the will of K‘ang Usi,
coupled with the calumnies of his foes, prevented his further
advancement. His temper became soured, and he latterly drank to
excess. Canonised as 4 BX.

Han T‘o-chou He (je FY (T. fii xe). Died AD. 1207. A
great grandson of Han Ch‘i. His father married a younger sister
of the wife of the Emperor Kao Tsung, and thus he obtained
office. He helped Chao Ju-yii to set the Emperor Ning Tsung on

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 253

the throne; but disappointed at the reward given him for his
services, he intrigued against Chao, and in 1195 effected his
disgrace and that of Chu Hsi. So soon as his power was
established he started the idea of recovering all the lost territory
of the Sungs, and in 1205 ordered an advance against the Chin®*

Tartars. The war proved disastrous, and he had to sue for peace. -

The Tartars set up a rebel king in Sstich‘uan, and demanded a
large indemnity, some cession of territory, and the author of the
war. Han stopped the negotiations; but the nation was weary
of the war, and through Shih Mi-yiian the Empress Dowager
was secretly induced to sanction Han’s execution. He was seized
while entering the palace, and slain. In 1208 the Tartars
demanded his head; and orders were given to open his coffin and
to forward the head accordingly. His property was confiscated,
and his four concubines, who had been wont to treat the
Imperial ladies arrogantly, were also put to death.

Han Ts‘ui-p‘ing iis Jk JR. 9th cent. A.D. A young lady in
the palace of the Emperor Hsi Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty.
Tired of her dull life, she one day wrote some verses upon a
red leaf which she threw into the moat. This was found by a
young scholar, named Yi Yu, who threw in a reply upon
another red leaf which in its turn was found by the young lady.
Shortly afterwards she was released from the palace and was
betrothed in the usual way to Yu Yu, neither being aware until
after marriage of the other’s share in the correspondence.

Han Wang. See Liu Pang.

629

Han Yen Hit WK (T. JE FR). 2nd cent. A.D. A friend of 630

the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, when the latter was
Prince of }J} } Chiao-tung and later on Heir Apparent. They
used to study together, and even after Wu Ti had. mounted the

throne they were almost inseparable companions. Han Yen

254 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

amassed great wealth, and in the chase, of which he was very

fond, he is said to have used golden pellets for his crossbow.

On one occasion, the Emperor invited the Prince of Chiang-tu

631

632

to go out hunting; but for some reason or other his own chariot

was unable to proceed, and he sent Han Yen in another chariot

on before him. The Prince, mistaking this equipage for that of

the Emperor, drew to the side and fell down on his knees with
all his cortége to allow his Majesty to pass. On discovering his
error he was furious, and complained bitterly to the Empress
Dowager. Before long a charge of immorality was brought against
Han Yen, and in spite of the Emperor’s efforts to save him, he
was forced to commit suicide.

Han Ying ise BR. 2nd cent. B.C. A native of the Yen State,
and one of the earliest commentators upon the Odes. His text
differed from that of Shén Kung and Yiian Ku, but his
interpretations were substantially the same. Summoned to discuss
the question with Tung Chung-shu in the presence of the
Emperor Wu Ti, he succeeded in holding his own even against
that great scholar. Of his Py {i and Bh 4 , the latter only
is extant.

Han Yu He 7 (T. 38 2. H. By B®). AD. 768-824. A
native of Téng-chou in Honan, whose ancestors came from 8
Fg Ch‘ang-li in Chihli. His father died before he was three
years old, and he was left to the charge of his brother. This
brother was shortly afterwards banished to Kuangtung, whither
he carried the little boy together with their widowed mother.
On the death of his brother some years later, Han Yiti returned
with his mother to Honan. There he devoted himself assiduously
to study; and it was recorded as something unusual that he
burnt grease and oil in order to prolong his hours of work. On

graduating he was appointed to a subordinate official post, and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 255

after a highly chequered career, rose to be President of the
Board of Rites. In 803, in consequence of an offensive memorial
on the subject of tax-collection in Chihli, he was degraded and
sent to Sa ily Yang-shan in Kuangtung. In 819 he presented
a meniorial protesting against certain extravagant honours with
which the Emperor Hsien Tsung proposed to receive a bone of
Buddha. The monarch was furious; and but for the intercession
of his friends P‘ei Tu and others, it would have fared badly with
the bold writer. As it was, he was banished to Ch‘ao-chou Fu
in Kuangtung, where he set himself to civilise the rude
inhabitants of those wild parts. He is even said to have driven
away a huge crocodile which was devastating the water-courses
in the neighbourhood; and the denunciatory ultimatum which he
addressed to the monster and threw into the river, together with
a pig and a goat, is still regarded as a model of Chinese:
composition. It was not very long ere he was recalled to the
capital and re-instated in office; but he had been delicate all his
life and had grown prematurely old, being thus unable to resist
a severe illness which came upon him. As a writer he occupies
a foremost place in Chinese literature. He is considered to be
the first of the great literary trio of the T‘ang dynasty, the
other two being Li Po and Tu Fu. His friend and contemporary,
Liu Tsung-yiian, said that he never ventured to open the works
of Han Yii without first washing his hands in rose-water. His
poems and his essays are of the very highest order, leaving
nothing to be desired either in originality or in style. With
regard to the famous memorial upon the bone of Buddha, it is
by no means certain that we have a transcript of the original
document. Chu Hsi indeed has pronounced it to be genuine, but
Su Tung-p‘o holds it to be a forgery. The latter, in his splendid
epitaph on Han Yii, says that “from the age of the Hans, the

633

256 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

“Truth began to be obscured, and literature to fade. Supernatural
‘religions sprang up on all sides; and many eminent scholars
“failed to oppose their advance, until Han Yi, the cotton-clothed,
‘arose and blasted them with his derisive sneer.’’ In the verses

which follow, he adds —

But above, in heaven, there was no music, and God was sad,

And summoned him to his place beside the Throne.
He was ennobled as Earl of Ch‘ang-li, and canonised as wl Be.
In 1084 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Han Yung He ye (T. 3x BE). AD. 1423-1479. A
distinguished provincial official, who graduated as chin shih in
1442, and for valour against rebels was appointed Governor of
Kiangsi at the early age of 29. His administration was excellent;
however in 1457 he was denounced for riding in a sedan-chair,
and was thrown into prison. Three years later he became Governor
of Hsiian® Fu and Ta-t‘ung in Shansi. The Emperor Hsien Tsung,
on mounting the throne, at once degraded him, but was soon
forced to employ him against an irruption of the Kuangsi
aborigines into Kuangtung. Han’s strategy proved a success; the
famous K iB Rattan Gorge was forced (its name being changed
to Lehr Cut Rattan); and the rebels were crushed. As Viceroy of
the Two Kuang, he quelled fresh risings between 1467 and 1473;
but the eunuch Inspector and the assistants of Han, smarting

under his scornful treatment of them, united in denouncing him,

and in 1474 he was compelled to retire. Canonised as ae RS -

634. Hang Shih-chiin 7, {i BZ (T. Je FS and Hr FA). Graduated

as chit jen in A.D. 1724, and became one of the editors of the
Wu Ying Tien classics and histories. He was afterwards a Censor,
but committed himself by over-boldness of speech and lost office.
He then went into retirement, bestowing upon himself the

sobriquet of Zs zs # Bi. He was noted as a poet and as a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 257

classical and historical scholar, and published several works in

those branches of literature.

Hao Ch‘u-chiin ji|f JR 4. Died A.D. 681. A native of An-lu
in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih about 640 and entered upon
an official career. After throwing up the service in disgust, he
once more took office and rose to be President of the Board of
War. Of a thrifty disposition, he regarded his body as but so
much clay or wood and refused to waste money in personal
adornment. He spoke out boldly and truthfully to his sovereign;
and although the Empress Wu Hou hated him, his irreproachable
character was sufficient to guard him from her spite. See Lou
Shih-té.

635

Hao I-hsing ii #4 FF (T. My Ju). Graduated in A.D. 1799. 636

Compiler of the at HEE HK =+, a commentary upon the famous
Hill and Water Classic, which claims to be the oldest geographical
work in the Chinese language. | |

Hao Lung ji Me (T. tk YA). 4th cent. A.D. Secretary
under Huan Wén during one of his campaigns against the
southern barbarians. Censured for introducing the savage dialect
into a verse, he replied that he didn’t see why a Barbarian
Secretary should not use barbarian terms. On another occasion ,
when every one was sunning various articles of personal property
he went and lay in the open courtyard. “I am sunning the
books in my belly,” he explained; the belly being regarded by
the Chinese as the seat and storehouse of all knowledge.

Hao Shou Shu Shéng [fi r=] SS AE. The name given to a
scholar of old, who disappeared for a long time, until one day
a neighbour of his, strolling over the hills, came upon a troop
of foxes, all of which scampered away except one. This one
suddenly took the shape of the missing man, and declared that

he had been changed into a fox.
av

367

638

639

258 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Hao Yu Hib ye (T. Wk fe. H. Ah Af). AD. 1623-1683. A
native of Chihli. He graduated as chin shih in 1649, and two
years later went to Sstich‘uan as an Inspecting Censor. He was
besieged in P% ‘ga. Pao-ning by the successors of Chang Hsien-
chung and was thus led to propose the employment of the
aborigines to check the rebels, a scheme the Boards laid aside as
not within the province of a Censor. On the pacification of
Ssiich‘uan, Wu San-kuei offered him an official dress, an act
which he denounced to the Emperor as meant either for a bribe
or for an insult. In revenge Wu San-kuei procured his banishment
to Kirin for falsely claiming to have been under fire at Pao-ning.
He was not re-instated until in 1675 Wei Hsiang-shu offered to
resign and suffer in his stead. He at once gave good advice as to
the campaign against Wu San-kuei, and in 1678 went as
Governor to Kuangsi, having induced the Emperor to send to
each high provincial authority a tablet bearing the words if KA
By} Probity, Caution, Diligence, as an outward token of the
Imperial desire. His death was publicly lamented, and his coffin
was escorted for many miles by the people. In recognition of his
clean-handedness, the Emperor overlooked a deficiency of some
Tis. 90,000 in his accounts, and at his son’s entreaty restored to
him the rank he had thereby forfeited.

640 Ho Chi fay FE (T. FF 7K. H. AL LL). AD. 1188-1268. A

native of ax Wu-chou in Chehkiang, who studied under Huang Kan
and then pursued his career of learning at home, surrounding himself
with a crowd of eager disciples and refusing all offers of official
employment. He was the author of many valuable commentaries upon
the Confucian books; also of the ii We a series of discussions
with Wang Po; and of a collection of miscellaneous writings
published under the title of 4k [Ll] 3¢ 48. He was canonised as
Bl ‘EE: and in 1724 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 259

Ho Ch‘iao il ij (T. fe BL). Died A.D. 292. An official 641
who rose to high office under the first two Emperors of the Chin
dynasty. In his youth he was a very handsome and refined young
man, and Ja -F- B Yt Tzti-sung compared him with a tall
pine-tree, which if used in building a mansion would be sure to

be taken for the principal beam. He was: so fastidious that instead

of riding, as was customary, in a carriage with his official
colleagues, he insisted on having a carriage all to himself.
Although enormously rich, he was so mean that Tu Yii declared he

had the ‘money disease.” Canonised as fifj - See Wang Jung.

Ho Ch‘iao-hsin 4 # $i (T. ZE FF). AD. 1427-1502. A 642
native of By 5 Kuang-ch‘ang in Kiangsi, who graduated as
chin shih in 1454 and served as secretary in several Boards. In
1480 he became Governor of Shansi, in which post he had to
deal with the terrible famine of 1484. In 1487 he was transferred

to Nanking, where he put down the oppression of the eunuchs.

At the beginning of 1488 he was recalled to Peking, but was
driven into retirement three years later on a charge of bribery,

of which however he was proved to be guiltless. He was austere
and somewhat eccentric, widely read and a bibliophile. Canonised

as IK it. |

Ho Chih-chang 4 7) (T. ZS i). Born AD. 659. He 648
flourished as a statesman and a poet under the reign of the
Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty, to whom he
introduced the youthful poet Li Po. He was one of the Hight
Immortals of the Wine-cup, and a lover of dissipation and
joviality. On one occasion he mounted a horse, although a bad
rider and drunk at the time; the result being that he fell into a
dry well and was found Snoring at the bottom. He gave himself
the sobriquet of py WA 44 Ze the Madman of Ssiti-ming, from

the name of his ancestral District in Chehkiang. He was also

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260 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

known as i 33 Ho the Devil, a name bestowed upon him by
his Imperial master. |

Ho Chin fay xf& (T. 33% Jey). Died AD. 190. Brother of a
lady chosen for the seraglio of the Emperor Ling Ti of the Han
dynasty ane in 179 raised to the throne as Empress. He was
consequently appointed to important posts, and in 184 was ordered
to defend the capital against the Yellow Turban rebels (see Chang
Chio), for which service he was ennobled as Marquis. His sister
and another lady of the seraglio having both given birth to sons,
an attempt was made to set aside the child of the former and get
the other boy named Heir Apparent. The Emperor himself was
inclined to this arrangement, as he considered the Empress’ son
to be wanting in the necessary dignity; but the matter was. still
unsettled when his Majesty died. Then a still more serious attempt
was made to slay Ho Chin and place the favoured youth upon
the throne; but Ho Chin received timely warning of his intended
assassination, and was able to collect his soldiers and enforce the
rights of his sister’s son. He followed this up by an attack upon
the eunuchs, and succeeded in getting an order for their dismissal
from the palace. The eunuch Chang Jang, however, had family
influence to back him with the Empress Dowager, and managed
to get the whole troop of his colleagues re-instated. This so
enraged Ho Chin that he determined to exterminate all of them;
but ere he could carry out this design, a band of eunuchs,
headed by Chang Jang, decoyed him into an ambush and slew
him with their swords.

Ho Ch‘t-ping fe == Th - Died B.C. 117. Illegitimate son of
the elder sister of Wei Ch'ing. At eighteen he was already
distinguished as a mounted archer of great skill, and received a
commission as a petty military official; hence he is sometimes

mentioned as fe pe Wk. Rising to the rank of President of the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 261

Board of War, in B.C. 123 he gained brilliant victories over the
Hsiung-nu, and was ennobled as Marquis. In B.C. 121 he led an
army to a distance of a thousand li beyond +H Kan-chou in
modern Kansuh, and brought back the golden image worshipped

by the Hsiung-nu chieftain 4 KB Hsiu-ch‘u and said to have

_ been an image of Buddha. On one occasion when his troops were
suffering severely from want of water, he struck the earth with

his whip, whereupon a spring at once gushed forth. He was a
young man of few words and great daring. In military matters he
preferred to trust to his own judgment, and positively refused to
study Sun Wu's Art of War. Canonised as ¥ a

Ho Ch‘uo fy fii (T. [l] B&. WH. SE PY and % fj). A.D. 646
1660—1722. A native of Kiangsu, and a well-known critical
writer. Among other works, he edited the History of the Han
Dynasty and the History of the Three Kingdoms. Books annotated

by him fetched such high prices that many forgeries were put on

the market. His Sy BS ae, consisting of notes on literature, was
posthumously published by a disciple.

Ho Hsien Ku ‘if {lj fk. 7th cent. A.D. Daughter of a 647
shopkeeper at ys [oe Ling-ling in Hunan. The Pure Male Principle
gave her one of the peaches of immortality, of which she ate one
half, and from that time forth required no more food. Summoned

to the Court of the Empress Wu Hou, she disappeared on the
way thither and was never seen again. She is now ranked among

the Hight Immortals.

Ho Hsin #4 4h (T. B 4). Died A.D. 320. A native of 648
Shan-yin in Chehkiang. His father had been flogged to death by
Sun Hao, fourth Emperor of the Wu dynasty, and the family
removed to a distant frontier-town. Ho Ustin led a wandering life
until things had quieted down, when he returned and took his hsiw

ts‘ai degree. He declined to serve under Prince Ay Lun of Chao, and

649

650

651

262 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

threw up his post of Censor on the plea of ill-health. He then
raised a volunteer force and did good service against the rebel
a Je Li Ch‘én, after which he retired once more into private
life. Summoned to office by the first Emperor of the Chin dynasty,
he was appointed President of the Sacrificial Court, and had entire
management of all matters connected with the Imperial mausoleum.
From his great purity of character, he was compared with ice and
jade. Though he rose to be a Minister of State and was known
as the Model Scholar of the age, he lived in a hut which scarcely
sheltered him from wind and rain. Canonised as BB.

Ho I-yi ty 4 > a 8th cent A.D. A magistrate at Ichang in
Hupeh. While at that post, an attempt was made to tax tea; but
he declared that such a measure would amount to cruelty, and
burnt the Imperial order. Luckily his superior officer held him in
high esteem, and he escaped without punishment. With all criminal
cases he dealt promptly, and his administration was so successful
that within three years grass grew in the prison yards.

Ho Ju-chang fy 40 Pa. A native of K ij Ta-p‘u near
Swatow, who graduated as chin shih in 1868 and in 1875 was a
Han-lin Compiler. He was then recommended by the Tsung-li
Yamén for service abroad. In 1877 he went as Minister to Tokio,
and on his return was appointed Director of the Foochow Arsenal.
For cowardice at the French attack on the Arsenal in 1884, he
was cashiered and sent to the post-roads, whence he returned in
disgrace to his home in 1888.

Ho Kai fy PR (T. 3H CC. He OK He). Born at Hongkong
in 1859, he began the study of English at the age of ten. At
twelve he was placed at the Government Central School, and two
years later he was sent to England. Until 1875 he was a student
at the Palmer Home School, and then joined the medical and

surgical college attached to St. Thomas’ Hospital. In 1878 he

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 263

proceeded to Aberdeen, and became a medical student at Marischal
College. In 1879, after gaining many prizes and certificates, he
graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (C.M.),
and obtained his diploma as Member of the Royal College of
Surgeons. In 1880 he joined the Inns of Court, and in 1881
gained the Senior Equity scholarship of one hundred guineas, as
also a similar scholarship for the Law of Real and Personal
Kstate, the latter of which he was precluded from accepting by
the regulations of his Inn. In 1882 he was called to the Bar, and
at the same time was married to an English lady, with whom he
returned to Hongkong in February of that year. On arrival in the
Colony he was made a Justice of the Peace, and since then has
practised in Hongkong as a barrister. He is a member of the
Legislative Council, the Sanitary, Medical, and other Boards.

Ho Kuan Tzii AB ii -F-. A recluse of the Ch'u State, classed
among the Taoist philosophers. He is said to have made his cap
of pheasants’ feathers, and his name is still used to designate
actors who wear such caps upon the stage.

Ho Kuang # { (T. -F- ZH). Died B.C. 68. The illegitimate
brother of Ho Ch‘ii-ping, who took him to Ch‘ang-an when about
ten years of age. He grew to be over seven feet in height, with
a fine beard and clear piercing eyes. He rose to high office under
the Emperor Wu Ti, whom he served faithfully and energetically
for over twenty years. In B.C. 91, when the Emperor, disgusted
with the behaviour of his three sons by the Empress, wished to
make Fu Ling Heir Apparent, he felt that Ho Kuang was the
one man upon whom he could rely. In token thereof he caused
the Court artist to paint a picture of Chou Kung bearing in his
arms the little Prince Ch‘éng, second sovereign of the Chou
dynasty, and publicly presented it to Ho Kuang. For his share in
suppressing the conspiracy of Mang Ho-lo (see Chin Mi-ti) he was

652

653

264: A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

ennobled as Marquis, and at the death of Wu Ti he was appointed
Regent. He discovered a plot to depose the young Emperor and
assassinate himself, concocted by the family into which he had
married his daughter, whose daughter had become Empress. The
conspirators were all executed or were forced to commit suicide,
and for thirteen years afterwards Ho Kuang’s power was supreme.
In B.C. 74 the Emperor died without issue, and by Ho’s advice
a grandson of Wu Ti was chosen to succeed. He proved however
to be a dissolute and worthless monarch; and Ho, after consultation
with Chang An-shih and T‘ien Yen-nien, called a council, at
which T‘ien threatened with instant death any one who should
oppose Ho Kuang. The Empress Dowager was taken into
confidence; and the new monarch was brought before her in
presence of all the Court, his faults proclaimed and his seal
taken from him, he himself being sent home under escort, while
some 200 or 300 of his officers were executed. The grandson of
Wu Ti’s original Heir Apparent who had been forced to commit
suicide in B.C. 91, was now raised to the throne under the title
of Hsiian® Ti. He stood in great awe of Ho Kuang; and one
day when the latter accompanied him to the ancestral temple,
his Majesty declared that he felt as though he had a bunch of
thorns down his back. Ho Kuang and his family were loaded
with favours; yet in B.C. 71 his wife secretly caused the young
Empress to be ae Oren and then persuaded the Emperor to
-marry her own daughter. To this crime Ho Kuang does not seem
to have been privy. In his last illness the Emperor paid him a
kindly visit, and he received a public funeral. Some two years
after his death the Empress and her mother were mixed up in a
palace intrigue of such gravity that the, former committed suicide
in despair, two of their male relatives were put to death, and the

family prosperity came to a sudden end, Canonised as a WX.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 265

Ho-lu Wang Fal iy fF. 5th and 6th cent. B.C. The title
under which Prince 3¥; Kuang of the Wu State is known in
history. He reigned B.C. 514—496, and is noted for having
removed his capital from Aj. FAL Mei-li to the modern Soochow,
where he built the famous th ie EB Ku-su tower, after which
the city is now often called. His tomb is known as ea i
Tiger-Mound, from a white tiger which took up its abode there
three months after his interment. He was noted for his simplicity
of life, and when on a campaign insisted on sharing all luxuries
of food with his soldiers.

Ho Po jay AH. A deity with a human face (some say with a
fish’s body), depicted as riding on two dragons called 7K Hy
Shui I and “Hj #3 Féng I. Also variously known as YG i
(or 1B), Be, ME Hy, and WG 3H. Originally worshipped as
the God of the Yellow River, it was customary to offer the
annual sacrifice of a maiden, who was richly attired and then
thrown into the stream. The practice was stopped by Hsi-mén
Pao, Governor of Yeh in Honan, in B.C. 424.

Ho Shang Chang Jen vay ao aC ia 5th cent. B.C. The name
given to an old hermit who lived on the banks of the Yellow
River. He is said by some to have received the Tao Té Ching
from Lao Tzti, but his personality has evidently been confused
with that of Ho Shang Kung.

Ho Shang Kung jay f By. 2nd cent. B.C. The name given
to a scholar who flourished under the Emperor Wén Ti of the
Han dynasty, and who is said to have produced the first edition
of the Tao Té Ching.

Ho-shén FUE . Died A.D. 1799. A Manchu of obscure birth,
whose good looks led the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung to raise him from
his post of guard at the palace gates. Being found to possess

unusual talents he was quickly promoted, and by the end of the

654

655

656

657

658

659

— 660

661

266 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

reign he was Prime Minister and Grand Secretary, and his son
had married an Imperial princess. The next Emperor, Chia

Ch‘ing, appointed him to superintend the funeral obsequies of his

‘predecessor; but then, suspecting him of designs upon the throne,

he caused him to be seized and tried for corruption and undue
familiarity. He was condemned to death, and allowed to commit
suicide, his vast fortune being confiscated.

Ho Shu # 4X. 12th cent. B.C. Younger brother of Wu Wang.
He joined in the plot to deprive his nephew of the throne, which
was crushed by Chou Kung. See Kuan Shu Hsien. |

Ho Ti. See (Han) Liu Chao; (Ch‘i) Hsiao Pao-jung.

Ho Tien 47 BA (T. -F PF). A.D. 486—504. A scholar and
recluse, whose father had been out of his mind and had murdered
Ho Tien’s mother, for which he suffered death when the boy was
only eleven years of age. The latter, on reaching manhood,
although a handsome and intelligent youth, registered a vow
neither to marry nor to enter into official life. He passed his days
roaming about in most unconventional dress, and was often
brought home drunk. The first Emperor of the Liang dynasty,
who ‘had been an old friend, sent for him to Court, presented
him with a deerskin cap, and wanted to give him a post; but
Ho Tien seized the Emperor’s beard and cried out, “Why, you
would make a Minister of Lao Tzt himself!” He was allowed to
depart in peace, and retired with his two brothers into seclusion.
They are sometimes spoken of as wy = a the Three Lofty
Ones of the Ho family, Ho Tien himself being popularly known
as We 3Fi the Recluse Scholar.

Ho Ts‘éng fay tf (T. 2A 2). A.D. 199-278. A native of
Yang-hsia in Honan, who held high office under the Emperor
Ming Ti of the Wei dynasty. Disgusted with the monopoly of

power by Ts‘ao Shuang, he retired for a time from public life,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 267

rising later on to be Minister of State under the first Emperor
of the Chin dynasty, by whom he was ennobled as Duke. He was

a noted epicure, and was said to spend 10,000 cash daily upon

his table. At the same time he was an example of filial piety, *

and throughout his life never took a concubine into his family.
Canonised as JE. |

Ho Yen ‘ny %& (T. 2p #2). 8rd cent. A.D. A handsome and
clever youth, who at the age of seven attracted the attention of
the great T's‘ao Ts‘ao, and was taken into his palace to be brought
up as one of his own sons. But the boy drew a circle on the
ground and ensconced himself within it, saying “This is my

house;” whereupon Ts‘ao Ts‘ao ordered him to be sent home. His

face was so white that the Emperor Ming Ti thought he used —

powder. One hot summer’s day, while eating some scalding soup,
he began to sweat profusely; yet after mopping his face with his
red sleeve, its whiteness was as dazzling as ever. His Majesty
however regarded him as an effeminate and worthless fellow, and
dismissed him from the palace, to which he returned so soon as
Ts‘ao Shuang came into power. He gained some literary reputation
by his knowledge of the Canon of Changes.

Hosila Fal tH: HR. Died A.D. 1329. Eldest son of Kaisun. At
the death of Yesun Timur (see Achakpa) he was an exile in the
north of Gobi; accordingly his younger brother, Tup Timur, entered
Peking and ascended the throne, to hold it until Hosila should
arrive. At the end of 1828, envoys were dispatched to escort
Hosila who was duly proclaimed seventh Emperor of the Ytian
dynasty; and in the following autumn the brothers met, but five
days later Hosila died suddenly. Canonised as Wy ee

Hou Chi =; fs. The title under which is known #& Ch'i, son
of Es JR Chiang Yiian, consort of the Emperor vey K‘u, B.C.
2436. His mother happened to step in a giant’s footprint, and so

662

663

664

665

268 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

became pregnant; but regarding the child born as a thing of ill-
omen, she tried to get rid of it. Hence the name Ch‘i= Castaway.
The child however was miraculously saved, and when he grew
up, devoted himself to agriculture, becoming Director of Husbandry
under the Emperor Yao.

Hou Ching (% Br (T. FH x). AD. 502-552. A native of
WA Ki So-fang in Kansuh, who enlisted in the Wei army and
rose to be Governor of Honan. In 547 he submitted with his
province to the Liang dynasty, and in 548 was utterly routed by
the Eastern Wei. Ere long he rebelled, and after a stubborn
defence succeeded in taking the capital. He set up a son of the
Emperor, by whose aid he had got across the Yang-tsze, but soon
slew him: and two successors, and in 551 took the Imperial title
as Emperor of Han, his rule extending westward from Soochow
and north from ‘ie. fs] Ning-kuo Fu in Anhui. A year later he
was routed in a great battle by Wang Séng-pien and Ch’én Pa-
hsien, and fled into Chehkiang where he was slain.

Hou Chu. See (M. Han) Liu Ch‘an; (Ch‘én) Ch‘én Shu-pao;
(N. Chti) Kao Wei; (Chin?) Wan-yen Shou-hsu.

666 Hou Fang-yi 4% Fy HR (T. Hi FF). A-D. 1618—1654. A

667

668

poet who lived in the stormy times which preceded the downfall
of the Ming dynasty.

Hou I ja ZA. A title given to AG a the Prince of Ch'iung,
a famous archer in the service of the legendary Emperor Dies K‘u,
B.C. 2436, and continued to a descendant of his who similarly
distinguished himself under the Emperor Yao. The latter is said
to have shot arrows into the sky to deliver the moon from an
eclipse, and in like manner to have dispersed the false suns which
suddenly appeared in the heavens and caused much mischief to the
crops. He was the husband of Ch‘ang O.

Hou I Is ZA. An.archer under the Emperor Kk it T'ai K‘ang

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 269

of the Hsia dynasty, B.C. 2188. He is said to have driven his
master from the capital, and to have seized the throne, which he
held for 27 years, until slain by one FE YE Han Cho, also called

Be ae P‘éng (or P‘ang) Méng, who was jealous of his skill in *

archery. Chuang Tzii declared that if a man stood in front of the
bull’s-eye and Hou I failed to hit him, it would be that Destiny
had turned the arrow aside.

Hou Pa {% ra] (E af ff; ). Died A.D. 37. A virtuous Governor
of fa ee Lin-huai under the Han dynasty. When ordered to the
capital, the people lay down in the road and hung on to the
shafts of his carriage in order to prevent his departure.

Hou Ts‘ang jy & (T. jr AF). Ast cent. B.C. A great
scholar of the Han dynasty, who held high office under the
Kmperor Hsiian® Ti. He transmitted the Ritual from Kao T‘ang to
Tai Té, who was his pupil. In A.D. 1530 he was admitted into
the Confucian Temple.

Hou T‘u } -. One of the Ministers of the Yellow Emperor,
B.C. 2698. His allotted region was the north, and he ruled over
earth and water. Deified as mee the tutelary god of the soil.
Hou Ying (% Ka- 8rd cent. B.C. A recluse of the Wei State.
When he was seventy years of age and in great’ poverty, Wu
Chi wished to engage his services; but the old man refused all
offers, contenting himself with recommending Chu Hai, by whose
means Wu Chi is said to have succeeded in relieving Han-tan.
Hsi Ch‘i 4 7. B.C. 666—651. Son of Duke Hsien of the Chin
State, by his concubine Li Chi. Through his mother’s influence he was
placed upon the throne, to the exclusion of the rightful heir; but
he was immediately murdered by the Minister FA HF Li K'o.
Hsi Chung zx Ah. 20th cent. B.C. A descendant of the Yellow
Emperor, said to have been Master of the Horse under the Great

Yi and to have been the first to employ horses as draught animals.

669

670

671

672

673

674

675

676

677

678

270 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Hsi-fu 7; jig. A-D. 1588-1652. Became secretary to the
Emperor T‘ai Tsu on account of his knowledge of the Manchu,
Chinese, and Mongol languages. He rose in 1636 to be one of
the newly instituted Three Grand Secretaries, and had a large
share in the organisation of the government. In 1644 he presented
to the Throne translations of the Liao, Chin, and Yiian histories.
A rival Minister, 34 aS T‘an-t‘ai, procured his degradation; but
in 1651 the Emperor Shun Chih, on assuming the direction of
affairs, restored him to office, and T‘an-t‘ai was executed for
treason. Ennobled as Viscount, and canonised as Bl fifi -

Hsi Ho 3% Fil (1) A legendary female, said to have given birth
to the sun. (2) An official under the Great Yii. .
Hsi K‘ang. (Transfer from Chi K‘ang.)

Hsi-ling Shih pi |G fe. The Lady of Hsi-ling in Hupeh; a
title given to ne fi, Lei Tsu, consort of the Yellow Emperor,
from her birthplace. She is said to have taught the art of rearing
silkworms, and is now worshipped as TK, Fa -

Hsi-mén Pao py FY 4. 5th cent. B.C. A worthy of old, who
always wore a soft leather girdle to help him to correct a certain
roughness in his own dispositions When appointed Magistrate of
Yeh in modern Honan,, he began by enquiring what were. the
grievances of the people. He found that the chief men were in the
habit of leaguing with the sorcerers of the place to collect large
sums of money for the purpose of providing the River-God (see
Ho Po) with a wife. They would then fix upon some girl of poor
family, and sacrifice her with great ceremony by setting her
afloat on the river in such a way that she soon sank and was
drowned.- The bulk of the subscriptions was then divided amongst
the conspirators. Upon the first possible occasion, Hsi-mén Pao
appeared upon the scene; and declaring that the girl was not

nearly good-looking enough, told the sorcerers that they must go

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 271

and report to the God that another girl would be chosen
} immediately. Thereupon he caused them to be flung into the
river, and after waiting some time for them to come back, he
said that the chief men must be sent to see why they delayed.
Accordingly the chief men were thrown in after them; and from
that time the custom fell into desuetude.

Hsi Shih py ff, or Hsi Tzu py -F- (M. Be 3K). 5th cent.
B.C. One of the most famous of Chinese beauties. She was the
danghter of humble parents, named Shih, known as the PY western
Shihs to distinguish them from another family of that name. She
lived in the Yiieh State, and gained her livelihood by washing
silk; or according to another account, by selling firewood. Chuang
Tzii writes of her as follows: — ‘‘When Hsi Shih was distressed
in mind, she knitted her brows. An ugly woman of the village,
seeing how beautiful she looked, went home, and having worked
herself into a fit frame of mind, knitted her brows. The result was
that the rich people barred up their doors and would not come out,
while the poor people took their wives and children and departed
elsewhere. That woman saw the beauty of knitted brows but she did
not. see wherein the beauty of knitted brows lay.” In due course
the fame of Hsi Shih’s loveliness reached the ears of the Prince of
Yiieh; and acting under the advice of his trusted Minister, Fan Li,
he at once set to work to make her the means of wreaking
vengeance upon his victorious rival, Fu Ch‘ai, the Prince of Wu.
Hsi Shih was trained in deportment for three years, dressed in
gorgeous apparel, and sent under the care of Fan Li, ambassador to
Wu, to be exhibited to Fu Ch‘ai. The stratagem was successful;
the Prince of Wu abandoned himself to lustful dalliance, and was
ere long completely defeated by his wily neighbour. See Kou Chien.
Hsi Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Yen; (Chin?) Wan-yen Tan;
(Ming) Chu Yu-chiao.

679

272 A Ghinese Biographical Dictionary

680 Hsi Wang Mu py -— ff. The Royal Lady of the West, a

681

682

683

legendary being supposed to dwell upon the K‘un-lun mountains
and to have been visited there by Mu Wang. In her garden
grow the peaches which ripen but once in 3000. years and confer
immortality upon those who eat them. Later tradition has given
her a husband called Hf -F AS the Royal Lord of the Hast.
Hsia-hou Hstian 3 fe % (T. Tk 491). A man of great
probity, who lived at the close of the Han dynasty, and finally
took service under the House of Wei, A.D. 220, rising to be
President of the Sacrificial Court. He was popularly said to be
as purely transparent as though he had the sun and moon inside
his breast. A daughter of his married a man who was cousin to
Ts‘ao Shuang, and was left a widow. When Ts‘ao Shuang was
executed and the whole family exterminated, and her father was
persuading her to marry again, she cut off her ears; and when
her relatives in a body tried to force her to remarry, she settled
the matter by cutting off her nose.

Hsia Sung 3 wR (T. fF @). AD. 985-1051. A native of
Té-an in Hupeh, who rose to high office under the Emperor Jen
Tsung of the Sung dynasty. While still a young man he wrote
some verses on a silk handkerchief; and on these being shown to
Yang Hui-chih, the latter cried out “This is the stuff of which
Ministers are made!” He was a man of learning, well-read in
the Classics, history, genealogy, geomancy, and law; but he was
greedy of gain and could not get on with his colleagues, so that
he never was long in the capital. During his service in the
provinces he did his best to put down wizards and the black art.
He was ennobled as Duke, and canonised as G4 Wt.

Hsia Yen 3 = (T. AL HB). AD. 1482—1548. Graduating
as chin shih in 1517, he became a Censor and gained great

popularity as a reformer and opponent of the eunuchs. In 1528

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 273

he won the favour of the Emperor Shih Tsung by encouraging
his proposal to erect four altars, to Heaven, Earth, the Sun, and
the Moon. Chang Ts‘ung in vain tried to prevent his rise, and
by the end of 1536 Hsia was Prime Minister. In 1539 he was
the first “Pillar of the State” under the Mings, but his pride and
carelessness ere long enabled Yen Sung to turn him out. He soon
regained power, only to lose it again in 1542. Restored to office,
he once more lost favour through the eunuchs whom he always
treated with contempt. In 1548 he was accused of taking bribes
from an unsuccessful general whom he himself had nominated. On
this charge he was tried, and executed. In the next reign. his
honours were restored, and he was canonised as Bl Bx.

Hsia Yu B A - A native of the State of Wei®, famous for his
gigantic strength. He could lift a weight of about 40,000 lds., and
was remarkable for being able, among other feats, to pull the
tail out of a living ox. See Méng Pén.

Hsia Yuian-chi 3 7p FF (T. HEHE). Died AD. 1430. A
native of Hsiang-yin in Hunan, who entered public life as a
copyist. The founder of the Ming dynasty promoted him to a
secretaryship in the Board of Revenue, of which he rose to be
President in 1403. He laboured hard to provide for the expenses
of the wars and expeditions of the Emperor Yung Lo, and for
building Peking, without undue oppression. Instructed in 1411 to
show the future Emperor Hstian Tsung the condition of the people,
he presented a leek to the young Prince to illustrate the hardness
of their fare. He was often consulted at confidential audiences;
however in 1421 his objection to the Emperor taking the field in
person against the Tartars led to his imprisonment. His property
was confiscated, but only cotton garments and earthenware utensils
were found in his house. In 1424 the new Emperor restored him
to office, and by his advice the taxes were lightened, distress

18

684.

685

686

687

688

689

274. A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

relieved, expeditions to foreign countries stopped, and charges on
the acquisition of precious stones in Ytinnan and Annam abolished.
It was owing to his wise counsels that the Emperor UHsiian Tsung
erushed his uncle Chu Kao-hsii by promptly heading an army
against him. Canonised as Ht Dig -

Hsiang #. 23rd cent. B.C. Son, by his second wife, of the
father of the Emperor Shun.
Hsiang 38 or Shih Hsiang fi 3B. 6th cent. B.C. The music-
master who gave instruction to Confucius.

Hsiang An-shih 4 4% {it (T. 7 4%). Died A.D. 1208. A
native of Chiang-ling, who attracted the notice of Chu Hsi and
rose to high office under the Emperor Ning Tsung of the Sung
dynasty. Author of the Bh HE es a treatise on the Canon of
Changes, and of many other works known to scholars.

Hsiang Chang | (T. -F¥- 2p). 1st cent. B.C. and A.D.
A learned native of Hy a Chao-ko in Honan, who though very
poor declined to take office and remained at home studying the
Canon of Changes, subsisting upon the charity of friends. He said
that poverty was obviously preferable to wealth, and a humble
station to an exalted one; but he admitted that he could not say
if death would be preferable to life. At length, about A.D. 40,
when all his children were grown up and married, he retired with

a friend to the mountains and was never heard of again.

690 Hsiang Chi IH 3 (T. A). B.C. 2383—202. A nephew of

Hsiang Liang, whose fortunes he followed in the revolt of the
latter against the Ch‘in dynasty and the resuscitation of the kingdom
of Ch‘u under King eed Huai. He was seven feet in height, and
endowed with great strength both of body and mind. Appointed to
serve as second under Sung I in the northern army of Ch‘u, while
his great rival Liu Pang received command of the southern army,

he proceeded to the relief of Chii-lu, en route for Hsien-yang, the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 275

capital of Ch'in, it being understood that whichever general first
entered the capital should receive the Principality of Ch‘in as his
reward. But as Sung I showed a tendency to dilatoriness, Hsiang
Chi, on the plea that he was at heart a traitor, went one morning —
into his tent and cut off his head. He then relieved Chii-lu, inflicting
severe defeats on the Ch‘in forces; and in B.C. 207 he prevailed
upon the Ch'in general, Chang Han, to surrender with his whole
army, for which Hsiang Chi gave him the title of King of Yung,
with a promise of the territory of that name as soon as the Ch'in
dynasty should be overthrown. He now set out for Hsien-yang;
and on his way put to the sword, on suspicion of treachery, the
whole army which had recently surrendered, falling upon them and
butchering them in the night. On reaching the eastern pass, he
found it guarded by Liu Pang’s soldiers. As they offered but a
feeble resistance, he easily forced his way through, and Liu Pang
found himself obliged to come to terms. There was a meeting
between the rivals, at which the latter narrowly escaped assassination;
and a few days later Hsiang Chi sacked the city and put to death
Tzti-ying, the last representative of the House of Ch‘in. He then
proclaimed King Huai of Ch‘u as Emperor, under the title of ae
iff’ I Ti, and divided Ch‘in between Chang Han and two of his
generals, Liu Pang got Sstich‘uan and part of Shensi; and he
himself became King of Ch‘u and at the same time chief over the
other kings, with his capital at P‘éng-ch‘éng. Hence he is commonly
spoken of in popular literature as ra] “FE Chief King. Ere long
he caused the new Emperor to be assassinated, which act roused
the other rulers into active measures against his bloodthirsty
ambition. But he vanquished Chang Han, and then defeated and
almost took prisoner Liu Pang. A peace was concluded, which Liu
Pang treacherously violated; and in the contest which ensued

Hsiang Chi was completely routed at the battle of wy aS Kai-hsia.

691

276 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

After performing prodigies of valour in an attempt to renew the
contest, he finally committed suicide. He left behind him a name
inseparably associated with unscrupulous cruelty. On one occasion,
when Liu Pang’s father had fallen into his hands, and supplies
of food had been cut off, he produced the prisoner in sight of the
enemy, and sent to Liu Pang to say. that unless he tendered his
submission he would boil the old man alive. But Liu Pang, who
kept his public duties and private feelings strictly apart, returned
the following answer: — ‘When in the service of King Huai,
you and I became sworn brothers. My father is therefore your
father. However, if you do decide to boil him, kindly let me have
a basin of the broth.” From this reply Hsiang Chi knew that Liu
Pang was not a man to be terrorised; and in accordance with the
dictates of a wiser policy, the father’s life was spared. He then
challenged Liu Pang to single combat, which the latter declined,
alleging that his strength lay rather in planning than in fighting.
At an interview which took place immediately afterwards, between
the lines of the two opposing camps, Liu Pang charged Hsiang
Chi with having committed ten iniquitous acts; at which Hsiang
Chi. was so enraged that he seized his bow and wounded Liu
Pang severely in the breast. But the latter, so as not to cause a
panic among his soldiers,’ stooped down and rubbed his foot,
pretending that he had been wounded on the toe, and with the
aid of Chang Liang made the best of his way back to his tent.
See Fan Ts‘éng, Liu Pang, Yu Chi.

Hsiang Chit Ay oe A bold official of the ancient State of
Ch'i, who alone ventured to reprove Prince Hstian® for building
a vast hall to cover many acres, and with three hundred doors to
it, over which three years had already been spent. ‘‘Ah!” cried
the Prince, ‘why not say this before?” Then calling the Grand
Historiographer, he bade him enter in the annals the following

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 277

words: — ‘Prince Hstian® would have built a vast hall, but
Hsiang Chii stopped him.” .

Hsiang Chung-shan 39 ({ [LJ]. 1st and 2nd cent. B.C. A 692
native of An-ling in Chihli, famous for scrupulous honesty in all —
his dealings. Even when he watered his horses in the river, he
always threw in three cash to pay for what they had drunk.

Hsiang Hsiu |i] 7 (T. -F Hi). 3rd cent. A.D. One of the 698
45 WK 4 BE Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, the other six
being Chi K‘ang, Liu Ling, Shan Tao, Ytian Hsien, Yiian Chi,
and Wang Jung. He was versatile and sympathetic, and readily
adapted himself to the humours of his friends. Thus, he could
practise alchemy with Chi K‘ang at Lo-yang, and join J Ze

Lii An in watering his garden at Shan-yang. He wrote a
strikingly original commentary on Chuang Tt; but death
interrupted his work, and he left the | chapters on “Autumn
Floods” and “Perfect Happiness” untouched. His son was a mere
child, and the family was broken up. Kuo Hsiang got hold of the
unfinished commentary; and after adding the necessary notes to
“Autumn Floods,” and making a few changes in ‘‘Horses’ Hoofs,”

he published the whole as his own.

Hsiang Liang 44 Y. Died B.C. 208. A native of the Ch'u 694
State, and uncle of Hsiang Chi, who in B.C. 209 rose in
insurrection against the Ch‘in dynasty, and in conjunction with
Liu Pang succeeded in making Ch‘'u once more an independent -

_ kingdom, himself taking the title of Prince. In the following
year however he was surprised in his camp and slain by Chang
Han, the leader of the forces of Ch‘in.

Hsiang Sst A iy CE: Se). 8th and 9th cent. A.D. A 695
scholar. and official of the T'ang dynasty, known for the purity of

his administration, and also. for the praises lavished on him by his
friend a fit <2 Yang Ching-chih who was a great admirer of

278 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his poetry. “To speak of Hsiang Sst” is now used as a phrase

for speaking well of a person.

696 Hsiang T‘o 34 Be. 5th and 6th cent. B.C. A precocious lad,

697

who was said to have been qualified at seven years of age to be
the teacher of Confucius. |

Hsiao Ch‘a Fe HR (T. $H FAR). AD. 5388—562. Grandson of
Hsiao Yen, first Emperor of the Liang dynasty. His claim to the
throne being set aside in favour of the Emperor Hsiao Kang, he
set to work to surround himself with trusty retainers, and had at
last gathered a body of sevéral thousand men ready for any
enterprise. For some years he was Military Superintendent of the
territory north of the Yang-tsze, and gained great popularity by
his administration. Upon the capture of Chiang-ling in Hupeh by
the Western Wei, he was saluted as Emperor of the Minor Liang
dynasty, with the year-title K 4E.. Enjoying independent
sovereignty in his own dominions, he still styled himself ‘‘subject”’
in his addresses to the more legitimate occupant of the Imperial
throne. He was filial, thrifty, and a teetotaller. Canonised as ‘Ey.
ps ip with the temple name of rH a

Hsiao Chao Ti. See Kao Yen.

698 Hsiao Chao-wén jf Jif} 3. Died A.D. 494. Brother of Hsiao

Chao-yeh, whom he succeeded in 494 as fourth Emperor of the
Southern Ch‘i dynasty, being placed on the the throne by Hsiao
Luan. At the expiration of three months Luan deposed him, and
soon afterwards he was put to death. Known in history as Yi [Be +.

699 Hsiao Chao-yeh jy Hf] 34. Died A.D. 494. Grandson of Hsiao

Tsé, whom he succeeded in 493 as third Emperor of the Southern
Ch‘i dynasty. He was slain by the Regent Hsiao Luan after a
reign of thirteen months. Known in history as i iN +.

700 Hsiao Ch‘i-chiang jf PRyT. (T. % Ji). A distinguished

Imperialist leader, who was chiefly instrumental in driving Shih

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 279

Ta-k’ai back from Hupeh into Kuangsi. He died in 1860, while
pursuing Shih Ta-k‘ai in Sstich‘uan, and was canonised as Jt HA.
Hsiao Ching Ti. See Yiian Shan-chien.

Hsiao Chuang Ti. See Ytian Tzt-yu.

Hsiao Fang-chih ff Fj 7) (T. #E 44). Born A.D. 542. Ninth

701

son of Hsiao I, and successor to Hsiao Yiian-ming as sixth and—

last sovereign of the Liang dynasty. He ruled merely in name
under Ch‘én Pa-hsien from 555 to 557, when he was forced to
abdicate in favour of Ch'én. Known in history as #if% if.

Hsiao Ho Pe 4nf. Died B.C. 198. A native of P‘ei in modern
Kiangsu, and originally a clerk, who from the very first attached
himself to the fortunes of Liu Pang and was his intimate friend
and adviser for many years. In the great struggle between his
chief and Hsiang Chi, it was entirely due to his energy that the

army of the former was well supplied with provisions, for which

102

important service he was ennobled as Marquis. Upon the occupation ©

of Hsien-yang, he was overwhelmed with offerings of money, silks,
and other valuables; but he would accept nothing save the official
records of the population, maps of the country, and the code of
laws which had been in force under the Ch‘ins. Enthusiastic scholars
have branded him as a “criminal for all time” for not having
caused the production of such of the Classics as might then have
been lying concealed in Hsien-yang, hidden to preserve them from
the fate of those which perished in the Burning of the Books (see
Li Sst). But Hsiao Ho had practical aims. His maps gave him a
knowledge of the passes and other strongholds, which later on
proved invaluable to Liu Pang’s cause, and he was enabled to draw
up a new Penal Code for the rising dynasty of Han. He advised
the removal of the capital to Ch‘ang-an, as a means of breaking
the more readily with the traditions of the dynasty that was passing
away. Upon the outbreak of [Ht iis Ch‘én Hsi’s rebellion, the

280 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Emperor proceeded in person to Han-tan, promoting Hsiao Ho to
be chief Minister and practically leaving him in charge of the
realm (see Han Hsin). Hsiao Ho built himself a very small house,
saying that if his descendants were worthy men it would be to
them an example of thrift; if unworthy, then they would not
quarrel for its possession. He was canonised as BL XK, and is
sometimes spoken of as Zl AH.

703 Hsiao Hsien el SE. A.D. 583—621. A great-grandson of the
Emperor Yiian Ti of the Liang dynasty, and a Magistrate under
the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty. In 617, at the invitation
of the Hu-Kuang rebels, he set up as King, and in 618 as Emperor,
with his capital at the modern Ching-chou Fu. Though outwardly
affable, he was of so jealous a nature that his best officers, fearing
for their lives, readily deserted to the T‘ang Emperor whose armies
found little difficulty in reaching his capital. He surrendered, in
order to save his people from the horrors of a prolonged siege,
just before his relief arrived, and was beheaded on account of his
stubborn refusal to acknowledge the House of T'ang.

104 Hsiao Hung At ¥. 5th cent. A.D. Brother of Hsiao Yen who
became the first Emperor of the Liang dynasty. He was a great
miser, and is said to have marked his piles of a million cash with
yellow labels, and his piles of ten million with red labels. For his
avarice he was reproved by Fa Ke Hsiao Tsung, in an essay
entitled 9¥ By Mad on Money. This story is sometimes told of
Hsiao Yen.

705 Hsiao I jf #2 (7. tHE 3). AD. 508—554. Seventh son of
Hsiao Yen. He slew the brother, known in history as FR =a +,
whom Hou Ching had placed upon the throne in succession to
Hsiao Kang, and proclaimed himself fourth Emperor of the Liang
dynasty. In 554 the Western Wei took Chiang-ling in Hupeh, and
he was put to death, after having burnt the Imperial Library. He

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 284

expressed a hope that no earthenware dogs or cocks would be
placed, as usual, at his mausoleum. “For the dogs,” he explained,
“will not be able to guard my grave, nor will the cocks crow at
dawn.” He was known by the nickname of & pee as and was
canonised as fit ji, 24 7p 2 iH.

Hsiao Kang i gj (T. tht at). AD. 508-551. Third son of 706
Hsiao Yen, whom he succeeded in 549 as second Emperor of the
Liang dynasty. He was slain by Hou Ching. Canonised as Ik —
fi 3 a. | |

Hsiao Kuei ff f(T. {2 BR). AD. 542—585. Son of Hsiao 707
Ch‘a, whom he succeeded in 562 as Emperor of the Minor Liang
dynasty. He appeared several times at Court, and always remained
upon the best of terms with his nominal suzerain the Emperor of

the N. Chou dynasty. Author of the Ee HK Fe 3S 30, on

the Canons of Filial Piety and Changes, and also of a work on

the Buddhistic schools of Mahayana and Hinayana, or the Greater
and Lesser Developments, entitled KAS FE (4 il -

Hsiao Liang-yu #f AOA (T. WY (5). A.D. 1540—1621. A 708
native of Han-yang, who graduated as chi jen at the age of fifteen, .
and was first at the chin shih examination of 1580. He was employed

in literary posts until 1595, when he became Libationer in the
Imperial Academy of Learning. He was denounced for usurping

_ the functions of Board officials, and compelled to retire. Author

of the He BC Hii Be a popular record of incidents in the lives

of eminent men and women.

Hsiao Luan ji 4% (T. $4 fh). A.D. 459—498. Nephew of 709
Hsiao Tao-ch‘éng. He deposed Hsiao Chao-wén and Hsiao Chao-yeh,

and succeeded the former in 494 as fifth Emperor of the Southern
Ch‘i dynasty. He made his way to power by the slaughter of
eleven princes, but ruled with great conscientiousness. His reign
was marked by a war with Wei in 495, and the rebellion of IE #%

710

“1

713

714

282 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Al] Wang Ching-tsé in 496. Canonised as Jry G? W ie.
Hsiao Man nS Tee . A concubine of the poet Po Chii-i, famous
for her willow-wand waist, from which a wine-flask of similar
proportions was also named ‘“‘willow-wand.” See Fan Su.

Hsiao Min Ti. See Yti-wén Chiio.

Hsiao Ming Ti. See Yiian I.

Hsiao Pao-chiian jit 9 4 (7. 4 JE). AD. 484-502.
Son of Hsiao Luan, whom he succeeded in 498 as sixth sovereign
of the Southern Ch‘i dynasty. A worthless debauchee who relied
solely on eunuchs, he was deposed by his brother, Hsiao Pao-
jung, and slain by his people when Hsiao Yen approached
Nanking. His concubine P‘an Fei led him to expend vast sums;
and his minions, whom he used to call pis Demon So-and-so,
induced him to waste further amounts in the construction of new
palaces. Known in history as cu FR LR.

Hsiao Pao-jung ji} 7 Ah (T. 2H I). A.D. 485—502.
Kighth son of Hsiao Luan, and brother of Hsiao Pao-chiian whom
he succeeded in 501 as seventh and last Emperor of the Southern
Ch‘i dynasty. He was the nominal head of the rebellion against
his predecessor, but was really a mere puppet in the hands of
Hsiao Yen, to whom he resigned the throne in 502. Canonised
as Wl ‘ip.

Hsiao Shih i 5] Lie 6th cent. B.C. A famous flute-player of
old, named as above from his art. Duke Mu of the Ch'in State |
gave him his daughter 5f + Lung-yii to wife, and Hsiao Shih
taught her to play the flute; and then, mounted upon a dragon
and a phoenix, the pair went up to heaven and disappeared.
Hsiao Tao-ch‘éng ji} 32 pk (T. 49 4f4). AD. 429-482. A
native of Kiangsu, and a reputed descendant of Hsiao Ho. He
rose by military service to high rank under the Sung dynasty,
and was one of the four Regents appointed by the Emperor

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 283

Ming Ti. After deposing the last two sovereigns of that dynasty,
he proclaimed himself Emperor of the Southern Ch‘i dynasty in
479, He ruled well for three years, and boasted that if he could
have the empire for ten years, he would make gold and clay of
the same value. Canonised as Fx ji] ey Ip’.

Hsiao Tsé jf [ff (T. ‘ef fi). A.D. 440-493. Son of Hsiao
Tao-ch‘éng, whom he succeeded in 482 as second Emperor of the
Southern Ch'i dynasty. A good ruler, under whom the people were
at peace, he was nevertheless extravagant and fond of pleasure.
Under his reign the term of three years’ service for provincial
officials was instituted. See Wang Su. Canonised as {Ht ji pt if -
Hsiao Tsung ye EF (TB: iH 3). 6th and 7th cent. A.D.
Son of Hsiao Kuei, whom he succeeded on the throne of the
Minor Liang dynasty in A.D. 585, with the year-title is sii.
When he proposed to proceed to Court in token of his allegiance
to the first Emperor of the Sui dynasty, the latter sent troops to
escort him. This gave rise to suspicion in the minds of some
of his own officials, and there was a rising, the upshot of which
was that the Minor Liang dynasty came to an end, Hsiao Tsung
receiving in 587 a high appointment and being ennobled as Duke.
Under the next Emperor he was held in high favour, but a
stupid rumour got abroad that he was meditating a revolt, and
he was dismissed to his home where he soon afterwards died. He
was a good scholar, and cared nothing for fame. His one
weakness was wine.

Hsiao Tsung. See (Sung) Chao Shén; (Ming) Chu Yu-t‘ang.
Hsiao T‘ung jj He (T. fii fi. H. HE BE). AD. 501531.
The eldest son of Hsiao Yen, founder of the Liang dynasty.
Before he was five years old he was reported to have learnt the
Classics by heart, and his later years were marked by great

literary ability, notably in verse-making. Handsome and of

W115

716

va

T8

284 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

charming manners, mild and forbearing, he was universally loved.
In 527 he nursed his mother through her last illness, and his
grief for her death impaired his naturally fine constitution, for it
was only at the earnest solicitation of his father that he
consented either to eat or drink during the period of mourning.
He was entrusted with the conduct of government affairs from
515, and displayed extraordinary aptitude. But he never attacked
any one, and showed great mercy in dealing with criminal cases.
Learned men were sure of his patronage, and his palace contained
a large library, called the FJ vir 46. A lover of nature, he
delighted to: ramble with scholars about his beautiful park, to
which he declined to add the attraction of singing-girls. When the
price of grain rose in consequence of the war with Wei in 526,
he lived on the most frugal fare; and throughout his life his
charities were very large and kept secret, being distributed by
trusty attendants who sought out all cases of distress. He even
emptied his own wardrobe for the benefit of the poor, and spent

large sums in burying the outcast dead. Against forced labour on

‘public works he vehemently protested, To his father he was most

respectful, and wrote to him when he himself was almost at the
last gasp, in the hope of concealing his danger. His unvarying
kindness had so won the people’s affection that his death was
bewailed throughout the kingdom. He left a volume of essays, and
edited three collections of elegant compositions, entitled oa EE
AC Se Hi HB, and Fy 4 HL BE DC FF- Like his father, he
was a devout Buddhist. Canonised as HY WY Jt -—-.

Hsiao Tzit-hsien #} - BA (T. $e GB). AD. 489-537.
Younger brother of Hsiao Tuzti-ytin. A kinsman of the Imperial
lineage of the Ch‘i and Liang dynasties. Author of the History
of the Southern Ch‘i Dynasty, A.D. 479—501, and of other
works. The first of the above attracted the attention of the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 285

founder of the Liang dynasty, and in 531 Hsiao was appointed to
a post in the Imperial Academy. In 537, when already President
of the Board of Civil Office, he went as Governor to Wu-hsing
in Chehkiang where he died soon afterwards. Canonised as Be.

Hsiao Tziryiin jf F(T. $t AF). AD. 492~-553. A
grandson of the Emperor Kao Ti of the S. Ch‘i dynasty. He held
office under the first sovereign of the Liang dynasty. An envoy
having been sent from the kingdom of Af j@& Po-chi (in the
south of modern Korea) to obtain books from China, Hsiao, who

was celebrated as a calligraphist, furnished him with some: 30

scrolls or sheets of manuscript, for which he was richly rewarded.

He was also an ardent student of alchemy and of the black art;
and ultimately took up his abode in a retired valley, where God
revealed himself to the hermit and bestowed upon him a tablet of jade
with a mysterious inscription. It is recorded that he was in official
employ at the outbreak of the rebellion headed by Hou Ching in
551, and that he was driven from his post. He eventually took
refuge in a Buddhist monastery, and perished there from want.
Hsiao Wén Ti. See Yuan Hung-yen.

Hsiao Wu Ti. See (Chin) Ssi-ma Yo; (EH. Sung) Liu Chin;
(N. Wei) Yuan Hsiu.

Hsiao Yen jf 7p (T. 4x 332). AD. 464549. A distant
connection of the House of Ch‘i, which ruled over southern and
eastern China from A.D. 479 to 502. In 498 he became Governor
of Yung-chou in Shensi. In 500 the Emperor put to death his
elder brother; whereupon, in conjunction with Hsiao Pao-jung, he
at once took up arms, entered Nanking in 501 and proclaimed
himself Regent, Ere long he became Prince of Liang; and in 502,
acting upon the advice of Shén Yo, he ascended the throne as
first Emperor of the Liang dynasty. A lover of peace, he began

by reducing taxation and establishing colleges in every District.

719

720

721

286 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

In 515 the mighty dyke along the Huai, said to have been thrée
miles long and twelve hundred feet high, burst, and hundreds
of thousands were drowned. In 547 he accepted Hou Ching’s offer
of allegiance, and appointed him Prince of Honan; but on Hou’s
defeat by the Hastern Wei, the House of Liang made peace,
thus arousing Hou Ching’s suspicions. In 548 the latter succeeded
by treachery in crossing the Yang-isze; and in the next year
a YR T'ai-ch'éng in Kiangsu was taken, and the sick Emperor
was allowed to die of want and mortification in a monastery to
which he had retired for the third time. He had always been a
devout Buddhist, living upon priestly fare and taking only one
meal a day; and on two occasions, in 527 and 529, he actually
adopted the priestly garb. He also wrote the ee AR 7 ¥ (ak,
a Buddhist ritual in 10 books. He was kind, learned, economical,
and diligent, but unable to prevent his officials from robbing the
people. Interpreting the Buddhist commandment ‘Thou shalt not
kill” in its strictest sense, he caused the sacrificial victims to be
made of dough.

Hsiao Ying-shih #4 $4 —b (T. jHE BE). 8th cent. A.D. A
descendant of the Imperial House of Liang. He graduated as chin
shih in 735, and entered upon a public career. His advance was
somewhat retarded by Li Lin-fu whom he had managed to offend;
but after the death of the latter he rose to fill important posts,
until the growing influence of An Lu-shan forced him to take
leave and travel. He was such a profound scholar that the
Japanese sent an envoy asking to be allowed the use of his
services in Japan, but this was refused by the Imperial advisers.
He was very strict, and used to beat one of his servants
unmercifully. The latter however declared that he willingly put up

with it for the sake of being near so learned a man. Canonised

by his disciples as Bl TU:

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 287
Hsiao Yi fy Fh (T. we BC). 6th and 7th cent. A.D. A son

of Hsiao Kuei, whom he succeeded on the throne of the Minor
Liang dynasty. Upon the disruption of his House, he joined the
Prince of Chin, soon to be first Emperor of the Sui dynasty, and
gave him his daughter in marriage. When the House of Sui fell,
he transferred his services to the T‘angs, and served under the
firsts two Emperors, | rising to the highest offices of State. He
possessed however an ungovernable temper, and was constantly
being degraded and re-instated in rank. He was a devotee of
Buddhism (see Fu J), and about A.D. 636 he asked leave to
become a priest. His request was granted; but he soon repented
and wished to cancel his application, to the great annoyance of
the Emperor. He died at the age of 74, and was canonised as
7g Reverential, a title which the Emperor declared to be
unsuitable to his temper, and accordingly changed to A 4 Pure
but Narrow.

Hsiao Ytian-ming Fa di Hf}. A Prince of the Imperial House
of Liang, who in A.D. 555 was placed on the throne by Wang Séng-
pien as fifth Emperor of the Liang dynasty in succession to
Hsiao I. This led to a feud with Ch‘én Pa-hsien, and on the
death of Wang at the hands of Ch‘én, he abdicated in favour of
Hsiao Fang-chih, receiving the title of A Sa TR, by which he
is known in history.

Hsieh An # Zé (T. BA). AD. 320—385. Son of an
official in the Court of Sacrificial Worship, and the most
distinguished member of a very distinguished family. In his early
life he lived in retirement near Kuei-chi in Chehkiang, and to his
dying day “never lost his love for Tung-shan.” It was only when
his brother Hsieh Fe Wan got into difficulties that he entered
upon an official career, soon rising to occupy various important

posts in the provinces and at the capital. He was Governor of

122

723

G24

725

726

288 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Yang-chou in Kiangsu when Fu Chien approached at the head of
a large army and Nanking was in a state of panic. Under his
directions, Hsieh 4; Shih and Hsieh Y% Ustian, his brother and
nephew, went to oppose the invader, and the result of the conflict
was awaited with the keenest anxiety by all. Hsieh An was playing
a game of wei ch‘ when a dispatch arrived from the seat of war,
saying that the enemy had been completely routed. He read it
unmoved; and when a guest asked him what the news was, he
replied, ‘‘Merely that my boys have defeated the rebels.” He then
finished the game and retired to his private apartments, where for
the first time he gave way to emotions of joy. From his preference
for a life of cultured leisure he earned the sobriquet of JR Yip
ae AH the Refined Minister. During his last illness he dreamt of
a cock; and this was a presage of death, for during that year
Jupiter was in the sign of the cock. Canonised as BL Dy -

Hsieh Ch‘ao-tsung #ft #8 sz. 4th cent. A.D. A distinguished
writer, who was said by the Emperor Hsiao Wu of the Chin
dynasty to “have the plumage of the phoenix.”’ His poems in five
characters to the line were also said to be “as lovely as the budding
hibiscus.” Another version makes him a typically worthy son under
the Sung dynasty, of whom one Hsieh ae Chuang said, ‘He has
the phoenix plumage,” phoenix being the personal name of his father.
Hsich Chi #& P% (T. fi 3H). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. He
graduated as chin shih, and rose by 709 to be a Censor. Later on
he became President of the Board of Rites and was ennobled as
Duke; but in consequence of being privy to a serious political
movement, he was forced to commit suicide. An artist of no mean

order, he was noted all over the empire as a calligraphist.

727 Hsieh Chin fi #7 (T. FC Ai). AD. 1869-1415. A native

of Chi-shui in Kiangsi, who graduated as chin shih in 1388 and.

became a Censor. He was on terms of extraordinary intimacy with

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 289

the Emperor Hung Wu, and the Emperor Yung Lo took him into
his closest counsels. In 1404 he strongly supported the claims of
his Majesty’s eldest son to be made Heir Apparent, and so earned
the dindying hatred of the favourite son jy H& Kao-hsii, Prince
of Han, who three years later succeeded in effecting his degradation
to a minor post in Kuangsi, on a false charge of revealing Palace
secrets. In 1403 he had been entrusted, together with 147 literati,
with the compilation of an all-comprehensive cyclopzdia, which in
1405 was presented to the Throne under the title of wl jek RK
WK . Yung Lo however was dissatisfied, and a still larger Commission,
under the presidency of Hsieh Chin, Yao Kuang-hsiao, and jj
aS i553 Liu Chi-ch‘ih, was appointed to collect the substance of
all the classical, historical, philosophical, and literary works. hitherto
published. This encyclopaedia (see Chu Ti), which comprises 22,877
sections, was completed near the close of 1407. In 1411 Hsieh
Chin, who had been put in charge of the supplies for the Annam
expedition at AV, Hua-chou, had occasion to make an official visit
to Nanking during the absence of the Emperor on one of his
northern campaigns, a circumstance on which his relentless enemy,
Kao-hsti, founded an accusation. He was thrown into prison, and
four years later he was made drunk and buried in a heap of snow.
Canonised as 40 Re -

Hsieh Chii-chéng 2% Fi iF (T. -- 7). A.D. 912—981. A
native of Ze & Hsiin-i in Honan, who graduated in 934 and
entered upon a public career. He held a variety of high posts,
metropolitan and provincial, and was employed for a time upon
the dynastic history; but he is chiefly known as the author of the
4E AR A Old History of the Five Dynasties. He was noted
for his kindly, amiable disposition, and for his thrifty personal
habits. He died from poisoning himself with a compound which he

fancied was the elixir of life. Canonised as al a.
19

728

429

730

Wl

732

290 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Hsieh Fang #2 ¥ - Died A.D. 25. A scholar who flourished.
under the Emperor Ch‘éng Ti. He was frequently urged to take

office, but was deaf to the arguments even of Wang Mang who

went to fetch him in a comfortably-padded chariot. He was finally

allowed to devote himself to teaching and composing poetry, until

the accession of the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti who again summoned

him to Court. He died on the way thither.

Hsieh Fang-té #} py 7 (1. A EY. w. Fs fH). AD. 1226—

1289. A native of m2 a I-yang in Kiangsi, distinguished as a

poet. He graduated as chin shih about 1253 and entered upon a

public career, but got into trouble when holding the post of
Examiner by setting an unpopular theme, and was degraded. In

1275 he guaranteed the loyalty of his friend 4 fj #2 Lit Shih-

k‘uei who went over to the Mongols in the following year, and

had to flee for his life. He wandered about for some time, supporting

himself by telling fortunes. At length he settled down in Fuhkien

as a teacher. His name stood first of the 22 officials of the Sung

dynasty recommended for employment under the new government

by Fe 3C ff Ch'éng Weén-hai in 1286; but he steadily declined

to take office, and when brought to Peking in 1289 refused all

food and died.

Hsieh Féng-tsu # Al if (T. 4 Fy). A native of Shantung,

who flourished as an author during the 17th century. He wrote
largely on astronomy, adopting much from western sources; also,

on the conservation of the Yellow River and of the Grand Canal.

Hsieh Fu-ch‘éng #2 jij ij. Died A.D. 1894. A native of
Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in 1867 and in 1884 became
Taot‘ai at Ningpo. Four years later he was promoted to be Judge

of Hunan, and from 1889 to 1893 he served as Minister to England,

France, Italy, and Belgium, returning to China in 1894.

733 Hsieh Hsiao-o # -} A. Sth and 9th cent. A.D. A young

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 294
lady of great courage, who when her betrothed husband and his
father were slain by robbers, disguised herself as a man and took
service in the robber-chief’s household. She assassinated the latter,
and managed to effect the break-up of the whole gang, after which
she cut off her hair and retired to a nunnery. See Li Kung-tso.
Hsieh Hsiit jh 4%. Died A.D. 1276. A native of Ch‘ien-t‘ang
in Chehkiang, and nephew of the Empress, who refused to take
office and lived as a recluse upon a mountain in his native province.
In 1274 the collapse of the FE |] T‘ien-mu Hill seemed to him
_ to presage the downfall of the Sung dynasty; and when two years
later Hangchow was deserted by the Court and his aunt was taken
to Peking by the Mongol invaders, he committed suicide by
drowning himself. His body would not sink, but floated up stream.
He was canonised by the founder of the Ming dynasty as <> HE
py m4 =—, and is now known as HE “fF the Dragon King.
Hsieh Hsiian EES (T. fi jE. A. Ae WP and Jay YP and
He yay). A.D. 1889—1464. A native of 4 fF Yii-t‘ien in Chihli,
at which place his father was head of a college. When born, it
is said that his flesh was transparent, and that his bones and
organs were plainly visible. In his youth he was an eager student
of philosophy, but it was not until 1420 that in compliance with
his father’s wish he went up for his chi jen degree. He passed
first on the list, and in the following year graduated as chin shih
and entered upon. an official career. Rising to be sub-Director of
the Grand Court of Revision, he incurred the displeasure of Wang
Chén, who was then very influential with the Emperor Ying
Tsung. He was implicated in a bribery case, and sentenced to
death. In prison he continued his study of the Canon of Changes,
and even when led out to execution he betrayed no fear. He was
however reprieved, and went into retirement. In 1450 he was
. recalled, and in 1457 he became Viea President of the Board of

U4

735

136

137

292 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Rites; but his advice ‘was not listened to, and he resigned office.
Returning home he devoted himself to teaching, and his house
was thronged with disciples. He was the author of the fs a co
a collection of miscellaneous notes, and of a number of essays,
letters, etc. etc. The ey ami contains a number of his best
utterances, brought together and arranged by his disciples. He was
canonised as Bl if» and in 1572 his tablet was placed in the
Confucian Temple. |

Hsioh I 2} 3% (T. 4M 30%. H. YR Be GL Ab). 12th cont. AD.
A native of Lin-ch‘uan in Kiangsi, who having failed repeatedly

to obtain the chin shih degree, amused himself with verse. Author
of the Fe AK 4 TH Ate es a poetical collection, and of several

hundred essays, entitled Ap FR Rie Sey. Known as at IrAt Ls
Butterfly Hsieh, from the subject of one of his finest poems.

Hsieh Jen-kuei #% {= i. A.D. 614—683. A native of Chiang*-
chou in Shansi, who in his youth was poor and supported himself
by agriculture. By various bold exploits against rebels he attracted
a good deal of attention, and was at length summoned to Court,
and received a command. In 658 he gained a great victory over
the Koreans, and also over the Kitan Tartars; but in 670 he

sustained a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Turfans, and was

condemned to death. He was however only cashiered; and later

738

on he was again entrusted with a command, and retrieved his
fame by a decisive victory over the Turkic tribes.

Hsieh Liang-tso #} i (é (T. BASH. H. _ #8). 11th cent.
A.D. A native of | 3 Shang-ts‘ai in Honan. He graduated as
chin shih in 1085, and entered upon an official career. After
filling several posts at the capital and in the provinces, he was
for some reason or other degraded and thrown into prison. He was
the author of the al aa at » a work on the Confucian Analects;

and Chu MUsi collected his miscellaneous literary remains, which

A Ghinese Biographical Dictionary 293

were published under the title of [| 3& §% $f. In 1850 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Hsieh Ling-ytin at an Sift . ‘Ath and 5th cent. A.D. A native
of Honan, of good family, who distinguished himself through life
by the eccentricity of his conduct. In his youth he was an
omnivorous reader and a promising student; but he would have
his clothes cut after the fashions of antiquity, and everything
else modelled according to old-world designs. In this he soon had
a large number of imitators, by whom he was named at it Bite
Happy Hsieh. He roamed far and wide over the country, accompanied
by a crowd of followers, crossing mountain ranges and cutting his
way through forests. On one occasion, he emerged at Ka it
Lin-hai in Chehkiang, to the great terror of the local magistrate,
who mistook him for a rebel leader. He received good appointments
under the early Emperors of the Sung dynasty; but his eccentric
and irritable disposition was always getting him into trouble, ‘and
~he was sent in 424 to superintend the “boring of mountains and
dredging of lakes” in far-off Kuangtung. There he appears to
have mixed with disreputable characters and to have led a disorderly
life, on which counts he was ere long arraigned and beheaded.
He ranks as a poet of no mean order, though his work is too
unconventional for the ordinary critic. He is sometimes spoken of,
together with Yen Yen-chih, as #4 at -

Hsieh Mo 3} Yi (T. jE JRE). 3rd and 4th cent. A.D. An
official who succeeded the virtuous Téng Yu as Governor of Wu-
hsing in Chehkiang, and whose rule was characterised by rapacity
and corruption. He was popularly known as ht ee Hsieh Ling.
Hsieh Shou #2 We (T. {ff #8). 7th cent. A.D. A son of
‘Hsieh Tao-héng. He fled to the mountains upon the accession of
the Emperor Kao Tsu of the T‘ang dynasty, but subsequently took

office under the new rulers and became a trusted Minister of the

739

40 ~

141

742

143

W44

294. A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Emperor T‘ai Tsung. He and his cousin Hsieh Ju fz Yiian-ching,
and his clansman Hsieh eat BG Té-yin , are together known as
the Three Phoenixes of Ho-tung.

Hsieh Tao-héng BY 34 #f. 6th cent. A.D. Father of Hsieh
Shou, and a Minister under the Ch‘én dynasty, noted for his
brilliant scholarship. He was called by aE FEk P‘ei T‘uan the
Confucius of the West, a title which had already been bestowed,
and with more justice, upon Yang Chén.

Hsieh T‘ao # ae 9th cent. A.D. A famous courtesan, who
lived at Ch‘éng-tu in Ssiich‘uan. The ornamental note-paper named
after her was said to have been dipped by her in a stream from
which water had been taken some years before by a concubine of
Ts‘ui Ning, to wash the stole of a Buddhist priest who had fallen
into a cesspool, and which stream had at onse become miraculously
filled with flowers.

Hsieh T‘iao a PK (T. Ve Hi). A native of BY Usia-
yang, who flourished in the 5th cent. A.D. He was highly
distinguished as a poet, and in reference to his works Shén Yo
is said to have exclaimed, ‘For two hundred years we have not»

had poetry like this!”

145 Hsieh Ts‘ung Be He (T. ye Fi ). Died A.D.? 500. A native

746

of Shensi, famed for his lofty principles and correct conduct. In
491 he entered the public service of the Northern Wei dynasty,
and was the trusted counsellor and friend of the Emperor Hsiao
Wén, though he refused high office. In 500 the new Emperor
sent him as Governor to Ch‘i-chou in Shantung, where he ruled
wisely and well. Was a great student, and an expert in ancient
inscriptions. Canonised as fifj BX.

Hsieh Ving-fang # fe $F (T. =F fj). 14th cent. AD. A
native of Wu-chin in Kiangsu, famed for his profound learning.

In 1341, while living as a recluse in a cottage which he styled

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 995
the jj i Tortoise Nest, he was appointed Officer of Hducation

for his native -place. During’ the wars preceding the establishment

of the Ming dynasty he retired into seclusion, but in 13864, when

over seventy, he returned to Kiangsu and lived a solitary life on
a mountain. He was occupied in editing the local topography, and
officials passing by his residence would call and consult him. He died
at the age of ninety-six. He was a fine poet, but his philosophical
attainments chiefly made him famous. He hated all religion and
superstition, against which he wrote the $f Be Fe .

- Hsien Chu. See Liu Pei.

Hsien Féng jy #2. A.D. 1831—1861. The title of the reign
of Di 4 I-chu, fourth son of the Emperor Tao Kuang. He
succeeded in 1851 and proved to be a weak ruler, ill-fitted to
cope with the T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion which broke out early in his
reign. The rebels, who professed Christianity, for some time
carried all before them; and it was not until 1864 that the
rebellion was finally suppressed (see Hung Hesiu-ch‘iian). The ill-
timed arrogance of Commissioner Yeh had meanwhile led to a
second war with England in 1858—1860, as disastrous as the
former, although the first attempt to force a passage for Sir F.

eZ

Bruce past the Taku Forts in 1859 was repulsed. In 1860 the

allied armies of England and France were at the gates of Peking,
and the Emperor fled to Jehol where he died in 1861. He left
behind him an anti-foreign Regency, which was upset by a coup
d’état of the Empress and the Princes Kung and Ch‘un. Canonised
os CS BB Sp.

Hsien Ti. See Liu Hsieh.

Hsien Tsung. See (T‘ang) Li Shun; (Ming) Chu Chien-shén.
Hsien Wén Ti. See Toba Hung.

Hsien-yii Tzti-chiin = ie as Fe. 11th cent. A.D. He served

as an official under Ssti-ma Kuang, who remarked that his career

748

449

150

v1

296 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

was one of uninterrupted good fortune, in which sense his name
is now quoted. : ;
Hsien Yiian iif Wie. 9th cent. A.D. A magician under the
reign of the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty. He
possessed the gift of eternal youth, and was unharmed by wild
beasts. When one of the Court ladies laughed at him, he caused
her to become an old and wrinkled hag, and only restored her
beauty when she had humbly asked his pardon.

Hsin Ch‘i-chi 2 #8 x (T. 44 ZH). Died AD. 1198. A
native of Li-ch‘éng in Shantung, who rose to distinction as a
statesman under the Emperors Kao Tsung and Ning Tsung of the
Sung dynasty. He called himself % HT J +E, and under this
title a collection of his writings was published. In one of his poems
he declared that there were only three things worth doing in life ,
viz. to get drunk; to travel; and to sleep. Canonised as paid 1K
Hsin Huang Ti. See Wang Mang.

Hsing Ping Ji} 5 (T. AC WA). A.D. 932-1010. A native
of Ts‘ao-chou Fu in Shantung, who graduated as chin shih in 976
after trying no less than nine times. He rose to be President
of the Boards of Works and Rites, and was the author of a
work on weather-lore, entitled Fe 4H be 4G which he had

compiled during his early provincial career. The Emperor, to

152

whom he used to expound the Classics with reference to current
events, visited him in his last illness.

Hsing Shao Fi Zh (T. AY). Died A.D.?% 560. A native
of Chihli, endowed with a marvellous memory, who early became
famous in Wei. In 525 he was called to office in the capital,

and gained great fame as a writer of memorials for high officials;

but fearing the jealousy of his rivals, he retired for three years

to a provincial post. After this his promotion was rapid, and he

even held three offices at once. In 559 he drew up the ceremonial

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 297

proper on the death of the Emperor. In his old age he was a
great student of the text of the Classics, and he is ranked as one
of the Three Able Men of the northern dynasties (see Wei Shou).
Hsing Tsung. See Yeh-lii Tsung-chén.

Hsiung Kun Ae %Rz ? Mth cent. A.D. A virtuous official of the
T'ang dynasty, who rose under the Emperor Chao Tsung to be a
Censor and President of the Board of War. In the troubles which
marked the close of the reign and ultimate downfall of the
dynasty, he was reduced to poverty and had no funds to pay for
the funeral of his father. Upon his loudly bewailing this want of
money, a rain of cash fell from heaven for three consecutive
days and enabled him to give his father decent burial. From this
he came to be. known as it ee hy Ze A.

Hsiung Po-lung §& 4} Pa (T. RPE. H. Gi (BB). ALD.
1620—1670. A native of Han-yang in Hupeh, who was a
diligent student, especially of ancient literature. Rose to be
secretary in the Grand Secretariat, and Vice President of the
Board of Rites. He was distinguished for his correct life, and for
the interest he took in the welfare of the people. His collection,
entitled cs /] He ee 7? 46, preserved many forgotten works.
Hsiung T‘ing-pi #% Z£ off (T. FR AA). Died A.D. 1625. A
native of Chiang-hsia in Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih in
1598 and became a Censor, and ten years later attracted attention
by a plan to establish military colonists on the Liao-tung frontier.
After several years in Liao-tung, where he improved the army but
by his severity excited much ill-will, he was sent as Education
Officer to Nanking. Here he gained a great name, but he was
forced to retire on a charge of beating students to death. In 1619,
when wh ph Yang Hao was utterly routed by the Manchus,
Hsiung was recalled and placed in command in Liao-tung, and -by

his vigorous measures soon put the country into a fair state of

153

154.

135

156

157

298 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

defence. However Fang Ts‘ung-ché kept up a constant attack on
his defensive policy, and in 1620 he was superseded. In the following
year the advance of the Manchus and the fall of Liao-yang caused
him to be recalled. His colleague = 44, [4 Wang Hua-chén
insisted on an aggressive policy, and by a slight success won the
support of the Court. In 1622 Wang was utterly defeated, and
Hsiung withdrew all his forces to Shan-hai-kuan. Both Wang and
Hsiung were imprisoned, and Wei Chung-hsien caused the latter
to be executed on a charge of embezzlement and all his property
and that of his relatives to be seized. In 1629 his innocence was
established, and his son was allowed to bury his head.

Hsiung Tzw-li pe I) Be (T. Fy 4). AD. 1635-1709. A
native of Hupeh. Graduated as chin shih in 1658, and first
distinguished himself in 1667 by remonstrating with the Emperor
on things in general. In 1670, the favourite Ao-pai having fallen,
he rose to be secretary in the Grand Secretariat and tutor to the
Emperor. In 1678 he advised the Emperor against the abolition
of the Three Feudatories, — a measure which led to the rebellion
of Wu San-kuei and Kéng Ching-chung. He ultimately became
President of the Board of Civil Office and Grand Secretary, and
in 1705 he was permitted to give up his career and return to his
home. His literary efforts were confined almost entirely to exegetical
notes and essays on the Classics. Canonised as Me it -

Hsii Ch‘ao 7% Hi] (T. Pp 3K). A-D. 1646-1715. A native of
Ch‘ien-t‘ang in Chehkiang, whose father was a simple fisherman.
He graduated as chin shih in 1673, and rose by 1700 to be
Governor of Honan. There he abolished the former heavy fees,
improved irrigation, and generally reformed the administration. In
1706—7 he was in charge of important conservation works on the
Yellow River; and in 1707 he was promoted to be President of
the Board of Civil Office, in addition to being still Chancellor of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 299

the Han-lin College. In 1732 he was included in the Temple of
Worthies, and in 1744 he was canonised as Bl At

Hst Chén #f A(T. 4 GL). Died A.D. 1695. Originally ‘a
lieutenant of Chéng Chih-lung, he submitted to the Manchus in
1646. In 1674, being then in retirement, he raised a force of
volunteers and greatly distinguished himself. in eastern Hunan
against the forces of Kéng Ching-chung. He kept his troops from
all excesses, and laboured to mitigate the horrors of war. In 1678
he became Commander-in-chief of Hunan, and in 1683 was
transferred to Canton.

Hsti Ch‘éng-tsu RR 7K ji. A native of Kiangsu, who was
Secretary of Legation at Washington under Ch‘én Lan-pin, and
wrote a book on America and its customs. He was sent on special
service to Fuhkien during the hostilities with France, and became
Minister at Tokio in October 1884. In March 1889 he was
impeached for peculation in connection with the purchase in Japan
of copper for making cash,

Hst Chi RE Asi (T. frp FB ). llth cent. A.D. A native of Shan-
yang in Kiangsu, noted for his filial piety. Up to the age of 40
he was not married, for fear his wife might fail in her duty to
his mother; neither would he take office, lest he himself might be
constrained to part from her. At length he was persuaded to present
himself for examination, and passed with credit; but his mother
died before he was appointed to a post, and he at once retired.
He then became Superintendent of Education at his native place,
and ultimately married. He was very deaf, and people used to
trace on the ground before him what they wanted to say. In his
daily life, as well as in his writings, he was eccentric, and would
sometimes sit all day long staring at a wall. He declared to Su
Shih that only Chou Kung and the Great Yi were worthy of

praise. Canonised as fit a pit Fs

758

159

160

W61

"162

163

300 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Hsti Chieh #7 [}¥ (T. -F- Ff). A-D. 1494-1574. A native of
fe zs Hua-t‘ing in Kiangsu, who graduated third at the Palace
examination of 1523, and served in the Han-lin College until in 1530
his objection to lower the title of Confucius led to his dismissal to a
provincial Prefecture. By 1550 he had risen to be President of the
Board of Rites, and was consulted when Anda laid siege to
Peking. He brought about the death of Ch‘ou Luan, and the
dismissal of Yen Sung in 1562. He also took vigorous measures
of defence against the Japanese raiders. His constant demand for
the appointment of an Heir Apparent was at last successful; and he
was also able to restrain the Emperor’s extravagance in building
temples and palaces, and to punish the quacks who pretended to
have discovered the elixir of life. On the accession of the Emperor
Mu Tsung in 1566, Hsti procured the issue of a general amnesty
and promise of reforms; but the Emperor grew weary of his
discussions, and the eunuchs also hated him. He retired in 1568.
Canonised as Bl A.

Hsti Ch‘ieh 7 4 (T. 4 4). A.D. 920-974. Author of the
at BL Wee 4 , an annotated edition of the Shuo Wén, which is
still regarded as of high authority, especially as embodying the
true archaic meaning of many words the signification of which
was afterwards wilfully altered by the schoolmen of the 13th
century. Popularly known as yh (Aa the Younger MHsii, to
distinguish him from his brother Hsti Hstian. |

Hsti Chien RE EX (T. 7c [fj). A.D. 659-729. A native of
vA Hu-chou in Chehkiang, who distinguished himself as a writer
and official under the T‘ang dynasty. He assisted Chang Ytieh in
editing the = 3% Pk Hi, and was a member of the Historical
Commission. Author of the #JJ 84 30, a Guide to Knowledge for
beginners. Canonised as 40 HE

764 Hsii Chiien 3F A (T. 36 CZ. H. fy B). AD. 1270—

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 301

13837. A native of Chin-hua in Chehkiang. Left an orphan at a
early age, he devoted himself assiduously to the study of
philosophy, and became famous among the scholars of his age.
But he refused to take office under the Mongol dynasty, and
would not even prepate his students for the public examinations.

Author of the ay 46 {i A by By , a work upon the Odes, and

of several commentaries upon various portions of the Confucian
Canon, etc. etc. He was canonised as Bl SR, and in 1734 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Hsii Chtien-hstieh 7 #% && (T. ft Jie). A.D. 1631 —1694.

Graduated as third chin shih in 1670, and entered the Han-lin-

College. Five years later he published the jy qt! 3H , an

examination of the Book of Rites, and put his learning into

practice by burying his mother according to the ancient ritual. In

‘1688 he was President of the Board of Punishments, an office he
soon relinquished in order to confine his energies to the
preparation of those works which render illustrious the reign of
K’ang Hsi. The Emperor had a very high opinion of him, and
employed him to edit his essays, the fii) ay BL 4B. His fame as
a patron of literature attracted scholars from long distances, in
consequence of which he was often denounced for harbouring
seditious talkers. K‘ang Hsi however stood by him throughout his
life, even when his sons were proved to have corruptly obtained

the chi jen degree; and when denunciations followed him after his

retirement in 1690, the Emperor published a Decree deprecating

attacks due to personal spite. He was recalled shortly before his
death, but did not hear of the Decree. He was a great bibliophile
and decipherer of ancient inscriptions. See Hsii Yiian-wén.

Hsti Chih (* Fff (T. 7 -F). AD. 97-168. A native of
Nan-ch‘ang in Kiangsi, famous for his friendship with Ch‘én Fan

who always kept a special bed for him. His family was poor, and

165

166

302 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary .

=

he used to till the ground himself, refusing to eat except of what
his own labour had produced. Several attempts were made to
introduce him into official life, but he had no desire for this kind
of distinction. On one occasion he was driven to earn the means of
conveying home a friend’s coffin by burnishing mirrors as he passed
from stage to stage. When the mother of Kuo Lin-tsung died, he
only went to the door of the house and left there a bundle of grass.
Kuo remembered the passage in the Odes and said, “This must be
the doing of Hsii Chih, the great scholar of Nan-ch‘ang.”

167 Hsti Chih-kao 72 34) #4. Died A.D. 943. A descendant of the
Prince of pet Chien. His real name was AS - Li Pien (T. )E
A ). Left an orphan at an early age, he was adopted by Yang
Hsing-mi, founder of the Wu State; but owing to the jealousy of
the sons of that potentate, he was transferred to the Minister (68
iB Hsii Wén, whose name he took. In 963 he mounted the.
throne vacated by Yang P‘u, changed the dynastic title to
Tang, and resumed his original name. His capital was at modern
Nanking, and his rule embraced the territory between the Huai
and the Yang-tsze, Kiangsi, southern Anhui, and part of Kiangsu,
He restored the statutes and customs of the T‘ang dynasty,
patronised literature, and collected a large library. Canonised as
F/\\ ji, of the Southern Tang State.

468 Hsii Ching-ch‘éng #f Er YE. A native of Chehkiang, who
graduated as chin shih in 1868, and entered the Han-lin College,
of which he was made a sub-Reader in 1890. From 1884—1888
he was Minister to France, Italy, Germany, Austria, and Holland,
and in 1890 was appointed Minister to the three last-named
countries and Russia. In 1898 he-became a sub-Chancellor of the
Grand Secretariat, and in 1895 was promoted to be Senior Vice
President of the Board of Works.

769 Hsti Ching-tsung 3 ae 4c (T. Ze HR). AD. 592-672. A

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 303

native of Hangchow, and an erudite scholar, who assisted Ching
Po in his history of the rise of the T‘ang dynasty. The Emperor
Kao Tsung favoured him because he supported the elevation of the
lady afterwards famous as the Empress Wu Hou, and also the
alteration in the succession. He became a Duke, but declined the
post of Minister of State on the ground of age. He is accused of
having abused his position as Historiographer in return for bribes,
and he certainly encouraged the Emperor in his harsh treatment
of upright statesmen. It was proposed to canonise him as hes
Misleader, but on his grandson’s remonstrance, 7¥ was substituted.
Hsti Ching-yeh 7 At 3. 7th cent. A.D. A grandson of Li
Chi, under whom he served in early life. Entering the public
service, he got into trouble on a charge of corruption and was
banished in 684. Subsequently he and his brother Hsti fy pif
Ching-yu, taking advantage of the disturbances consequent upon

the deposition of the Emperor Chung Tsung, broke into. open

rebellion. Against them the Empress Wu Hou dispatched a force .

under aS eo 3 Li Hsiao-i, who succeeded in routing their army.
The two brothers fled, but were ultimately captured and put to death.
Hsii Chung-ytian RE Ar iii. A native of ey YT. Wang-chiang
in Anhui, who cut off a piece of his thigh as medicine for a sick
parent, for which the name of his village was changed to xy J
Filial-Piety-Influences. When the parent died, birds plucked flowers
and stuck them on the grave, while animals came with clods of

earth in their mouths to help in building up the embankment.

Hsti Héng Ff #j (T. {i 7P. H. $f Be). AD. 1209-1281.

A native of 3 el Hsin-chéng in Honan, who became a disciple.

of Yao Shu and ultimately attracted the attention of Kublai Khan.
Under that monarch he held many important posts, chiefly connected

with education, and finally rose to be Grand Secretary and President
of the Astronomical Board. Author of the +e H RE, a work on

770

TAL

C02

173

V4

304 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
the calendar. He was canonised as Bl JE, and in 1813 his tablet ~

was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Hsi Hsiian # 4% (T. Jf! Br). AD. 916-991. A native of
Kuang-ling in Kiangsu, and one of the learned men appointed by
the Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the Sung dynasty to bring out a
corrected edition of the Shuo Wén, which he entitled ae, 4 =t ,
and which was a continuation of the work of his younger brother,
Hsii Ch‘ieh. His official career, during which he was President of
the Board of Civil Office, was a chequered one. On one occasion
he was degraded for revealing official secrets; on another, he was
banished for unauthorisedly putting a man to death; and finally,
about 976, when a Supervising Censor, he was accused of neglecting
his mother and of adultery, and was banished to 4} Pin-chou in
Shensi where he died of cold. His works comprise the Ba EEE ai
and #2 jill! 44%, besides a collection of letters. He was an opponent
of Buddhism, but an avowed spiritualist. Popularly known .as K
RE the Elder Hsii, to distinguish him from his brother, and also
as (B8 1& jj , from the name of an official post which he filled.
See Han Hsi-tsat.

Hsiit Hsiin 34 3% (T. He ZZ). AD. 240-874. A native of
Nan-ch‘ang in Kiangsi. Just before his birth, his mother dreamt
that a golden phoenix dropped a pearl from its beak into her hand.
As he grew up he devoted himself chiefly to necromancy and the
black art. In 280 he was appointed. to a magisterial post, and
distinguished himself by his benevolence; but he soon resigned,
and having perfected himself as a magician, wandered about doing
good to the people, slaying dragons and ridding the country of
similar pests, and on one occasion causing water to flow from a
rock. In another case, by an arrangement of an iron pillar and
eight cables he made it impossible for the evil spirits to continue

their troublesome practices. At the age of 134 he was translated

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 305

to heaven, together with his whole family, his dogs and cats, and
even the denizens of his poultry-yard.
Hstt Hui RE A. 7th cent. A.D. A young lady, who when only
eight years of age could write off an essay with éase. She was
admitted as concubine into the palace of the Emperor T‘ai Tsung,
and took occasion to remonstrate against the extravagant expenditure
upon wars and Imperial buildings, for which bold act she gained
much credit, even with his Majesty himself.

Hstt Hui (Ag Hff. 9th cent. A.D. Protégé and friend of the
statesman Bs #§ Yang P‘ing. When the latter was banished by
his rival AS fifj Li [-chien, Hsii Hui alone ventured to see
him off. He was entreated not to do so, lest he himself should be
implicated. But he answered, ‘I owe everything to Yang P‘ing;
now that he is going into exile, shall I not bid him farewell?”
Several days afterwards he received from Li I-chien an appointment
as Censor. “I have never set eyes on your Excellency,” he said,
on taking up his post; “to what am I indebted for this honour?”
“Sir,” replied Li I-chien, ‘the man who is loyal to his friend will
never be disloyal to his country.”

Hsti Kan RE He (T. afs3 f%). A poet and official, who flourished
at the close of the H. Han dynasty and is ranked as one of the Ja!
Fe +‘ -¥- Seven Scholars of the Chien-an period, A.D. 196 —220,
the other six being K‘ung Jung, Ch‘én Lin, Wang Ts‘an, Liu
Chén, Ying Yang, and Yiian Yti. He was the author of the rH
am. a rendering into Chinese of the Pranyamila shdstra tikd of
Nagardjuna.

Hsti Kuang R i (T. Hy Bk). A.D. 852—425. Younger brother
of Hsii Mo, and a profound scholar. He was employed upon the
dynastic history, and rose to be Chief Librarian in the Imperial
Library. Upon the abdication of the Emperor Kung Ti in 420, he

retired into private life. To his latest hour he was seldom seen
20

1

V6

UG

8

V9

780

306 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

without a book in his hand. He was the author of a work on
military dress, and was considered to be an eminent authority on
all matters of ceremonial etiquette.

Hsi Kuang-ch‘i #9 KK (T. -F- Fe). A.D. 1562—1684. The
famous statesman of the Ming dynasty, generally regarded as the
only influential member of the mandarinate who has ever become
a convert to Christianity. After graduating as first chi jen in 1597
and taking his chin shih degree in 1604, he enrolled himself as a
pupil of Matteo Ricci and studied under his guidance to such purpose
that he was able to produce works on the new system of astronomy
as introduced by the Jesuit Fathers, besides various treatises on
mathematical science. He was also author of the pa ris Ay FE,
an encyclopedia of agriculture of considerable value. With the aid
of his foreign teachers he devoted considerable attention to tho art
of casting cannon, and never ceased to impress upon the last two
Emperors of the Ming dynasty the necessity of employing artillery
against the rebels. After a somewhat chequered career he rose in
1628 to be President of the Board of Rites and was ordered to
reform the calendar, but by the time he had obtained any real
power he was already too old for active service. The Jesuit
establishment of RE Be be (or [&]) Sicawei, near Shanghai which
was his birthplace, is named after him. Canonised as BL ise

Hsii Ling #3 |G (T. 2 PA). AD. 507-583. A native of
modern Kiangsu, whose mother, just previous to his birth, dreamt
that a rainbow-coloured cloud changed into a phcenix and settled
upon her left shoulder. As. a youth he was precocious, being able
to compose essays at eight years old. At thirteen, he had mastered
the philosophy of Lao Tzti and Chuang Tzii. A Buddhist priest,
named Pao Chih, stroked his head and said, ‘‘You have here a
unicorn!’ Eventually he rose, under the Emperor Wu Ti of the

Liang dynasty, to be a Minister of State. He had a son named ti}

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 307

Pin, who when his father was sick, cured him by reciting the
Canon of Filial Piety for three consecutive days and nights. Canonised
as a.

Hsii Mien $f h (T. {ff 4£). Died A.D. 535. A native of
modern Kiangsu, who took a high degree and rose in 507 to be
President of the Board of Civil Office under the Liang dynasty. As
a child he was extremely precocious, and when only six years old
composed a prayer for fine weather. 742 2 fiji) Hsii Hsiao-ssti said
of him, “He is a unicorn among men, and will certainly travel
far;” meaning that he would rise high in the public service. His
powers of application were marvellous. He could carry on a
conversation while writing dispatches. He was so rarely at home
that the dogs barked at him as at a stranger. He despised wealth,
and distributed his salary among his poorer friends and relatives.
He was fond of exclaiming, “Others bequeath to their children
wealth; to mine I bequeath an unsullied reputation.” Canonised
as fil] 74. ,

Hstt Mo a3 ya (7. Er ily ). Died A.D. 249. He was a secretary
in a Board under the great Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, and served under the two
Emperors who succeeded him, rising to the highest offices of State.
In 242 he was appointed President of the Board of Works, but
was prevented by age and infirmity from accepting the post and
retired into private life. He was contemporary with Ts‘ai Yung,
whose fame as a winebibber he rivalled, if not eclipsed. Even when
the use of liquor was altogether forbidden under the severest
penalties, he was unable to resist the temptation of getting
occasionally drunk. Canonised as pS.

Hsti Mo # 2. A.D. 343-397. A native of ft #8 Tung-
kuan in Shantung, and elder brother of Hsiti Kuang. He was of
very pYrepossessing appearance and of marked literary capacity, and

became a prime favourite with the Emperor Hsiao Wu of the

@1

482

183

308 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Chin dynasty, who raised him to high office. The death of his

father aggravated an illness from which he was suffering, and he

died within the year.

784 Hsii Pén # AX (T. a A). Died A.D. 1747. Son of Hsii

Ch‘ao. Graduated as chin shth in 1718, and after service in Peking
and the provinces -became in 1732 Governor of Anhui. There he
improved the police, the Customs, and the tax collection, and
also stopped piracy, then rife among the fishing population, by
introducing a system of mutual guarantee. Recalled to Peking in
1734, he rose to be Grand Secretary, retiring in 1742. Canonised
as al BB, and in 1786 included in the Temple of Worthies.

785 Hs Pu #2 YR (T. we FA). A.D. 1429-1499. Graduating as

186

chin shih in 1454, he entered the Grand Secretariat in 1487. His
quiet conservative policy, which aimed at compromise and friendly
relations with his colleagues, was a relief after the energy, often
vindictive, of his predecessor Liu Chi. His protests, however, failed
to stir the Emperor to reform or to check the power of Li Kuang
and the Taoists. Indeed, during his twelve years as Minister, he
was only once received in audience. In 1497 he was entrusted
with the preparation of the Wy Br Hi Statutes of the Ming
Dynasty, which were published in 1509. To his subordinates he was
lenient, and in private life he was distinguished for filial piety,
frugality, and charity. He left 800 mou of land free of taxes to
the poor of his clan. Canonised as Bl Big -

Hst Shao #f Bp (T. - YY). 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. A native
of P‘ing-yiti in Honan, who attracted the notice of T's'ao Ts‘ao but
refused to serve under him, telling the great commander to his

face that he was a rebel and a disturber of the public peace. He

is now chiefly remembered in connection with his practice of

devoting the first day of every month to criticism of his neighbours
and their conduct. Hence the phrase F] A to criticise. He and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 309

his brother Hsii SE Ch‘ien, who rose to some distinction, were
known as the Two Dragons of P‘ing-yii.

Hsii Shén gf 4A (T. $¢ HE). Died A.D.? 120. A native of
44 [be Shao-ling in modern Honan. He graduated as hsiao lien
and studied under Chia K‘uei, with whose name he is often
associated in literature. After holding office for a short time, he
retired into private life and devoted himself to books. He was a
deep student of the Five Classics; and discovering discrepancies in
the criticisms of these books, he wrote his FA. OK Bie i a work
which gave rise to the popular saying ‘“‘On the Five Classics Hsii
Shu-chung is without his peer.” But it is by his Shuo Wén that
he is now known. This was a collection, with short explanatory
notes, of all the characters — about ten thousand — which were
to be found in Chinese literature as then existing, written in what
is now known as the Lesser Seal style. It is the oldest Chinese
dictionary of which we have any record, and forms the basis of
all modern etymological research. It is arranged under 540 radicals
which were called into existence for that purpose, and its chief
object was to exhibit the hieroglyphic character of Chinese writing.
Being not quite finished at his death, it was completed by his son
Hsii i Chung and in A.D. 121 was laid before the Emperor
An Ti. In 1875 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Hsti Shih # iff or Hsti Fu 4 ji. 3rd cent. B.C. A native
of the Ch‘i State, who persuaded the First Emperor to send out
an expedition, accompanied by several thousand young men and
women, to search for the Isles of the Blest which were supposed
to be inhabited by Immortals.

Hsti Shih-lin aa i a CF: zh fF. H. Bh IW). A.D. 1684—
1741. The first of the two Governors of provinces admitted to the
Temple of Worthies, “to encourage the others.” He was famed for his

judicial acumen and for his disregard of the ordinary pleasures of life.

187

788

789

310 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

190

V1

192

Hsiit Shih Tzu 3 {it -. A Prince named TE Chih, Heir
Apparent to the State of 7 Hsii. He is mentioned in the Tso
Chuan as having “murdered his sovereign,” and is also stigmatised
by Confucius as a murderer. It would appear that he administered
a potion to his sick father without having taken the precaution
of previously tasting the medicine himself, and that his father died
from the effects.

Hsii Shou-hui 7 32 Hi (T. JA gj,). 14th cent. A.D. A
cloth-trader of He ff] Lo-ttien in Hupeh, who was made chief
of the band formed by 4% 4 Ying Yi, a priest of ¥ Yiian-
chou in Kiangsi, to prepare for the coming of Maitréya Buddha.
In 1351 he styled himself Emperor, with his capital at Pin aK
Ch‘i-shui in Hupeh. After occupying Wu-ch‘ang, and even
Hangchow, and making an unsuccessful attack upon An-ch‘ing,
he suffered several reverses, and in 1856 fixed his capital at Han-
yang. In 1857 he was imprisoned by Ch‘én Yu-liang in Chiang-
chou, and shortly afterwards slain.

Hsii Ta #32 (T. FR fH). AD. 1829-1883. A native of
Féng-yang in Anhui, and the chief supporter of Chu Ytian-chang
in his overthrow of the Mongol dynasty. Joining the latter in
1353, he immediately won his confidence and did nearly all the

actual fighting on his behalf, the new sovereion declining to

interfere with his dispositions. His almost unbroken series of
successes culminated in the capture of Peking in 1368. He was
then employed in clearing the Mongols from the north-western
provinces, and in thoroughly weakening their power of aggression
by frequent expeditions beyond the Chinese frontier. During the
war he took two capitals and over one hundred other cities,
without a single instance of murder or rapine; and when Peking
changed masters, the market was not stopped for a single day.

He was a plain, simple man, and never presumed on his great

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 311

services. His master described him as “‘the only General,” without
pride or conceit, entirely free from sensuality or avarice. He was
ennobled as Duke, receiving his patent engraved upon an iron
slab, and posthumously as Prince. Canonised as TH ‘ga. , and
admitted to the Imperial Temple. His image stood first of the
twenty-one placed in 1369 in the Temple of Men of Merit.

Hsti Ta-chéng (Jc (EF (T. fii 2). 11th cent. A.D. A native
of [iit ‘ga. Ou-ning in Fuhkien, who distinguished himself as a
poet and was on terms of friendship with Su Shih. He built himself
a “Retreat” upon the Northern Mountain in Kuangsi, whence he
came to be known as fy [Ll] 4 -b.

Hsii Ta-ch‘un #7 J XR (T. Be 7G). 18th cent. A.D. A native
of 4a YT. Wu-chiang near Soochow, distinguished as a scholar
and a doctor. He wrote a commentary on the Tao Té Ching, and
his collected medical works are known under the title of (Ay K&
Aa.

Hsti Tzt-p‘ing 1 -F- 2p A celebrated professor of the science
of astrology, who flourished under the Sung dynasty. His method
of divination is still called by his name.
Hsti Wén-ching ( 4¢ HR (TT. fix IL). A native of Anhui,
who graduated as chi jen in 1724 and distinguished himself as a
writer on the Canon of Changes, the Tribute of Yu, and the
Bamboo Books. He was over ninety years of age at his death.
Hsti Yu fF —Y.~ One of the Four Philosophers of the BS th Ht
Miao-ku-shé mountain, the others being 49 $E}. Nieh Chiieh, FE
ti, Wang Ni, and #e Fe Pi I. The Emperor Yao is said to
have offered him the throne, which only caused him to hurry off
to wash his ears and cleanse them from such unwarrantable
defilement. He used to drink from the brook in the hollow of his
hand; and when some charitable person gave him a gourd, he hung

it up on a tree near his hut. But the wind whistling through the

193

794.

195

196

197

198

799

312 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

gourd produced a sound which was pleasing to his senses, to escape
from which contamination he threw the gourd away.

Hst-yiian-méng #F 7p Bs (T. FG fe and WE Pal). AD.
1650-1736. A Manchu, who graduated as chin shih in 1673. For
many years he suffered from the enmity of the rival Ministers Wy
Pf Ming-chu and Zs $A So-o-t‘u, who in revenge for his
refusal to pay court to either, caused him to be imprisoned and
tortured on various false charges. In 1687, for nothing more than
bad archery practice, the Emperor K‘ang Hsi ordered him to be
severely beaten and his parents to bé banished to the Amoor. Next
day however this harsh sentence was revoked. In the following year
he became implicated, through Ming-chu, in an intrigue, and nearly
died in prison. At last in 1698, after Ming-chu’s fall, he gradually
rose until in 1718 he was chosen as the Emperor's confidential
adviser. Five years later he was degraded for a mistranslation, but
rose once more high to office. On his deathbed he was visited by
the eldest Prince, and finally received a public funeral. Canonised
as Bl ise and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Hsi Yuan-wén #8 7C KX (7. AAi. WH. ae FH). AD.
1634— 1691. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated first at the chin
shih examination of 1659, and was at once admitted to the society
and confidence of the Emperor Shun Chih, being also entrusted
with the editing of his Majesty’s literary notes, under the title of
o 7p pi- At the accession of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi he was
unjustly degraded on a question of accounts, and only in 1665
was his character vindicated. After serving in various literary posts,
he aided in revising the Canon of Filial Piety and was placed on
the Commission for preparing the History of the Ming Dynasty.
He thus secured that the last three Ming Princes, jj Fu, jaf
T'ang, and AE Kuei, and their followers, should be recorded as

brave men and not as rebels. Promoted in 1680 to be President

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 313

of the Censorate he insisted that the period of mourning should
be uniform for all officers, Bannermen and Peking officials having
hitherto got off with short periods. In 1688 his brother Hsti Ch‘ien-
hstieh was called from the provinces to be President of the Board
of Punishments, and this led to his fall in 1689; for Hsti Ch‘ien-
hstieh instigated the attack which drove from office the Manchu
Minister Hf] PR Ming-chu, whose partisans soon succeeded in

forcing Hsii Yiian-wén to retire. One great reform he effected was

to require an officially sealed bill of sale for every serf held by a |

Manchu, as hitherto many Chinese had been. kidnapped and enslaved
for life. | 3

Hstan Ni 4 #&. A daughter of God, sent down to earth to
aid the Yellow Emperor against Ch‘ih Yu.

Hstian Ti. See (Han) Liu Hstin; (Ch‘én) Ch‘én Hsii; (N. Chou)
Yu Wen-yung.

Hstian Tsang % 4£ or Yuan Tsang 7; AE, AD. 602—
664. The religious designation of a man whose original name was
[yi Niet Ch‘én I. A native of Honan, who became a Buddhist priest
when only 20 years of age and in the year 629 set out for
India, with a view to visit its holy places and to bring back copies
of the sacred books of Buddhism. In 645 he returned, and was
received with public honours, the Emperor T‘ai Tsung conferring
upon him the honorary epithet of = Jgf San Tsang. He had
with him six hundred and fifty-seven Buddhist books, besides many
images and pictures, and one hundred and fifty relics. He spent
the rest of his life in translating these books, with the help of
several learned monks appointed by the Emperor. The manuscript
of his py Sih, BU, Record of Western Countries was presented to
the Emperor in 646, but the work as it now stands was not

completed until 648. Also known as # aa) 4S Hf PE BE Deva
of the Greater Development, and Fx X Te ie Mokchadéva.

800

801

314 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Hsiian Tsung. See Li Lung-chi.
Hsiian” Tsung. See (T‘ang) Li Shén; (Chin?) Wan-yen Hstn;
(Ming) Chu Chan-chi.

802 Hstiian Wén Chiin ‘7 BL Af. Ath cent. A.D. The title given
to the mother of Kies i Wei Ta, President of the Court of
Sacrificial Worship under the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti of the Chin
dynasty. In order to prevent the decadence of classical learning,
she opened a school and lectured from behind a red curtain to
some hundred and thirty students.

Hstian Wu Ti. See Yuan K‘o.

803 Hstian Ying fe. 6th cent. A.D. A Buddhist priest, author
of the — YW AK 7 a work on the sounds and meanings
of words in the Buddhist Canon.

804 Hsiin Chii-po #j (ff. Ist cent. A.D. A native of Hsii-chou
in Honan, who when bandits were threatening the neighbourhood
and all the inhabitants fled, refused to leave the bedside of a sick
friend who had come to visit him. Touched by his devotion, the
bandits spared his life.

805 Hsin Hsi Aj A (T. 4X). 6th cent. B.C. A Minister of the
Chin State, under whose leadership the Yui and Kuo States were
destroyed. When Duke Ling had spent some three years in building
a nine-storey belvidere, Hsiin Hsi said to him, “Your servant can
pile twelve wei-ch'i pips one on the other, and then put nine eggs
on the top of them.” ‘Very risky!’ observed the Duke. “Not
nearly so risky,” replied Hstin Hsi, ‘tas your Grace’s nine-storey
belvidere, which for three years has kept young men from
ploughing and young women from spinning.” The Duke took the
hint, and stopped the work.

806 Hsin Hsii #j Hy (T. A). Died A.D. 289. A native of
Ying-chou in Anhui, who served as an official under the Wei

dynasty and subsequently under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 315

dynasty, rising to the highest posts and aiding Chia Ch‘ung in
preparing his Penal Code. He took a leading part in editing the
Bamboo Books which were discovered in Honan during that reign.
He edited and also wrote a preface to the js KK F (Hi , a
narrative of the adventures of Mu Wang on his visit to Hsi Wang
Mu. This book was said to have been found in an old tomb; but
it appears from internal evidence to have been one of the numerous
forgeries of the Eastern Han dynasty. Hstin Hsti was distinguished
as an artist, and wrote on music (see YViian Hsien). He had ten
sons, three of whom rose to distinction. Canonised as WX. See
Chung Hut.

Hstn K‘uang #j JL. 3rd cent. B.C. A native of the Chao
State, who at the age of 50 wandered to the Ch‘i State in search
of education. He succeeded in making a name for himself, and
was appointed Libationer; but later on he was impeached, and
withdrew to the Ch‘u State where he became Magistrate of ww [Be
Lan-ling under Pa FA A¥ Ch'un Shén Chiin. When the latter
died he was dismissed from office, but remained in Ch‘u, teaching
_ pupils, among whom were the famous Li Ssti and Han Fei Tati.
‘Disgusted with life he wrote a philosophical treatise in which he
maintains, in opposition to Mencius, that the nature of man at his
birth is evil. He was often called Aaj Sen Minister Hsiin, in reference
to his official position. During the reign of the Kmperor Hsiian Ti
of the Han dynasty, B.C. 73—48, his surname was changed from
Hsiin to-F4& Sun, the former being the Emperor’s personal name.
Hstin Pien 4 poe 6th cent. B.C. A skilful general, whom the
Marquis of Wei® would not employ because once, when a tax-
gatherer, he had accepted and eaten a couple of eggs. The philosopher
Tzti-ssti (see Kung Chi) succeeded however in persuading the
Marquis that it would be impolitie to sacrifice such an able man

for so trivial an offence.

807

808

316 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

809 Hsiin Shuang 74j 3& (T. 2% Wi). AD. 128—190. One of the

eight sons of 44) AX Hsiin Shu (T. ZS Fil). He was such a
precocious youth, being well-versed in the Spring and Autumn and

the Analects by the time he was twelve years old, that the saying

arose, “Among the eight dragons of the Hsiin family, Tz't-ming

810

Sil

is without his peer.” Entering into official life, in 165 he became
secretary in a Board, and continued to fill various offices until
Tung Cho seized the supreme power. He then attempted flight but
was constrained to take office as Minister, a post which he had
held only ninety-four days when he was overtaken by illness and died.
Hsin Ya #j BE (V. 3¢ HE). AD. 161-211. A native of
A [EZ Ying-yin in Anhui. Graduating in 189 he attached himself
to the fortunes of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, whose star seemed to him to be
in the ascendant, and became his trusted adviser. In 196 he was
raised to high office by the Emperor Hsien Ti, and in 199, upon
the defeat of Yiian Shao, was ennobled as Marquis, Ts‘ao Ts‘ao
recommending that even more emoluments should be assigned to
him. However, in 211, when 7x Jf} Tung Chao and others wished
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao to be ennobled as Duke and to be presented with the
“nine valuable. gifts,” upon being consulted by them he observed
that such procedure would be out of keeping with the character
of the “superior man.” ’s‘ao Ts‘ao did not forgive this, and
intrigued to get Hstin Yti sent upon a campaign in the south. As
he was starting he fell ill, and Ts‘ao Ts‘ao sent him a present
of food to speed him on his way; but when the dishes were opened
they were found to be empty. Thereupon Hstin took poison and
died. It was said of him by Liu Chi that if he called at a person’s
house, he imparted to the place a fragrance which lasted for three
days. Canonised as Pg

Hsin Yueh “4j [i (T. ft FR). A-D. 148—209. Left an orphan
at an early age, by the time he was 12 he was thoroughly

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 317

acquainted with the Spring and Autumn Annals; and although too
poor to buy books, he managed to educate himself by stolen glances
at those of other people. He was of a quiet disposition and prepossessing
in appearance; but the times were out of joint, all power being in
the hands of the eunuchs. Accordingly he pleaded ill-health, and
went into seclusion. Later on he attracted the notice of the Emperor
Hsien Ti, himself a great lover of learning, and the two spent
hours together in literary discussions. He rose to be Chief Librarian
of the Imperial Library and compiled the Pa AE Annals of the
Han Dynasty, besides writing a small work on the art of government.
Hu An-kuo fj 2 ba (T. AE He. BH. BR BB). AD. 1074—
1138. A native of 3% Ze Ch‘ung-an in Fuhkien, who graduated
fourth on the list of chin shih in 1097. It was said that his essay
was the best of all sent in, but that he was not placed first because
in it he had failed to censure the policy of Ssti-ma Kuang. The
Emperor subsequently raised him to third on the list, and he was
soon afterwards sent as Literary Chancellor to Hunan. Here he got
‘into trouble with an adherent of Ts‘ai Ching, and the latter caused
him to be dismissed from the ‘public service. Hre long he was
re-instated in office and sent to Sstich‘uan, but on the death of his
parents in 1113 he refused to return to public life. Ultimately
however he became Expositor of the Classics under the Emperor
Kao Tsung, and continued in office until his death. He was the
author of the fe BK 8 , a work which was written specially to
restore the Spring and Autumn Annals to its place in the Confucian
Canon from which it had been ejected by Wang An-shih. He also
wrote a supplement to Ssti-ma Kuang’s history, miscellaneous essays,
ete. etc. On one occasion he undertook to reform a nephew, a
good-for-nothing idler. He shut him up in a room by himself for
a whole year, with a pile of books. At first the young man amused

himself by carving figures all over the woodwork; but gradually

812

813

814

815

816

318 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he settled down to read, and ultimately graduated as chin shih. He
was canonised as Bl oe and in 1487 his tablet was placed in
the Confucian Temple.

Hu Chi-t‘ang 4 254% (T. FF HK. Hw. BE yy). AD. 1728—
1800. Son of Hu Hsii, and a distinguished official during the reign
of the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung who consulted him as to precedents.
He was very deeply read in history and biography. Canonised
as HE Hk.

Hu Chi-jen #9 EE (T. ALN). He fie FH). Died A.D.

1485. A native of Re: Bs Mei-ch‘i in Fuhkien, who flourished as
a scholar and teacher under the Ming dynasty. He was the author
of the Ki Ea BK, and of miscellaneous essays and poems. In 1584
he was canonised as AC #~, and his tablet was placed in the
Confucian Temple.

Hu-érh-han fs fq fi. A.D. 1573—1620. One. of the Five
Ministers of T‘ai Tsu, the founder of the present dynasty, the other
four being O-yi-tu, Fei-ying-tung, fay Fal WEE Zé Ho-ho-li-an , and
Fei-yang-ku. He was distinguished both by valour and strategy in -
the wars which prepared the way for the conquest of China.

Hu Hai tH ¥%. Died B.C. 207. The youngest son of the First

‘Emperor. When the latter died, Li Ssti and Chao Kao the eunuch

conspired to slay Fu Su, the rightful heir, and placed Hu Hai upon
the throne as the Second Emperor of the ten thousand who the
First Emperor had flattered himself would hand his nathe down to
after ages. The seer Lu Shéng had prophesied that the Ch‘in
dynasty would be destroyed by Hu; but the First Emperor understood
by “Hu” the Turkic tribes of the north, and sent against them
Méng Tien with a large army and built the Great Wall, not
knowing that the fatal Hu was all the time at his side. Hu Hai
was put to death by Chao Kao within two years, and the Ch'in

dynasty came to an end.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 319

Hu Hsii ff Ha (7. ya Be. WH. ae). AD. 1655-1736.
One of the profoundest writers on the Canon of Changes. He

graduated as chin shih at the advanced age of fifty-eight, and at
once attracted the attention of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi who
frequently consulted him on knotty points in the above-mentioned
Canon. He rose to be senior Vice President of the Board of Rites,
having been appointed in 1730 chief editor of the History of the
Ming Dynasty. In 1731 he retired on account of a_ spiteful
accusation that his only surviving son, Hu 2S 4 Chi-t‘ang, who
afterwards became President of a Board, was merely an adopted son.
He was recalled to office by Ch‘ien Lung, who included his great
work A B e] aE in the Imperial collection and caused him
to be canonised as Bl sz A, though his rank was only that of
a Vice President. |

Hu Hung #R # (7. fF fh. H. FWA). 12th cent. AD.
Son of Hu An-kuo. After studying under Yang Shih, he retired
to Mt. Héng in Hunan where he spent twenty years in meditation
and teaching, having for one of his disciples the famous Chang
Ch‘ih. He addressed several very strong remonstrances to the Throne,
pointing out in one of these that while honest counsellors were
often punished for outspokenness, flatterers and sycophants were
allowed to go unscathed. His language was always very violent,
which he explained by saying that such admonitions as he had to
give could not be dressed up in terms of formal ceremony. For

his father’s services he was appointed to a post, but did not take

it up. Author of the Ft AR AE OX and the BEXK#A.

817

818

Hu Kuang 7 J (T. 4H 4). Died A.D. 172. A native of 819

ae A Hua-jung in Hupeh, who was left a poor orphan and
began life as a menial in a public office. He managed to take his
second degree; and when he presented himself at the capital for
his third degree the Emperor An Ti declared that he was the first

820

821

822

320 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

scholar in the empire, and within one month he became secretary
to a Board. Five months later he was appointed President of a -
Board and Chamberlain, and continued with but few checks to
hold high office until his death. Though not distinguished by their
boldness, his counsels were still of great value to his Imperial
masters; and in a popular couplet of the day the nation congratulated
itself on having such a wise and temperate man at the head of
affairs. Canonised as wl 7K.

Hu Kuang #f Fe (T. 36 Fe). A.D. 1870-1418, A native of
Chi-shui in Kiangsi, who in 1400 came out first at the Palace
Examination and received an appointment in the Han-lin College.
He then changed his personal name to Ug Ching; but in 1403,
on being promoted to sub-Expositor, he resumed his former name
Kuang. He rose to high office under the Emperor Yung Lo,
accompanying his Majesty on his northern campaigns as confidential
adviser and being specially entrusted with the preparation of such
inscriptions as were set up to record the success of their arms.
The Emperor once asked him if the people were happy. “They are
happy,” he replied, ‘but badly governed by their local Magistrates.”
Canonised as BB.

Hu Kung #% A. A magician under the Han dynasty. He used
to disappear at night, and it was discovered by Fei Ch‘ang-fang
that he retired at sunset to a hollow gourd which hung at his
doorpost. The latter at once became his disciple.

Hu Lin-i 4H AK Se (T. LAR. A. yey). 1812-1861. A
native of the 78 a I-yang District in Hunan, who graduated as
chin shih in 1836 and early distinguished himself by his successful
operations against the T‘ai-p‘ings. In Jan. 1855 he went to assist
Tséng Kuo-fan at Kiukiang, and cleared the rebels off the Po-yang
lake. In Dec. 1856 he captured Wu-ch‘ang, for which he was
appointed Viceroy of Hu-Kuang and received the button of the Ist

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 321

rank. Karly in 1857 Hupeh was at peace, and he proceeded to
lend his aid in Kiangsi, retaking Hu-k‘ou at the mouth of the
Po-yang lake in November. In April 1858 he captured Kiukiang.
In Aug. 1858 his mother died, but he was only allowed to take
100 days for mourning. In June 1859 Shih Ta-k‘ai made an
attack upon 524 Est Pao-ch‘ing in Hunan, only to be driven off
by Hu. During 1860 he lent his aid in Anhui and Kiangsi, and
~Tséng Kuo-fan declared that he deserved the credit of the capture
of An-ch‘ing in Sept. 1861. At his death he was ennobled, and
shrines were erected to his memory in Hupeh and Hunan. As an
administrator he is chiefly remarkable for his stringent application
of the tithing system. His memorials and letters were edited by
Tséng Kuo-ch‘iian under the title of tA Bl find By 46. Canonised

as 3 HB.
Hu-pi-lieh. See Kublai Khan.

Hu Wei # yy (T. WY. H. Be He). AD. 1633-1714. A
native of Chehkiang, who though an ardent student failed to take
his degree. Devoted to classical literature and especially to geography,
he aided in compiling the — ee Ra Imperial Geography. He
wrote the fy Fy Sf Ff, a work on the geography of the Canon
of History, pointing out the errors of former identifications and
detailing the history of the Yellow River inundations. He also
published the FH lel Hy] WE, an elucidation of the mysteries of
the Canon of Changes, and the yk fis JE ff» a critical treatise
on the “Great Plan” of the Canon of History.

Hu Wei-yung tA HE ie . Died A.D. 1880. A favourite of the
founder of the Ming dynasty. He was chosen to be Junior Minister
in 1373, against the advice of Liu Chi whom he poisoned two
years later. In 1377 he became sole Minister and wielded unlimited

power, deciding questions of life and death, promotion and

degradation, without even asking his trusting sovereign’s consent.

21

823

824.

825

826

827

322 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Greedy and unscrupulous, he soon aimed at the throne, leaguing
himself with discontented officials in the provinces, offering vassalage
as the price of Mongol aid, inviting the co-operation of the Japanese,
and enlisting desperadoes in the capital. The plot was almost ripe
for execution when his son was run over by a carter, whom Hu
slew on the spot. The Emperor who had gradually become aware
of some of his misdeeds, declined to let him redeem his act by
payment of a fine. He was thus driven to immediate action; but
an accomplice having revealed the conspiracy, he was seized and
put to death together with the informer and his protege [fi ra
Ch‘én Ying, President of the Censorate.

Hu Yen ff (. 7th cent. B.C. A faithful adherent of Ch'ung
Erh. He accompanied the latter in his exile and afterwards shared
the prosperity of his restoration.

Hu Yin #8 @ (T. WY tp. WH. % Ae). Died A.D. 1151.
Nephew of Hu An-kuo. He graduated as chin shih in 1119, and
after studying under Yang Shih, entered the public service. He
rose to high office, and was for many years the confidential adviser
of the Emperor Kao Tsung of the Southern Sung dynasty.

Hu Yuan §f ek (T. SC. H. FE). AD. 993-1059. A
native of fy. 3 Hai-ling in Kiangsu. Though an ardent student
from his youth upwards he failed on several occasions to take his
degree, and it was not until he was over forty years of age that
his great learning was brought to the notice of the Emperor. After
serving for a short time with Fan Chung-yen on the eastern
frontier, and as Education Officer in Chehkiang, in 1045 he was
appointed to the Imperial Academy. He proved a most successful
teacher, and gathered around him more disciples than the hall
would hold. He was a skilled musician, and. also thoroughly
understood the art of casting bells. In 1530 his tablet was placed

in the Confucian Temple.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 323

Hua Hsin 32 fx (T. - ff). Died A.D. 231. A native of 828
‘=A jFE Kao-t‘ang in Anhui, who graduated as hsiao lien and rose

to the highest offices of State under the last Emperor of the Han
dynasty and the first two Emperors of the Wei dynasty. On one
occasion he was fleeing for his life from rebels, in company with
Wang Lang, when an old man asked to be allowed to join them.
Hua Hsin objected, but Wang Lang pleaded for the old man and

he was taken into the boat. By and by, being pressed hard by
their pursuers, Wang Lang repented of his generosity, and
suggested that the old man should be put ashore. But Hua Hsin
said, “No! Once we have associated him in our fortunes, we
cannot abandon him because we are in trouble.” Canonised as FR

See Kuan Ning.

Hua-jui Fu-jen 7% i F A. A name given to the Lady Hi 829
Fei, concubine of Méng Ch‘ang, the last ruler of the Later Shu
State, A.D. 935—964. When this lady passed into the possession

of the founder of the Sung dynasty, she took with her a portrait

of her former lord which she pretended was the representation of a
divine being, named Chang Hsien, worshipped by women desirous

of offspring.

Hua T‘o ie {EB (T. FC AV, ). Died A.D. 220. A famous physician 830
and surgeon who flourished towards the close of the 2nd cent.
A.D. He was skilled in the use of acupuncture and cautery, but

did not use these recklessly. His needles went straight to the part
affected, and he never applied the moxa more than seven or eight
times. If a disease seemed beyond the reach of needles and cautery,

he operated, giving his patients a dose of hashish which rendered
them unconscious. He used neither scales nor measures, administering

his drugs by instinct. On one occasion he diagnosed from the pulse
alone a case of decayed bowels, which he cured by operation. Among

other things, he is said to have been able to foretell the sex of

831

832

833

324 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

children. He was medical attendant in ordinary to the great Ts‘ao
Ts‘ao; and when the famous commander became a martyr to
headaches, offered to open his skull under an anmsthetic, an offer
which was somewhat rudely declined. Relief however was obtained
by the use of the needle. To get home to his family, he pretended
that his wife was ill; and then, as he made constant excuses
instead of coming back, Ts‘ao Ts‘ao sent to fetch him. He was
thrown into prison and died there. Sometimes spoken of as fe
iB Hua Fu.

Huai I heed Zs. Died A.D. 694. The priest-favourite of: the
Empress Wu Hou of the T‘ang dynasty. In 686, on assuming
supreme power, she made him Director of the White Horse
Temple, and the most powerful courtiers were forced to yield
precedence to him. Tiring of his unrestrained wickedness, she sent
him in 689 to chastise the Turkic tribes. In 694, jealous of a —
new favourite, he tried to set fire to the palace and was
impertinent when rebuked by the Empress, for which she caused
him to be beaten to death.

Huai Nan Li Wang HE PZ] BB -. 2nd cent. B.C. A brother
of the Emperor Wén Ti of the Han dynasty. For conspiracy and
rebellion he was banished to the modern Ssitich‘uan, where he
refused all food and died of hunger.

Huai Nan Tz. See Liu An.

Huai Su eet #. A Buddhist priest of the 7th cent. A.D., who

”

was a famous writer of the ‘‘grass character.’ He was too poor
to buy paper, and in its stead he used the leaves of plantains,
which he cultivated in such large numbers that he called the
place or FR Green Sky. The poet Li T‘ai-po was a great
admirer of his calligraphy.

Huai Ti. See Sst-ma Chih.

Huai-yang Wang. See Liu Hstian.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 325

Huan Ch‘i js fy. One of the generals of the First Emperor. 834
See Li Mu.

Huan Ching {i Er. A worthy of old, who studied ‘as a pupil 835
under Fei Ch‘ang-fang. One day the latter said to him, “On the |
9th day of the 9th moon a calamity will come upon Ju-nan. You
must make a bag and fill it with a certain plant (Evodia rutecarpa,
Bth.); then you must tie the bag on to your arm, and go with your
family up to the top of a mountain and drink chrysanthemum wine.

By such means the danger can be escaped.” Huan Ching did as he
was bid; and on returning home at nightfall, he found all the
dogs and poultry of his household dead. ‘“These, you see,” said
Fei Ch‘ang-fang, “have served as your substitutes.” From this
legend came the modern custom of annual mountain-picnics on
the 9th day of the 9th moon.

Huan Ch‘ung fH /H (T. 44 -F-). Died A.D. 385. Younger 836
brother of Huan Wén, whom he accompanied in his campaigns,
earning for himself the sobriquet of 4F HS. tH and being
ennobled as Duke. Upon the death of his brother in 373, the
Emperor Hsiao Wu appointed him to high office; but he found

all power in the hands of Hsieh An, and applied for a provincial
post. Later on he failed to oppose the advance of Fu Chien (2);
and even when the latter was finally overcome, he felt his failure

so keenly that he positively died of shame. He was the best
scholar of the family, and a man of simple tastes. He absolutely
declined to. wear new clothes, until his wife pointed out to him
that all old clothes must once have been new.

Huan Hstan fH % (T. 38). A-D. 369—404. Son of 837
Huan Wén, by a concubine. His mother sat one night watching

the shooting stars, when suddenly a star seemed to fall into a
bucket of water and lay there like a shining pearl. With a ladle

she scooped it out, and swallowed it at a gulp. In due course she

838

839

326 A Chinese Biographical. Dictionary

gave birth to Huan Usiian, a bright “glory” filling the room at
the time; in consequence of which the child received the pet name
of an 54 Divine Jewel. He had two nurses to carry him, the
women alleging that he was twice as heavy as an ordinary baby.
His father idolised him, and made him his heir. As he grew up
he began to display remarkable talent, of which he himself was
fully conscious; and at first there was a disinclination at Court to
give him employment. At the age of 23 he was placed upon the
establishment of the Heir Apparent, but soon threw up the post
in disgust. Later on he became mixed up in the schemes of Wang
Kuo-pao; and in 402, after the death of Wang Kung, he was
appointed Governor of Ching-chou. Then followed his contest with
Prince 7G #A Ytian Hsien, who ruled over the metropolitan
province (see Ssw-ma Tao-tzi), in the course of which he surprised
Nanking, slew his opponents, and in 403 mounted the throne as
Emperor of Ch‘u. A year later he was attacked by Liu Yu, and
overwhelmed. Struck by an arrow, which his son pulled out of the
wound, and pursued by an officer with a drawn sword, he took
the jade pin from his cap of State and offered it to the latter,
saying, ‘Would you kill the Son of Heaven?” “Nay,” replied the
officer, suiting his action to the word, “but I will slay those who
rebel against him!”

Huan Huo }H #8. A man of the Chin dynasty, famous for
his skill in teaching mynahs to talk. One of his birds was
imitating the voices of the various guests at a party, when finding
itself unable to reproduce the accent of a gentleman who spoke
as though he had a cold, the clever bird put its head inside a jar
and at once made the imitation complete.

Huan I Lie Ft (T. A B. H. Bf =F and - HY). 4th cent.
A.D. An official who brought himself into notice by aiding in the

defeat of Fu Chien (2), for which services he was ennobled as

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 327

Marquis. He was the most skilled musician of the day; and on
One occasion was summoned by the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti to a
banquet at which the great Hsieh An was present, then somewhat
in disgrace on account of the escapades of his son-in-law Wang
Kuo-pao. Being commanded to perform, he first played an air on
the flute, and then seizing his guitar sang with much feeling the
famous lines by Ts‘ao Chih:

If sovereigns find it hard to play their part aright,

A Minister forsooth by weightier care is racked;
For loyal thoughts are hid and come not forth to light,
While foul suspicion lurks and taints his every act.

At this Hsieh An was so affected that he rose in tears from his
place and sat down by Huan J; and stroking the latter’s beard,
said, ‘Those words, Sir, are apt indeed.”
Huan Jung fH 2% (T. ZK Hi). B.C. 21—A.D. 59. A native
of He Jt Lung-k‘ang in Anhui, who was an ardent student but
so poor that he was obliged to enter into service for a livelihood.
He ultimately set up as a teacher and had great success, until
the usurpation of Wang Mang caused him to pack up his books
and flee to the mountains. He was over 60 when he received an
appointment under the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti, after which he
rapidly rose to the highest offices of State. He was much beloved
by the Emperor Ming Ti, who ennobled him as Marquis and at
his death went into mourning for him and followed his corpse to
the grave. Displaying one day the valuable gifts he had received
‘from the Emperor, his seal of office, etc., he cried out, “This
comes of devotion to antiquity.”
Huan Kung ja A. B.C. 684—642. The title of a Duke of the
Ch‘i State, whose surname was 38 Chiang, and personal name
~)y FA Usiao-po. He was one of the sons of Duke #4 Li; and
when the latter died, he and his brother + a Tzti-chiu fled in

840

841

842

843

844

328 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

different directions to escape from the tyranny of the new ruler
Duke Hsiang. When Duke Hsiang was murdered by his nephew
fff Fi Wu-chih, the two brothers returned from exile to quarrel
over the succession. With the powerful aid of Kuan Chung, Hsiao-po
managed to secure the throne, and for many years ruled the State
of Ch‘i with much energy and wisdom, crushing the barbarians on
the western and northern frontiers, and taking the chief place among
the Fr. a] Five Confederate Leaders. But in the closing years of
his life he gave way to sensuality. His body lay unburied while
his sons fought for the kingdom; and during many months this
once prosperous State was a scene of desolation and ruin.

oe Shao-chiin fa 4 A. ist cent. B.C. The wife af fi)
“7. Pao Ustian of the Han dynasty. The latter was a student
under her father who was so struck by the young man’s honesty
and perseyerance that he gave him his daughter to wife. Coming
from a rich family, she received a splendid trousseau; yet to please
her husband, who said he was not accustomed to luxury, she
dismissed all her maids, put on short skirts, and went out to
draw water herself. |
Huan Shih-ch‘ien fa 4 J (T. GH HR). Died A.D. 388.
Nephew of Huan Wén, whom he accompanied upon his campaigns,
on one occasion rescuing his uncle Huan Ch‘ung from Fu Chien
(1) in the teeth of overwhelming numbers. His agility was
extraordinary, and he once actually succeeded in pulling several
arrows out of a wounded tiger. Soldiers in the enemy’s camp
suffering from fever and ague were instantly cured by hearing that
the dreaded hero was at hand. He successfully opposed Fu Chien
(2), and rose to be Governor of Ho-tung. '

Huan Tan fH 34 (T. A fl). 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. A
native of Kiangsu, who was Director of Music under the Emperor

Ch‘éng Ti of the Han dynasty. He was a man of wide learning,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 329

and had such a large library that people used to say the possessor
of his books would be richer even than I Tun. On the other hand
he was somewhat of an iconoclast, and made so many enemies
that he did not rise to any eminence until the reign of the Emperor

Kuang Wu Ti, who appointed him Supervising Censor. In this

capacity he boldly rebuked his Majesty, especially for an absurd - -

belief in prophecy and “books of fate;’” for which he nearly lost
his head. His punishment was commuted to banishment, and he
died on the way, aged upwards of seventy. Author of the Ht ami
or Tracts for the Times, and some poems and funeral orations.
‘Huan Ti. See Liu Chih.

Huan Tien fH Hi (T. AL FE). Died A.D. 201. An official of
the Hastern Han dynasty, who distinguished himself by his bold
opposition to eunuch influence. He became a Censor under the
Emperor Ling Ti, and was much feared by the people who called
him B® HG fff) 34, from a piebald horse which he used to ride.
Huan Wén 7 jit (T. 3U --). AD. 312—373. A native
of HE JG Lung-k‘ang in modern Anhui, and son of the loyal
officer PH J Huan I who was put to death by Hit SA Han
Huang, a lieutenant of the rebel Su Chitin. While still an infant,
he was pronounced by Wén Ch‘iao, who heard him ery, ‘‘a child
of exceptional promise,” and in honour of his quasi-sponsor he
was forthwith named Wén. From fifteen to eighteen his mind
was occupied with the idea of avenging his father’s murder, which
had been brought about by the Magistrate of ¥& Ching; and
when this functionary died he succeeded, under pretence of
condoling with the family, in gaining admittance to the house,
where the three sons were engaged in mourning. He slew the
eldest on the spot, and chased the other two, who fled from him,
until he had slain them both. For this act he gained much kudos

at the time. Energetic and ambitious, he is reported to have

845

846

330 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

declared that if a man could not leave a name sweet to posterity,
he should bequeath one that would stink for ever. Recommended
to the Emperor he was able in 347 to recover Sstich‘uan for the
Chin dynasty, and only the jealous rivalry of the high officials

kept him from a similar success against the Chao State, which

- occupied the north-west. In 854 he penetrated nearly to Ch‘ang-

847

an, but being unsupported, was forced to make a disastrous
retreat. Two years later he extended the Imperial territory up to
the Yellow River. In 368 he attacked the Yen State, which held
Chihli, Shantung, and part of Honan; but his over-confidence led
to a crushing defeat by Mu-jung Ch‘ui at Fang-t‘ou in Honan.
He deposed the Emperor and set up the fifty-year-old son of the
Emperor Ytian Ti, who was to abdicate when called upon. He
was now at the zenith of his power; even Hsieh An saluted him
from a distance. But his protégé died in 872. Then, when he was
worshipping at the Imperial bier, the attendants became conscious
of some supernatural manifestation, and heard him repeatedly
saying, “Your servant dares not do this.” Afterwards he declared
that the spirit of the deceased Emperor had appeared to him, and
that ere long he would join his Majesty in the world below. The
idea intended to be conveyed was that he had been advised to
mount the vacant throne, but had refused. Not long after this he
sickened and died, while still only Chancellor and Regent.
Canonised as ‘ee pA.

Huang Ch‘ao }if ii. Died A.D. 884. A native of 4 J
Yiian-chiti in Shantung, who was a well-to-do salt merchant,
fond of harbouring fugitives from justice. In 875 he collected a
number of adherents, and cast in his lot with the rebel #F til
32 Wang HUsien-chih. When the latter was defeated and his
head sent to the Emperor, Huang Ch‘ao became leader of the

movement. After devastating the country far and wide, he

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 334

received a check from $i] [& ¥Y Liu Chii-jung; but this was
not followed up, and by 880 he had captured Ch‘ang-an, the
Emperor having fled to Hsien-yang. He entered the city in a
sedan-chair of yellow gold, and several thousand ladies of the
palace received him at the gates and saluted him as Prince. He
proclaimed himself Emperor and called his dynasty the K RK
Ta cht, and is said to have butchered some 80,000 of the
inhabitants. In 881 Li K‘o-yung was dispatched against him, and
succeeded in defeating his troops. By \884 nothing remained to
him but flight. He was hotly pursued, and at length he and his
brother committed suicide, their heads being afterwards cut off and
forwarded to the Emperor.

Huang Chien fi $% (T. AF fi). 10th cent. A.D. A fellow-
townsman of Huang K‘ang. At the age of seven he was still
unable to speak; but after this his talents rapidly developed, and
his compositions attracted the notice of Yang I, who became his
patron and introduced him to official life. After serving in the
Historiographer's office, he rose to be sub-Prefect of Soochow,
where he died.

Huang Chin #7 7% (T. =F Si). AD. 1274-1354. A native
of I-wu in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih in 1315 and
served in the provinces and in the Han-lin College, rising to be
an Expositor and Reader to the Emperor. He was a most pure
and upright official. Author of the 1 7 Sp =U, a series of
critiques on literature; of a topography of his native place; and
of a collection of miscellanies entitled H 1 jie iE He was
posthumously ennobled, and canonised as Bl ie

Huang Ch‘u-p‘ing ff #7) 7P. 4th cent. A.D. A native of Ft
Be ‘Tan-ch‘i, who at fifteen years of age was set to tend sheep*
A Taoist priest, noticing his reverential demeanour, carried him

off to the Chin-hua mountain where he lived for over forty years

848

849

850

851

852

332 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

without once thinking of home. Ultimately his brother found him
and asked him where the sheep were; to which he replied, “On
the east side of the mountain.” Proceeding thither, his brother
found only some scattered white boulders; but Huang Ch'u-p‘ing
accompanied him on a second visit to the spot and called out,
“Sheep, get up!” Thereupon the white stones became sheep, to the
number of several tens of thousands.

Huang Chi-pao fw /; 524 (T. €% He). Second son of Huang
Ch‘tian, distinguished as an artist and calligraphist.

Huang Chitian ja 24 (T. 3 A). Died A.D. 981. A native
of Ch'éng-tu in Ssiich‘uan, who held high office under Méng
Ch‘ang, the last ruler of the Posterior Shu State. But he is
chiefly known as an artist, excelling in drawing of all kinds. On
one occasion, when certain envoys brought some falcons to Court
under the Sung dynasty, as tribute, the birds mistook a painting
of pheasants by Huang Chi‘iian for real live pheasants, and

immediately flew to attack them.

853 Huang Fan-ch‘o ran iS Aa Sth cent. A.D. An instructor of

854

operatic performers under the reign of the Emperor Ming Huang,
put to death by the rebel An Lu-shan because he refused to
renounce his allegiance.

Huang-fu Mi & Fy 8 (7. + &). AD. 215-282. A famous
scholar, who up to the age of twenty showed a positive dislike for
all study and led a wild life. Some even thought him daft. But
he was very fond of his aunt with whom he lived, and would
bring home to her frequent presents of fruit which had been given
to himself; and his aunt pointed out to him that according to the
Canon filial piety was not made up of fish, flesh, and fowl, but
rather of diligence and right conduct. Thereupon he at once set to
work at books, carrying on his studies even while engaged in the

agricultural pursuits necessary to earn his living. By perseverance

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 333

he became a fine scholar, and adopted literature as a profession,
under the sobriquet of 7, Ee ie He. In spite of severe rheumatism
he was never without a book in his hand, and became so absorbed
in his work that he would forget all about meals and bedtime.
He was called the BS ¥ Book Debauchee, and once when he
wished to borrow works from the Emperor Wu Ti, whose proffers
of office he had refused, his Majesty sent him back a cart-load to
go on with. At times he had fits of depression and threatened
suicide, but yielded to the remonstrances of his aunt. Meanwhile

he produced essays, poetry, and several important biographical

works, such as the Mil & {#, the Jay {iii , and the 3% —-
{ii . His 75 Bs FR AK, a work on the Spring and Autumn Annals,

had also considerable vogue.

Huang-fu Sung © Hy & (T. AS if). 2nd cent. A.D. A 855
general of the Han dynasty, employed by the Emperor Ling Ti to
oppose Chang Chio when in A.D. 184 the latter became leader of

the Yellow-Turban rebellion. He succeeded in inflicting a serious
defeat upon the enemy and cut off several tens of thousands of
heads, for which he was ennobled as Marquis. He subsequently
captured the city of a — Kuang-tsung where Chang Chio had
been holding out for some time; took prisoner and executed one of
Chang Chio’s brothers, Chang Chio himself having died meanwhile;

and later on his other brother, in each case with immense slaughter

of the enemy. For these services he was still further rewarded,
and was summoned to co-operate with Tung Cho in defending the
capital. The two however did not work well together; Huang-fu
stole a march upon Tung Cho and routed the enemy single-handed.
The consequence was that a bitter rivalry grew up between them,
ending only with the latter’s death.

Huang Hao jay ff. 8rd cent. A.D. The favourite eunuch of 856
the second sovereign of the Minor Han dynasty. Though clever

857

858

334 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and pushing, he did not dare to assert himself until the death of
ip 7, Tung Yiin in 246. Tung’s successor leagued himself with
Huang, who gradually attained complete control of the government.
His treacherous and pusillanimous counsels led to the final overthrow
of the State. Téng Ai, knowing his crimes, wished to execute
him; however by means of vast bribes to the family and friends
of Téng, Huang escaped with his life.

Huang Hsiang ja #7 (T. 30 4H). Died A.D. 122. One of the
twenty-four examples of filial piety. A native of An-lu in Hupeh,
who used to fan his parents’ pillow in summer to make it cool,
and get into their bed in winter to take off the chill. He lost his
mother when he was only nine years of age, and became a perfect
skeleton through excessive grief. Being a clever and studious lad
he soon acquired great proficiency in the art of composition, and
it was popularly said of him at the capital that he was “without
his peer.’ Entering upon an official career, he rose to fill the
highest posts; and as Governor of portions of modern Chihli and
Honan, distinguished himself by his active liberality at a time of
flood and famine.

Huang Hsieh if fk. Died B.C. 237. Diplomatic agent of Prince
ae] ae Ch‘ing Hsiang of the Ch‘u State at the Court of Ch'in,
and in B.C. 263 Prime Minister to his son Prince S Fl . K‘ao
Lieh, by whom he was ennobled as Prince. In B.C. 248 he removed
the capital of this State to the site of modern Soochow, and enlarged
the KA Shén river, now known as the Whangpoo. He was
extremely anxious that the Prince should have a male heir; and
after having provided him with several concubines all to no purpose,
he got hold of the daughter of a man named AS Li Ytian,
whom he knew to be already pregnant. The issue of this union
was a boy who became Heir Apparent, his mother being raised

to the rank of Princess Consort. At the death of the Prince, Li

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 335

Ytian was anxious to get rid of the only man who know the secret,
and caused Huang Hsieh to be assassinated.

Huang Hsien fy ee (T. AK PE). Qnd cent. A.D. A virtuous
man of Ju-nan in Honan, popularly known as rest ie Ch‘én
Fan and Chou Yii used to say that if they failed to meet him
during the space of one month, base and sordid thoughts would
begin to arise. He was held in high esteem by Kuo Tai, who
declared that he was like a huge wave, which no amount of clarifying

would make clear and no amount of stirring would make muddy.

859

Huang Huai jy YE (T. 4 ft). AD. 18367—1449. Graduating 860

about 1398, he became one of the confidential advisers and
constant attendants of the Emperor Yung Lo. In 1409 and 1413,
during the Emperor’s northern expeditions, he was an assistant
to the Heir Apparent, whose appointment he had helped to
secure. Chao Kao-hsii procured his imprisonment in 1414, on the
ground that the Emperor was not properly greeted on his return;
but the Emperor Jen Tsung released him, and made him a Grand
Secretary. After being left in charge of the capital during the
expedition of the Emperor Hsiian Tsung against his uncle, he
retired in 1427. Canonised as Bl fifj -

Huang Jen te (4. (T. 32 GJ). A native of Foochow, who
graduated in A.D. 1702, and was present for the second time at
the feast to graduates in 1762. His py i 7 46, a collection of
essays and poems, is held in high esteem. He also published a
topography of BY ily Ku-shan, the famous mountain near Foochow.
Huang Kan jy ii (T. TA Sp. He fy pe). AD. 1152-
1221. A native of Foochow, who became a disciple of Chu Hsi
and studied under him with such zeal that he completely won the
regard of his master and obtained one of his daughters in

marriage. Entering upon an official career, he rose to be Governor

861

862

of Han-yang in Hupeh, and afterwards of An-ch‘ing in Anhui, ©

863

864

865

336 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the defences of which city he brought to a state of efficiency and
so saved it from the violence of the Tartar invaders. Upon his
retirement he settled down in his -old home, and was soon
surrounded by disciples. Besides many miscellaneous writings, he
contributed largely to Chu Hsi’s commentary on the Book of Rites.
He was cauonised as Bl fy» and in 1724 his tablet was placed
in the Confucian Temple.

Huang K‘ang #7 Jt (T. jf Bi). 10th cent. A.D. A native
of P‘u-ch‘éng in Fuhkien, who at the age of fifteen produced
such beautiful poetry as to attract the notice of several leading
men of the day. He was quite dwarfish in stature, and
unceremonious to the verge of rudeness, though at the same time
a most refined writer. His works were published posthumously by
his fellow-townsmen under the title of Ht A 46.

Huang Mei Wéng fa Ja B Qnd cent. B.C. An old man
with yellow eyebrows, who told Tung-fang So that he lived on
air, changed his bones and washed his marrow, cast his skin and
cut his hair, once in 8,000 years; and that he had done these
things three times already. |

Huang Pa #i Si (T. HA). Died B.C. 51. A native of
Honan, who rose to high office under the Emperor Wa Ti of the
Han dynasty. His career however was a chequered one. Under the
Emperor Hsiian Ti he was thrown into prison and condemned to
death, but was ultimately re-instated and presented with a carriage-
umbrella of honour ten feet in height, as a mark of Imperial
esteem. He strove to govern with humanity; and in his own
jurisdiction he very much mitigated the severity of the punishments
then in vogue. On one occasion, when Governor of Ying-ch‘uan
in Anhui, he was advised to get rid of an old official servant,
named 3F AK Hsii Ch'éng, who was quite deaf. “Oh no,” he

replied; “the man can kneel down and get up; he can show

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 337

visitors in and escort them to the door; besides, a little deafness
is rather an advantage.” He was ennobled as Marquis, and
canonised as oe

Huang Shih Kung ff 4G A. A legendary being, known as
Mr. Yellow-Stone, said to have been the patron of Chang Liang,
and also to have written the — [, a work on military tactics.
Huang Shu-lin $F AX F(T. EE [Hi] ). A.D. 1672—1756. Graduated
as third chin shih in 1691. Rose to be Vice President of a Board,

and for a time was Governor of Chehkiang, and Judge and Treasurer

866

867

of Shantung. A diligent student of the Classics and history, he was _

generally regarded as the foremost scholar of his day. He was the
author of commentaries on the Canon of Changes and on the Odes;
also, of a critical exegesis of the BL NX Fe HE Art of Poetry
by Liu Hsieh, etc. Popularly known as Ak 7 an ¥ Bp.
Huang Tao-chén ta ey ip. A fisherman of ie ae Wu-ling
in Hunan, who lived under the Chin dynasty. Some time between
A.D. 280—290 he is said to have discovered a creek, hidden by
peach-trees, which led to an unknown region inhabited by the
descendants of fugitives from the troublous times of the Ch‘in
dynasty. There they lived,

The world forgetting, by the world forgot.
After being kindly treated at their hands, the fisherman returned
home; but he was never again able to find the entrance of that
creek.
Huang Tao-chou jy 34 Ji] (T. 44 7. H. 4 Be). AD.
1585—1646. A native of YA }ffj Chang-p‘u in Fuhkien, who
graduated as chin shth in 1623 and entered upon official life. After
a highly chequered career, in which he was constantly being
punished by degradation and banishment for boldness of speech,
he raised a force and made a supreme effort to recover for the

Mings the empire which had passed to the Tartars. In a battle
22

868

869

870

338 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

fought at Ax YR Wu-yiian in Anhui he was defeated and taken
prisoner, and subsequently beheaded at Nanking. A diligent student
of the Canon of Changes, he was the author of the Sh Ke iE,
the = FF yin] HK, and the Fx pay KK. In 1825 his tablet was
placed in the Confucian Temple.

Huang Tao P‘o ta 34 YE. A woman who is said to have
migrated about the beginning of the 14th cent. A.D. from Yai-
chou in Hainan to the province of Kiangnan, and to have taught

the people the art of spinning and weaving cotton, introduced from

- Turkestan.

Sil

872

873

Huang Ti fH if: The Yellow Emperor, one of the most famous
of China’s legendary rulers. He is said to have reigned B.C. 2698 —
2598, and to have been miraculously conceived by his mother [fff
5 4 Fu Pao, who gave birth to him on the banks of the river
yi Chi, from which he took his surname. His personal name
was AG Ae Yu-hsiung, taken from that of his hereditary Principality ;
and also iff ij? Hsien-ytian, said by some to be the name of a
village near which he dwelt, by others to refer to wheeled vehicles
of which he was the inventor, as well as of armour, ships, pottery,
and other useful appliances. The close of his long reign was made
glorious by the appearance of the phoenix and the mysterious
animal known as the ch‘t lin (see K‘ung Ch‘iu), in token of his
wise and humane administration. He died at the age of 111 years.
Huang Ting jy Jf) (T. Ba yy. H. We =). AD. 1660—1780.
A great traveller, famous for his wanderings all over the empire
and even into Mongolia and Burmah. He was a very clever landscape
painter, and recorded his impressions of travel in pictorial form.

Huang T‘ing-chien iy jee BX (T. ( PA). A.D. 1050—1110.
A native of 4p WS Fén-ning in Kiangsi, who graduated as chin
shih and entered the public service, rising to high office in the

Imperial Academy and Grand Secretariat. When his mother was

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 339

seized with illness, he watched her for a whole year without leaving
her bedside or even taking off his clothes; and at her death he
mourned so bitterly that he himself fell ill and nearly lost his life.
For this he has been placed among the twenty-four examples of
filial piety. In consequence of his fearless tongue his official career
was somewhat chequered; but he was greatly distinguished as a
poet and calligraphist, and was ranked as one of the Four Great
Scholars of the empire (see Chang Lei). He used to say that if a
man was commonplace there was no hope for him. Those who
were not commonplace behaved under ordinary circumstances like
ordinary people; but when some crisis came, their real value would
be made evident. He was fond of Buddhist speculations, and gave

himself the sobriquet of [I] yy ey A... Canonised as Bl fit .

Huang Tsung-hsi je 4 3 (T. Fx). AD. 1609—1695. 874.

A native of Chehkiang, who fought on the side of the last
remaining adherents of the Ming dynasty. In 1649 he went on a
mission to Japan with a view to obtain assistance, but was obliged
‘to return home without having accomplished the object of his
journey. He then adopted an assumed name, declining several
offers of employment under the Emperor K‘ang Hsi, though he
allowed a copy of his notes on the close of the Ming dynasty to
be taken for use in compiling the history of that period. He was
the author of many works, historical, philosophical, and mathematical.
In 1886 it was proposed that he should be included in the Confucian
Temple; but the high officials differed on the point, and the
suggestion was ultimately abandoned.

Huang Yiian jy Eyt (T. FER). AD. 141-192. Grandson
of the statesman jy #4 Huang Ch'iung, under whose care he
was brought up, his father having died. When he was only seven
years old his grandfather took him to Court, summoned by the

Empress to report on an almost total eclipse of the sun which

875

876

877

340 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

had occurred in his jurisdiction but which had not been visible at
the capital. “How much of the sun was eaten?” asked her Majesty.
Huang Ch‘iung was hesitating in what terms to reply, when the
little boy whispered, “Grandpa; say there was about enough of
the old sun left to make a new moon.” Huang Ch'iung actually
used these words, and was ever afterwards very proud of his
grandson. The latter rose to high office, but got into trouble over
a “cabal” and was unemployed for some twenty years. He rose ~
again under Tung Cho to be Minister of State, but opposed his
plan of removing the capital to Ch‘ang-an; and after the attempt
to assassinate Tung Cho, he was thrown into prison where he died.
Huang Yueh fir $i (T. 7c #F and A ff). 18th and 19th
cent. A.D. A native of fF YP Tang-t‘u in Anhui. He was
patronised by Chu Kuei, and after graduating as chin shih in 1790,
rose to be President of ‘the Board of Revenue. He was so famous
as an artist that many counterfeits of his pictures were produced.
When over ninety he became blind, but continued to draw, under
the pseudonym of —F 7. Canonised as al FB .

Hui Hung. See ae Chtieh-fan.

Hui K‘o #* Fi]. A.D. 487—593. The second of the Eastern
Patriarchs of Buddhism, originally named fi 3 Chi Kuang. He
was a native of pt 4£ Wu-lao, and being an unusually clever
boy, he read widely, especially delighting in Taoist philosophy,
until ~he came across the Buddhist Canon and forthwith embraced
that religion. At forty, after long and patient self-contemplation,
he was sent to Lo-yang by a vision, and there received from
Bédhidharma tho robe and bowl of the Patriarchate. In 535 he
ordained Séng Ts‘an, and two years later he sent him to study in
seclusion while he himself went to the capital where he preached
for thirty-four years, associating with the lowest and most debauched.
He subsequently taught at the fe PR Kuang-chiu Temple, and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 344

there he got into trouble through the jealousy of a rival teacher.
The Emperor Té Tsung of the T'ang dynasty gave him the title
of x mill mR Bit -

Hui Shéng iB Ae A Buddhist monk, who was sent by the
Empress Dowager in A.D. 518, together with Sung Yin, to bring
back from India the sacred books of Buddhism. Travelling via
Khotan and Persia, in 520 he reached Gandhara and crossed the
Indus. In A.D. 521 he started on his return journey, carrying
with him 170 volumes of the Mahayana or Greater Development.
Hui Shih-chi FR Fj (T. KK 4K and fh ¥2). A.D. 1670—
1741. A native of Kiangsu, noted for his extraordinary knowledge
of the Classics and of ancient history. In 1708 he graduated as
first chi jen, and in 1709 as chin shih. In 1720 he was Literary
Chancellor in Kuangtung, and exerted himself enthusiastically in
the cause of education. In 1727 he was cashiered for remissness
in building the walls of Chinkiang, but was recalled to office by
the Emperor Chtien Lung in 1737. He wrote on the Classics, on
astronomy, and on music, besides distinguishing himself as a poet.
He was affectionately known to his disciples as xT Be +3 IE ;
and in old age he bestowed upon himself the sobriquet of = Be
fk.

Hui Sst 2% #4. Died A.D. 577. The religious name of a priest
of TH vt Wu-chin in Honan, surnamed aS Li, who was the chief
of the rH am Chung-lun school of the followers of Bédhidharma.
In 572 he established himself with forty priests at the Nan-yo in

878

879

880

Hunan, where he lectured on the method of attaining Nirvana,

refusing however to preach to the people at large.

Hui Ti. See (Han) Liu Ying; (Chin) Ssi-ma Chung; (Ming)
Chu Yun-wén.

Hui Tsung. See Chao Chi.

Hui Tzu fe me 3rd and 4th cent. B.C. A celebrated schoolman,

881

882

883

342 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

contemporary with and antagonistic to Chuang Tzti. He was a
lover of sophisms, arguing that fire is not hot, but that it is the
man who feels hot; that there are feathers in an egg, because
feathers come forth on the chicken, etc. The following account is
given of him in one of the chapters of Chuang Tzii’s work, which
is apparently a summary by early editors: — ‘Hui Tzti was a
man of many ideas. His works would fill five carts. But his
doctrines are paradoxical, and his terms are used ambiguously.”
His later years were spent over the question as to how far the
qualities of matter (e.g. hardness and whiteness) were separate
existences, only to be grasped by the mind one at a time. For
this idle devotion to externals, Chuang Tzti ridiculed him in the
following doggerel:
Godzhas made you a shapely sight,
Yet your only thought is the “hard and white.”

Hui Yiian 2% $3. A.D. 333-416. A Buddhist priest, surnamed
EF Chia, of fff fF Yen-mén in Shansi, the founder of the Lotus
School, which teaches the doctrine of a Paradise in the West,
promised to ‘the faithful worshippers of Amida Buddha. As a youth
he was an ardent student of the Classics and of Taoism; but on
meeting Tao An he at once became his disciple. He is said to have
used the philosophy of Chuang Tzt to elucidate difficult points in
his preaching. In 373 he established himself at jE I Lu-féng
in Hupeh, where he taught assiduously until his death.

Hun Chan jt 3. Died A.D. 789. Hereditary Superintendent
of By w Kao-lan in Kansuh. He distinguished himself in frontier
wars, and in 785 assisted Ma Sui and Li Shéng against Li Huai-
kuang. It was the opinion of the Turfan chief that these three
Generals saved the T‘ang dynasty from his assaults, and he plotted
their ruin. With the aid of jealous rivals he alienated the Emperor’s

affection from Ma Sui and Li Shéng; and in 787, at a meeting

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 343

to conclude a treaty of peace, he tried to seize Hun Chan who
escaped with difficulty. The latter retained his post as Minister of
State until his death. He was ennobled as Prince, and canonised
as fist Tt.

Hung-chi-la 4 © Wi]. Died A.D. 1281. The Empress of Kublai
' Khan. She aided in the establishment of his power, and he owed
much to her wise counsels. She was most economical, even plaiting
old bow-strings into clothing and making rugs out of the rejected
parts of sheep-skins! She sympathised with the fallen Sungs,
reminding her husband of the transitory nature of all dynasties,
and refused to take any of the Imperial booty which she said “had
been amassed for their descendants and now has fallen to us.” She
treated the ex-Empress with great kindness, and tried to send her
back to the south. Her family distinguished itself under Genghis
Khan, who entered into a covenant that a daughter of that house
should always be Empress, and a son an Imperial son-in-law.
Consequently most of the Yiian Empresses were of the Hung-
chi-la family.

Hung Chitieh-fan yik eb fis width sand, 12th, >cent. cAuD. ,A
native of $f iz) Hsin-ch‘ang, and grandson of Hung MHao.
Distinguished as a poet and a calligraphist. He and his fellow-
townsman, Aa Iu fhe Tsou Yiian-tso, a professor of divination,
together with his uncle, P‘éng Yiian-ts‘ai, were known as the —
+ Three Wonderful Men of Hsin-ch‘ang, He finally took orders
as a Buddhist priest, and was known as Ha yk Hui Hung, under

which name he wrote the ye Hi 1K ae the H ee 4B, and
the Pk HA BK.

Hung Chiin yt 34. A.D.? 1840—1893. A native of Soochow,
who graduated as first chin shih in 1868, and in 1887 was appointed
Minister to Russia, Austria, Germany, and Holland. In 1890 he
was a Senior Vice President of the Board of War, and at the

884

885

886

887

888

889

344 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

end of 1891 he became a Minister of the Tsung-li Yamén.
Hung Fu 4 Hit . The beautiful concubine of Yang Su, named
from the “red flicker” (a dyed yak’s-tail) which she always carried
in her hand. When Li Ching visited her master she was present
at the interview, fell in love with him, and fled with him that
very night. See Chang Chung-chien.

Hung Fu-t‘ien yak ie Fil (commonly known as K Bi). A.D.
1848—1866. Son of Hung Usiu-ch‘iian, whose successor he was
chosen to be, under the title of the I -f Perfect Prince.
When Nanking fell, on the 19th July 1864, he escaped to
Chehkiang, but was ultimately captured and put to death by the
lingering process at the capital of Kiangsi.

Hung Hao We fH (T. 3 Sf). A.D. 1090—1155. A native
of Kiangsi, distinguished by his ability even in early youth. In
1124 he was Commissary of Records at BY Hsiu-chou, where he
took an active part in organising relief for the sufferers from the
great flood, even stopping supplies destined for the Court in order
to feed the people, who called him WE 4if -F- Buddha Hung.
In 1129 he was sent as envoy to the Chin® sovereign, when an
attempt was made to press him into the service of Liu Yii. To
this he replied that not only was he unable to serve two masters,
but that he would willingly do his utmost to exterminate the
rebel Liu. For this rash utterance he was banished in captivity to
ray [i] Léng-shan, where grass did not sprout before the fourth
moon while snow began in the eighth moon, and where he had
to live in a hole in the ground, with insufficient food and
clothing. He was taken to Peking, whence he managed to
communicate secretly with the two captive Emperors, on the
death of one of whom he wrote a touching elegy. In 1140 he
was released and sent back, and was kept at Court against his

wish. Here he devoted his energies to opposing the policy of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 345

Ch'in Kuei, in consequence of which he was appointed to various
unimportant provincial posts, among others to Yt Ying-chou,
where he remained nine years. He was the author of the AX ried
AL, f4l, a small collection of historical memoranda regarding the
Chin® dynasty. It was written from memory, his notes having
been taken from him and burnt on his release from captivity. He
was much respected by the Tartars who were eager to possess
copies of his poems and other writings. Canonised as find i. . See
Hung Kua.

Hung Hsiu-ch‘tian jt F A. A.D. 1812—1864. A native of 890
the 4% Hua District in Kuangtung, notorious as the moving
spirit of the great T'ai-p‘ing (Perfect Peace) rebellion. After a-
youth spent in desultory studies, including the doctrines of
Christianity, he took up the occupation of a fortune-teller; and
ere long joined the [| ih fir Society of God, organised by eS
Tt = Chu Chiu-t‘'ao, of which he rose to be the head, one of
his chief associates being Yang Hsiu-ch‘ing. In 1836 he started ,
on the borders of Kuangtung and Kuangsi, a sect of professing
Christians, and set to work. to collect followers, styling himself
the Brother of Christ. In July 1850 he headed a rising in the
District of 4 2p Kuei-p‘ing, and made his way, plundering and
ravaging, as far ag Wk Ze Yung-an. He then adopted the term
Tk PK Heavenly Dynasty of Perfect Peace, styling himself
the Fi FE Heavenly King; and working bis way northwards in
1853, he captured Wu-ch‘ang and all the other cities on the
Yang-tsze down to An-ch‘ing. On the 11th March 1853 he took
Nanking; and with that city as his headquarters he succeeded in
capturing over six hundred other cities in no less than sixteen
out of the eighteen provinces. There he remained until 1864,
when the Imperial forces under Tséng Kuo-fan closed around him

and the fall of the city was imminent. On the 30th of June,

346 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

seeing that all was lost, he took poison, his body being
subsequently found and burnt. On the 19th July Nanking was
taken by assault, and one of the greatest rebellions the world has
ever seen was at an end. From the fact that the T'ai-p‘ings
ceased to shave the head and wear a queue according to the
Manchu fashion, they also came to be known as the Long-haired
Rebels.

891 Hung Jen 5), 2%. A.D. 602—675. The fifth of the Eastern
Patriarchs of Buddhism. He was the son by a miraculous
conception of a virgin named Chou of jy Af} Huang-mei in
Hupeh, and was the re-incarnation of an aged wood-gatherer who
-applied to Tao Hsin for instruction. His mother was driven out by
her parents and reduced with her son to beggary. He gained the
favour of the fourth Patriarch, whom he succeeded. About 670 Lu
Hui-néng came to him from Hsin-chou in Kuangtung, and was
set to menial work. Soon afterwards the Patriarch told each of
his monks, over 700 in number, to compose a gatha, in order to
decide who should be his successor. The favourite, my By ‘Shén

Hsiu, wrote on a wall the following lines: —

Man’s body is like the Bodhi tree;
His mind is like a mirror

And should be constantly cleaned,
Lest dust should stick to it.

Whereupon Lu Hui-néng came by night and wrote alongside: —

There is no such thing as the Bodhi tree;
There is no such thing as a mirror;

There is nothing which has a real existence;
How then can dust be attracted?

He thus triumphed over Shén Hsiu; and having been invested as
the last Patriarch, was sent off to study in seclusion. Then,
declaring that his doctrine was complete, Hung Jen appeared no

more in public.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 847

Hung Kua ft 3& (1. $4 ff). A.D. 1117—1184. Eldest son 892
of Hung Hao. He and his two brothers, Hung Tsun and Hung
Mai, were all distinguished public servants and men of letters ,
being popularly known as the = WE Three Hungs. He graduated

in 1142, and by 1164 he was a secretary in the Privy Council
and rapidly rose to be a Minister of State, but resigned his post

in a few months. Author of the wit IE , a collection of inscriptions

of the Han dynasty, published in 1167, to which he afterwards
added a supplement. Canonised as Ba HB .

Hung Liang-chi Pt 5% FF (T. Ft ZF). A-D. 1746—1809. A 893
native of Anhui, who did not graduate until 1790, becoming
Literary Chancellor of Kueichou in 1792. He got into trouble for
attacking the high officials, but was pardoned after a hundred days
spent in Ili, Of a jovial disposition, fond of wine and laughter, he
was also a man of wide learning and great poetical talents. He
was the author of the 7 {ii #4, and of other works on the
Classics; also of the He Wee VF Jif phy We la. a geography of
the empire, and of a collection of poems. He gave himself the
name of FA AE Fe +E.

Hung Mai tj (T. JR. H. A WR). AD. 11241203. 894
Third son of Hung Hao, and one of the “Three Hungs” (see Hung
Kua). Graduating in 1145, he served against the Chins*, ‘and’ in
1162 he was sent to congratulate the Chin@ Emperor Shih Tsung

on his accession. He refused however to adopt the slavish attitude
which had been exacted from previous envoys, and returned, after
having been shut up for three days without food in Peking, only

to be degraded. In 1167 he was made a secretary in the Privy
Council, and then a sub-Chancellor of the Han-lin College, as a
reward for restoring discipline in the Chehkiang forces. He was
the author of several works; among others, of the x Hike Bey =

a collection of extracts from the national literature, with criticisms

895

348 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

which are marked by depth of research and accuracy of judgment.

—
—_—

He also distinguished himself by his attitude towards the Wil Ps
which had previously been attributed to Yang Hsiung, striving to
show that it could not possibly have come from the pen of that
writer.

Hung Tsun yt 34 (T. +t fay). AD. 1120-1174. Second son
of Hung Hao, and one of the ‘Three Hungs” (see Hung Kua).
He graduated in 1142, and served at intervals on the Privy Council
for many years. Author of the Fr ie: the earliest extant work
on coinage, with plates and descriptions of coins from remote times

to the middle of the tenth century, including legitimate currency,

- coins of usurpers, foreign coins, and medals. Canonised as 4 Ze.

Hung Wu. See Chu Yitian-chang.

I.

896 I Chih fff |}/. Son of I Yin, to whose office and dignities he

897

succeeded. When a mulberry-tree grew up suddenly in the court-
yard of the palace, I Chih warned the Emperor Ik JK T‘ai Mou,
B.C. 1637—1562, that this omen signified a lack of virtue in the
administration. T‘ai Mou thereupon set to work to perform more
diligently the duties of a sovereign, and in three days the mulberry-
tree died. |

I Ching 3¢ {. A.D. 635—718. A native of Fan-yang in Chihli,
whose surname was We (T. 4¢ Wf). He had barely shed his milk-
teeth ere he decided to give up his family and become a Buddhist
priest. At fifteen he longed to emulate the deeds of Fa Hsien and
Hsiian Chuang, but it was not until he was thirty-seven that he
could realise the dream of his life. He spent the interval in close
study, devoting five years to the Vinaya. At length, in 671, he
set out for India, breaking his journey at Palembang in Sumatra,

where he spent six months studying Sanscrit. Thence he sailed to

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 349

Tamralipti on the Hooghly, and went on to Nalanda, which became
his home for the following ten years. In the year 695 he returned
to China and was received at the capital with much honour. He
brought back with him some 400 Buddhist works, an image of
Indra, and 300 relics. He spent the rest of his life in teaching
and writing, leaving behind him an account of his travels from
which may be gathered an excellent view of monastic life in India
during the 7th century. —

I Ch‘iu Dy BK. The sobriquet of a man of old, named Ch‘iu,
who was the champion wei ch‘i player of his day. He is mentioned
by Mencius. |

Lérh-té ft fy ff. A.D. 1606—1661. A distinguished Manchu
general, who in 1648 effected the capture of the Ming prince jj
Fu at Wuhu, and subsequently took a leading part in the subjugation
of Kuangtung, Kiangsi, Hunan, etc. Twice degraded, he was
nevertheless chosen to drive the Ming prince of Lu from his last
stronghold in Chusan in 1657, for which service he was ennobled
as Marquis. Died while completing the conquest of Yiinnan.
Canonised as BE FR .

[-érh-téng ft Ry -. Tenth son of O-yi-tu. Died A.D. 1663.

A successful leader of the Manchu forces in their war with China,

898

899

900

and a trusted counsellor of the Emperor Shun Chih. Ennobled as -

Earl and canonised as fist fH.

I Hsien ES it}. A famous physician of remote antiquity.

I Hsing — 77. A.D. 672—717. The religious designation of the
Buddhist astronomer fe 2B Chang Sui. A clever youth, he
wandered about until summoned to Court by the Emperor Hstian
Tsung, who was so struck by his marvellous feats of memory that
he addressed him as H2# Holy Man or Prophet. His sense of justice
was so keen that on one occasion he refused to interfere with a

sentence on the son of an old woman who had been most kind

901
902

350 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to him as a boy. He is credited with magical powers, and foretold
the rebellion of An Lu-shan. The Emperor mourned for him, and
composed his epitaph. His reformed calendar was adopted in 721.
He was the author of a large work on ritual, and of some
mathematical treatises. Canonised as K a qs Bilt -

903 I Hstan ES %&.. Died A.D. 867. The religious name of the
founder of the famous if jm Lin-chi school of Buddhism. Its
object is to show the difficulty of self-improvement, and how
each man has the requisite power in himself to ‘conquer that
difficulty. I Hstian, surnamed #{f} Hsing, was a native of Shantung,
and in early life visited several of the then noted teachers of
Buddhism. Later on he settled at a small monastery near the
modern jE cE Chéng-ting Fu in Chihli, and was supposed to
possess magical powers. Canonised as pe He.

904 IL (3, #%. The reputed builder of wheeled vehicles in the reign
of the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2697.

905 I-jen $2 J. Died B.C. 247. The personal name of a grandson
of Chao Hsiang, ruler of the Ch‘in State. In 250 he succeeded
his father and reigned under the title of iff 3& Chuang Hsiang.
Reputed father of the First Emperor (see Li Pu-wei).

906 I K‘uan Jf, = . Died B.C. 112. A famous scholar, who
flourished under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. He
was at first so poor that he had to study while hoeing as an
agricultural labourer. He rose to be Censor, and in 104 was
appointed to correct the calendar.

907 I Kung 5% A. 7th cent. B.C. A Duke of the Wei* State,
noted for his love of cranes. He even carried one into battle with
him when fighting against the northern barbarians, which piece
of folly, acting upon the minds of his soldiers, is said to have

cost him a severe defeat.

908 I-sang-o {ft 3% fa. A.D. 1638—1703. An Imperial clansman,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary By

who graduated as chin shth in 1652, and rose to be President of
the Board of Revenue in 1677. In 1682 he inspected the Yellow
River, and advised against a proposed change to sea-transportation
for the tribute rice. At the end of the year he superintended the
preparation at Ninguta in Kirin of a fleet to check Russian
encroachment. In 1697 he was entrusted with the establishment
of courier-service during the expedition of K‘ang Hsi against
Galdan. He was noted for his aversion to capital punishment.
Canonised as BO it and admitted in 1747 into the Temple of
Worthies.

I-sst-ma-yin vis JA, iB [Al . A Mahomedan, a _ native of
Turkestan , who accompanied A-lao-wa-ting to Hangchow. In 1273
he served at the siege of MHsiang-yang. He surveyed the
approaches, and planted a mangonel at the south-east corner. Its
weight was 150 catties (over 200 Jbds.); and when the machinery
was discharged, the noise ‘“‘shook heaven and earth.” It broke
down all before it, and pierced the ground to a depth of 7 feet.
He died in 1830, and was succeeded by his son Kp HF Yakoob.
I Ti 1& AK. B.C. 2200. The reputed inventor of wine. He is
said to have prepared some and to have presented it to the
Great Yii, who tasted it and was pleased with the flavour, but
said, ‘In after ages this wine will become a great curse.”
Therefore he banished I Ti, and forbade its use.

I Tsung. See. Li Ts‘ui.

I Wu i ®%. 7th cent. B.C. Brother to Ch‘ung Erh, and like
him for many years an exile. Known in history as HA Be.

I Ya #4 F. 7th cent. B.C. A native of HE Yung-chou, whose
personal name was AA Wu, Ya being his style. He became chief
cook to Duke Huan of Ch‘i (see Huan Kung); and when that
potentate said he had tasted all flavours except that of a boiled

baby, I Ya at once cooked his own son and served up the dish

909

910

911

912

352 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to his master. His palate was so delicate that he could distinguish
between the waters of the 7 Tz and the Yi Shéng rivers.

913 I Yin fff F. 18th cent. B.C. Minister under Ch‘éng T'ang,
firs; Emperor of the Shang dynasty. The envoy sent to summon
him to Court returned five times before he could persuade I Yin
to accompany him. He was at once placed at the head of the
administration, and took part in the campaign against the
infamous tyrant Chieh Kuei which put an end to the Hsia
dynasty and placed his master upon the throne. He banished
Ch‘éng T‘ang’s grandson, who ultimately succeeded, for misconduct,
and kept him in exile until he promised to reform. He conferred
many benefits upon the State by the wisdom of his counsels, and
when he died “there is said to have been a dense fog for three
days. Some say that his personal name was [A] ff A-héng;
others that it was aft Chih. Tradition has it that he was born
in a hollow mulberry-tree, and that he ingratiated himself with
Ch‘éng T'ang by means of his skill in cookery.

914 I Yuan #: FE. 13th cent. A.D. A famous maker of clay and
metal images for Buddhistic worship. His images were said to be
quite lifelike in appearance.

915 Ile Chepe 3% 8 | PE. A.D. 1326-1332. Second son of
Hosila. At the death of Tup Timur, he was placed upon the
throne by the latter’s widow as ninth Emperor of the Yiian

dynasty, but died within the year. Canonised as gg. —s
J.

916 Jan Ch‘iu fi ye (T. F- A). Born B.C. 520. One of the
disciples of Confucius, who accompanied his master when the
latter quitted his native State of Lu. Subsequently he took office,
and incurred the censure of Confucius by doubling the tax on

grain in order to increase the revenues of his sovereign.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 353
Jan Kéng fife {3k (1. 4/4 ZF). Born B.C. 544. One of the 917

disciples of Confucius, and a native of the Lu State. He was
daring in word and upright in conduct. When he was dying of a
loathsome disease, Confucius would not go into the room to take
leave of him, but shook hands with him through the window.
The older commentators think that the Master was deterred by the
disease, but Chu Hsi maintains that it was because the patient’s
bed was wrongly placed at the south side of the room.

Jan Yung fi ye (T. fh FH). Born B.C. 528. One of the 918
disciples of Confucius, by whom he was highly esteemed.

Jang Chi Fx Hi. 5th cent. B.C. A military commander under 919
Duke Er Ching of the Ch'i State, and a writer on the art

of war.

Jao T‘ing-hstian pe Z£ BE (T. 4K FL). A.D. 1803-1861. 920
Rose from the ranks of the Fuhkien army, and distinguished
himself greatly against the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels in Chehkiang, of which
province he became Commander-in-chief. He was slain at the taking

of Hangchow, after a prolonged and determined resistance. Canonised

as WE A. | .

Jen Chii-yiin {f- 2X Si (T. He HH). AD. 1669—1744. Devoted 921
from his boyhood to the study of philosophy, he graduated in 1723
and was employed in editing the Topography of Kiangnan. He
subsequently rose to be President of the Censorate. He was the
author of a revised version of the Book of Rites and of a work on
ancient architecture, besides editing the Four Books, the Canon of
Filial Piety, etc. ete. He is popularly known as 4% G vir AE,
from his place of residence in Chihli.

Jen Fang {£ Hh (T. & Ff). 5th and 6th cent. A.D. A high 922
official under the Ch‘i and Liang dynasties. At the early age of
eight he already excelled in composition, and ere long both Wang

Chien and Shén Yo had to acknowledge his superiority of style.
23

925

354 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
On one occasion, HE | Ch‘u Yen-hui said to Jen’s father,

‘You have there a son, a hundred of whom would not be considered
many, while even one cannot be reckoned as few.” When acting
as Censor under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Liang dynasty, his
accusations or impeachments were always written on white paper,
and were consequently of a more serious character than those
written on yellow paper.

Jen Hsiao {f Fa. 8rd cent. B.C. Governor of modern Kuangtung
under the First Emperor. He carried with him 500,000 military
colonists to aid in reclaiming and settling the new territory, fixing
his residence on the site of the modern city of Canton. During
the short-lived reign of the Second Emperor, he felt his end
approaching; and sending for Chao T‘o, he confided to him his
anticipations as to the coming revolt of Ch‘én Shéng and the
troubles likely to be brought upon the country by Hsiang Chi

and others.

924 Jen Kung Tzu {f A -F. A famous fisherman of old. He fished

926

in the sea with a cable and a huge hook on which fifty oxen were
fixed as bait.

Jen Mo {f- Ze. A scholar of the Sung dynasty, who at the age
of 14 became an ardent student, spending most of his time in a
forest, where he made a rude hut. On clear nights he would read
by the light of the moon; otherwise, he used to light a torch.
When in the course of his studies he came to any point of interest,
he would note it down on the palm of his hand or on his clothes;
and as fast as the latter were spoilt, disciples, in admiration of
his zeal, supplied him with new ones.

Jen Ta-ch‘un {f: Fe HH (T. 44 AE and -F fA). AD. 1737—
1789. A native of Kiangsu. Graduated as chin shth in 1769, and
in 1773 became a Compiler in the Imperial Library. Author of

several works on ancient ceremonies and history, besides a collection

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 355

of poems. His writings have been specially recommended to students
by Chang Chih-tung.

Jen Tsung. See (W. Liao) Kan T‘ien Hou; (Sung) Chao
Chén; (Ming) Kao Chih. 3
Jen Wei ¢{£ [i (T. th Fil). Died A.D. 92. A native of Nan-
yang in Honan. He rose in A.D. 87 to be Minister of Works
under the Emperor Ho Ti of the Han dynasty, but his counsels
were set aside in favour of those of the eunuch Chéng Chung. In
his youth he was an ardent student of Taoism, and remained all
his life free from ambition and a just and upright man.

Ju Tzii Ying. See Liu Ying. |

Jui-lin $j HE. A.D. 1810-1874. A Manchu of the Plain White
Banner, who entered the Sacrificial Court in 1845, and rose through
various posts to be Viceroy of Chihli in 1858, having received the
distinction of baturu in 1854. In command of the Banner forces
at J\ HH 475 Pa-li-ch'iao in 1860, he was defeated by the Allied
army (hence the title taken by Count Palikao), and was degraded.
In 1863 he shee sent as Tartar General to Canton, and in 1866
became Viceroy of the Two Kuang, where his dignified presence
and courteous manners were much appreciated by foreigners.

Jui Tsung. See Li Tan. :
Jung Ch‘éng #& WX - The reputed inventor of music, and
Minister under the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2698, for whom he is
said to have regulated the calendar and constructed a celestial
globe.

Jung Ch‘i-ch‘'i 2% PR Hi]. 5th cent. B.C. An old man, who was
seen by Confucius playing and singing. “You seem very happy,
sir,’ said the Master; “how is this?” ‘‘Among living creatures,”
was the reply, “I have secured the lot of a human being; among
human beings I am a man; and I have had 90 years of this life.

Surely these are three reasons why I should be happy.”

927

928

929

930

931

932

933

356 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Jung Yiian & Je (or +ig). A Minister under the Yellow
Emperor, B.C. 2698, said to have been the inventor of bells.

K.

Ka Hsin 4 a} (T. 7 [e]). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of Tun-
huang in Kansuh, who graduated as hsiao lien and rose to be
Governor of Han-yang. His probity made him an object of dread
to Tung Cho, to whom, after the deposition of the Emperor Shao
Ti and the murder of the Empress Dowager, he had written,
“With congratulations at your door and lamentations at the grave,
you have indeed need for caution.” Tung Cho placed him upon
the Privy Council, but he declined to imitate the servility of his
colleagues and was soon sent to the provinces. Returning to the
capital, he was taken ill and died of a carbuncle. On one occasion,
an enemy of his was threatened with death. The question was referred
to Ka Hstin, who advised that he should be pardoned; but when the
culprit presented himself to tender thanks, Ka Hsiin refused to see
him, alleging that he had acted only in the interests of justice.

Kaisun Khan ‘fj |l[. A.D. 1282-1311. Nephew of Timur,
whom he succeeded in 1807 as third Emperor of the Ytian
dynasty. Timur’s wife, fearful of revenge for her ill-treatment of
Kaisun and his mother and brother, tried to seize the Regency for
another Prince; however the loyalty of the Junior Minister PA
Bal BA XK Harahassan foiled her plans, and she and_ her
supporters paid for their treason with their lives. Kaisun was
anxious to distinguish himself as a ruler, and was lavish of
rewards and titles; but he achieved few noteworthy reforms beyond
forbidding irregular official appointments, restoring the military
colonies, and causing the children sold in the frequent famines to
be redeemed by Government. He was slavishly devoted to

Buddhism, though personally a lover of wine and women; and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 357

Central Asian priests defied the law and the Princes. In 1309

there was a new issue of silver tae] notes, and the first Mongol

—P.

—-
Kan Chiang -— ¥%. 8rd cent. B.C. The name of a famous

sword-maker, who with his wife once cut off their hair and nails

cash were coined. Canonised as

and threw them into the furnace to make the metal run, turning
out as the result two swords which were named after them Kan
Chiang and i HS Mo Yeh.

Kan Pao -F ee. (Bi FT). 4th cent, A.D. A writer who
flourished under the Emperor Yiian Ti of the Chin dynasty.
Principally known as the author of the + mip BU,, a collection
of supernatural legends. ;
Kan T‘ien Hou Jk Is- Wife of Yeh-ltii Ta-shih, whom she
succeeded in 1135 as second sovereign of the Western Liao dynasty,
reigning over some 85,000 warriors until the accession of her son
in 1142. The latter died in 1153, and was canonised as {= 3%.
Kan Wén-hun - 30 hf (T. fh WA). A.D. 1633-1674. A
Chinese Bannerman who rose by 1667 to be Governor of Chihli.
There he visited every part of his jurisdiction on horseback,
unattended, and so brought to light many abuses. A year later
he was transferred to the Viceroyalty of Ytinnan and Kueichou,
where he suspected the treasonable plans of Wu San-kuei and
laboured to counteract them, especially by training the Viceregal
troops. In 1671 his mother died, and he was compelled to attend
her burial. When he returned in 1678, all his trained troops had
been seduced from their allegiance, and nearly every office and
city was held by a conspirator. Wu San-kuei fixed Jan. 30, 1674,
for his rising; and on the 27th he slew Chu Kuo-chih, Governor of
Yiinnan, and sent a force against Kuei-yang Fu. The Provincial
Commander-in-chief, after some hesitation, declared for the rebels,
as did 2) FA = Ts‘ao Shén-chi, Governor of Kueichou. Finding it

934

935

936

937

938

939

358 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

impossible to hold Kuei-yang, Kan Wén-hun, whose women had all
committed suicide, retired to $i ie Chén-yiian Fu, where he hoped
to be in touch with the Hunan Imperialists. The Commander at
that city, however, espoused the cause of Wu San-kuei, and besieged
the Viceroy in a temple within the walls. Scorning to leave his
province, he dressed himself in his official robes, made obeisance
twice towards Peking, and slew himself, as did one of his sons.
The people found his corpse sitting in awful lifelike state, and
gave it honourable burial beside the temple, whence some years
later it was removed to Peking and interred with public honours.
Canonised as ie FA, and included in the Temple of Patriots. .
Kan Ying -H Ha. ist cent. A.D. A military official, who
served under Pan Ch‘ao during his great campaign in Central
Asia. In A.D. 96 he was ordered by Pan Ch‘ao to proceed as
envoy to Syria, which was then a province of the Roman
Empire. He actually reached ( x T‘iao-chih, a country on the
shores of the Persian Gulf; but there he was deterred from
advancing by the natives, who told him that under favourable
circumstances it was a three months’ sea-voyage to Syria, while
otherwise it might take as much as two years.

K‘an Tsé [fj 22 (T. $f jj). Died A.D. 242. A native of
Shan-yin in Chehkiang, who at 13 years of age dreamt that he
saw his name blazoned forth in the moon. He was so poor that
he had to become a menial in a bookseller’s shop. There, when
his work was done, he managed to educate himself, acquiring
some knowledge even of mathematics. He thus succeeded in
graduating as hsiao lien, and was appointed to a post as Magistrate.
Sun Ch‘iian became his patron, and ultimately raised him to be
tutor to the Heir Apparent. He was a man of great learning,
and for a long time all important questions bearing on State

ceremonial and statute law were referred to him.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 359
&

Kang Hi or Kanghi. See K‘ang Hsi.

K‘ang Féng Tzu it pint -¥-. A worthy of old, who attained 940

to the condition of an Immortal by eating sweet chrysanthemum
and juniper seeds.

K‘ang Hsi fff HE. A.D. 1655—1723. The title of the reign of
%& KE Ustian-i, the third son of the Emperor Shun Chih. He
succeeded to the throne when he was only eight years of age,
and six*years later he took up the reins of government. Fairly
tall and well proportioned, he loved all manly exercises and
devoted three months annually to hunting. Large bright eyes
lighted up his face, which was pitted with smallpox. Contemporary
observers vie in praising his wit, understanding, and liberality of
mind. Indefatigable in government, he kept a careful watch
on his Ministers, his love for the people leading him to prefer
economy to taxation. He was personally frugal, yet on public
works he would lavish large sums. His piety towards his
grandmother endeared him to the Chinese; and his affability to
foreigners, although he deemed foreign trade undesirable, won the
good will of Huropeans. He was hardly of age when the Three
Feudatories rebelled; but though in 1675 only Chihli, Honan, and
Shantung were left in his peaceable possession, he never despaired.
In 1681 his rule was re-established over China, and two years
later over Formosa. His punitive expeditions against Galdan and
Ts‘é Wang Arabtan carried the frontiers of the empire to the
borders of Kokand and Badakshan and to the confines of Tibet.
In 1679 the first treaty with Russia was made, and nine years
later he firmly checked an attempt by his new allies at
encroachment. He patronised the Jesuits whom he employed in
surveying the empire, in astronomy, and in casting cannon;
though latterly he found it necessary to impose restrictions on

their propagandism. In 1677 the Hast India Company established

941

360 . A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

an agency at Prey, which though withdrawn in 1681 was
re-established in 1685. His literary enterprises alone would suffice
to render him illustrious. During his reign, and almost under his
personal supervision, the following works were produced: —. The

great Imperial Dictionary, containing 40,000 characters; the vast
Concordance to all literature, known as the Ai RC HA IF two

extensive Encyclopedias, the Wi ie: A BRI, and the + 4
i 4B KX , the latter of which fills 1628 volumes 8vo and is

- profusely illustrated; and the [jf hs RA He a kind of Gradus to

942

943

aid in literary composition. He had also begun the -¥- Bil Kia
HE , a collection of elegant extracts from the historical and
philosophical writers, and the 4p A AH GH, a collection of
selected phrases from renowned masterpieces. His own writings are
considerable. In the fe #i| #4 FF, which purports to be his
familiar sayings jotted down by his son, the aged Emperor depicts
his own character; and though a justifiable vanity and sense of ,

his own importance are discernible, a very kingly character it is.

Canonised as H! fi (= | if

K‘ang-li Hui-hui ft Hf [pl [a] (7. -F pi). AD. 1283—-
1333. Son of Pu-hu-mu and elder brother of K‘ang-li K‘uei-k‘uei.
After serving in various capacities he rose by 1330 to be a
Minister of State. He memorialised that the number of Buddhist
and Taoist priests might be reduced, and temple lands taxed as
other property; and when this was refused, he retired from public
life. He and his brother were known as the tiff kee Pair of Gems.
“K‘ang-li” was the name of their father’s tribe. It came to be
regarded as their surname.

K‘ang-li K‘uei-k‘uei jt FA lvieivee (T. FF [lp). A-D. 1295—
1345. A distinguished official of the Ytian dynasty, whose ability
and uprightness gained for him the esteem of the Emperor Wén

Ti. Raised to the position of Minister of State, he did his best to

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 361

encourage education and to restore the examination system which
had fallen into disuse. On one occasion he presented to the
Emperor, who was a connoisseur in painting, a picture of Pi Kan
by Kuo Chung-shu; and on another occasion, finding his Majesty
lost in admiration over a painting by the Emperor Hui Tsung of
the Sung dynasty, he remarked that there was at any rate one
thing which that monarch could not do. Being pressed to explain,
he quietly added, “Hui Tsung could not govern.” Canonised as
Bl ih. See K‘ang-li Hut-hut.

K‘ang Ti. See Ssti-ma Yo.

Kao Ang = & (T. Fi BH). AD. 491--538. A native of Po-
hai in Shantung, of extremely fierce appearance and warlike
instinct. He declared that a man ought to carve his way through
the world with a sword, and not sit droning over books. Together
with his brother, =a i, Kao Ch‘ien, who was put to death as a
traitor, he played a leading part in the struggle which ended in
the overthrow of the Northern Wei and ultimate establishment of
the Northern Ch dynasty (see Kao Huan), but was defeated in
battle by Yii-wén Tai and slain as he was attempting to escape.
On one occasion, when crossing the Yellow River and making
the usual libation to the water-god, he cried out, “If you are the
god of the river, I am the tiger of the land!” Canonised as
1 IE.

Kao Ch‘ai ia oe (3; -F $6). 6th cent. B.C. One of the
disciples of Confucius, noted for his simple goodness and his filial
piety. He entered official life, and on the occasion of a popular
tumult he received shelter from a man whom he had condemned,
as judge, to lose his feet; thus showing that his administration of
the law, if severe, was just. .

Kao Chan ay He Brother to Kao Yen, upom whose death in
561 he seized the throne and proclaimed himself fourth Emperor

944

945

946

947

948

949

362 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of the Northern Ch‘i dynasty. Proud, sensual, and extravagant,
he neglected his duties, and in 564 resigned the throne to his son
#£ Wei. At length his dominions were annexed by the House of
Chou, and he and his son ti Héng, known in history as Shy
a, together with all his family, were slain. Canonised as TH mie.
atk

Kao Ch‘an ia ii. 9th cent. A.D. A native of Po-hai in Shantung,
who at first failed to take his chin shih degree. He consoled himself
however by writing some verses in which he pointed out that the
beautiful hibiscus blooms late, when the peach and the almond
blossoms are gone; and he justified his simile by presenting himself
again as a candidate and winning the coveted prize. By 876 he
had risen to high office, but it is by his poetry that he is known.
Kao Chi-hsing ca ZS EL or Kao Chi- ‘e] ch‘ang (T. Hf $&).
Died A.D. 929. A native of Shensi, who was a servant-boy in
the establishment of the wealthy man adopted by Chu Wén as his
son. He gained favour with Chu Wén, and in 907 was placed in
charge of Ching-nan, a part of Hupeh between the Han river and
the Yang-tsze. In 913 he became Prince of Po-hai in Shantung,
and invaded Ssiich‘uan. In 923 he tendered his allegiance to the
Later, T‘ang dynasty, and was appointed Prince of Bd 2p Nan-
ping in Hu-Kuang. In 927 he revolted, but in 928 he was utterly
defeated by the Ch‘u State and his power broken. His son and
successor once more submitted to the T‘angs, and. was re-instated;
and the Ching-nan Principality dragged on until 968, when it was
annexed by the House of Sung.

Kao Chii-cho jay HH {ui (T. 3. H. 3 YB). AD. 1675—
1738. Cousin of Kao Ch‘i-wei. Graduated as chin shih in 1694,
and shut himself up to study for several years before entering on
his career. In 1720 he became Governor of Kuangsi, where he put

down an aboriginal rising by riding alone and unarmed into the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 363
rebel stronghold. In 1728—4 he was Viceroy of the Yiin-Kuei

provinces, and prevented an invasion of Tibet by the Kokonor
Mongols. Transferred to Fuhkien, he subjugated many of the
Formosan tribes. In 1730 he was ennobled as Baron, and honoured
with the task of preparing the site for the Emperor’s tomb. In
1738 he was called to be President of a Board at Peking. His
fearless character kept him in continual hot water, but the Emperor
was wise enough not to let him be dismissed. Author of a collection
of his own and his wife’s poems entitled Hk Aq] ay Gf.
Canonised as 4 Fl.

Kao Ch‘i-wei je H fie (T. Ht S and #H fA). AD. 1646—
1727. A Chinese Bannerman, son of a distinguished minor official
in Kiangsi who was canonised for his steadfast refusal to join
Kéng Ching-chung. He entered official life as a bitgeshi or clerk;
but spent most of his career in Hunan, where owing to his services
against Wu San-kuei he rose to be Commander-in-chief, It is
recorded of him that on one occasion his men were reduced to
boiling their saddles for food; still they refused to surrender.
Transferred in 1721 to Kiangnan, he skilfully organised the defences
of the waterways, over 100 in number, near Shanghai. He became
a Grand Secretary in 1725. Canonised as 4C |%, and included
in the Temple of Worthies.

950

Kao Chien ey (@ (T. <b fie). A.D. 576—647. A native of 951

Po-hai in Shantung, and nephew of Ch‘ang-sun Wu-chi, who
brought him up. Under the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty
he was employed in the Board of Rites; but he was banished to
Kuangtung on account of his friendship with a high official who
had absconded to Korea. In 622 he joined the T'angs, and was
highly esteemed by the future Emperor ai Tsung, then Governor
of Yung-chou, in whose plot against the Heir Apparent he joined.
In 627 he was raised to high office and ennobled as Duke; but

952

953

364 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he was soon sent in disgrace to Sstich‘uan, where he abolished
the evil practice of neglecting to nurse the sick, improved irrigation ,
and promoted education. Recalled in 631 as head of the Civil Office,
he proved a most successful Minister. In 642 he and Wei Chéng
compiled the Bl pik {ii a. Encyclopedia, a work for which his
wide reading especially fitted him. Three years later he aided the
Heir Apparent to govern during the Emperor’s absence on an
expedition against Korea. The Emperor Tai Tsung visited him in
his last illness, and canonised him as Bl Jer.

Kao Hsien-chih }Fy (il) #6. Died A.D. 755. A Korean in the
service of the Emperor Hsiian Tsung of the T'ang dynasty. After
several expeditions against the Turfans, he penetrated in 747 as
far as Ush, returning only because the eunuch Inspector was afraid
to go on. Three years later he made a successful expedition against
the 4] |e Stone Nation (?). He was then appointed Prefect of
TH ay Wu-wei, and subsequently ennobled as Duke. In 755 he
assisted the 4& Jung Prince against An Lu-shan, and succeeded
in holding the Vit T‘ung Pass. He was accused of robbery by a
eunuch Inspector, because when he found that he could not hold
T‘ai-yitian Fu, he distributed the grain in the granaries among his
men and burnt what they could not carry away. In spite of the
murmurs of his army, he was forthwith put to death.

Kao Hsing jy Mat (T. Dy dU). A-D. 1245-1818. A native of
BR Ts‘ai-chou, who was a powerful youth and used a “‘two-picul”
bow. One day he was hunting, when suddenly a tiger sprang out
of the jungle with a terrific roar. His companions fled, but he
stood still; and fitting an arrow to his bow, he shot the beast
dead. In 1274 he took service under the great Mongol commander,
Bayan, and ultimately rose to the highest offices of State. In 1292

he was appointed second in command under Shih Pi, and proceeded

on the ill-fated expedition to Java. Canonised as a=

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary : 365

—s

Kao Huan je #K (T. Fi HK jh). AD. 496—547. A native
of Po-hai in Shantung, who rose to high office under the Northern
Wei dynasty. His power over the Emperor Hsiao Wu, whom he
had placed upon the throne (see Yuan Hsiu), becoming intolerable,
the latter fled to Ch‘ang-an, and Kao Huan established. the
Kastern Wei dynasty (see Yiian Shan-chien). He had already been
seriously urged by Kao Ch‘ien (see Kao Ang) to seize the Imperial
power, but had stuffed his sleeve into the latter’s mouth, begging
him not to allude to the subject again. His son Kao Yang, who
mounted the throne as first Emperor of the Northern Ch‘i dynasty,
canonised him as fey jill i) pt SE Ff.

Kao Kuei Hsiang Kung. See Ts‘ao Mao.

Kao Kung je HE (T. pS Spy). Died A.D. 1578. Graduated as
chin shih in 1541, and in 1552 was Reader to the Heir Apparent.
His forcible teaching won the favour of the Emperor Shih Tsung,
and by 1566 he had attained to the rank of a Grand Secretary.
On the accession of the Emperor Mu Tsung, Kao felt himself
strong enough to enter upon a struggle with Hsti Chieh, which
ended in both having to retire. At the end of 1569 he was
recalled to power and laboured not without success to reform the
administration, while he compelled Anda to sue for a peace which
kept the frontier quiet for thirty years. His arrogance grew with
success, and he allowed his relatives and followers to take bribes.
Mu Tsung would hear no word against him, but upon the
accession of the Emperor Shén Tsung, Chang Chii-chéng and

Wéng Pao succeeded in bringing about his disgrace. Canonised as

Le

954

955

Kao Li-shih fan yi) ++. A.D. 688—762. The favourite eunuch 956

of the Emperor Ming Huang of the T‘ang dynasty, over six feet
and a half in height. He was first sent up to the palace in 698;

but the Empress Wu Hou ordered him to be dismissed on account

366 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of his violent temper, and he went to live with the broker, a
man named Kao, whose surname he adopted. About a year later
he got into the palace once more, and made himself so acceptable
to the Heir Apparent, by warmly espousing his cause against the
party of the T‘ai-p‘ing Princess, that the former, on mounting
the throne in 713, at once appointed him to high office. His
power and influence gradually increased until all the great officials
of the empire found themselves obliged to pay court to him, while
the new Heir Apparent was instructed to behave towards him as
towards an elder brother. In 748 he was appointed Generalissimo of
the empire. He appears to have shown much foresight and discretion
ns many points involving the welfare of the State. He protested
“against his master’s over-fondness for Yang Kuei-fei; he warned
his Majesty against An Lu-shan; and he opposed Li Fu-kuo.
When all was lost, he remained faithful to the fallen Emperor,
accompanying him in his flight to Sstich‘uan; and the same hand
which had once drawn off the boots of the poet li Po, now
tightened the noose which cut off the beautiful Yang Kuei-fei
from the light of day. In 760 he was Baiigstied by Li Fu-kuo to
AK Wu-chou in Kueichou, but in 763 he was pardoned and
allowed to return. Then, when he saw the dying statements of the
last two Emperors, he turned towards the north, and in the
bitterness of his grief vomited blood and died.

957 Kao Lien-shéng yey jf [ft (T. Hk A). Served under Tséng
Kuo-fan in various provinces, reaching the rank of Brigade
General in 1862. He then served under Tso Tsung-t'ang in
Chehkiang and Fuhkien. In 1865 he was Commander-in-chief in
Kuangtung, where he succeeded in stamping out the last dying
embers of the T'ai-p‘ing rebellion. Transferred to Shensi as lieutenant

to Tso Tsung-t‘ang, he was killed by mutinous soldiers in 1869.

Canonised as By FA .

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 367

Kao P‘ing jm Of (T. -f- HL). Died A.D. 887. A native of
Po-hai in Shantung, who distinguished himself by his energy in
suppressing a serious rebellion in Annam in 864, and by his

re-organisation ten years later of the province of Sstich‘uan, for

which services he was ennobled as Prince. He was appointed to’

take the field against Huang Ch‘ao, but after a short campaign
he withdrew in 880 from the command and devoted himself ‘to
spiritualistic studies, leaving all power in the hands of a Kiukiang
trader, named FA Li Yung-chih. He was eventually seized
and put to death by 4 fy} 2 Pi Shih-to. A clever poet, he
was also noted for having pierced two eagles with one shaft, from
which feat he was known as #4 ji 42 lS. |

Kao Séng joy {@. 6th cent. A.D. A Buddhist priest of the
Liang dynasty, who failing to obtain a hearing from the public,
collected a number of large stones and preached to them so

eloquently that they nodded as it were their heads in approval.

958

959

Kao Shih jm Wi (T. 3% 3é). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A 960

native of yt Ts‘ang-chou in Shantung, who passed his early
youth in poverty. He fell in love with an actress, and travelled
far and wide with her, writing operatic pieces for the company
to which she belonged. He acted as secretary to a high official on
a diplomatic mission to Tibet. He became a soldier. When he had
already passed fifty years of age, he took to poetry; and in this
line ‘he succeeded so well as to rival the fame of Ts‘én Ts‘an,
writing very much in the same style and earning for himself the
nickname of je Only in his old age did he begin to reap
the reward of his labours, being then ennobled as Marquis.

Kao Shih-chi Fa EFF (T. HEA. BU Ay). AD.
1645—1704. He failed at the metropolitan examination; but on a
couplet of his being seen by the Emperor, he was called to Peking

and for many years employed in preparing Decrees and other

961

962

963

964

965

368 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

public documents. The favour shown to him excited jealousy, and
in 1689 he was denounced in a long and virulent diatribe by Kuo
Hsiu as the head of a faction organised for purposes of rapacity
by abuse of the Imperial favour. In 1694 he was restored to office.
Author of a work on art, jottings on history and books, and
journals of Imperial progresses. Canonised as Bl Me.

Kao Ssi-sun jy ] JR (1. 44 Fy). 12th cent. A.D. A poet
and miscellaneous writer, who graduated as chin shih in 1184.
Author of the #£ 22, an investigation into various points recorded
in history, and also of a collection of writings entitled Hi HR 4p.
To him is due the honour of being the first critic to expose the
claims of the spurious work which still passes under the name of
Lieh Tati. ©

Kao T‘ang ia Re. 8rd and 2nd cent. B.C. A scholar of the
Han dynasty, famous for the assistance he gave towards restoring
the text of the Canon of Rites subsequent to the “‘burning of the
books” by the First Emperor. His work on the subject was known
as the —k jf.

Kao Ti. See (Han) Liu Pang; (Ch‘i) Hsiao Tao-ch‘éng.

Kao Tsu. See (Han) Liu Pang; (Sui) Yang Chien; (T‘ang)

Li Yuan; (L. Chin) Shih Ching-t‘ang; (L. Han) Liu Chih-yuan.
Kao Tsung. See (Sung) Chao Kou; (T‘ang) Li Chih.

Kao Yang jay 7 (T. -} 3f£). Died A.D. 559. Son of Kao
Huan, and first Emperor of the Northern Ch‘i dynasty which he
established in 550 (see Yan Shan-chien). He was a cruel debauchee,
but ruled with a firm hand. He was succeeded by his son py Yin,
known in history as es if , who was deposed by the Empress Dowager
after a reign of eight months. Canonised as [A ji 3C ‘Et ip.
Kao Yao !f [Mj (T. ee BR). Died B.C. 2204. A famous Minister
under the Emperor Shun, said to have been the first to introduce

laws for the repression of crime. Also known as 4s Ee

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 369

ast

Kao Yen jf ii. Died A.D. 561. Brother ‘to Kao Yang, whom
he succeeded in 559, after the deposition of Kao Yin, as third
Emperor of the Northern Ch‘i dynasty. He proved an able and
diligent ruler, and introduced many reforms beneficial to the people

at large. Canonised as Fa ae 2 WG if.

Kao Yu A fff. 5th cent. B.C. A man whom Confucius saw
weeping by the roadside. He explained that he had suffered three
great losses; — loss of parents, loss of hope, and loss of friends.
Kao Yi i Ar (T. 2% $4). A well-known commentator on the
Classics, who flourished during the 17th cent. A.D. His best known
work is an edition of the Lesser Learning by Chu Hsi, published in 1697.
Kao Yiian-yur Fy 7t HK (Tv. HE). AD. 743818. A poet
of the T’ang dynasty, who was so prolific a writer that he was
called the ay 7 -F- Poetical Warehouse. He graduated as chin
shih, and after rising to be secretary in the Grand Council was
dismissed to the provinces for venturing to “see off” Li Tsung-min
to his place of banishment. He ultimately rose to be President of
a Board, and was ennobled as Duke. His personal name was
originally yf, rH : |

Kao Yiin We 70, (T. 4 Fe). AD. 390-—487. One of the most,
distinguished scholars and statesmen of the Northern Wei dynasty,
At an early age he gave all his patrimony to his brothers, and
was for a time a Buddhist novice; but he soon left the temple,
and by his great erudition attracted many pupils. He was skilled
in the Classics, history, astronomy, and the fine arts. In 431 he
was called to office, and for fifty years laboured in his country’s
cause, reproving his sovereign with boldness and persistence. He
was the colleague of Ts‘ui Hao in preparing the Wei History, aud
narrowly escaped sharing his fate. His poems, essays, notes on the
Classics, ete., were published and had some popularity. He was

ennobled as Duke, and canonised as Bl.
24

966

967

968

969

970

370 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
971 Kashiapmadanga jn i Bf j= or Shé-mo-t‘éng 44h EE Jie -

A native of India, who about A.D. 67 returned with the mission
sent by the Emperor Ming Ti of the Han dynasty to make enquiries
concerning Buddha. He settled at Lo-yang, and together with his
fellow-countryman 2% oa eal Chu Fa-lan set to work to translate
the Sétra of Forty-two Sections into Chinese, but before very long
he died.

Kaw Hong-beng. See Ku Li-ch‘éng.

972 Kén-t'é Ap HE Died A.D. 1693. A famous Manchu general, who
after long service became a Minister of the Council and Captain-
General of his Banner in 1677. Ennobled as Baron and canonised
as aE H+, and later on admitted into the Temple of Worthies.

973 Kéng Chi-mao [ik 4% j&. Died A.D. 1671. Son of JK 4} 5H
Kéng Chung-ming, and father of Kéng Ching-chung. The former
joined the Manchus in 1634, and when in 1649 he undertook a
campaign against the people of Kuangtung with a view to complete
the subjugation of the empire, Kéng Chi-mao accompanied him.
In 1651, after his father’s death, he was ennobled as Prince. In
co-operation with Shang K‘o-hsi, he effected the capture of Canton
.and of other cities, and was then transferred to Fuhkien. There,
with the aid of a squadron of Dutch vessels from Formosa, he
succeeded in regaining .possession of Amoy and in extinguishing
the last attempts at resistance to the Manchu dominion.

974 Kéng Ching-chung J[k }iq iL. Died A.D. 1681. Eldest son of
Kéng Chi-mao. He was sent to Court in 1654, and was ennobled
as Baron, subsequently marrying an Imperial princess, in consequence
of which he received the title of Fil #4 4A it. In 1664 he was
sent back to Fuhkien to learn the art of war, and in 1671 was
acting for his sick father. In 1673 he joined Wu San-kuei, and
in 1674 broke into open rebellion, leaguing himself with Chéng
Chin. In spite of offers of pardon he did not submit until 1676,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 371

after the fall of vere Chien-ning Fu. His titles were then
‘restored and he was stationed at Foochow, and later at Ch‘ao-chou
Fu, as Generalissimo against Koxinga. In 1677 he was again
charged with treason; but the Emperor waited until he came to
Peking for audience in 1680, when he was tried on his brother’s
accusation and in 1681 he was publicly executed.

_Kéng Shih. See Liu -Hsiian.

Kéng Wei J[{kyi#. 8th cent. AD. A native of Ho-tung in
Shansi, who graduated as chin shih in 762 and distinguished himself
as an official and poet under the T'ang dynasty. He was one of
the Ten Men of Genius of the period A.D. 766 —779, and author
of two lines which have become almost proverbial: —

Hireling respect with loss of fortune ends,
And loss of influence means loss of friends.

Ki-ying or Keying G Fi. Died A.D. 1856. A Manchu, who
had risen by 1835 to be President of the Board of Revenue. In
1842 he took a leading part in the negotiations at Nanking which
brought the so-called Opium War to a conclusion. In 1843 he
proceeded to Canton, and shortly afterwards became Viceroy of the
Two Kuang, a post which he filled with considerable success until
1848. Returning to Peking, he became mixed up in Court intrigues
and was deprived of power and of most of his honours. In 1856
he seems to have made a bid for re-admission into public life by
suggesting to the Emperor that his influence would procure the
withdrawal of the foreign men-of-war then at Tientsin with Lord
Elgin. He accordingly appeared upon the scene as Commissioner;
but finding himself altogether unable to carry out this programme,
he returned hastily to the capital, where he was ordered to commit
suicide. Throughout his career he had shown himself liberal-minded
towards the hated foreigner, and in 1844 had actually memorialised

the Emperor to obtain a meed of toleration for Christianity.

975

976

977

978

372 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Kien Lung or Kien Long. See Ch‘ien Lung.

Ko Hsien-wéng 1h B. A magician of old, who could
change the rice-grains from his mouth into bees, and then receive
them back into his mouth as into a hive, whereupon they
immediately became rice again.

Ko Hung B yk (T. ME Jil). 4th cent. A.D. A native of aj
¥$ Chii-jung in Kiangsu, who was so poor in youth that he had
to cut firewood in order to buy paper and ink for his studies,
which he prosecuted with unflagging energy. He stammered badly;
and as he cared little for wealth or fame, he shut himself up in
his house and saw no visitors. Sometimes he had a hard job to
push his own way through the brambles which choked up the path
to his door. In A.D. 326 he was appointed by Wang Tao to an
official post; and later on he petitioned the Emperor to be allowed
to become Magistrate at A is Kou-lou, because he had heard
that cinnabar came from Cochin-China, and he wished to be able
to obtain a full supply for experimental purposes. The Emperor
consented, and he set off with his family for Kuangtung. The
Governor, a FEN Téng Yo, would have detained him, but he
went off and stopped at the famous Hee F- Lo-fo mountain, where
for some years he attempted to compound the elixir of life. After
that he wandered about, writing books and calling himself sa A
-¥-. Although 81 years of age, he had a complexion like that of

a child. One day he wrote to Téng Yo, and begged him to come

979

and see him. Téng went; but before his arrival Ko Hung had
passed into a tranquil sleep, and when they came to examine him,
his clothes were found to be empty. He was gone! Author of the
mi Ail {ili Biographies of the Gods, the fs we etc.

Ko Jung B Be An insurgent leader under the Northern Wei
dynasty, who in A.D. 526 proclaimed himself Emperor of the
Ch'i State with J Zé Kuang-an as his year-title.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 373

Ko-shu-han = ra re . Died A.D. 756. A commander, of Tartar
origin, under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T‘ang dynasty, In
747 he was appointed Governor of Kansuh and part of Turkestan,
but was recalled to oppose the advance of the rebel An Lu-shan,
by whom he was disastrously defeated at an id Ling-pao in
modern Shensi, taken prisoner, and put to death.

K‘o Shih 4% FE. Died A.D. 1627. The notorious nurse of the
Emperor Hsi Tsung of the Ming dynasty. See Wei Chung-hsien.
Kou Chien 4 Ibe. A prince of the Ytieh State, who came to

980

981

982

the throne in B.C. 496. Rejecting the advice of his Minister Fan

Li, he made war upon the Wu State and was already before the
capital when he was totally defeated at the East Gate of that city
by the Wu forces under the leadership of Fu Ch‘ai. Retreating
with the 5000 men that remained of his army, he retired to his
kingdom; and there he daily drank out of a vessel filled with gall
and nightly slept upon firewood, in order to keep himself reminded
of the bitterness of defeat. Then followed the famous scheme (see
Hsi Shih) by which he succeeded in overthrowing the power of his
rival and “wiping out the disgrace of the East Gate.” On one
occasion, some. wine was presented to him; and as there was not
‘enough for distribution among his soldiers, he threw it into a
river they had to ford “so that all might have a taste.’ He
finally annexed the State of Wu to his dominions, and gave in
his allegiance to the House of Chou then ruling on the north of
the Yang-tsze. .

Kou I ¢4 -&. Died B.C. 88. The title bestowed upon the Lady
Chao, favourite bh itig Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, taken
from the name of the pavilion assigned to her. In B.C. 94 she
gave birth to a son called Fu Ling, for whose sake she persuaded
the Emperor that the Heir Apparent was engaged in treasonable

designs against his Majesty's person. The Emperor at once caused

983

374 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his son and many other innocent persons to be put to death,
upon which Fu Ling became Heir Apparent; but in B.C. 88 the —
plot was discovered, and the Lady Kou I perished by the hand of

the executioner.

984 K‘ou Ch‘ien-chih Fie a me 5th cent. A.D. A native of

985

Ch‘ang-p‘ing in Chibli, who fell in with a Taoist Immortal named
WK Dj} HH Ch'éng Kung-hsing, and retiring with him into
seclusion obtained from him the elixir of life. His body emitted a
heavenly radiance; and he was appointed to be the FR fifi Divine
Teacher or “Pope” of the Taoists, in succession to Chang Tao-ling
of old. About A.D. 424 he was summoned to Court; but one day
he said to a disciple, “I dreamt last night that my master,
Ch‘éng Kung-hsing, beckoned me to the Palace of Immortality.”
Thereupon dissolution began to set in. A blue, smoke-like vapour
issued from the lips of the dying man and vanished in mid-air,
after which his body gradually shrank to nothing.

K‘ou Chun 5% YE (T. 7 fH). Died A.D. 1023. A native of
“fh 3 Hsia-kuei in Shensi, who graduated as chin shih and rose
to high office under the second Emperor of the Sung dynasty. At
the early age of eight he distinguished himself by the excellence
of his poetical compositions, and his future greatness was foretold.
In 1004 he persuaded the Emperor Chén Tsung to proceed in person
to ye Shan-chou to oppose the raid made by the Kitan Tartars.
The Emperor confided to him the entire direction of the campaign,
which at once made him an object of jealousy. “Does your
Majesty understand gambling?” asked Wang Ch'in-jo. ‘‘A gambler
who has lost heavily,” he continued, “will stake his all upon a
last chance. Your Majesty is K‘ou Chun’s last chance.” His tactics
however were successful. There was a bloody battle in which one
half of K‘ou Chun’s men were either killed or taken prisoner, and

consternation prevailed. Yet K‘ou Chun was found to be drinking

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 375

and singing with Yang I upon the city wall; whereupon the
Kmperor cried out, “If K‘ou Chun can feel like this, why should
I be sad?” Shortly afterwards the Kitan leader was shot, and the
enemy sued for peace. In spite of these services Wang Ch'‘in-jo
managed by intrigue to bring about his downfall, chiefly on the
ground that the peace concluded with the Kitans was a dishonourable
one. He was degraded, and ultimately sent to eA: T'ien-
hsiung in Chihli. There he was seen by the Kitan ambassador,
who asked why he was not at his post in the capital. ‘There is
no trouble at the capital now,” he replied; “‘and I was the only
one who could keep the key of our northern gate.’ When the
Emperor Chén Tsung went out of his mind, it was through his
influence that the Heir Apparent became Regent; for which he
was appointed Grand Tutor and. ennobled as 36 AL. In 1022,
through an intrigue of the Empress, he was again banished to
Lei-chou in Kuangtung; and in 1023 to Héng-chou in Hunan, ~
where he died. On his way to Lei-chou he stopped at JAY Te
Kung-an in Hupeh; and there he plucked a bamboo and stuck it
in the. ground before a shrine to some god, saying, “If I have
not been disloyal to the State, may this bamboo take new life
and grow.” The bamboo lived. Canonised as fist Fe. See Ting Wei.
Koxinga. See Chéng Ch‘éng-kung.

Ku Chiang #4 i (T. $f A. H. 2 ph). A.D. 1612—1681. 986
A native of K‘un-shan in Kiangsu, who remained faithful to the
Mings after their final downfall. In 1645 he changed his personal
name from Chiang to TR JA Yen-wu, and wandered about the
empire in disguise until he finally settled down at Hua-yin in
Shensi in 1677. He declined to serve under the Manchus, and
supported himself by farming. A profound student, it is recorded
that in his wanderings he always carried about with him several

horse-loads of books to consult whenever his memory might be at

987

988

989

376 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

fault. His writings on the Classics, history, topography, and
poetry, are still highly esteemed. To foreigners he is best known
as the author of the Al EK, which contains his notes,
chiefly on the Classics and history, gathered during a course of

reading which extended over thirty years. He also wrote the BG

am, the 34 AN PF, the HF FF, the AF GS iE, and the ns
GF Fe, all works upon the ancient sounds and rhymes. In 1886
it was proposed that he should be included in the Confucian
Temple; but the high officials differed on the point, and the
suggestion was ultimately negatived. He is usually spoken of as
Ku Yen-wu; sometimes as #A JX.

Ku Féng-mao #4 JA 6 (T. #8 42). Graduated in 1788,
and distinguished himself as a commentator on the Odes.

Ku Jung M2 (T. Bf 4%). AD. 270-822. Son of an
official under the Wu dynasty. He was a clever youth, and at the
age of twenty set out with Lu Chi (2) and his brother for Lo-
yang, where the handsome appearance of the young men gained
them the sobriquet of the = fe Three Beauties. His life was an
eventful one. He held a military command under the son. of the
ill-fated Ssti-ma Lun, and after the latter’s death transferred his
services to other Princes, always more or less surrounded by an
atmosphere of war. The Emperor Yiian Ti of the Eastern Chin
dynasty raised him to high rank, and consulted him on all
matters of importance. On one occasion in his earlier life, when
dining at a restaurant, he thought he saw the waiter eyeing some
dainty dish. Accordingly he gave the man his own share, saying
it would be hard to be always a waiter and never know the
flavour of the good things one carried about. Later on, when
Ssti-ma Lun usurped the throne, this very waiter was the means
of saving his life. Canonised as JU. |

Ku K‘ai-chih BA py @ (T. fe He). 4th and 5th cent. A.D.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 377

A native of Wu-hsi in Kiangsu, famous for his scholarship, his
artistic skill, and his belief in magic. When painting a portrait
he would not put in the eyes for several years, declaring that
expression was entirely dependent upon a man’s pecuniary
position. He was also noted for the way in which he ate sugar-
cane, beginning at the wrong end and passing gradually, as he
expressed it, into Paradise. He is sometimes spoken of as A Re
BA Tiger-head Ku, from his position as commander of the
“tiger-head” contingent at Hu-t‘ou in Hupeh. He, and Lu T'an-
wei, Chang Séng-yu, and Wu Shéng, are regarded as the PY oa
Four Masters in art. Author of the RK He aU.

Ku Kuang 24 JL (T. 38 #7). 8th and 9th cent. A.D. A 990

native of ff [Ftd Hai-yen in Chehkiang, who distinguished himself
as a poet, and finally went into retirement, calling himself afe

a ily Tes Upon the death of his son FE Ae Fei-hsiung, he

seized a pen and wrote the following verses: —

An old man lays to rest a much-loved son......
By day and night his tears of blood will run,
Albeit when threescore years and ten have fled
"Tis not a long farewell that he has said,

At this the gods of the infernal regions were touched, and allowed
Fei-hsiung to be born again into the family. The latter, at two
years of age, was able to tell how in the world below he had
heard the lamentations of his father and how he was permitted
to appear once more upon the earth.

Ku Li-ch‘éng 32 ar gh (T. BE WY om PR. A. OE A).
Born A.D.? 1860. A native of Foochow, who was sent to Scotland
to be educated, and after six years’ residence graduated as M.A. of
‘Hainbargh in 1877. After a short and uncongenial term of service as
a kind of private secretary to Sir 'T. Wade in Peking, he started in
1882 with Messrs Colquhoun and Wahab on their overland journey

991

992

378 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Across Chrysé; but he was dissatisfied with the manner in which
he was treated, and soon returned. In 1885 he became interpreter
to H. E. Chang Chih-tung, resigning in 1897. He has contributed
many brilliant articles and poems to various Anglo-Chinese journals,
and has displayed a remarkable knowledge of the literatures of
France, Italy, and Germany, not to mention those of England,
ancient Greece, and Rome. His Defensio Populi, written at the
time of the riots in the Yang-tsze Valley, attracted much attention,
exhibiting as it did the deep-seated dislike of the Chinese people
to the “strange religions” of the west. Formerly known as Hong-
beng Kaw, he now signs himself Kaw Hong-beng, which is a
transliteration of his surname and his style Hung-ming, as above.
Ku-liang Ch‘ih 2} YA se (T. HE Bp). Sth cent. B.C. A pupil

of Pu Shang, and author of the famous commentary on the Spring

and Autumn Annals which goes by his name.

993

Ku-pa-tai BA /\ FR (T. 30 #2). Died A.D. 1708. An Imperial
clansman, equally proficient in ordinary learning and in military
science. In 1675 he stood first at an examination of Manchu
officials, and was placed in the Han-lin College. In 1677 he was
sent with instructions to the General opposing Wu San-kuei in
Kuangtung, and was attached to his staff. Owing to the illness
of his chief, he conducted the invasion of Yiinnan, and forced
Ue {it ER Wu Shih-tsung to kill himself. He served in 1680 -—
1681 under Lai-t‘a, and then resumed his career in Peking,
becoming President of the Board of Rites in 1689. In 1693 he
lost office owing to the jealousy of his superiors, and when he
died he did not leave enough to pay for his funeral. In 1726 the
Emperor Yung Chéng, whose tutor he had been, restored his
rank and canonised him as Bl ae bestowing Tls. 10,000 on his
starving family. In 1730 he was included in the Temple of Worthies.

994 Ku Pi ny uf}. Died A.D. ? 452. A native of the Tai State,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 379

who attracted the notice of Toba Ssii, second Emperor of the
Northern Wei dynasty, and received from his Majesty the name
of oe Pi, afterwards changed to Pi as above, in token of help
given in public affairs. He rose under the next Emperor to high
military rank and to be President of the Board of Civil Office,
but got into disgrace over the affair of WHE AC HH Féng Wen-
‘tiung, whose escape eae to the fact that Ku Pi got drunk
and refused to allow the army to proceed. For this he was disgraced ;
however he goon rose once more to rank and favour, and was
ennobled as Duke. Under the succeeding Emperor his colleague in
the administration was Be Bech Chang Li. The two quarrelled, and
both were dismissed from office; and for indulging in complaints
at this harshness, Ku Pi was secretly accused to the Emperor, and
both were put to death. From his extraordinarily pointed head,
Ku Pi had been nicknamed && BA Pencil-Head by the third
Emperor of the dynasty; and to the people, who lamented his
unjust fate, he was affectionately known as =i Bs Mr. Pencil.
Ku Sou pe ee. The father of the Emperor Shun, who came to
the throne B.C. 2255. He married a second wife, and the pair
treated Shun in a most unfeeling manner, attempting on several
occasions to compass his death. In spite of this, Shun continued
to exhibit towards both of ftihem the most exemplary conduct.

Ku Té-yu fA fits # (T. PE obs 9th cent. A.D. A man who
distinguished himself by the care and attention he lavished on his
childless old teacher, whom he buried with as much pomp and
ceremony as his own father. ‘To receive instruction from a man
during his life,” said he, “and then at death to throw him to the
weeds, would be a most heartless act.’

Ku Tso #8 f& (T. 7 He). Died A.D, 1446. Graduating as
chin shih in 1400, he became a Censor and aieenehad the notice of

the Emperor Yung Lo, who made him the first Governor of Peking.

995

996

997

998

999

1000

380 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

His strict rule proving distasteful to the great, he was sent to
Kueichou as Judge. He was recalled to the capital in 1425, and
three years later became President of the Censorate, remaining in
office until his death. A filial son and a trusty friend, he was
absolutely pure; and so careful was he not to give occasion for
slander, that while waiting at Court hee sat apart from the other
Ministers, who nicknamed him in consequence Mj 4ay 44 Sit-
alone Ku.

Ku Tsu-yu #4 ji BA (Ty = Jz). An ardent student, who
flourished during the 17th cent. A.D. He despised an official career,
and devoted himself to a life of study, coupled with extreme poverty.
He wrote the Fi EL te BB. a record of geographical changes in
China from the earliest ages down to his own times. This work
was published in 1667 and is highly esteemed among scholars. He
was popularly known as ore WA a Be

Ku-tsung i Be (T. FA 7). AD. 1685-1755. A grandson
of Ku-pa-tai, who attracted the notice of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi
by his proficiency in mathematics, and rose by 1737 to be Director
General of the Yellow River. After several ups and downs, he was
finally recalled from that post in 1754 for extravagant expenditure.
He was nicknamed RA gy Ze Ku, the Iron Ox, on account of
his steadfast adherence to what he thought right. It is recorded
that on one occasion he pawned his clothes to bury a friend, and
also that he was in no hurry to marry a second time.

Ku Tung-kao fi ®R jy (T. Be YA and 7B J). AD. 1679—
1759. A distinguished scholar, whose official career came to a
premature end under the Emperor Yung Chéng. He devoted his
ereat energy and learning towards reconciling the views of the
various philosophical schools of the Sung, Yiian, and Ming dynasties,
writing a biographical work on the scholars of those periods. He

also produced a lucid and suggestive commentary on the Spring

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 381
and Autumn, besides the = ay RA Fe, a work on the Odes, in

which many old opinions are again submitted to critical examination.
He stands first among the scholars of the reign of Ch‘ien Lung.
Ku Yeh-tzi ns iG +. A swashbuckler at the Court of Duke
=r Ching of the Ch‘i State. On one occasion, when the Duke
was fording a river, a huge monster seized one of his horses and
dragged it under. Ku plunged in, and re-appeared after some time
leading the horse with one hand and holding the monster’s head
in the other. He was one of the trio to whom the Duke, in order
to be rid of them, presented two peaches to be awarded according
to merit; the result being that they all killed themselves out of
jealousy and chagrin.

Ku Yeh-wang fi ¥f =F (T. Fp). A.D. 519—581. A native
of K‘un-shan in Kiangsu, distinguished for his learning. In 538
he entered upon a public career; and after helping to put down
the rebellion of Hou Ching by levying a volunteer force, he received
the appointment of Doctor in the Imperial Academy, followed by
that of Keeper of the Clepsydra to the Heir Apparent, and finally
of Grand Historiographer. Author of the Fa, a dictionary based
upon the Shwo Wén and arranged under 542 radicals.

Ku Ytieh-chih 2 pH <@ (T. Ab fl). Born A.D. 320. A petty
official who served under Yin Hao. After the death of the latter
he addressed such a powerful appeal to the Throne that Yin Hao’s
rank and honours were restored to him. Becoming gray-headed in
early life, the Emperor asked him how it was. ‘The beauty of the
fir anil pine,” he replied, ‘is enhanced by winter snows, while
that of the reed and the willow. fades at the first breath of autumn.”
Ku Yung # 7K (T. -F S). Ist cent. B.C. A native of
Ch‘ang-an, who distinguished himself by his wide knowledge of
books, and by B.C. 36 had risen to be Censor. In B.C. 34 there

was an eclipse of the sun accompanied by a severe earthquake,

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

382 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

aud these phenomena he boldly ‘iirifiatea to the excessive favour
shown by the Emperor to the Empress and the ladies of the
seraglio. For years he continued his remonstrances against Court
abuses, and his name came to be coupled with that of Lou Hu.
His intimate acquaintance with Ching Fang enabled him to speak
more positively upon Divine portents, in reference to which he
presented, first and last, over forty memorials. He was ultimately
promoted to be Minister of Agriculture, but died within a year.

K‘uai Tfung nal 3A. 2nd cent. B.C. A native of Fan-yang in
Chihli, whose personal name was originally 7 Ch‘é, the same as
that of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. He became one
of the adherents, and eventually chief adviser, of the famous Han
Hsin, whose fate he attributed to neglect of his own sound advice.
After his master’s death he was caught and condemned to be
boiled alive; however when the Emperor Kao Tsu asked him why
he stirred up Han Hsin to treason, he replied, “All dogs bark at
strangers; and when I acted in that way, it was because I knew
Han Hsin but did not know your Majesty.” Upon this he was
pardoned, and subsequently served under Ts‘ao Ts‘an. Author of a

poem known as #5 IK -

1006 Kuan I-wu #f i 7 or Kuan Chung 7% (if. Died B.C.

645. A native of the Ch‘i State, and the bosom friend of Pao Shu-ya,

who recommended him to Duke Huan for employment. In 685 he

1007

actually became Minister of State, and for many years administered
public affairs with marked success. The speculative work which
passes under the title of = -¥- has been attributed to him, but
is one of the numerous forgeries of later times.

Kuan Ning 7 ‘ga. CEs oh Ze). A.D. 158—241. A native of
AL ig Chu-hsii in modern Shantung. At sixteen he lost his
father, and though very poor, would accept nothing towards the

funeral expenses. He wandered about for some time with Hua

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 383

Hsin, endeavouring to pursue his studies; but at length he was
obliged to separate from his mercurial friend, who could not resist
jumping up to stare at the grand carriages which passed their
door. In 191, owing to the disturbed state of the empire, he
withdrew to Liao-tung, where he gave himself up to study and
teaching. He steadfastly refused to take office, though in 226
Ts‘ao P‘ei prevailed upon him to return to more civilised parts.
He is said to have worn a hole in the wooden couch on which
he sat for fifty-five years almost without moving.

Kuan Shu Hsien # 4% fi. 12th cent. B.C. Third son of
Wén Wang, and younger brother to Wu Wang, who conferred
upon him the Principality of Hsien in B.C. 1122. At the death of
Wu Wang, he plotted to deprive his nephew of the throne, and
actually went so far as to take up arms; but the rising was put
down by his brother Chou Kung, and Kuan Shu was executed by
his orders.

Kuan Yu fj 4 (T. BE fe). Died A.D. 219. A native of f¥
Hsieh-chou in Shantung, whose personal name was originally =
HE. He was obliged to leave home on account of a murder he
had committed, and found his way to YX #I} Cho-chtin, where
in A.D. 184 he fell in with Liu Pei and Chang Fei. The three
became fast friends, and swore the famous “‘peach-garden oath”
that they would thenceforward fight side by side and live and die
together. Kuan Yti and Chang Fei constituted themselves the
henchmen of Liu Pei as far as public appearances went, but in
private they had everything in common and even shared the same
bed. Kuan Yt followed Liu Pei through all the stirring adventures
of his chequered career, performing prodigies of valour, and ever
remaining faithful to his oath. Being left to guard A AR Hsia-
p'i, he was surrounded and taken prisoner by Ts‘ao Ts‘ao,

together with the Ladies -—* Kan and JE Mi, two of the wives

1008

1009 —

384 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of Liu Pei. The three were sent off to the capital; and while on
the journey thither, Ts‘ao Ts‘ao is said to have put Kuan Yii’s
fidelity to the test by allotting to his prisoners only one sleeping-
apartment. Thereupon Kuan Yii remained standing all night at
the door of the room with a lighted candle in his hand. In order
to secure his services, Ts‘ao Ts‘ao loaded him with honours. He
ennobled him as Marquis, and gave him many valuable presents.
In spite of all this, Kuan Yti remained faithful to Liu Pei and
took an early opportunity of returning to his old chiaf. Before he
left, he had an opportunity of showing that he was not ungrateful.
When Yiian Shao’s forces attacked Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, Kuan Yt slew
$4 FL Yen Liang, their foremost warrior; and from the soldiers’
description of the terrible red-faced man with a long beard, Liu
Pei, who was then with Ytian Shao, recognised the features of
his sworn brother. From that time he fought steadily under the
banner of Liu Pei in the numerous campaigns which the latter
was forced to carry on before his position as ruler of Shu was
definitely secure; but at length after many battles and sieges, he
was captured by Sun Ch'‘tian and put to death. Long celebrated
as the most renowned of China’s military heroes, he was ennobled
early in the 12th century as Duke; in 1128 he was raised to the —
rank of Prince; and in 1594 he was made a it God. Since that
date he has received regular worship as EA ip or pA ify the
-God of War, and as mi m0 al Pa = if and temples have
been built all over the empire in his honour. He has also been
highly honoured in Korea ever since the 16th century, when he
is supposed to have frightened away the Japanese invaders. He is
popularly known as Fal oe GR or a] BY, and as ES eA BR.
His present official title is PA] HY if #f, and he is sometimes
styled iy KK it

1010 Kuang Hsti 4¥; 4%. Born A.D. 1871. The title of the reign of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 385

my WG Tsai-t‘ien, son of Ch‘un I-huan, seventh son of the ‘Emperor
Tao Kuang. He was posthumously adopted as son ‘to his cousin
the Emperor T‘ung Chih, whom he succeeded in 1875, under the
regency of the Empress Dowager. In the early part of the same
year, the expedition under Colonel Browne, which had started from
Bhamo for Hankow with the view of examining the trade capabilities
of the country, was turned back soon after crossing the frontier by
the open hostility of the natives, the interpreter to the expedition,
A. R. Margary, being treacherously killed at Manwyne. This was
settled by the Chefoo Agreement. In 1876 a private company bought
up connecting strips of land between Shanghai and Woosung, and
proceeded to lay down a miniature railway, which was for a time
an object of much interest to the natives. Political influence was
however brought to bear, and the whole thing was purchased by
the Chinese Government, the rails torn up and sent to Formosa
where they were left to rot upon the sea-beach. Then followed
the re-conquest of Turkestan by Tso Tsung-t‘ang in 1877, and the
terrible Shansi famine of 1878. In 1881 the skilled diplomacy of
the Marquis Tséng Chi-tsé succeeded in recovering Kuldja from
Russia at the price of nine million roubles. In 1884 difficulties
arose with France in reference to China’s alleged suzerainty over
' Tongking. A “state of reprisals” ensued; Formosa was blockaded;
and a number of Chinese war-vessels were destroyed at their
anchorage at Pagoda Island in the river Min, the upshot being
that China withdrew her claim. In March 1889 the Emperor
assumed the reins of government, having been married a few days
previously, namely on 26th February. In 1894 the maladministration
of Korea was made a casus belli by the Japanese. By the early
part of 1895, Port Arthur and Wei-hai-wei had been captured,
and the Chinese ironclad fleet had been either taken or destroyed

(see Ting Ju-ch‘ang). The war was ended by the cession to the
25

386 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Japanese of Formosa and the Pescadores, and the payment of an
enormous indemnity.

Kuang Tsung. See (Sung) Chao Tun; (Ming) Chu Ch‘ang-lo.
Kuang Wu Ti. See Liu Hsiu.

1011 K‘uang Héng [ #§ (T. FE aE). 1st cent. B.C. A Minister
who distinguished himself under the Emperor Yiian Ti of the Han
dynasty. Born in poverty, he entered the service of a wealthy
magnate as a menial and without wages, solely for the chance of
being within reach of books. Having no candles to age at night,
he is said to have bored a hole in the partition wall between his
own room and a neighbour’s house, and by the aid of borrowed
rays to have carried on his studies with success.

1012 Kublai Khan 2 J} Fi] (also known as Be ji). A.D. 1214—
1294. Fourth son of fj, Mf Tuli, the brother of Ogotai Khan.
He was entrusted by his brother Mangu with the government of
the Chinese provinces until in 1257 his growing popularity caused
his recall, At the head of one of the columns in Mangu’s great
invasion of China, he had just laid siege to Wu-ch‘ang when the
news of his brother's death reached him. Anxious to secure the
throne from his younger brother [a FA oy Arik-buga, he
accepted, Chia Ssti-tao’s offer of vassalage, tribute, and territory,
and hastened to Xanadu, where he was proclaimed Emperor in
1260. Arik-buga set up a rival sovereignty in Samarcand; but he
was beaten, and surrendered in 1264. On his accession Kublai
introduced a regular administration similar to the present official
system; and aided by Shih T‘ien-tsé and other able men, he soon
established his power so firmly that in 1262 he was able to resume
the conquest of China. In 1273, after a siege of five years,
Hsiang-yang surrendered; and in the following year Bayan crossed
the Yang-tsze and proceeded victoriously eastward, until in 1276

Hangchow opened its gates and the young Sung Emperor was

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 387

taken into captivity. Two years later the last scion of the Sungs
perished at Yai-shan (see Chao Ping), and the Mongols were
masters of China. From 1264 Kublai fixed his capital at Peking,
and in 1271, by the advice of Liu Ping-chang, adopted the dynastic
style 7[ Ytian. He sent several expeditions against Japan, Burmah,
Annam, Cambodia, and even Java; but the results were inconsiderable,
although in 1287. envoys came from the islands of the Malay
Archipelago, and even from Ceylon. A few local risings in China
were easily suppressed, and in 1292 Bayan crushed the growing
power of ify. #1 Heyduk, who was pressing on Samarcand. The
Kmperor was usually under the influence of some favourite, of
whom fry o iB Ahma (from 1270 until his assassination in
1282) and 3& = Sang-ko (from 1288 to 1291) were the chief;
and latterly, jealousy and suspicion caused him to be frequently
changing the members of his Cabinet. From 1284 to 1291 Kublai
encouraged extortionate taxation, and discontent and disorder
resulted; yet in 1290 the population fell little short of 59 millions.
In 1281 he lost his best helper, his wife; and two years later he
married her sister, who interfered in the government and constituted
herself the only channel of communication with the Khan. In 1286
the Chinese were forbidden to carry arms, and three years later
their bows and arrows were burnt. The Mongol written character
was introduced in 1269; in 1280 the calendar was revised; and in
1287 the Imperial Academy was opened. The’ Yellow River was
explored to its source in 1280; and paper money, in the form of
bank-notes of from 50 to 1000 cash, was made current in 1285.
Kublai was an ardent Buddhist, and sent an envoy to the Turfan
to study the Sacred Books. Nevertheless he paid honours to Confucius,
and to the great followers of the Master. In 1281 he caused all
Taoist literature, save the Tao Té Ching, to be burnt as spurious

or useless. He made Karakorum his summer, and Cambaluc, the

388 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

modern Peking, his wine residence. The splendour and pomp of
his Court dazzled the eyes of Marco Polo, the great Venetian
traveller, who visited China in 1274, bearing a letter from Pope
Gregory X to the Great Khan, and who spent 24 years in the
East, during three years of which he held high civil office in
Chehkiang and was also sent as envoy on a mission to the King

of Annam. Kublai was buried in the north of Gobi, but no tomb

was raised over the spot, a custom followed by his successors.

Canonised as {it mH -
Kuei Chi Wang. See Sun Liang.

1013 Kuei Fu #¢ 4% (1. 4 jp. He Fe Fp). AD. 1736-1805.

Graduated in 1790, and became Magistrate of Ik 2p. Yung-p‘ing
in Chihli where he died. He was a noted antiquarian scholar,
especially interested in ancient inscriptions. Author of three
supplements to the @& 7h $f of 7 EB 47 Wu Chiiu-yen. He

also wrote on the Classics, besides essays and poetry.

1014 Kuei-ku Tz $6 4 -F-. 4th cent. B.C. The Philosopher of the

1015

‘Demon Gorge, a name given to one =f 944 Wang Hsii who

taught a school of disciples at a mountain retreat of that name.
He professed to be able to qualify his pupils to embrace either of
the antagonistic political creeds of the day, chit Federation or
0a Imperialism; and he certainly turned out two notable examples
in Su Ch'in and Chang I, both of whom studied under him and
at the same time. The Taoists claim him as one of their patriarchs,
and he is even said to have received his principles direct from
Lao Tzt. To be skilled in divination is to be a modern Kuei-
ku Tzt.

Kuei Ming Hou. See Sun Hao.

Kuei O ## 8 (1. -F PF). Died A.D. 1531. Graduating as
chin shih in 1511, he rose to power with Chang Ts‘ung, whose

views he supported, In spite of frequent denunciations, he retained

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 389

the confidence of the Emperor Shih Tsung until in 1529, being
then a Grand Secretary, he was accused of a suspicious intimacy
with an Imperial physician. He and Chang were both dismissed
as having been ‘false to the sovereign and to the State,” but
they were re-instated in the following year. He retired shortly
afterwards on the plea of ill-health. His writings on government
and the duties of an Emperor were much esteemed. Canonised as
kB.

K‘uei #82. One of the 9 Ministers of the Emperor Shun, charged
with the direction of State music. According to the Tso Chuan,
K‘uei married & es the “dark lady,” daughter of the Prince of
Ayy Jéng, who was famous for her extraordinary beauty and
lustrous black hair. She bore him a son, named AH $} Po Féng,
who “had the heart of a pig.” He was insatiably gluttonous,
covetous, and quarrelsome. Men gave him the name of the Great
Pig. He was killed by Hou I, Prince of Ch‘iung, and his family
became extinct. :

Kumarajiva ye) je He 4¥ wpe (abbreviated to ve AT and
signifying one who though young in years is old in virtue). Died
A.D. ? 412. The nineteenth of the Western Patriarchs of Buddhism.
A native of India, whose father was invited to Kuchah near Turfan,
appointed State Preceptor, and married to the king’s daughter, a
clever girl of twenty who had hitherto refused all suitors. At the
age of seven his mother dedicated him to Buddhism, and he is
said to have repeated daily one thousand gdthd or hymns of thirty-
two words to each. At twelve he was taken by his mother to the
State of pb 3] Sha-lo, where he lived for a year, studying deeply,
especially astrology and kindred subjects. He devoted himself to the
Mahayana or Greater Development, and soon had crowds of pupils.
At twenty he returned to Kuchah, and publicly expounded the

stitras. He preached with such success that Fu Chien heard of his

1016

1017

390 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

fame, and in 382 sent Lii Kuang with 70,000 men to fetch him.
In 385 the latter, hearing of Fu Chien’s fall, established himself
at Liang*-chou in Kansuh (see Li Kuang), where Kumara lived
in honour but without any great propagandist success. In 401,
after the defeat of Lii Lung, Kumara went to the Court of Yao
Hsing; and in 405 he became State Preceptor, and dictated his
commentaries on the sacred books of Buddhism to some eight
hundred priests. He also wrote the i=] AH iy shdstra on Reality
and Appearance, especially for Yao Hsing who reverenced him as
a God. At his death, his body was cremated, but his tongue
remained unhurt in the midst of the fire. Is known as one of the
Four Suns of Buddhism.

1018 Kun ff%. Father of the Great Yii, and Earl of #2 Ch'ung. He

1019

was Minister of Works under the Emperor Yao, B.C. 2297, and
was appointed to drain the empire. Failing in this, he was banished,
and the work was entrusted to his son.

Kung, Prince #< #1 -F (M. Je HF). Born A.D. 1832. The ~
sixth son of the Emperor Tao Kuang, and brother of the Emperor
Hsien Féng who in 1850 conferred upon him the title by which
he has since been known. His first appearance in public was in
1858, as member of the commission which tried Ki-ying, the
great Minister who had signed the Treaty of Nanking. In the
following year he was nominated member of the Colonial Board
which controlled the affairs of the ‘‘outer barbarians;” and was
subsequently® appointed plenipotentiary for the conclusion of peace
with the victorious Europeans when in 1860 they reached the
gates of the capital. While the Emperor Hsien Féng fled to Jehol
and refused to hold any intercourse with the foreigners, Prince
Kung threw himself into his arduous task of obtaining the best
possible terms from an enemy not only encouraged by military

success but irritated by the treacherous seizure of the late Sir Harry

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 394

Parkes and his companions. In these trying circumstances the tact
and resource of Prince Kung won the admiration of his opponents,
but the occasion did not admit of any concessions. Prince Kung
returned those prisoners who had survived their ill-treatment, for
which some expiation was exacted in the destruction of the Summer
Palace, and surrendered one of the gates of the capital. Residences
in the city were assigned to Lord Elgin and his French colleague
and the Hall of Ceremonies was appointed for the exchange of the
ratified copies of the treaty. This act was accomplished on Oct.
24th, and a fortnight later the whole allied force was withdrawn
from Peking, leaving Sir Frederick Bruce as the first British
Minister at the Chinese Court to arrange with Prince Kung the
conduct of diplomatic relations. A new department, called the
Tsung-li Yamén, was formed, and opened its doors with the year
1861, under the presidency of Prince Kung. Some few months
later Prince Kung was called upon to deal with a grave dynastic
crisis caused by the death of his brother Hsien Féng. Two of the
Princes, together with the Minister #§ A Su Shun, seized the
Regency, to the exclusion of the Empress Dowager and Prince

Kung; but as the Imperial funeral procession neared Peking, the
| conspirators were promptly arrested. Su. Shun was executed, and
the Princes were allowed to commit suicide. For his services in
this matter Prince Kung was appointed President of the Imperial
Clan Court and received the title of jg 3X. Not long afterwards
he experienced his first rebuff at the hand of fortune. On the 2nd
April 1865 an edict appeared stating that he was dismissed from
his posts ‘“‘for having overrated his own importance.” Five weeks
later he was re-instated in all his offices except that of President
of the Council. He experienced a second rebuff in the year 1874,
when his nephew, the Emperor T‘ung Chih, degraded him, nominally

for “using language in very many respects unbecoming,” but really

1021

1022

392 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in consequence of palace intrigues. He was re-instated in his
hereditary rank the next day by a special decree of the two
Empresses. In 1878 he was again temporarily degraded; and in
1884 he was again dismissed from office, and gave up his hereditary
first-class princedom, in consequence of the fall of Bacninh. This
time he remained in retirement until the Korean imbroglio of
September 1894, when he was recalled_to power as President of
the Tsung-li Yamén and ordered to co-operate with Li Hung-chang
in taking measures against the victorious Japanese. In the same
year he was also placed upon the Grand Council, at the special
request of the Empress Dowager. His most noteworthy expression

of opinion was made to Sir Rutherford Alcock in 1869. He said

to the departing Minister, ‘If you could only relieve us of your

opium and your. missionaries, there need be no more trouble in
China.” He married a daughter of Kueiliang, one of the Imperial
Commissioners sent to Shanghai to negotiate with Lord Elgin. She
died in 1880.

Kung Chao-ytian BE He ¥% (T. 4i1 fg. ). A purchase licentiate
of Anhui, who was Taot‘ai at Chefoo in 1886, and at Shanghai
from 1886—1890 when he became Judge of Chehkiang. In August
1891 he went as Treasurer to Sstich‘uan, and in November 1893
was appointed Minister to England, France, Italy, Belgium, and
Sweden and Norway. In 1895 he became Director of the Banqueting
Court, and in 1896 of the Court of Sacrificial Worship.

Kung Chih-ch‘i er Pf ep 7th cent. B.C. The famous Minister
of the Yt State, who advised his prince not to allow the Chins
to pass through the country on their way to attack the Kuo State.
He argued that the latter was an outlying defence of the Yi State,
and that “if the lips perish, the teeth will feel cold,” a phrase
frequently used by Chinese diplomatists in modern times.

Kung-hsi Ch‘ih J, pi gf (T. “F #8). Born B.C. 510. A

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 393

native of the Lu State, and one of the disciples of Confucius. He
was distinguished by his thorough knowledge of rites and ceremonies,
and on the death of the Master he was entrusted with the
management of his funeral.

Kung Ku +t §}. One of the Assistants of the Yellow Emperor,
and the reputed inventor of boats. ! .

Kung Kung 3t 1. A legendary being, said by some to have
been a Minister under the Emperor Fu Usi; by others, to have
been a vassal of the Emperor Shén Nung. He appears to have led
a rebellion in primeval times, and to have attempted to overwhelm
the earth beneath the waters of a colossal flood. This name has
also been given to the Minister of Works under the Emperor Yao,
who was banished for allowing excessive inundations to take place.
Kung-liang Ju A iEs ie ( -F- YE). A disciple of Confucius,
who on one occasion drew his sword and forced a passage for the
Master through a threatening crowd. He was a wealthy man, and
| joined the train of Confucius with five chariots.

Kung-sha Mu A pb ss (T. Bl o€). 2nd cent. A.D. A native
of iB HR Chiao-tung in Shantung, where Wu Yu once held office.
Being very poor, he took service in the establishment of the latter and
is said to have been discovered by his master engaged in pounding
rice. The result was a close friendship. For many years he lived
as a recluse on the hills, teaching a large number of disciples. By
his intercession with the supernatural powers, he is said on one
occasion to have put an end to a plague of caterpillars; and in
A.D. 155 he warned the people against an inundation and thus
succeeded in saving many lives. For his services he received a small
post, and died in office, aged 66.

Kung Shéng ue Be (2. ray ® ). Ist cent. B.C. and A.D. An
official, who rose to high office under the Emperor Ch‘éng Ti of the
Han dynasty. He declined to serve under the usurper Wang Mang

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

394 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and retired into private life, calling himself Ker HR . On_ being
further pressed, he took to his bed and refused all food for fourteen
days, dying at the age of 79.

Kung Sui Ue HK (T. Ip Hen ). 1st cent. B.C. A native of P'ing-
yang in Kiangsu, who served under Wang Ho at ‘ez fa, Ch‘ang-i
in Shantung. When the latter was acting in a misguided way,
Kung Sui with tears in his eyes besought him to desist; and
accordingly, when later on all the officials of Nan-ch‘ang were put
to death, he alone was spared. In B.C. 73, when over seventy
years of age, he was sent as Governor to Po-hai in order to check
the brigandage which prevailed. Instead however of occupying
himself directly with the brigands, he set to work to. foster
agriculture, persuading the people to sell their knives and swords,
and buy oxen and calves. He succeeded so well that he was promoted
to a higher post, and died in office at a great age.

Kung-sun Chiiao A JR (T. FF HE and FR). BC.
581—521. A grandson of Duke Mu of Chéng, who rose to be
Prime Minister of his native State. When he had ruled for three
years, so great was the change effected that “doors were not
locked at night and lost articles were not picked up on the
highway.” In 535 he compiled a Penal Code for the regulation of
punishments. Confucius, who had described him as a truly benevolent
man, wept when he heard of his death. The entire populace gave
way to lamentation, and the women laid aside their ornaments for
a space of three months. Later critics hold that though he made
the people love him, he failed to teach and to elevate them. In
1857 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Kung-sun Hung A fH 5), (T. AAP). Died B.C. 121. A
poor scholar of the Han dynasty, who was a swineherd until past
forty years of age when he took to the study of the Classics. In
B.C. 140 he secured the first place among the scholars personally

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 395

examined by the Emperor Wu Ti; but on being sent on a mission
to the Hsiung-nu, he failed to satisfy his Majesty’s expectations.
He subsequently rose to be a Privy Councillor, and was ennobled
as Marquis. He still continued to live in most frugal style, giving
all his salary to poor and deserving strangers, for whom he opened
a kind of guest-house. He is even said to have used the same
cotton quilt for ten years. He was impeached as a traitor by Chi
An, but this only resulted in attaching the Emperor more strongly
to him. Noted also for his filial behaviour to his stepmother, for
whom he wore mourning during the full period of three years.
Kung-sun Lung BS FR HE - 3rd cent. B.C. Said by Tsou Yen
to be the wisest man in the State of Chao. He was also noted for
his skill in arguing on the “hard and white” (see Hui Tvi).
Kung-sun O AS FH BY (T. -¥: #1). A very handsome man,
who lived about 700 B.C. He won the prize of a chariot, offered
to whosoever should prove the strongest man in the army of the
Karl of Chéng. |
Kung-sun Shu 2 $f jit or AL JR AW (T. -F BH). Died
A.D. 36. The conqueror of Shu, modern Ssiich‘uan, where he
established himself under the title of the A i White Emperor.
The son of a former Governor of Honan, he was himself Governor
of Shu between A.D. 14—22. In A.D. 23 he invited the rebel
5 ji Tsung Ch‘éng to Ssiich‘uan; but finding him to be a mere

1031

1032

1033

bandit, he slew him and received the submission of his followers.

In 24 he proclaimed himself Prince, and in 25 Emperor of Shu,
with white as his Imperial colour and his capital at Ch‘éng-tu. His
rule was acknowledged by Wei Hsiao, to whom he sent 10,000
troops to fight against the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti. In 33 he captured
AK |] Wu-shan, I-ch‘ang, and #& # I-tu. But in 37 the Han
generals Wu Han and A w Ts‘én P‘éng forced the passage,
and invested Ch‘éng-tu. The White Emperor died of-a wound he

1034.

1035

1036

396 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

received during a sortie; his head was cut off and sent to Lo-yang;
his family was exterminated and the city sacked.

Kung-sun Tsan JS fh HF (T. {ff HE). Died A.D. 199. A
native of Liao-hsi. He became a great favourite with the Governor
of the district, who gave him one of his daughters in marriage
and sent him to study under Lu Chih. In early life he won
distinction in operations against the frontier tribes and then against
the rebels in Liang*-chou. Later on, for failing to keep in subjection
the tribes on the borders of Sstich'uan, he was superseded by ¥lj
JX Liu Yi, whose successes roused such ill-feeling in his mind
that he never rested until he had compassed his rival’s death. His
next exploit was to lead a successful expedition against Ytian Shao,
who had caused the death of his brother Yiian Shu. From: this
date his power increased rapidly. But his nature was such that he
remembered faults and forgot services, so that he had few friends
and many enemies; and Ytian Shao, who had long been watching
his opportunity, led a force against him and drove him to seek
refuge in oe p= I-ching. There, after a long siege, seeing no
hope of escape, he slew his wife arid children, and then set fire
to his house and perished in the flames.

Kung Ti. See Sst-ma Té-wén.

Kung Tsung. See Chao Hsien.

Kung Wang ke #-. A Prince of the Ch‘u State of old, who
when he had lost a bow refused to let his attendants look for it,
saying that some man of Ch‘u would find it; meaning that at any
rate one of his own subjects would profit by the transaction. On
hearing of this remark, Confucius censured the Prince’s narrow-
mindedness, declaring that he ought to have said “‘some man” and
not merely “‘some man of Ch‘u.”

Kung-yang Kao A ae 1a: 5th cent. B.C. Author of the commentary

on the Spring and Autumn Annals which passes under his name.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 397

Kung Yu r= B (T. vp #y ). Ist cent. B.C. A native of Lang- 108%
yeh in Shantung, who brought himself into notice by his wide
knowledge of the Classics. It was said that when his friend =f IB
Wang Yang was appointed to office, he flicked the dust off his

own official hat, knowing that he would soon be recommended for
employment. After a somewhat chequered career, he became Censor
under the Emperor Yiian Ti, B.C. 48—82, a post which he filled

with much courage and zeal. He advised that the money spent

_ upon horses, parks, bull-fighting, etc., should mle be saved and
given to the poor.

K‘ung An-kuo FL & (7. F |B). 2nd cent. B.C. A 1038
descendant of Confucius in the twelfth degree. He was employed

in deciphering the text of the Canon of History which had been
discovered when pulling down the house of K‘ung Fu, and
transcribed large portions of it from the seal character into the
prevailing Ji script, with a preface of his own. His work disappeared
about the 4th cent. A.D., and that which now does duty is regarded

by the majority of scholars as a forgery from the hand of Ag: (t

Mei Chi. He also wrote a commentary on the Analects, and another

on the Canon of Filial Piety. In 647 his tablet was placed in the
Confucian Temple.
K‘ung Ch‘ao-fu FU Hi 4¢ (T. 5% $y). 8th cent. A.D. A 1039
descendant of Confucius in the 37th generation. He was an ardent
student and went into retirement on a mountain in Shantung,
refusing to serve under Yung Lin Wang, whence he came to be
enrolled as one of the Six Idlers of the Bamboo Grove (see Li Po).

He subsequently rose to high office under the Emperors Tai Tsung

and Té Tsung, and was appointed to operate against. Li Huai-kuang.

His conduct however was unsatisfactory; his soldiers mutinied, and

he was slain. Canonised as iE.

K‘ung Chi FU, MM 6 i -F- #4). Born ae B. O. 500. Grandson 1040

1041

1042

1043

398 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of Confucius, and author of the Doctrine of the Mean. After studying
under Tséng Ts‘an, he entered official life and ultimately became
Minister to Duke Mu of the Lu State. The latter treated him with
great kindness; but K‘ung Chi repelled his advances, even refusing
his presents because he could not be bothered to return thanks for
them. He lived in great poverty, and domestic clouds overshadowed
his life. His mother married a second time, and he had to divorce
his wife. His son refused to mourn for a divorced mother, and this
rule now prevails in the family of Kung. He was posthumously
ennobled as Duke, and in 1108 his tablet was placed in the
Confucian Temple (see Yen Hui). He is also known as jt BE -¥- :
K‘ung Ch‘i FU pif. Son of K‘ung Mu-chin, and great-great
grandfather of Confucius. His tablet stands in the Confucian Temple
among ancestors glorified as sages. His name is variously given as
SE ond BH. |

K‘ung Chi-han ¥[, AA ey (T. or ae: 18th cent. A. D. Uncle
of K‘ung Kuang-sén, and an authority on the Book of Rites.
K‘ung Ch‘iu FUL fe (T. {iH Je). B. C. 551—479. A native of
fi] HA Ch'tieh-li, a hamlet of Ch‘ang-p‘ing in Shantung, known
to foreigners as Confucius, which is the Latinised form of FU Fe
-F K‘ung Fu Tzii, the Philosopher K‘ung. His father’s name was
K‘ung Shu-liang Ho (g.v.), and on the latter’s death, his mother
married again and removed to a place called }f Fe Ch‘ii-fu. Many
stories are told of his childish precocity, but the authenticity of
these is more than doubtful (see Wang Su). In B. C. 533 he
married, and in the following year his wife gave birth to a son
(see K‘ung Li). After holding some petty post in éoutloution with
the grain administration, he took to teaching, and soon surrounded
himself by a school of eager and earnest disciples. He visited the
ancient capital, whence he returned to be Magistrate at Chung-tu

in his native State. His success in that capacity was so marked

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 399

that he was raised by Duke Ting of Lu to be Minister of Justice,
and “became the idol of the people, and flew in songs through
their mouths.” The State prospered under his guidance, and its
influence and well-being became conspicuous. This aroused the envy
- of the Duke of the Ch‘i State, who attempted to corrupt his rival
by a present of some lovely singing-girls and splendid horses. His
scheme succeeded only too well. Duke Ting gave himself over to
enjoyment, and neglected the serious business of government.
Thereupon Confucius in 495 threw up his post, in the vain hope
that the Duke would reform. From that time he wandered sadly
from State to State, offering advice to such Princes as would listen
to him, mostly neglected, and at one time even in danger of his
life. In addition to teaching, the occupied himself with collecting
and editing the old national lyrics, to the number of 311, now
known as the Odes. He also edited the Canon of History, and
wrote, under the title of the Spring and Autumn Annals, the
history of his native State from B. C. 722 to 484. His Discourses ,
or Analects, were written up, probably by the disciples of his
disciples, and constitute our only authentic source of information
as to the personal life and sayings of the Sage. In 481 he heard
that a supernatural creature, called the ch‘i lin, and variously
identified with the unicorn and giraffe, had appeared during a
hunting expedition of the Duke of Lu. Taken in connection with
the disorder of the times, he interpreted this phenomenon as an
evil omen, and announced that his own end was at hand. Two
years later he died, in his native State, to which he had at length
returned. His life had not been a happy one. He had divorced his
wife, who was a downright Xantippe; his only son had predeceased
him; and the message, which he felt that he had been divinely
appointed to deliver, had not been favourably received. He taught

that the nature of man is pure at birth, and that it becomes

400 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

vitiated only by the impurity of its surroundings. He strove to
enunciate a practical rule of life which should compare favourably
with the poetical Tao of Lao Tzu, suitable to the wants of his
fellow-countrymen in this. world, without indication of, or allusion
to, the possibility of a world to come. His daily texts were charity
of heart and duty towards one’s neighbour, and the virtues on
which he laid most stress were justice and truth. ‘In his village
home he looked simple and sincere, as though he had nothing to
say for himself; but when in the ancestral temple or at Court,
he spoke minutely, though cautiously.” Outcast as he was in life,
the value of his common-sense teachings was soon recognised; and
the ‘‘uncrowned king,” as he has been affectionately styled, is at
this moment as firmly fixed upon his throne as at any period
during the twenty-three centuries which have elapsed since his
death. His personal name Ch‘iu is taboo: it is never written nor
uttered. A stroke is left out in writing, while the reverent student
pronounces it mow ‘‘a certain person.” In the second contury before
Christ a temple was erected in his honour, and during succeeding
dynasties decrees have been frequently issued ordering that other
temples should be built and sacrifices performed at various seasons.
At the present moment there must be a Confucian Temple in every
Prefecture, District, and market-town throughout the empire, where
twice every year, in spring and autumn, memorial ceremonies are
conducted by the local officials. The following words, written
eighteen centuries ago by the famous historian Ssti-ma Ch‘ien, best
describe the position then and still held by the great Sage in the
hearts of the Chinese people: — ‘Countless are the princes and
prophets that the world has seen in its time; glorious in life,
forgotten in death. But Confucius, though only a humble member of
the cotton-clothed masses, remains among us after many generations.

He is the model for such as would be wise. By all, from the Son

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 401

of Heaven down to the meanest student, the supremacy of his
principles is fully and eps admitted. He may indeed be pronounced
the Divinest of men.” Various titles have at various times been
a” bestowed upon Confucius. The chief of these are a
HE YB 4¢ (A.D. 640), Fk fi (666), MC ‘Et E (739), KOK
=p EE (1808), and 38 HB Fc bili FL -F- (1530). In A.D. 1238,
through the influence of Yeh-lii Ch‘u-ts‘ ai, the title of #77 HE A
was conferred upon the representative of the family in direct male
line. The leading disciples of Confucius were Yen Hui, Tséng Ts‘an,
Tsai Yii, Tuan-mu Tz‘t, and Chung Yu.
K‘ung Fang-shu 7, Dy AL. Son of K‘ung Ch‘i, and great
grandfather of Confucius. In order to escape the enmity of the
descendants of Hua Tu (see K ‘ung Chi), he fled to and settled in
the State of Lu, where he became Magistrate of Fang. Hence his
name. His tablet stands in the Confucian Temple among ancestors
glorified as sages.
Krung Fu FL fit} (T. -F: ff). Died B.C. 2 210. A descendant
of Confucius in the ninth degree. At the time of the Burning of
the Books (see Zi Ssu), he is said to have preserved copies of the
"chief works of the Canon by secreting them in his house, whence
they were eventually recovered. He is the reputed author of a
collection of memoirs referring to Confucius and _ his grandson
K‘ung Chi, and also of the vocabulary entitled sy Ra TE .
K‘ung Jung FU, ph (T. 3¢ Hi). Died A.D. 208. A descendant
of Confucius in the 20th degree, and a most precocious child. At
ten years of age he went with his father to Lo-yang, where Li
Ying was at the height of his reputation. Unable, from the press
of visitors, to gain admission, he told the doorkeeper to inform
li Ying that he was a connection, and thus succeeded in getting
in. When Li Ying asked him what the connection was, he replied,

‘My ancestor Confucius and your ancestor Lao Tzti were friends
26

1044

1045

1046

1047

1048

1049

402 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

engaged in the quest for Truth, so that you and I may be said
to be of the same family.” Li Ying was astonished, but eg jie
Ch‘én Wei said, “Cleverness in youth does not mean brilliancy in
later life; upon which K‘ung Jung remarked, “You, sir, must
evidently have been very clever as a boy.” Entering official life,
he rose to be Governor of Ab Hy Po-hai in Shantung; but he
incurred the displeasure of the great Ts‘ao Ts‘ao and was put to
death with all his family (see Chih Hsi). He was one of the Seven
Scholars of the Chien-an period (see Hea Kan), an open-hearted
man, and fond of good company. “If my halls are full of guests,”
he would say, “and my bottles full of wine, I am happy.”
K‘ung Kuang-sén F|, BE Ah (T. 32 4h and HB). H. OF
iif). A.D. 1751—1786. A native of Hh 5 Ch‘ii-fu in Shantung,
and a descendant of Confucius in the sixty-eighth generation. He
graduated in 1771, but soon retired from public life. Author of
clever commentaries on the Five Classics, and of works on the seal
and i styles of writing.

Kung Li F fp (T. 1 ff). B.C. 532—482. The only son of
Confucius (see K‘ung Chtiu). At his birth, Duke Jf} Chao of the Lu
State sent Confucius a present of some carp; and the latter, in honour
of his sovereign’s gift, took Zi Carp as the name of his little son.
K‘ung Méng-pi FL F we (T. AW }g,). Son of K‘ung Shu-
liang Ho, by a concubine, and half-brother to Confucius. He was
a cripple, and could not enter upon an official career. In 1857 his

tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

1050 K‘ung Mu-chin FU 7x 4. 8th cent. B.C. Son of FL FF

K‘ung Chia, great-great-great-grandfather of Confucius, and the
recognised founder of the family. He was an official of the Sung
State, and was killed by a colleague, named fe 7 Hua Tu, who
wished to obtain possession of his wife. His tablet stands in the

Confucian Temple, first among ancestors glorified as sages.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 403

K‘ung Pin FL Xa - 3rd cent. B.C. A Minister of the Wei State,
who perceived: the danger to be apprehended from the victory of the
Ch‘ins over the Chaos, and warned his prince not to be like the
swallow which chirps unconcernedly round its nest when fire has
already seized upon the building to which the nest is attached.
Kung Po-hsia ¥[,{ J3. Son of K‘ung Fang-shu, and grand-
father of Confucius. His tablet stands in the Confucian Temple,
among ancestors glorified as sages.

Kung Shu-liang Ho FL 4X YA WF. Died B.C. 548. Son of
K’ung Po-hsia, and father of Confucius. He was Chief Magistrate
of [H€ Tsou in modern Shantung, and was remarkable for his
gigantic stature and great strength. His wife bore him nine daughters
(see K'ung Méng-p‘i); but when at the age of seventy he married
a second time, choosing KX 4 Chéng Tsai, the youngest of the
three daughters of a neighbour named BH Yen, the union was
blessed with a male child, known to posterity as Confucius. He
himself died when the boy was only three years old. His tablet
stands in the Confucian Temple, among ancestors glorified as sages.
K‘ung Tao-fu FU 3 i (T. JR 4H). Died A.D. 1083. A
descendant of Confucius in the 45th degree. His personal name
was originally iE ns; Yen Lu. Noted as a boy for his gravity
of demeanour, he graduated as chin shih and was appointed to ‘ga.
Ning-chou in Ytinnan. While there, a. divine snake appeared at
one of the temples, and all the officials went to worship it (see
Ii Hung-chang). Kung however refused thus to abase himself; and
seizing his official tablet, crushed the reptile’s head at a blow. He
was obliged to resign in consequence, but soon rose through various
offices to be a Censor and Minister of State. In 1031 he was sent
as envoy to the Kitans, who received him at a grand banquet with
much honour. But at a theatrical entertainment which followed, a

piece was played in which his sacred ancestor, Confucius, was

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

404 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

introduced as the low-comedy man; and this so disgusted him that

he got up and withdrew, the Kitans being forced to apologise. In

1083 he was dismissed to the provinces for espousing the cause of
the deposed Empress. Re-instated almost immediately, the jealousy
of his colleagues caused him to be again banished, when he died
on his way to his post.

Kung Ying-ta FL 2H 3 (T. fp 3). A.D. 574-648. A
descendant of Confucius in the thirty-second degree, and a
distinguished scholar and public functionary. He wrote a commentary
on the Canon of Changes, ‘and was also the reputed author of the
bh 26 and Fi] AS sections of the History of the Sut Dynasty.
Canonised as ae

Kuo Chén 3} © (T. 7c fg). A.D. 656—718, A handsome man
of the T‘ang dynasty, upon whom Chang Chia-chéng bestowed one
of his five daughters. The young ladies sat behind a screen, each
holding a silken cord of a different colour, and Kuo was to choose
between the cords. He chose the red one and thus won the third
daughter, a great beauty. He graduated as chin shih at the age of
18, attracted the attention of the Empress Wu, and was sent on
an embassy to the Turfan. After holding many high and important
posts he became President of the Board of War in 713, and alone
of the Ministers of State stood by the Emperor when the T'ai-
p‘ing Princess was guilty of treason, for which he was ennobled
as Duke. Soon afterwards he was banished for an error of discipline at
a review; and though immediately recalled, he died of mortification
on the way. |

Kuo Chi 3h (& (T. #i é). B.C. 88—A.D. 47. A native of
Mou-ling in Shensi, who served under Wang Mang the Usurper
and afterwards under the first Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In A.D. 33 he became Governor of A Ying-chou in Anhui, and
at parting told his Majesty that as he was not going to a distance

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 405

he would still make his influence felt at the capital. In 35 he was
sent into Shansi to deal with the rebellion of Lu Fang. He was
met on the way by a number of youths from ae Ping-chou, where
he had formerly been magistrate, riding on bamboo horses, in token
of respect and gratitude for his wise administration. In 46 the
Emperor bestowed upon him a mansion and a large sum of money
to enable him to keep up his dignity, all of which however he gave
away to his relatives, leaving nothing behind him at his death.
Kuo Chin 3} #£. A.D. 920-977. A native of ii Hf Po-yeh
in Chihli, who in his youth was servant to a rich man of Chii-lu.
He became the leader of a band of rowdies, and spent his time in
drinking and gambling until warned by his master’s wife that he
was in danger of his life. Fleeing to = a Chin-yang he obtained
employment as a Magistrate under the founder of the Later Han
dynasty, and under the last of the Five Dynasties he gained a great
name as a provincial Governor. The first Emperor of the Sung
dynasty built him a house tiled like a prince’s, saying that for a
dozen years Kuo had relieved him of all anxiety as to the north.
In 976 he became Governor of = Yiin-chou. On the occasion of
the expedition of the Emperor Tai Tsung to T‘ai-yiian in Shansi,
he defeated the Kitan Tartars; but being falsely accused, he
committed. suicide.

Kuo Chi 3} (tT. BC HL). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of
Honan, famous as one of the 24 examples of filial piety. He was
very poor, and the family, consisting of his wife, his mother, and
his little son, had not even enough to eat. Accordingly he said to
the former, “The boy eats so much food that there is not enough
for our mother. We may have other sons, but we can never have
another mother.” So he agreed with his wife to bury the child, and
for that purpose began digging a hole. They had not got far down

before they came upon an ingot of gold, inscribed with these words

1058

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

406 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in red: — “God’s gift to Kuo Chii; let,no official deprive him of
it, and let no other person take it.”

Kuo Chung-shu ¥f} Ht #4 (T. #H 4). Died A.D. 977. A
native of Lo-yang, who flourished as an official and artist under
the Later Chou and Sung dynasties. His fondness for wine and other
pleasures led to his degradation in 960, whereupon he took to
roaming about in search of fine scenery. The second Emperor of
the Sung dynasty made him an Imperial Archivist; but after a
short time he was dismissed from the public service for selling
government property, and was banished to Téng-chou in Shantung.
He died on the way thither. His special forte as an artist was
landscape in black and white. He was also known as a calligraphist,

and was author of the las AR me 2 ee and of the ffi FRE , both being

treatises on the written character.

Kuo Ho BK tay (T. AK fC). 5th cent. A.D. A native of
He iB Liieh-yang in Shensi, and a profound student. He was
forced into an official career, but in a short time resigned his
post and was allowed to retire to a mountain in Kansuh, where
he lived and taught until 84 years of age. Canonised as 1 fila
ie, As.

Kuo Hsiang Bi Ke (T. = 7)» Died A.D. 312. A renowned
scholar of the Chin dynasty. For a long time he refused official
employment and lived in seclusion, occupying himself with the
philosophy of Lao Tzi. A commentary on Chuang Tzti passes as
his work, but the bulk of it seems to have been written by Hsiang
Hsiu. Subsequently he became head of the Board of Civil Office,
and then Grand Tutor at the Court of the Prince of Tung-hai in
Kiangsu, from which post he retired in disgust. It was said of him
by Wang Yen that his conversation was like the continuous down-

flow of a rapid, or the rush of water from a sluice.

Kuo Hsieh ¥f fff (T. $) 1H). Died B.C. 127. A famous

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 407

knight-errant of the Han dynasty. His father had been put to
death under the Emperor Wén Ti, and he himself in his youth
was a bloodthirsty ruffian, slaying every one who crossed his
path. He was also a coiner of base money, and used to break into
tombs and commit sacrilege. In his mature age he became a
reformed character, and went about seeking only to do good and
to redress wrongs. He gained great credit by declaring that the

murderer of his sister’s son, a young man who was wont to force

drink upon strangers, was justified in doing what he did. The.

slaughter by his followers of an opponent caused his mother to be
arrested; whereupon he surrendered and was executed, together
with his family, as a public nuisance.

Kuo Hsiu 3 YF (1. #2 Bf). AD. 1638-1715. A native of
Ell @ Chi-mo in Shantung, who used to live on herbs in the
remote recesses of the hills and to study all night by a fire of
brushwood. Graduating as chin shih in 1670, he was sent in 1680
as Magisteate to us YL. Wu-chiang in Kiangsu, a place with the
worst possible reputation; yet in seven years he made it the pride
of the south-east. In 1686 he became a Censor, and successfully
denounced Chin Fu, Wy PR Ming Chu, aud Kao Shih-ch‘i. But

1064

-he himself was soon driven from office for an alleged piece of —

personal spite; and in 1690 he was sentenced to banishment on
the false plea that his father, for whom he had sought posthumous
honours, had been a rebel. His sentence oe was remitted;
and the Emperor K‘ang Hsi, meeting him while on tour in 1699,
appointed him Viceroy of Hunan, in recognition of his courageous
and independent spirit. In 1691 he came to Peking to have audience,
and seized the opportunity to vindicate his father’s character. On
his expressing a fear that the promised remeasurement. of taxable
land in Hunan would reduce the revenue, the Emperor replied,

“Provided that the people benefit, no reduction, however great,

1065

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1067

1068

1069

408 ; A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

is worth a moment’s regret.” He retired in 1702, and spent all
he had on the poor of his native village.

Kuo Huang BK yL . 1st cent. A.D. Brother to the consort of
the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. The latter bestowed
upon him such vast sums of money, not to mention valuable jewels,
that his home became known as the ¢> 5¢ Gold-pit.

Kuo Jung 3} A&. A.D. 921-959. Son of 3% SP qe Chai
Shou-li, brother-in-law to Kuo Wei, and adopted son of the latter,
whom he succeeded as second Emperor of the Later Chou dynasty,
having been previously known as Prince of Chin. He carried on
successful wars against the Kitans and Northern Hans, and increased
his territory. He seized on all the bronze images of Buddha and
converted them into cash, declaring that Buddha himself, who gave
up so much for mankind, would raise no objections. He was
canonised as {fH i, and succeeded by his six-year-old son, who
shortly afterwards brought the dynasty to a close by resigning in
favour of Chao K‘uang-yin.

Kuo Kung-ch‘én 3 #t fe. 12th cent. A.D. A tative of =
[{] San-shan in Anhui, and a famous portrait-painter under the
Sung dynasty. He was a pupil of Chu Hsi, and took to painting

as an amusement,

Kuo Kuo #§ |e. The title bestowed upon the youngest sister
of Yang Kuei-fei. She was said to be beautiful without the aid
of rouge.

Kuo Po 9 £% (T. Hi). A.D. 276-324. A native of Wén-

hsi in Ho-tung. Early distinguished as a scholar and master of the
art of literary composition, in later life he became famous as an
exponent of the doctrines of Taoism. In his youth he is said to
have received from one Bi 2y Kuo Kung a black bag, containing
a treatise from which he learnt natural philosophy, astronomy, and

divination. He was the reputed founder of the art of geomancy as

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 409

applied to graves (see Wang Chi), and the authorship of the Z€
aE has been attributed to him. Of his personal history it is
related that in time of insurgent troubles he rendered great services
in Anhui, and was appointed Adjutant. He was subsequently raised
to high office by the Emperor Yiian Ti, and enjoyed a wide
reputation for learning until his death, which he met at the hands
of Wang Tun, whose secretary he had become and whose failure
he had ventured to prophesy. He edited the dictionary of ancient
terms etc., known as the Bel TE. the hy ya OK Hill and Water
Classic, and the 4 ji) Elegies of Ch‘u, and wrote the famous
elegies known as YT. AX and py ZF Fit.

Kuo Shih % f&. The wife of Chia Ch‘ung, noted for her
jealousy. Suspecting the intimacy of her husband with the wet-
nurse of her little boy, she flogged the nurse to death; the
consequence being that the child died too. She did this a second
time, after which she had no more sons and her husband’s male
line came to an end.

Kuo Shu #§# AX. The name of a younger brother of Wén Wang;
also known as #j# AL or By B.

Kuo Sung-tao 9 i we (H. $4 fill). Died A.D. 1887. A
native of Hsiang-yin in Hunan. Graduated as chin shih in 1847.
In 1859 he was appointed to the Imperial College of Inscriptions
and was sent on special service to Tientsin with Séng-ko-lin-sin.
In 1862 he became Grain Commissioner, and in 1863 Galt
Commissioner, of Kiangsu. In the latter year he was acting Viceroy
of the Two Kuang, from which post he tried to retire in 1865.
In 1867 he was again Salt Commissioner in Kiangsu, and in 1875
he was a Minister in the Tsung-li Yamén. In 1876 he was appointed
to be the first resident Envoy ever sent by China to Great Britain
or to any other nation. He made several attempts on the score

of health to escape this unpleasant duty, but was ultimately obliged

1070

1071

1072

1073

1074

10%5

410 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to proceed. After an uneventful tenure of office he returned to
China in 1879, and retired in ill-health. He was considered to be
a fine scholar, and he was a friend and relative by marriage of
Tséng Kuo-fan.
Kuo T‘ai By Ik (T. A 2): A.D. 127— 169. A native of J
44x Chieh-hsiu in Shansi, who distinguished himself as a scholar
and teacher under the Later Han -dynasty. He was eight feet in
height and of an intellectual cast of countenance. Left a poor
orphan in early youth, he devoted himself to study; and after a
three years’ course he proceeded to Lo-yang, where Li Ying became
his friend and patron. His lectures were crowded and he was
regarded almost in the light of a divine being. It is said that one
BH HR Wei Chao, when quite a boy, entered as a menial into
his service. “You ought to be at your books,” said Kuo T'ai;
“what do you want here?” “It is easy enough to find teachers
of books,” replied the boy, “but difficult to find a teacher of humanity.
I have come here to place my undyed white silk near your vermilion
and blue.” Kuo T‘ai subsequently tested his temper by thrice
throwing away some gruel which the youth had prepared for him.
He was regarded as a model host, because one night when it was
raining hard he went out into the garden and cut leeks to make
soup for a friend.
Kuo Tzit-hsing 3 -¥ GL. Died A.D. 1855. A native of iE
te Ting-ytian in Shensi, and maternal uncle of Chu Yiian-chang,
first Emperor of the Ming dynasty. Happening to kill a man in
a quarrel, in 1858 he joined the rebel leader 2 ji $4 Liu Fu-
t‘ung, captured Dre Hao-chou in Anhui, and proclaimed himself
Generalissimo. He was a bold and able man, but his temper was
too violent and overbearing. Canonised by Chu Ytian-chang as

ibe & =E-

Kuo Tzi-i 3 - 4g. AD. 697—781. A native of Hua-chou

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 4A4

in Shensi, and one of the most renowned of Chinese generals, In
early life, when returning from a campaign on the borders of the
desert of Gobi, a goddess, whom he took to be the Spinning
Damsel, appeared to him in a vision and promised him great
prosperity and long life. In 755 An Lu-shan revolted, and in
conjunction with Li Kuang-pi he helped to defend the capital. In
756 he beat Shih Ssti-ming, and by 757 had recovered the disaffected
provinces. In 758 and 759 he was appointed to high military
command, but he was maligned to the Emperor and recalled to
Peking. In 760 his services were utilised against the Tangut tribes,
and he succeeded in recovering territory in the west occupied by
them. In 762 he suppressed a mutiny in Chiang*-chou in Shansi,
but from fear of the power of FE IU the Ch‘éng Yiian-chén he
resigned his command. In 763 the Turfans invaded Shensi, and in
consequence of the remissness of Ch‘éng succeeded in reaching the
capital. Then Kuo was re-instated, but as he was unable to raise
an arrity the Emperor was compelled to flee, and Ch‘ang-an was
taken and burnt. He then collected some 4,000 demoralised troops,
and by making the Turfans believe he had a much larger force,
managed to drive them away, so that by 764 the Emperor was
able to return. In 765 he had to face another invasion, this time
employing a tribe of the Ouigours to attack the Turfans. His long
life was in fact spent in warfare, and he was almost uniformly
successful. He received the designation of fey 4é 3 he was ennobled
as Prince; and the Emperor Su Tsung declared in a well-known
phrase that he had received from Kuo as it were a second lease
of life. He had eight sons and seven sons-in-law, all of whom
rose to high places; and his grandchildren and great grandchildren
were so numerous that he could not recognise them when they came
to pay their respects, but had to content himself with bowing to

each. His son Kuo A Ai, who had married an Imperial princess,

412 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

said one day in anger to his wife, ‘‘You are very proud of having
an Emperor for your father, but if my father wanted the empire
your family would not be able to keep it.” When the princess
reported this to the Emperor, the latter told her that her husband
had said no more than the truth. Upon his deathbed the Emperor
sent a Prince to enquire after him; but the old man was too far
gone to do more than bend his head in acknowledgement of the

honour. Canonised as ih TA.

1076 Kuo Wei BI a - A.D. 901--953. A lieutenant under Liu Chih-

1077

1078

ytian. While leading an army to repel a Kitan invasion in 951,
the soldiers threw a yellow flag over him and saluted him as first
Emperor of the Later Chou dynasty, a style chosen by him on the
ground that he was a descendant of a younger brother of Wén
Wang. His short reign was much disturbed by the operations of

Liu es Ch‘ung. Personally he was a gallant leader and a judicious

administrator. He patronised literature, and made a visit to the

tomb of Confucius. Canonised as Ik iH.

Kuo Yu 3 $8) (T. 70 Hy). Sth cent. A.D. A native of Tun-
huang in Kansuh, who was attracted by the reputation of Kuo Ho,
and enrolled himself as a disciple. At his master’s death he mourned
in sackcloth by the side of the grave for three years, and then
retired to a valley where he lived in a cave and fed on cypress-
seeds, teaching over a thousand pupils. During some local disturbances
he distinguished himself by levying a volunteer force and actually
taking the field. But even in camp he was always crooning the
doctrines of his favourite Lao Tzii, and ere long retired to the
mountains where he diéd from trying to live on air.

Kuyak Khan #{ FY. A.D. 1206-1248. Eldest son of Ogotai
Khan. He was placed on the throne in 1246 by his mother Naimachén,
who still retained all power. The reign was uneventful, the annual

raids on Sung territory continuing. Canonised as 4E ae. On Kuyak’s

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 443

death, his wife set herself up as Regent for his nephew 4 Hi PY
Shih-lich-mén, but the Princes did not accept this arrangement.
The country was then worn out with a great drought and by the
exactions of the nobles. Warned by the general state of unrest, the
chief men met in council in the summer of 1251, and ignoring

Ogotai’s will, put Mangu on the throne.
L.

Lai Chiin-ch‘én 3 4 Pr. Died A.D. 697. An official of great
"power and influence under the reign of the Empress Wu Hou, who
used to torture criminals by pouring vinegar into their noses. When
Chou Hsing was accused of complicity in the treason of Ch‘iu Shén-
chi, Lai was commissioned to discover the real facts. At the arrival
of these orders, Chou Hsing happened to be dining at Lai’s house;
and the latter took occasion to ask him how he would deal with
accused persons in order to extort confession. “I would place them,”
replied Chou Hsing, “in an earthen jar surrounded by live charcoal;
and there.is nothing which they would not confess.” Thereupon Lai
caused a jar to be prepared as above, and leading Chou Hsing to
it, said, “Sir, there is a charge preferred against you. Oblige me
by stepping into this jar.” Chou Hsing confessed upon the spot.
Denounced for receiving bribes, Lai was degraded and sent in 693
to a petty office in the provinces. The Empress soon pardoned him
and appointed him Governor of Lo-yang, a favour he requited by
entering into a treasonable conspiracy, which was revealed by a
friend whom he had insulted. He was publicly beheaded, to the
great joy of the people who loaded his body with indignities.

Lai-t‘a Ag EE. Died A.D. 1684. A Manchu, who served in the
wars of the early Emperors of the present dynasty, and distinguished
himself in the conquest of China and in the campaigns against the

successors of Chang Hsien-chung and Koxinga. He took a principal

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

4A4 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

part in suppressing the rebellion of Kéng Ching-chung, and was
afterwards successful against Chéng Chin on the mainland of Fuh-
kien, driving him in 1680 to Formosa. In 1680—-1681 he invaded
Yiinnan from Kuangsi, and drove the rebel leader Ja tH ER Wu
Shih-fan, grandson of Wu San-kuei, to kill himself, thus completing
the pacification of Yiinnan. Canonised as aE Re, and in 1731
admitted to the Temple of Worthies.

Lai Wén-chin 46 wl ff (commonly known as 4G ain} RK).
13th cent. A.D. A writer on geomancy, in special reference to the
luck of burial-sites. He also contributed a commentary to the py
7G KB.

Lan Li # $f (T. 3g FAR. H. 3E [L). AD. 1649-1719. A
native of Fuhkien, of enormous strength, who after a stormy youth
worked his way up until he became leader of the vanguard in Shih
Lang’s attack on the Pescadores. In the naval battle he displayed
extraordinary valour, fighting on after a cannon-ball had torn open
his abdomen. Cured by a foreign surgeon, he received especial marks
of favour from the Emperor K‘ang Hsi, who gave to his family —
for ever several hundred acres of waste land near Tientsin which
he had reclaimed by irrigation. Appointed in 1706 Commander-in-
chief of his native province, his contempt for the local authorities
and his high-handed interference led to his downfall. He was however
only recalled to Peking, and in 1715 accompanied the expedition.
against Ts‘é-wang Arabtan.

Lan Ting-yuan Eé Jl 7c (I. *% ae. H. FB PY). AD.
1680 —1733. A native of Chang-p‘u in Fuhkien, who devoted
himself as a youth to poetry, literature, and political economy.
He accompanied his brother to Formosa as military secretary, and
his account of the expedition attracted much attention. Recommended
to the Emperor, he became magistrate of ue ia P‘u-lin, and

distinguished himself as much by his just and incorrupt administration

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 415

as by his literary abilities. He managed however to make enemies
among his superior officers, and within three years he was impeached
for insubordination and thrown into prison. His case was subsequently
laid before the Emperor, who not only set him free but appointed
him to be Prefect at Canton, bestowing upon him at the same time
some valuable medicine, an autograph copy of verses, a sable robe,
some joss-stick, and other coveted marks of Imperial favour. But
all was in vain. He died of a broken heart, one month after taking
up his post. His complete works have been published in 20 small
octavo volumes, two of which are devoted to a record of the chief
criminal cases tried by him during his short judicial career. Perhaps
the best known of all his works is the kk i. , a treatise on the
education of women, with which may be mentioned his i iB oi.
ES . Among his essays and State papers are some curious doctiments
referring to commercial intercourse with the ‘barbarians of the
West.” He protested against Buddhism with an eloquence which
recalled the earnestness of Han Yt, complaining that nine-tenths
of the priests and nuns did not willingly take the vows, but had
been ‘“‘given to the priests when quite little, either because their
parents were too poor to keep them, or in return for some act of
kindness.” ‘“These cloister folk,” he added, ‘do a deal of mischief
amongst the populace, wasting the substance of some, and robbing
others of their good name.”

Lan T‘ing-chén #& Z£ ¥ (T. $A) BE). AD. 1663—1729. 1084
Principal lieutenant of Shih Shih-p‘iao in the suppression of the
Formosan rebellion of 1721, and afterwards Admiral of Fuhkien.
Canonised as ae Re - .

Lan Ts‘ai Ho Bé 3 Fil. One of the Hight Immortals of Taoism, 1085
generally regarded as a woman and represented as dressed in a blue
gown, with one foot shod and the other bare, waving a wand as

_ she wanders begging through the streets.

1086

1087

4A6 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Lao Ch‘ung-kuang 3% # 3% (T. 3 fH). A.D. 1801-1867.
Graduated as chin shih in 1832, and rose by the usual steps to be
Judge in Kuangsi. From 1852 to 1859 he was Governor of Kuangsi;
and though destitute of funds and surrounded by a mutinous soldiery,
he succeeded in preserving fair order and guarding his capital against
rebel attacks. In 1859 he went as acting Viceroy to Canton, then
in the possession of the British; and on their withdrawal he was
appointed Viceroy. In 1862 he was degraded and sent to Yiinnan,
of which province he became Viceroy in the following-year. There,
by a judicious mixture of kindness and severity, he kept the Chinese
and Mahomedans at peace until his death. He was the author of
essays and poems, besides an account of a mission to Annam in
1849. Canonised as AC HX.

Lao Lai Tzii HE -¥-. 6th cent. B.C. One of the 24 examples
of filial piety. At seventy he was still accustomed to divert his aged
parents by dressing himself up and cutting capers before them, He
is represented by Chuang Tzit as a sage who on one occasion

lectured Confucius as to right conduct in life.

1088 Lao Tzii 4 -F- or Lao Chin + #f orLao Tan + FF}. Born

B.C. 604. One of China’s most famous teachers, popularly regarded
as the founder of the Taoist sect. His name is said to have been
AS EH Li Erh (T. AW Na and Hf Ey), and he appears to have
held office as keeper of the records at Lo-yang, the capital of the
Chou dynasty. He was the great Prophet of his age. He taught
men to return good for evil, and to look forward to a higher life.
He professed to have found the clue to all things human and
divine. He found it in his interpretation of Tao, the WAY, which
may be compared with the adyos of Heracleitus. But it is upon
the wondrous doctrine of Inaction that his chief claim to immortality
is founded: ‘‘Do nothing, and all things will be done!’’ In extreme

old age, Lao Tzi is said to have met with Confucius; but the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 4A7

passages in the works of Chuang Tzt upon which this belief is
based are beyond all doubt spurious, and the interviews were
clearly invented for the mere purpose of turning the Confucianists
into ridicule. He is said to have foreseen the fall of the Chou
dynasty and to have turned his footsteps towards the west. At the
ey 4p Han-ku pass, Yin Msi, | the Governor, besought him to
leave behind some guide-book for erring humanity; whereupon Lao
Tztt is said to have produced the work now known as the ey
fil Tao Té Ching, and then, riding upon a black ox, to have
disappeared for ever. But the Tao T%é Ching is only a clumsy
forgery, probably of the early years of the Han dynasty (see Ma
Jung). It is never once mentioned by Confucius or Mencius, or even
by Chuang Tziti, the great disciple of Lao Tzii, whose writings are
devoted exclusively to the elucidation of Tao as taught by his master.
The internal evidence against its genuineness is overpowering; quite
apart from the fact that Lao Tzii himself declared in reference to Tao
that ‘those who know do not speak, those who speak do not know”?
(see Po Chi-i). It was first adopted as a “Canon” in A.D. 666 when
the pure Tao of Lao Tati began to be mixed up with alchemistic
research and gropings after the elixir of life, Lao Tzti himself
being at the same time canonised by the Emperor Kao Tsung as
Kk thw Fu A ih In A.D. 743 this title was still further
enlarged by the Emperor Hsiian Tsung, an ardent votary of the
debased Taoism of the day; and in A.D. 1018 the Emperor Chén
Tsung of the Sung dynasty added Ik E + Af to the list. Legend
had already been busy. with Lao Tzii’s name. He was said to have
become incarnate in B.C. 1321, being born of a woman in the
Ht iz Ch‘i-jen village in the State of Ch‘u. His mother brought
him forth from her left side, under a as Ii plum-tree, to which
he at once pointed, saying, “I take my ~name from this tree.” At
his birth, his hair was white and his complexion that of age; hence
27

418 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he was called Lao Tati, the Old Boy. He now occupies the first
place in the = Tit Trinity of modern Taoism, the other two
being P‘an Ku and Yii Huang Shang Ti.

1089 Lei Huan FF: KA An astrologer of the 3rd cent. ihe D. Being
asked by Chang Hua the meaning of a purple vapour which showed
itself continuously between two constellations, Lei Huan replied
that it was the essential spirit of a magic sword which existed at
Ba ph Féng-ch‘éng in Kiangsi. He was thereupon sent as Governor
to that district; and on reaching his post, he dug under the prison
and brought to light a stone chest in which were lying two swords.
One had HE Fe engraved upon it, and the other had Ik Bry . Both
disappeared after the death of Chang Hua.

1090 Lei I FF ES (T. 4#t AL). 2nd cent. A.D. Famous for his friendship
with Ch‘én Chung. Upon taking the first degree, he wished to resign
his place to his friend, but this was not permitted. Thereupon he
went about with his hair streaming down his back, pretending to
be mad. Ultimately the two friends both rose to the highest offices
of State. On one occasion, as a Magistrate, he pardoned a criminal
condemned to death. Full of gratitude, the latter brought him a
present of two pounds’ weight of silver, which he refused to accept.
The man then threw the silver furtively into his dust-bin, where
it was found some time afterwards and credited to the government
account.

1091 Lei Kung a Ay. (1) One of the assistants of the Yellow Emperor,
B.C. 2698, said to have been associated with Ch‘i Po in perfecting
the art of healing. (2) The God of Thunder, who is believed to launch
his bolts only against wicked people. He is accompanied by a Goddess ©
(see Tien Mu), who with the aid of a mirror flashes light (¢. d.
lightning) on to the intended victims. He is generally represented
by a human figure in the guise of a warrior standing by a pile of

drums. His left hand is resting on the drums, and with his right

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 419

he wields a huge drumstick, as though in the act of producing
thunder. Is often mentioned in Taoist works as 7T. jpfp HP.

Lei Tsu 38 jill. A son of the Yellow Emperor, famed for his
love of travel. At his death he was canonised as the 47 jill}. God
of Travellers.

Li Chan 4% jf. A.D. 809—826. Hldest son of Li Héng. He
succeeded his father in 824 as thirteenth Emperor of the Tang
dynasty. A stupid youth, he devoted himself to pleasure, and let
eunuchs and favourites oppress the people. He was slain by some
of the former whom he had ill-treated, and a eunuch struggle
resulted in placing his brother on the throne, the Ministers taking
no active part in the matter. Canonised as tive — p=s if’

Li Ch‘ang-kéng 2S $3 p(T. 48 A... py BB). AD. 1751—
1808. A native of Jal # T‘ung-an in Fubkien. He graduated as a
military chin shih in 1771, and distinguished himself against the
Chinese and Annamese pirates who infested the coast from Shantung
to Canton, their chiefs being Ts‘ai Ch‘ien and KH Chu Fén. In
1800 he became Admiral; and in spite of the treachery and jealousy
of the Fuhkien authorities and the cowardice of the fleet, he gradually
succeeded in destroying the pirate hordes. He was killed by a cannon-
ball in a final attack on Ts‘ai Ch‘ien, whose fleet had been reduced
from over one hundred to three junks. He possessed some literary
ability and is the author of the aK Fa, ee 32. , a work on naval
tactics, and also of some poems and essays. Canonised as find Re
and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Li Chao-lo 4S Jk y (T. FA 2). A native of Kiangsu, who
graduated in A.D, 1805. He was a voluminous writer on poetry and
on ancient literature, but was especially famous for his astronomical
and geographical knowledge. Author of the fH At ar se KK hie
: E fai], published in 1855, which contains maps of the celestial
globe.

1092

1093

1094

1095

420 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

1096 Li Chén 4& fe (T. BL 4%). Died A.D. 923. A Governor of
T‘ai-chou in Chehkiang, who joined the founder of the Later Liang
dynasty and rose to be head of its Board of Revenue. His hatred
of the statesmen of the Tang dynasty, due to his repeated failures
at the public examinations, led him to encourage his new master
in cruel treatment of them and earned for himself the nickname
of “Owl” (= Heartless Brute). The founder of the Later T‘ang
dynasty put him to death.

1097 Li Chén aS ig. A Taoist doctor, who lived under the Sung
dynasty. He pretended to be 800 years old, and called himself in
consequence AS /\ A.

1098 Li Chén AS =. 12th cent. A.D. A native of Honan, who was
captain of a small band of 300 men when Peking was besieged by
the Chin? Tartars in 1126. With this paltry force he managed to
slay over 700 of the enemy, but at length he was overpowered and
taken prisoner. ‘Where is the Emperor of the South?” asked the
Chin general before whom he was led; to which he replied, “It is
not my duty to answer any of your questions.” He was at once
tied to a pillar and sliced to death, cursing his captors as long as
breath remained in his body.

1099 Li Ch‘én-tien 4S Pr Hi (T. 7pf BE). A-D. 1837—1864. Joined
Tséng Kuo-fan’s army in Kiangsi as a volunteer, and twice saved
his chief’s life. After distinguishing himself at An-ch‘ing, he advanced
on Nanking in 1862. He was the originator of a scheme for blowing
up the wall of that city, which led to its capture in 1864, he
himself dying of his wounds in the summer of the same year. He
was loaded with honours and canonised as pit A.

1100 Li Chéng-liang 45 ik YA (T. py HZ). A.D. 1526-1615. A
General of Korean descent, who being kept by poverty a mere
student until he was forty, then rose rapidly and by 1574 became

Commander-in-chief in Liao-tung. He used artillery with great effect

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 421

against the invading tribes from the north and east, and in 1579
gained an hereditary peerage by his successes. In 1591 he was
forced by impeachments to retire; but ten years later, as the army
had rapidly degenerated when his firm hand was withdrawn, he
was re-instated, and finally retired in 1608.

Li Chi G2 Wi. 7th cent. B.C. Daughter of a chief of the Pq 1101
FX Western Jung tribes. She was captured by Duke Hsien of
the Chin State, and became his favourite concubine; and through
her influence the rightful heir was set aside and her own son, Hsi
Ch‘i, placed upon the throne. See Shén Shéng.

Li Chi 45 Hf (T. Ej). AD. 584—669. A native of Be 1102
“IN Li-hu in Shantung, whose original name was Aa TH: wh
Hsii Shih-chi. From being a mere labourer he turned bandit, and
became lieutenant to Li Mi whom he aided against Wang Shih-
ch‘ung. In 618 he entered into negotiations with the founder of
the T'ang dynasty and adopted the name of Li, being known from
that time down to 655 as Li Shih-chi. In 629 he conducted a
successful campaign against the Turkic tribes and subsequently kept
them in such good order that the Emperor T‘ai Tsung said he was
a far more efficient Great Wall than that built by the Emperor
Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty. In 644 he was sent upon an expedition
to Korea; and in 658 he captured the capital and completed the
subjugation of the country, for which services he was ennobled as
Duke. He was a clever strategist, and was noted for sharing the
credit of success with his officers, while all booty was equally
divided. He encouraged the Emperor T‘ai Tsung to marry the lady
afterwards known as Wu Hou, and he is therefore held indirectly
to blame for her usurpation. On one occasion, when his sister was
ill, he personally superintended the preparation of a bowl of gruel;
the result being that he singed his beard badly. But he bore this
with equanimity, saying that they were both old, and that he

1103

1104

1105

422 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

wished to do all he could for her while he had still the chance.
On another occasion, when he himself was very ill, the doctor
declared that nothing could save him but ashes from the burnt hair
of a dragon’s beard. When the Emperor heard this, he at once
cut off his own beard and sent it to the sick man. In his last
iliness he would see no doctor at all; and with his dying words
instructed his brother to beat, even to death, any of his descendants
who might prove unworthy. Canonised as A TH.

Li Ch‘i aS Hy] (T. {He $i). Died A.D. 338. The fourth sovereign
of the Ch‘éng dynasty. An unworthy ruler, whose cruelties led to
his deposition by Li Shou. He was sent into banishment, and there
committed suicide.

Li Chi-lung 2: 48 & (T. # |m)). Died A.D. 1005. A
distinguished military commander under the Sung dynasty. In 965,
returning home after the pacification of Ssiich‘uan, he was crossing
by night a deep chasm spanned by a rude bridge of trees which
had been rendered slippery by rain. He and his horse fell over the
side; but he was fortunately caught by a tree and held suspended :
in the air, His men went forward to a village some miles distant,
and procured lanterns and a rope, with which he was fished up.
His chief exploits were performed against the Kitan Tartars, whose
frontier incursions were a great source of trouble during the whole
of his life.

Li Chia-ming aS Be Hy . 10th cent. A.D. A native of Ae Ful
T‘ai-ho in Kiangsi, who was a musician and wit at the Court of

Li Yi, last ruler of the T‘ang dynasty. On one occasion the latter

drew attention to some gathering clouds which appeared about to

bring rain. ‘They may come,” said Li Chia-ming, “but they will
not venture to enter the city.” “Why not?” asked the prince.
‘‘Because,” replied the wit, “the octroi is so high.” Li Yi took

the hint, and gave orders that the duties should be reduced by one

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 423

half. On another occasion Li Yii was fishing with some of his
courtiers, all of whom managed to catch something whereas he
himself, to his great chagrin, had not a single bite. Thereupon
Li Chia-ming took a pen and wrote the following lines:

"Tis rapture in the warm spring days to drop the tempting fly

In the green pool where deep and still the darkling waters lie;

And if the fishes dare not touch the bait your Highness flings,

They know that only dragons are a fitting sport for kings.
Li Chiao 45 5 (T. E [L). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A native
of 524 EA Tsan-huang in Chihli, who at the age of 15 was
thoroughly conversant with the Confucian Canon. Graduating as
chin shih at the age of 20, he rapidly rose to be Censor; and in
692 he espoused the cause of Ti Jen-chieh and protested against
his unjust degradation, for which he himself was relegated to the
provinces. Recalled in 703, he became President of the Board of
Civil Office and was ennobled as Duke. But he was dismissed to
a magistracy by the Emperor Jui Tsung; and when on the accession
of the Emperor Ming Huang he was discovered to have secretly
memorialised the Empress Wu against Jui Tsung, he was still
further degraded. He was famous as a poet, and was ranked as
the equal of Lo Pin-wang and Liu Kuang-yeh; while his essays
were regarded by students as perfect models of composition.
Li Chieh 45 #E. A.D. 867—904. Seventh son of Li Ts‘ui. He
succeeded Li Yen in 888 as nineteenth HEmperor of the T'ang
dynasty. Clever and energetic, he was anxious to restore the power
of the sovereign which had been impaired by the eunuchs. The
influence of the provincial Governors had however been too long
suffered to grow, and the Court was powerless against them. China
was torn by wars between rival satraps (see Li Mao-chén, Wang
Chien, Han Chien, and Li K‘o-yung). Societies or ‘‘associations of

friends’ began to give trouble; and in spite of the alleged purity

1106

1107

1108

1109

424 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of their intentions, many leading men were thrown into the Yellow
River, his Majesty exclaiming, ‘‘Let these pure ones go and associate

with that muddy one!” In 896 Li Mao-chén rose against the eunuchs,

-and the Emperor was forced to flee to Han Chien at Hua-chou in

Shensi; and four years later he was closely imprisoned by the
eunuchs, against whom he had plotted. In 901 he was released
through the founder of the Later Liang dynasty, Chu Wén; but
when the latter suggested that he should move to Lo-yang, the
eunuchs, whom the Emperor still employed to counterbalance the

power of the provincial Governors, forced him to flee to Li Mao-

chén at Féng-hsiang, leaving Ch‘ang-an and its palaces in flames.

In 902 the Minister # J@[, Ts‘ui Yin, jealous of the position of
Li Mao-chén, invited the aid of Chu Wén, and after a siege of
Féng-hsiang a peace was concluded by which Ts‘ui Yin became
again Prime Minister and Chu escorted the Emperor back to
Ch‘ang-an. Meanwhile the Governors paid no tribute and warred
among themselves. In 904 Chu slew Ts‘ui, who had begun to
counteract his treasonable plans, and removed the Emperor to. Lo-
yang, where he surrounded him with his creatures. The unhappy
monarch appealed privately for aid to Li Mao-chén and Wang Chien,
and on this being discovered he was secretly put to death. Canonised
as JS Sa.

Li Chiich 45 3% (1. $A. UH. SF FF LY A). A Chinese
Bannerman, who lived in the first half of the 18th cent. A.D. and
devoted himself entirely to literature. Besides being a poet, he
wrote the py HB, a large historical work covering the period from
the Yellow Emperor to the Ch‘in dynasty in the 3rd cent. B.C.
Li Chih 43 4 (T. #§ #€). AD. 628-683. Ninth son of Li
Shih-min, whom he succeeded in 649 as third Emperor of the
T‘ang dynasty. Under the regency of Ch‘ang-sun Wu-chi and Ch‘u

Sui-liang, the Liao-tung war was stopped, as also was the great

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 425

expenditure on building. In 653 a conspiracy in the Imperial family
was put down, and two years later the Emperor fell under the power
of the future Empress Wu Hou. Aided by her creatures, she caused
all opponents to be sent to distant posts; and from 664 she practically
ruled China. In 674 the Emperor took the title of K H. Canonised

os PHS a.

Li Chih-fang 45 FF (T. ¥f [A] ). A.D. 1621-1694. Graduating 1110

as chin shih in 1647, he rose to be Viceroy in Chehkiang and did
much to prevent the spread of Wu San-kuei’s rebellion. In 1676
he was able to assist the Kiangsi authorities, whose forces were
busy repelling Wu San-kuei in the west. For the next two years
he was engaged in quelling risings and driving off the Formosan
pirates, and in resettling the disturbed country. In 1682 he became
President of the Board of War. Canonised as Bl HE , and in 1782
admitted into the Temple of Worthies.

Li Chin AS BE. 8th cent. A.D. Eldest son of Li Hsien, the
“Emperor who Declined.” He was a handsome and amiable young
man, and was ennobled as Prince of Ju-yang, by which name he
is sometimes spoken of. A hard drinker, he was enrolled as one of
the Eight Immortals of the Winecup (see Li Po). He would swallow
three large stoups of liquor every morning before going to Court;
and yet a cart of barm, met on the road, would make his mouth
water for more. He had some imitation gold and silver fishes and
tortoises, which he used to swim in an artificial pool of wine. He
called himself /@ IF Prince Ferment, and also A fy GE
President of the Board of Barm. His surname has been wrongly
given by some as -fF Wang.

Li Ching aS Ung (T. 38% Bij). A.D. 571-649. A native of =
JR San-yiian in Shensi, who was an official under the Sui dynasty
when the first Emperor of the Tang dynasty established himself

upon the throne. He was condemned to death but was spared through

1111

1112

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426 : A. Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the intercession of the Heir Apparent, into whose service he was
taken and under whom, when Emperor, he rose to be President of
the Board of Rites. For his military achievements against vast hordes
of Turkic invaders, he was ultimately ennobled as Duke. Canonised
‘a ae

Li Ching 45 $4. Died A.D. 961. Son of Hsii Chih-kao, whom

he succeeded in 948 as second sovereign of the Southern T‘ang State.

He conquered Fuhkien in 945, and Honan in 951, but proved no

1114

1115

1116

match for the Later Chou dynasty (see Kuo Jung); and in 957 he
abandoned the Imperial title and changed his personal name from
Ea Kung to Ching, Kung being a prohibited character under that
dynasty. In 958 he surrendered all his territory north of the
Yang-tsze, and in 960 he transferred his allegiance to Chao K*uang-
yin, founder of the Sung dynasty.

Li Ching-fang 2 $¥ FF (T. {ff 47). Born A.D.? 1855. Son of
AS Ik es Li Chao-ch‘ing, sixth brother to Li Hung-chang. He
was formally adopted by the latter, and. after serving as Secretary
of Legation for some years in London, where he did not distinguish
himself in any way, was sent in 1890 as Minister to Tokio. He
was present at the peace negotiations in Japan in 1895, and formally
handed over Formosa, at sea, to the Japanese. In 1896 he accompanied
his adopted father to Russia on the mission to represent China
at the coronation of the Czar. Is vulgarly known to foreigners as
“Tord Li.”

Li Cho-wu 4% Hi. % or Li Chih 45 HE. Died A.D.? 1610.
An official who threw up his post in order to devote himself to
Buddhism. He wrote a commentary on the PY iq RU (see Chin
Shéng-t‘an).

Li Chu £4 or Li Lou - fifé #2. A man of very keen sight,
who flourished under the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2698. He could

see the tip of an autumn spikelet at a distance of 100 paces.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 427

Li Chu 4% pil. A.D. 892—908. Ninth son of Li Chieh, whom
he succeeded in 904 as twentieth and last Emperor of the T‘ang
dynasty. He was placed upon the throne by Chu Wén, who became
Prime Minister and in 906 forced his puppet sovereign to abdicate
with the title of Prince of Chi-yin. Two years later he was put to
death by the usurper. Canonised as re ip and also as [4 ‘a if.
Li Chiian ff #4. 2nd cent. B.C. A favourite concubine of the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. Her breath was fragrant as
the epidendrum, and her complexion was so delicate that the
Emperor feared lest the contact even of silk might cause it to be
injured.

Li Ch‘ung ASH (T. 3 JE). 4th cent. A.D. A native of
Chiang-hsia in Hupeh, who used to attack with a sword any one
he found injuring the cypresses about his father’s grave. In 338
he became secretary in the Prime Minister’s office under Wang Tao,
and later on was secretary to Ch‘u P‘ou. From the latter he accepted
a magistracy, declaring that a monkey in difficulties cannot stop to
choose his favourite tree. He ultimately rose to be a Privy Coun-
cillor. Noted as a calligraphist, he was also author of a treatise on
Buddhism and Taoism, entitled Ie E aa 3 of the 2. fia» a work
directed against scholars who are mere bookworms; and of many
miscellaneous writings.

Li Ch‘ung 48 3 (T. 48 f&). Died A.D. 525. A distinguished
official under the Northern Wei dynasty, who held the important
frontier post of Ee res Shou-ch‘un in Anhui for ten years against
the rival Southern State, in spite of attempts to sap his loyalty

1117

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1120

and to excite his sovereign’s suspicion. He was known to both |

sides as [aK I the Sleeping Tiger. He remonstrated in vain
against the building of expensive Buddhist temples. As Governor
of Kiangsi in 512, he proved himself an able administrator, one

instance of his judicial acumen being famous. Two men claimed

428 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the same boy as son, each producing many witnesses. Ch‘ung had
the fathers and the boy confined separately for some days, after
which he suddenly told the men that the boy was dead. On this,
the real father burst into genuine tears, while the false parent
could only groan. Canonised as pt Hit.

liz] Li Fang Fi fy. A Buddhist priest, who is said to have come
with seventeen companions from India to China during the reign
of the First Emperor, B.C. 220—209, in order to teach the
religion of Buddha.

1122 Li Fang 4 fj (T. BA Ye). A.D. 924995. A native of Jao-
yang in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih and accompanied the
Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the Sung dynasty on his Shansi campaign,
and in 983 was appointed Minister of State. When his master
asked the Court how he himself compared with the T‘ai Tsung of
the T'ang dynasty, the other Ministers loudly praised their Emperor.
But Li simply murmured those lines of his favourite poet Po
Chii-i, which tell how three thousand disappointed maidens were
released from the palace and four hundred condemned men came
back from the execution-ground alive; and the Emperor admitted
his inferiority. In 988 he retired, but from 991 to 993 he was
again Minister. Two years later he was invited to witness the
Feast of Lanterns from the palace. On that occasion the Emperor
T‘ai Tsung placed Li beside him; and after pouring out for him a
goblet of wine and supplying him with various delicacies, he turned
to the courtiers and said, “Li Fang has twice served US as
Minister of State; yet has he never in any way injured a single
fellow-creature. Truly this is to be a virtuous man.” Canonised as
WE:

1123 Li Féng-pao 4 /Al #,. A.D. 1834—1887. A native of 2 Hy
Ch‘ung-ming Island near Woosung, of low origin. Ting Jih-ch‘ang

took him up and put him on the survey of Kiangsu, and he

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 429

performed his duties so efficiently that he became head of the
map-making department of the Kiangnan Arsenal. Five years later
he was transferred to Foochow, and in 1877 he was sent with
M. Giquel and twenty-two students to France and England. He
became second secretary at Berlin, and succeeded Liu Hsi-hung as
Minister in 1878. In 1884 he was accused by Tséng Kuo-ch‘tian
of peculation in the purchase of gunboats at Stettin, and was
cashiered in 1885. After his death, his rank was restored on account
of his having subscribed Tls. 5,000 to the Chihli Famine Relief
Fund. He could read German, but spoke it badly. In his retirement
he busied himself with literary pursuits, and published many useful
works founded on his Western experiences.

Li Fu 4 2k (1. B RR. H. Bs +”. Commonly known as
AS 4% BJS). A-D. 1674-1751. A child of great promise, he
graduated as chin shih in 1709 and entered the public service. Self-
opinionated and unyielding, he was soon denounced and sent to
the provinces; but in 1723 he was recalled, and later on became
Governor of Kuangsi and Viceroy of Chihli. His fearless exposure
of abuses raised up a host of enemies; and in 1727 he was tried
on twenty-one counts, and sentenced to death. The Emperor, to
break his haughty spirit, caused him to be taken out to the place
of execution, and only pardoned him at the last moment. At the
end of 1729 he was again tried and again pardoned. In 1736 he
was Vice President of the Board of Revenue, but his imperious
manner towards his colleagues led to his further degradation. In
1741, when his pre-eminent talents had once more raised him to
high rank, he retired on account of failing eyesight.

Li Fu-jen 4 A. 2nd cent. B.C. A favourite concubine of
the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty and sister of Li Yen-nien,
who described her in verse as being so beautiful that “‘one glance

of hers would destroy a city, two glances a State.” At her death

1124

1125

1126

1127

430 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the Emperor was inconsolable, and gladly accepted the offer of a
magician, named AP B Shao Wéng, to put him into communication
with her departed spirit. Lamps were lighted, wine and food set
out, and a curtain drawn across the room. From behind the latter,
his Majesty saw with his own eyes the veritable form of the dead
girl pass into the room and walk about; but he was not allowed
to approach her.

Li Fu-kuo as if [et] . Died A.D. 762. A eunuch in the household
of the Emperor Ming Huang of the T‘ang dynasty. At the murder
of Yang Kuo-chung he made himself so useful to the Heir Apparent
that the latter, on ascending the throne, advanced him to high
office. Thereupon he changed his personal name, which had originally
been iat iB, first of all to He and then to Fu-kuo, as above.
When the Emperor returned to the capital, Li was ennobled as
Duke, and the chief power passed’ into his hands. He treated the
ex-Emperor with great indignity; and soon the Empress, jealous
of his power, tried to persuade the Heir Apparent to make away
with him. The latter refused, and then the Empress employed
two of the Princes to assassinate him; but he got wind of the
plot, and seized and executed both of them, the Empress being
herself assassinated by his orders. Under the next Emperor, Tai
Tsung, his arrogance became unbearable, and at length assassins
were instructed to dispatch him. He was killed at night, and his
head thrown into a cesspool.

Li Han 4 yj. A.D. 809—840. Second son of Li Héng, and
brother of Li Chan whom he succeeded in 826 as fourteenth
Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty. Although well-meaning, he was too
feeble to free himself from the dominion of the eunuchs to whom
he owed his position. In 831 and 835 he laid secret plots against
them, but these failed and only increased their power, upon which

they even went so far as to slay his destined successor. He was

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 431

very fond of literary pursuits, and attained to real distinction as

a poet, Canonised as 4U = B it:

Li Han-chang 45 ij & (T. 7 ZX). Born A.D. 1821. A
licentiate of Anhui and elder brother of Li Hung-chang. He was

appointed in 1862 to assist in levying transit-dues in Kiangsi, and
rose in the regular course to be a provincial Governor in 1865.
In 1870 he became Viceroy at Wu-ch‘ang, a post he filled again
in 1876. In 1875 he was appointed Special Commissioner to enquire
into the murder of Margary, but his conduct of the mission was
highly unsatisfactory to the British Commissioners. In 1888
he became Director General of the Grain Transport, and was
subsequently transferred to Canton as Viceroy, from which post he
retired in 1895, to the great joy of the people, his greed and
misrule having been fully exposed by iB AR ta Ma _ P*ei-yao,
the honest Governor of Kuangtung.

Li Hang 45 jjp (T. Jk FJ). A.D. 946—1004. A native of JE
$f} Fei-hsiang in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih in 980 and
was highly esteemed by the Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the Sung
dynasty. Becoming a Supervising Censor, he rose under the Emperor
Chén Tsung to be Vice President of the Board of Revenue and

1128

1129

was left in charge of the capital while his Majesty conducted an

expedition against the Kitan Tartars. He was associated with Wang
Tan in the direction of State affairs, and by his strict uprightness
extorted from his less scrupulous colleague the admission that he
was indeed a holy man. Hence he came to be known as the HU
7H Holy Minister. At his death the Emperor was overcome with
grief and went to weep beside his bier, suspending the usual
audiences for five days. In the earlier part of his career he built a
house for himself of such modest dimensions that a horse could
hardly turn round in the entrance-yard. To some one who alluded

to this, he said, “It would be small for a Minister of State, but

432 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

‘tis large enough for a Director of Sacrificial Worship.” Canonised
as AC Uy -

1130 Li Héng 45. A.D. 795—824. Son of Li Shun, whom he
succeeded in 820 as twelfth Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty. He
proved a feeble ruler, fond of amusement and trusting to eunuchs.
The rivalry of Li Té-yi and Li Tsung-min allowed the provincial
Governors again to shake off the Imperial yoke, while the great
peace that prevailed at his accession induced his Ministers to reduce
the army annually by eight per cent. The disbanded soldiers took
to brigandage, and were ready to join in risings with which the
reduced army could not cope. The Emperor died of drinking various
concoctions among which he fondly hoped to find the elixir of life.
Canonised as Sy — A if .

1131 Li Ho 4: Af (T. FH fifi). Died A.D. 126. A native of Fy Bf
Nan-chéng in Shensi. A good scholar and especially learned in
astrology, he was a mere clerk in Sstich‘uan when the Emperor
Ho Ti sent spies all over the empire to gather information as to
the popular feeling. He astonished two of these gentry by exposing
their mission, explaining that he had learnt their movements from
the sudden appearance of two new stars in the sky. One of these
two spies, subsequently rising to high office, engaged the services
of Li Ho. He was thus enabled to graduate, and ultimately became
a Minister of State. On another occasion, when Tou Hsien was
about to take a wife and all the officials were sending him presents,
he advised his chief not to send any, declaring that Tou Hsien’s
career was at an end. No attention was paid to his advice; but
as he was the messenger employed to carry the presents, he purposely
lingered on the road. And before he reached his destination, Tou
Hsien had already fallen; the result being that all those officials

who had sent presents were cashiered.

1132 Li Ho 4s 4 (T. fS FH). Mth cent. A.D. A poet of the T'ang

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 433

dynasty, who began to compose poems when only seven years old.
The great Han Yti refused to believe in his powers, until the boy
produced a brilliant poem off-hand, before his very eyes. Every
day when he went out he was accompanied by a servant-boy with
an embroidered bag into which he put any desirable book which
he happened to come across, generally returning home with his
bag full. One day he met a strange man riding on a_horniless
dragon, who said to him, “God Almighty has finished his Jade
Pavilion and has sent for you to be his secretary.” Shortly afterwards
he died at the early age of twenty-seven.

Li Hsi-lieh 45 A Fl. Died A.D. 786. A favourite at the Court
of the Emperor Tai Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, whose son, on
his accession in A.D. 780, raised him to the rank of Governor of
#é PY Huai-hsi. Two or three years later he rebelled, and in
783 he proclaimed himself Generalissimo of the empire. Yen Chén-
ch‘ing was sent to urge him to return to his allegiance; but the
rebel refused to listen to his overtures, and shortly afterwards seized
and put him to death. After maintaining himself for some time in
the central provinces, he fell ill from eating beef, and was poisoned

by a physician acting under the orders of the Imperial commander

1133

[ji i rip Ch‘én Hsien-ch‘i. His head was cut off and forwarded

by Ch'én to the Emperor, together with those of his wife and
children. Upon this, his followers laid down their arms.

Li Hsien AS {ilj. A courtesan, who succeeded in fascinating a
student, named 4} 7 al Chéng Ytian-ho, to such an extent
that he began to neglect his career. Thereupon she tore out her
eyes, after which her lover rapidly rose to distinction and
subsequently married her.

Li Hsien 45 WA changed to Li Ché AS De. A.D. 656—710.
Son of Li Chih, whom he succeeded in 683 as fourth Emperor of

the Tang dynasty. In 684 he was degraded by the Empress Dowager
28

1134

1135

434 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

(see Wu Hou) and kept in confinement until 705, when he was
set again upon the throne. He was now entirely in the hands of

his wife Wei Hou and her favourite Wu San-ssii, the result being

bad government, power in the hands of women and eunuchs, and

extravagance. In 707 the Heir Apparent rose against Wu and slew
him, only to perish himself. Affairs did not now improve. Palace
ladies sold official commissions which were recognised by the
government; frontier officers took bribes from the enemy; and all
was confusion. In 710 the Empress, seeing that her husband

suspected her, poisoned him and set up his fourth son, who was

a mere youth. The Emperor’s nephew, Li Lung-chi, organised a

1136

1137

conspiracy; the Empress and her partisans were slain, and the
Emperor’s brother was placed upon the throne. Canonised as rH
soe 1 a. |

Li Hsien 45 as. originally Li Ch‘éng-ch‘i AS WK fi. Died
A.D. 731. Son of Li Tan. In 684 he was appointed Heir Apparent
by the Empress Wu Hou; but when in 690 his father was degraded
to the rank of Heir Apparent to the Empress herself, he was
likewise reduced in rank. Upon the accession of his father to the
throne in 710, he resigned his claim to his younger brother Li
Lung-chi, under whom he served faithfully in various important
capacities and by whom he was generously canonised as ae A it
the Emperor who Declined.

Li Hsien 4S (T. Jit fH). A.D. 1408-1466. A native of
Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih in 1483 and rose by 1454 to
be Vice President in the Board of War. Later on he presented
his 4% yp BR, a record of twenty-two Emperors worthy of imitation.
The Emperor Ying Tsung, on his restoration in 1457, maintained
him against Shih Héng and Ts‘ao Chi-hsiang. He was cautious in
his dealings with Shih, but managed to check his warlike schemes

and in 1460 he contrived his downfall. A year later Ts‘ao and his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 435

adopted son rebelled, and were executed. The Emperor Hsien
Tsung, although he owed his throne to Li Hsien, listened to the
slanders of Mén Ta against him, and even put him for a while
under restraint. Impatient of sharing his power with his colleagues,
Li nevertheless did much good work. He recommended many good
men; he obtained relief for several afflicted districts; he effected
the release of the son of the vanished Emperor Hui Ti, and
prevented the suicide of the widow of the Emperor Ching Ti.
Canonised as 3%.

Li Hsien-chung 4S Ba Hh (T. A WB). Died A.D. 1177. A
native of WW i] Ch‘ing-chien in Shensi, whose father, an hereditary
official under the Sung dynasty, was compelled after the capture
of Yen-an in Shensi by the Chin® Tartars to hold office under
them. The whole family, numbering some 200 persons, made an
attempt to escape southwards; but they were cut to pieces by the
Tartars, with the exception of Li Hsien-chung and twenty-five
followers who got clear away. He fled to the Principality of Hsia,
where he was kindly received; and subsequently entered the public
service under the Emperor Kao Tsung, who changed his personal
name from {HH ili Shih-fu to Hsien-chung as above. He spent
his life in campaigns against the Tartar invaders. Ennobled as
Duke, and canonised as pit aE.

Li Hsin 45 #K (T. + 3). Died A.D. 420. Son and successor
of Li Kao. His reign was occupied with wars against his neighbour
Chii-ch‘ti Méng-hsiin, until at length he was slain at Es] wre
Liao-ch‘tian in Honan. He is styled Vi A -F the last ruler of
Liang, though his brother My Hsiin was not executed until 421.
Li Hsing-yian 4 ye (T. FF WH. H. % Pe). AD. 1776—
1851. Graduated as chin shih in 1832, and rose rapidly until in
1846 he was appointed Viceroy of Ytin-Kuei where he succeeded

in suppressing a Mahomedan rising. Transferred to Nanking, his

1138

1139

1140

436 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

exertions in 1848 to relieve flooded districts impaired his health,
and he was forced to retire. On the death of Lin Tsé-hsii, he was
sent in his stead to Kuangsi; but hampered by the local high

officials he achieved no success, and died of vexation. Canonised

as MW FN -

1141 Li Hsiung 4° Xf (T. {ih (8). Died A-D. 334. Third son of

1142

1143

Li 1’, whom he succeeded in 308 as second sovereign of the
Ch‘éng dynasty, making the city of Pak P'i his capital. He beat
off the Imperial forces, and getting possession of Ch'éng-tu by
the treachery of a subordinate and the cowardice of the Governor,
proclaimed himself Emperor in 306. His territory embraced most
of Ssiich‘uan, which province alone, owing to his humane and
just government, remained at peace amidst the general disorder of
the empire. He promoted education and lightened taxation, and
extended the limits of his rule to southern Shensi and northern
Yiinnan. Canonised as if -

Li Hsti-chung as ie rh . Sth cent. A.D. A celebrated master
of the science of astrology. A eulogy upon him was written by
the great Han Yii.

Li Hsi-pin 45 43 @ (Tv. Yo HA. A. yh fig). A.D. 1817—
1858. The lieutenant of Lo Tsé-nan, upon whose death he
succeeded to the command of the Hunan troops. By the close of
1856 he had recaptured Wu-ch‘ang, and he then proceeded to
clear the country of rebels down to Kiukiang. In conjunction with
P‘éng Yii-lin he took Hu-k‘ou at the mouth of the Poyang lake
in October 1857. In 1858 Kiukiang was taken by assault, and he
was then ordered to assist in operations in Anhui. In September
of that year, while rashly endeavouring to recover Lu-chou, he
was overwhelmed by the rebel forces and died on the field of
battle. Canonised as Ht pf.

1144 Li Hsin 2S }fy (T. 4X Fi). 1st cent. AD. A native of fia

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 437

¥& Lin-ching in Kansuh. He was sent to pacify parts of Chihli
and the northern barbarians, and on his return presented over
100 sets of maps of the places he had passed through. For this
he was appointed to a post in Kansuh, but lost office through the
enmity of Tou Hsien. Recalled to be Assistant Warden of the
Western Marches, he refused the usual bribes and kept open the
roads. He became once more Governor of a district in Kansuh,
and was so poor when he left that he had to earn a living by
weaving mats. The Tibetan tribes captured him, but let him go
free on account of his good name; from which time he supported
himself by picking up acorns for dyers. Died at the age of 95.
Li Hu 4S 3 (T. Jil). 18th cent. A.D. A native of Nan-
ch'ang, who graduated as chin shih in 1739 and rose to be
Governor Of Kueichou, whence he was transferred to Kuangtung
in 1780. He is famous for having suppressed for a time the
pirates who for many years had plundered at will by land and
sea. His writings have been published under the title of AS HK
a DS 3A Be, Canonised as Ft Re.

Li Huai-kuang 4y $1 5%. A.D. 731-785. A Red-Sock nomad
of Po-hai in Shantung, whose father, originally named Hii Ju,
obtained the Imperial surname Li by his military services. He rose
to high rank in the army, and was greatly trusted by Kuo Tzi-i.
In 781 he became Viceroy of parts of Kansuh and Shensi. Two
years later he hastened to the relief of the Emperor, besieged by
Chu Tz‘t in Féng-t‘ien in Shensi; but angry at his sovereign’s
ingratitude which was prompted by Lu Ch‘i, he joined the rebel
Chu, and the Emperor fled into Shensi. Li failed to make any
stand against Ma Sui, and his officers having returned to their
allegiance, he was captured and put to death.

Li Huang Hou as aA Ia- Died A.D. 1200. The daughter of
a Governor of Hupeh, and wife of the Emperor Kuang Tsung of

1145

1146

1147

1148

438 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the Southern Sung dynasty. A Taoist physiognomist who was
asked to pronounce upon the Governor’s daughters, foretold her
rise, which he further effected by reporting on her beauty to the
Emperor Kao Tsung. On the accession of Kuang Tsung, she
leagued herself with the eunuchs, and sowed dissension between
her husband and his father who had refused to let her son be
nominated as Heir Apparent. She served up to the Emperor the
hands of a lady whom he had admired, and put to death his
favourite concubine. Having thus terrified him into an illness she
seized on all power, and even after his recovery would not let
him give audience. In 1194 the Emperor was forced to abdicate,
and she was kept in seclusion until her death.

Li Hung-chang 4s ph ee (T. AP AL. H. & #4), Born A.D.
1822. A native of Ho-fei in Anhui, and younger brother of Li
Han-chang. After graduating as chin shih in 1847, he entered
the Han-lin College. In 1853 he raised a regiment of militia at
his native place in order to oppose the T‘ai-p‘ings, and by his
energetic measures attracted the notice of Tséng Kuo-fan, then
Viceroy of Hu-Kuang and Commander-in-chief. In 1859 he was
sent to Fuhkien as Taot‘ai, but ere long he was back again

operating against the T‘ai-p‘ings, this time with the so-called “Ever

. Victorious Army.” For his successes against the rebels he was

appointed Governor of Kiangsu in 1862. In 1863 it was arranged
that on condition of surrendering the city of Soochow, the lives
of the rebel Princes who thus made submission should be spared.
No sooner however had the city been handed over, and Li Hung-
chang had obtained possession of the Princes, than he at once
allowed them all to be beheaded. This base act of treachery will
always remain an indelible stain upon a character which might
otherwise have been called honourable as well as useful to his

country. It caused General Gordon, to whose leadership the success

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 439

of the Imperialist troops had been mostly due, at once to throw
up his command, which he only resumed in response to a sense
of duty. And in spite of all recent attempts to present a pleasing
picture of the relations between the two commanders, it seems
quite certain that on hearing the news of the Princes’ execution
‘Gordon armed himself with a revolver and went in search of his
treacherous colleague, who prudently kept out of the way. After
the capture of Nanking in 1864 and the final extinction of the
rebellion, Li was ennobled as Earl. In 1866 he was appointed
Special Commissioner for the suppression of the Nien fei, armed
bandits who were doing much serious mischief in several of the
northern provinces; and in 1867 he became Viceroy of Hu-Kuang.
In 1870, after the Tientsin Massacre, he was appointed Viceroy
of Chihli, and received various marks of Imperial esteem. In 1871
a serious inundation destroyed much property in the province, and
on this occasion Li Hung-chang distinguished himself by offering
propitiatory prayers to a water-snake which had been caught and
identified as the River God (see K‘ung Tao-fu). In 1874, when
the Emperor T‘ung Chih was dying, there was a formidable party
in the palace opposed to the two Empresses Dowager, anxious to
put them and their party out of the way and raise to the throne
the dissolute son of Prince Kung, now dead. The Empresses Dowager
appealed to Li. He did not lose a moment, but made a secret
forced march to Peking, accompanied by his personal guard of four
thousand well-armed men, horse, foot, and artillery, all Anhui
men, on whose devotion he could rely under any circumstances.
The march of eighty miles was made in thirty-six hours, and he
was timed to arrive at Peking at midnight. At midnight Li and
his Anhui men were admitted, and marched at once into the
Forbidden City in dead silence. Every man held a wooden bit in

- his mouth to prevent talking, and the metal trappings of the

440 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

horses were muffled. Arrived within the forbidden precincts, the
Manchu Bannermen on duty at the various palace gates were all
replaced by Li’s men, the Empresses having sent out eunuchs to
point out which detachments were doubtful or had openly declared
for the conspirators. These were at once disarmed, bound, and
hurried off to the prisons of the Board of Punishment. The artillery
were posted to command the entrances to the Forbidden City, the
cavalry were sent to patrol the grounds and pick up any stray
conspirators who could be found; and the infantry were stationed
so as to surround the palace where lay the Empresses Dowager
and the present Emperor, Kuang Hsii, then a child of about four
years. When day broke the surprise of such of the conspirators as.
had not been arrested during the night was complete. The disaffected
were quietly made away with or sent into perpetual exile to the
Amoor, and the next day Prince Ch‘un’s little son was proclaimed
Emperor with the title of Kuang Hsii. Everything being settled,
Li marched back to Tientsin with his troops as unostentatiously
as he had come. In 1875 he was made Senior Grand Secretary,
and in 1876 was nominated Special Commissioner to settle the
questions arising from the murder of Margary, in which capacity
he signed the document known as the Chefoo Agreement. He
arranged treaties with Peru and Japan, started the China Merchants’
Steam Navigation Company, promoted mining and similar under-
takings, all the time purchasing considerable quantities of munitions
of war and heavily arming the Taku forts. Affairs in Korea soon
claimed his attention, and it was at his instigation that the ex-Regent
was carried off prisoner to China. In an attempt in 1884 to settle
the Tongking question with the French Government represented
by Captain Fournier, an awkward question arose as to which side
had committed a breach of faith by altering the memorandum of

terms, and the famous “state of reprisals” ensued, during which

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 441

the Chinese fleet was partially destroyed by Admiral Courbet at
Pagoda Island. In 1888 he married his daughter to Chang P*ei-lun,
the poltroon whose contemptible conduct in reference to Admiral
Courbet’s exploit had caused him to be sent into banishment. In
1892 he celebrated his 70th birthday with much pomp, his colleague,
Chang Chih-tung, providing a highly-coloured eulogium for the

occasion. He had then the chance

et er whaah a immeasurable power
Unsated to resigon......

but the old man clung to office, and in 1894 the war with Japan
broke out. China’s military system, over which Li had spent vast
sums of money, crumbled away before the Japanese assault. Port
Arthur and Wei-hai-wei were captured, and most of the vessels
forming the Chinese fleet were either taken or sunk. He himself,
after being stripped of all his honours, was deprived of his
Viceroyalty and sent as envoy to Japan to sue for peace; and
while there he was shot in the cheek by a fanatical member of
the Soshi class. This act caused a revulsion of feeling in favour of
the humbled statesman, and in the treaty of Shimonoseki which
he negotiated he obtained perhaps somewhat better terms than
would have otherwise been the case. In 1896 he was appointed
Special Commissioner to attend the coronation of the Ozar at
Moscow, from which ceremony he returned to China vid Germany,
Belgium, Holland, France, England, and the United States, receiving
from Her Majesty the Grand Cross of the Victorian Order. He made
quite a triumphal progress, and was everywhere received with open
arms. He was photographed with Mr. Gladstone, and publicly spoken
of as the “Bismarck of the East.” But since his return to Peking
he seems to have occupied the position rather of an extinct volcano.
By some he has been regarded as a friend to foreigners and to

national progress on liberal lines. It is more than probable, however,

442, A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

‘that his desire for such progress has simply veiled a very natural

wish to see his own countrymen paramount and the barbarian
once more at their feet.

149 Lil 2 xX (7. fig IL). Died A.D. 713. A native of Chao-chou
in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih, and rose to be President
of the Board of Punishments, being also ennobled as Duke. An

- upright and fearless official, he chiefly distinguished himself as a
poet. His writings, together with those of his two elder brothers,
were published under the title of 4 oe 4B.

1150 Li I 4S 76 (T. fF -F-). Died A.D.? 827. A poet and official
of the Tang dynasty. At one time his poems were in great demand,
and were sung to music all over the empire. Somewhat disgusted
with official life, he took to wandering; but later on returned to
Court and became a sub-Librarian in the Imperial Library,
ultimately retiring as President of the Board of Rites. He was
known as Bl = as 7& Literary Li I, to distinguish him from
a contemporary official of the same name. _

1151 Li I-fu AS 3g ff. Died A.D. 666. A native of Jao-yang in
Chihli. He was recommended to the second Emperor of the T'ang
dynasty who made him a Censor, and gained the favour of his
successor by advising in 655 that the Lady Wu should be raised
to the rank of Empress. By her influence he became Minister and
was ennobled as Duke; a house was bestowed on him; his infant
sons received offices; and he was allowed to bury his mother beside
the Imperial Mausoleum. He presumed on his position to sell
appointments in the most open manner, and in 658 was condemned
to banishment to Yiinnan. Being excepted from the general pardon
of 666, he died of mortification. It was said that there was ‘Say
knife in his smile;’’ and from his smooth and treacherous manner,
coupled with great cruelty, he received the nickname of AS ii
Li the Cat.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 443
Li Jo-cho 4 $¢ HH (T. 3a AA). Died A.D. 1001. A native

of Pien-liang in Honan, who graduated among the first chin shih
and filled many important posts, especially distinguishing himself
against the rebel 4 5 Li Huan, whose submission he twice
secured. From his manifold virtues and experiences he earned the
sobriquet of Fy. Ft FE A.

Li Kang 45 4 (T. 44 #1). A.D. 1085—1140. A native of
BB Ge Shao-wu in Fubkien, who graduated as chin shih in 1112
and later on became a Censor. His career in this capacity was a
chequered one, and he was ultimately sent to a provincial post.
When the irruption of the Chin® Tartars occurred, he wrote with
his own blood a memorial calling upon the Emperor Hui Tsung
to abdicate in favour of his son. Under the new Emperor Ch‘in
Tsung he was placed in command of the forces for the defence
of the capital, and succeeded in defeating the Tartars with great
slaughter. Qn the accession of the Emperor Kao Tsung in 1127
he became Minister of State, but he held office only for seventy-
seven days. He was impeached by Chang Hstin for some irregularities
in connection with the purchase of horses and levies of troops, and
was relegated, “to the great regret of all good men,” to a
monastery at Hangchow where he died. His life was one of
uncompromising opposition to the Tartars and to the peace proposals
by which. Ch‘in Kuei has earned such an unenviable fame. He
was the author of several commentaries upon the Classics, and of
other miscellaneous writings. He was ennobled as Duke, and
canonised as fist SEs and in 1851 his tablet was placed in the
Confucian Temple.

Li Kao 25% (T. 70 BR). Died A.D. 417. A native of Ch'éng-
chi in Kansuh, and a descendant of Li Kuang. He was made
Magistrate of 3k SY Hsiao-ku by Tuan Yeh, but his followers
called him Governor of Tun-huang in Kansuh. In 400 he took by

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1156

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AAA A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

a coup de main all the territory west of + FAY Yu-mén between
FE pu An-hsi and Su-chou in Kansuh, and styled himself Duke
of Liang®. He was studious and well-read in the Classics and in
history. The people canonised him as WG EE.

Li K‘o-yung AS GE, FA. Died A.D. 908. A renowned commander,
who flourished towards the close of the T‘ang dynasty. His father,
whose surname was RR H]J Chu-yeh, was a chieftain of a Turkic
tribe occupying a region near Lake Balkash. He himself took
service with the Imperial forces, and aided so efficiently in repelling
the Turfan invaders that in 869 the Emperor I Tsung conferred
upon him the Imperial surname Li, adding to it the honorary |
name [gt ie] Kuo-ch‘ang. In 884 he put down the rebellion of
Huang Ch‘ao. In 907 he set up the independent State of Chin in
Shansi, with his capital at the modern T‘ai-ytian Fu, and adopted
Fe Wh (used by the last T'ang Emperor) as his year-title. He
excelled in archery, and marvellous tales are told of his skill.
From having lost the sight of one eye, he became known as the
4iqj HEL FE One-eyed Dragon. |

Li Ku 4S fA] (1. -~ HR). Died A.D. 147. Son of Li Ho. He
rose to be Governor of Ching-chou under the Emperor Shun Ti
of the Han dynasty, but fell a victim to intrigue in connection
with the murder of the Emperor Chih Ti and the accession of
Huan Ti, and was put to death.

Li Ku-yen AS fell = (T. 41h Hi). Died A.D. 847. A statesman
who held high office under several Emperors of the T'ang dynasty.
While still a student he met an old dame who told him that in
the following year he would take a place “under the hibiscus
mirror.” When he went up for his examination he found these
very words in the theme, and subsequently graduated as chuang

ytian or Senior Wrangler.

1158 Li Kua 45 3. A.D. 742—805. Eldest son of Li Yti, whom he

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 4A5

succeeded in 779 as ninth Emperor of the Tang dynasty. His
accession raised great hopes, as he really showed a desire to rule
well. But his harshness and self-confidence disappointed all. In
781 T'ien Yiieh rose in rebellion and joined Li Hsi-lich and two
other provincial Governors. The expenses of the war necessitated
new and ever increasing taxes, and trade was stopped. In 783
the mutiny of troops passing through Ch‘ang-an forced the Emperor
to flee to Féng-t‘ien in Shensi, a city which by the advice of a
soothsayer had been fortified in 780. Here he was hard pressed
by Chu Tz‘t, until Hun Chan and others relieved him. Lu Chi,
whose malign influence had caused the revolt, drove Li Huai-kuang
to rebel also, and the Emperor fled to Liang-chou. Order was
restored in 786; but the Emperor gave up all idea of crushing
the Governors, and devoted himself to amassing wealth. So open
was his avarice that presents, which of course were wrung from
the people, were regularly handed in by all officials. Distrustful
of his Ministers, even of Lu Chih, he confided in his eunuchs,
against whom he would hear no complaint. After the dismissal of
Lu Chih in 793 the Emperor made all appointments himself, thus
reducing his Ministers to cyphers. He was a poet, and ‘used to
send Decrees in verse to his Ministers and provincial Governors.
Canonised as ili x BA if. |

Li Kuang 4 ji. Died B.C. 125. A native of Ch‘éng-chi in
Kansuh, who distinguished himself as a military commander against
the Hsiung-nu. In B.C. 140 he suffered a disastrous reverse and
was condemned to death, but escaped with the loss of his rank.
An irruption of the Hsiung-nu into Chihli caused him to be once
more placed in command, to the great dismay of the enemy who
had bestowed upon him the sobriquet of pin Ft HY A the Flying
General of Han. After a career chequered by success and failure,

he was sent in B.C. 119 as second in command upon a great

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expedition against the northern foe. Dissatisfied with the orders he
received as to his movements, he asked to be allowed to lead his
troops straight for the Khan himself; and when not permitted to
do this he was so overcome with anger that somehow or other he
lost his way, and arrived at a certain point long after the
Commander-in-chief. The enquiry which followed caused him so
much chagrin that he cut his own throat. He was a man of so
few words that the Emperor Wu Ti said of him, “Li Kuang
hardly opens his mouth. He is simple and sincere as though one

of the people; yet all the empire looks up to him. Truly he

‘exemplifies the old saying that the peach-tree and the plum-tree

(4 Li = plum) speak not, yet all around them are seen the
footprints of men.” |
Li Kuang ae ig. Died A.D. 1498. A eunuch under the Emperor
Hsiao Tsung, who acquired great power by his skill in necromancy
and charms. He took on himself to make irregular appointments,
collected bribes from all officials high and low, engrossed the salt

monopoly, seized land, and seemed secure of a long lease of power.

However in 1498 the building of a pavilion on the Coal Hill was

followed by sickness and death among the Imperial family, and
by fires in the palace. Thereupon the Empress Dowager complained
of him to the Emperor, and he was forced to commit suicide. A
list of bribes received from prominent men, in which gold figured
as yellow rice and silver as white rice, was found in his house;
but so many persons were implicated that it was thought wiser

to hush the matter up.

1161 Li Kuang-li as ia Fi]. Died B.C. 94. A military commander

under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. His sister was a
favourite concubine, known as Li Fu-jen, and he himself was
sent in command of an expedition to Ferghana to obtain a tribute
of horses. He captured the city of Ql fifi Erh-shih, but failed to

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 447

take Ail YR Yii-ch‘éng and returned, sending on a messenger
with the news. The Emperor was very angry, and replied that his
head would pay for it if he crossed the frontier. Accordingly he
went back with an army of 180,000 men; and a revolution having
meanwhile occurred in Ferghana, he was able to accomplish his:
mission, and was ennobled as Marquis. In B.C. 94 he led an army
of 70,000 men against the Hsiung-nu, but was utterly defeated
and forced to surrender to the Khan who put him to death.

Li Kuang-pi AS ai}. Died A.D. 763. A native of Liu-chou 1162
in Kuangsi, whose father had been a Kitan chief but had given
in his allegiance to the Empress Wu Hou and had been ennobled
as Duke. The son entered the military service, and after distinguishing
himself against the Turkic tribes, co-operated with Kuo Tzti-i in
putting down the rebellion of An Lu-shan. Raised to the highest
offices of State by the Emperor Su Tsung, he was employed for
some years in opposing the armies of the rebel, Shih Ssii-ming,
and for his successful efforts he was ennobled as Prince. He died
full of honours, and was canonised as TH BB.

Li Kuang-ti 48 3% Mb (1. | Sp). A.D. 1642-1718. A native 1163
of Fuhkien, who brought himself into notice by a scheme for
rescuing the province from Kéng Ching-chung and Chéng Chin,
eldest son of Koxinga, who held Chinchew. In 1680 he went to
Peking as sub-Chancellor of the Grand Secretariat and proposed
the reduction of Formosa, which design was successfully carried
out. Appointed Viceroy of Chihli, he devoted himself to the
improvement of the system of irrigation and of the waterways.
He was employed in editing many of K‘ang Hsi’s editions of the
Classics, and wrote many commentaries and other works of his
own on various branches of philosophical literature, founding in
fact a new school of classical criticism. Canonised as 4 j=

Li Kuei 4S fl. 3rd and 4th cent. B.C, A Minister of the Wei 1164

448 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

State, who passed a law that all suits should be decided by the
skill of the respective litigants in archery. Thus shooting with the
bow came to be much practised, and the efficiency of the archers
of Wei was raised to a high standard.

1165: Li K‘uei AS YS (T. lat Sen ). 8th cent. A.D. A descendant from
a Kansuh family, who graduated as chin shih and by 759 had risen
to the highest offices of State, being also ennobled as Marquis.
He was a very handsome and attractive man, and surrounded
himself with such refinement that he became known as the First
Gentleman of the day. He managed however to offend Ytian Tsai;
and in 761, when the latter came into power, he was dismissed
in disgrace. Sixteen years later the death of Ytian Tsai gave him
another chance, and he returned to office. Once again his sharp
tongue brought him into disfavour with the great Lu Chi, and he
was sent on a mission to the Turfan. The Turfan chieftain said
to him, “Are you, Sir, the famous First Gentleman?” To which,
fearing detention, he replied, ‘‘No, indeed! That Li K‘uei would

never come so far away as this.” He subsequently retired into

private life.

1166 Li Kuei-nien AS iis, AF cc ee): 8th cent. A.D. A musician
and teacher in the Imperial Operatic College under the Emperor
Ming Huang of the T'ang dynasty, in which capacity he and his
two brothers managed to accumulate a vast fortune.

1167 Li Kung-tso AS A fe. A minor writer of the T’ang dynasty.
Author of the Fj 4%) 30. In one of his stories, the HH} AN HK

{isi , he speaks of himself as having left Kiangsi on the expiration
of his term of office in A.D. 813.

1168 Li Kuo-han 4 fl ig (T. 4A if). Died A.D. 1658. A Chinese
Bannerman, whose father, a trader, had cast in his fortunes with
the Manchus, and had been ennobled as Baron. The son proved

a successful leader against China. He drove Li Tzii-ch‘éng’s forces

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 449

from Shansi, Shensi, and Hu-Kuang, and aided in the suppression
of Chang Hsien-chung. In 1648 he was associated with Wu San-
kuei, with whom he engaged in a campaign against the successors
of Chang Hsien-chung in Western China, whom he subdued in
spite of the opposition of the Lolo tribes. He died while preparing
to march into Yiinnan. He was ennobled as Marquis, and admitted
into the Temple of Worthies. Canonised as BE Ht.

Li Li 45 #f. 7th cent. B.C. Minister under Duke Wén of the
Chin State. When his master recovered his kingdom, Li Li was
so shocked at the wholesale massacre of innocent persons that he
presented himself bound before the Duke and asked for punishment.
The latter urged that the subordinate officials were to blame for
the excessive severity; but Li Li would not disclaim his responsibility,
and forthwith put an end to his life by falling upon his sword.
Li Lin-fu 35 pk FP (H. Bh Wl). Died A.D. 752. A statesman
of the T‘ang dynasty, of Imperial extraction, who by the year 734
was President of the Board of Rites, chiefly through the friendship
of the favourite concubine rH Ha Wu-hui, the succession of whose
son he had promised to support. In 786 the Emperor appointed
him Minister, and his influence soon became paramount. He
encouraged his master to slay the Heir Apparent and two other:
princes without even the form of a trial, but he failed to secure
the nomination of his own protégé. In 742 he was made a Duke,
as a reward for the high level of morality which was supposed to
prevail. For the chief criminal judge had reported only 58 executions
within the year, and that in consequence of the diminution of the
“vapour of death” around the great prison, magpies, regarded as
birds of good omen, had nested in the trees which overhung its
walls. He continued to live in great state, but in constant fear
of assassination, never allowing it to be known in which room he

meant to pass the night. He died just as Yang Kuei-fei’s brother
29

1169

1170

450 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

came into favour; and the year after his death he was accused of
traitorous dealings with the Tartars, his coffin opened, his sons
banished, and all his honours taken away. He was popularly said
to have “honey on his lips, but in his heart a sharp sword.” He
had six daughters; and for them he arranged a gauze screen in
such a way that, without being seen themselves, they could see
all the young men who came to the house and thus choose their
own husbands. The hair of one of his sons-in-law, named re 2p.
Chéng P‘ing, having turned white at an early age, Li gave him
a portion of some broth which the Emperor had sent as a present
to himself; and in one night the young man’s hair had become
black again.

171 Li Ling 45 [ (1. AP fp). ist and 2nd cent. B.C. A military
official under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. He was
sent in command of 800 horse to reconnoitre the territory of the
Hsiung-nu; and returning successful from this expedition, he was —
promoted to a high command and was again employed against
these troublesome neighbours, With a force of only 5000 infantry
he penetrated into the Hsiung-nu territory as far as Mt. Ge je
Ling-chi (?), where he was surrounded by an army of 30,000 of
‘the Khan’s soldiers; and when his troops had exhausted all their
arrows, he was forced to surrender. At this the Emperor was
furious (see Ssii-ma Ch'ien); and later on, when he heard that Li
Ling was training the Khan’s soldiers in the art of war as then
practised by the Chinese, he caused his mother, wife, and children
to be put to death. Li Ling remained some twenty years, until
his death, with the Hsiung-nu, and was highly honoured by the
Khan who gave him his daughter to wife. He is said by lng v.43
Yen Yii to have invented the five-character line in poetry.

1172 Li Lung-chi 45 (& JE (Baby name fay fiify). A.D. 685-762.

Third son of Li Tan, whom he succeeded in 712 as sixth Emperor

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 451

of the Tang dynasty. Hence he was popularly known as = Bp.
He first distinguished himself in 710 by the energetic action which
placed his father upon the throne (see Zi Hsien). He was then
called upon to face an attempt on the part of his aunt, the T‘ai-
ping Princess, to displace him; but this he succeeded in crushing,
and entered upon what promised to be a glorious reign. He began
with economy, closing the silk factories and forbidding the palace
ladies to wear jewels or embroideries, considerable quantities of
which were actually burnt. Until 740 the country was’ fairly
prosperous. The administration was improved, the empire was divided
into fifteen provinces, and schools were established in every village. -
The Emperor was a patron of literature and himself a poet of no mean
capacity. His love of war however and his growing extravagance
led to increased taxation. Fond of music, he founded a college for
training youth of both sexes in this art. He surrounded himself
by a brilliant Court, welcoming such men as the poet Li Po, at
first for their talents alone, but afterwards for their readiness to
participate in scenes of revelry and dissipation provided for the
amusement of the Imperial concubine, the ever-famous Yang Kuei-
fei. Hunuchs were appointed to official posts, and the grossest
forms of religious superstition were encouraged. Women ceased to veil
themselves as of old. Gradually the Emperor left all power in the
hands of Li Lin-fu and of Yang Kuo-chung, the brother of Yang
Kuei-fei. The uselessness of the militia led to the enrolment of
regular troops, which very much increased the power of the
provincial Governors. At length in 755 came the rebellion of An
Lu-shan, and in 756 the now aged Emperor fled to Ssiich‘uan,
undergoing the agony of seeing his beloved Yang Kuei-fei,
butchered before his eyes. There he abdicated in favour of his son
who bestowed upon him the title of Fx | 5 if and allotted

to him a palace in which he lived in seclusion, deprived even of

A452 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the services of his faithful eunuch Kao Li-shih. Canonised as &
= ieas if and frequently spoken of as Ming Huang.

1173 Li Mao-chén 4% jf PA. Died A.D. 924. A native of {if HF
Po-yeh in Chihli, who was originally named 3 Bl 3 Sung
Wén-t'ung. The Emperor Hsi Tsung rewarded his services with
the Imperial surname and a new personal name, and his successor
ennobled him as Prince. When the T'ang dynasty was overthrown
in 907, as Governor of Féng-hsiang he refused allegiance to the
usurper Chu Wén, and defended himself bravely against the Liang
and Shu States until the establishment of the Later T‘ang dynasty,
which he recognised and under which he was made Prince of
Ch‘in. Among other expedients for raising revenue he put a tax
upon lamps and oil, and refused to allow pine-splints to be brought
into the city, lest they should be used to give light. For this he
was caricatured by an actor, who suggested that the use of
moonlight should also be declared illegal. 7

1174 Li Mi 45 9 (T. 4 4A). Born A.D. 222. A native of Chien-
wei in Sstich‘uan, also named as iB Li Ch‘ien of Wu-yang, Wu-
yang being another name for Chien-wei. He lost his father at an.
early age and his mother married again, leaving him to the care
of his grandmother. After studying with Ch‘iao Chou he held office
under the Minor Han dynasty, and as envoy more than once to
the rival State of Wu he gained considerable reputation. In A. D.
265 the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty wished to appoint
him equerry to the Heir Apparent; but in a very pathetic
memorial he declined on the plea of duty to his aged grandmother.
“But for her,” he said, “I should not have seen the light of this
day. Without me, she will be unable to complete her allotted span
of years.” The Emperor thereupon gave orders that the old lady’s
necessities should be attended to, and at her death appointed Li
Mi to a post in Shensi. He lost office however through publishing

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 453

in verse his chagrin at not receiving employment in the capital.
Li Mi 43 #4 (T. 5K FM). 5th cent. A.D. ‘A scholar who in
early life was fond of study , but who devoted all his energies to
books on the art of playing the lute, of which he was extremely
fond. Determined to keep himself in the true path of learning, he
- shut himself up and cut off both his hands. He was subsequently
invited to take office, but declined on the ground that all literature
was before him, leaving him no time for anything else. His old

tutor actually came and applied to receive instruction from him.

Canonised as JA at J.

Li Mi 49 (T. BYR and PE). AD. 582-618. A
colleague and subsequent rival of the founder of the T'ang dynasty.
The family came originally from Liao-tung, and from his father
he inherited the title of Duke of ff [LJ Ptu-shan. As a boy he
was clever and studious, and he was patronised by the famous
statesman, Yang Su, who first saw him riding upon an ox,
absorbed in the History of the Han Dynasty. Later on he gave
judicious advice to the son of Yang Su, when the latter plotted
rebellion. In 616 he and 42 ae Chai Jang revolted and soon
held most of Anhui and Honan. He called himself Duke of Wei,
and issued a manifesto denouncing the Emperor’s crimes. Li Ytian
invited his co-operation and formed an alliance with him, although
he did not mean to let him lead the movement. In 618 he defeated
Yii-wén Hua-chi, and was proceeding to the Court of Sui when
Wang Shih-ch‘ung seized the reins of government. Failing against
Wang, he submitted to the T’ang dynasty and was ennobled as
Duke. Shortly afterwards he was sent at his own request on a
mission to his native province, Shantung; and there, disgusted
with Kis own position, he raised the-standard of revolt, and was slain.
Li Mu AS BC. Died B.C. 229. A military commander of the

Chao State, employed in guarding the northern frontier: against

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1178

1179

1180

454 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the Hsiung-nu. Acting strictly on the defensive, he was ridiculed
by the enemy as a coward and at length superseded. The policy
however of his successor was so disastrous that he was soon
recalled ; ond later on, when his troops had been carefully drilled,
he inflicted such a severe defeat on the Hsiung-nu that they gave
no more trouble for ten years. He also routed the forces of the
Ch'in State under Huan Ch‘i, for which he was ennobled as
Prince. At length the ruler of Ch'in, the future First Emperor,
succeeded by means of bribes in inducing the Prince of Chao to
dismiss his great general. Li Mu refused to receive the order, and
was seized and put to death. Three months later the Ch‘ins
declared war. The Prince of Chao was carried away captive, and
his State was annexed by the enemy.

Lio ag (TE K PR. H. 8% HHL). Graduated as chi jen in
A.D. 1720, but after a few years’ service he retired from official
life and devoted himself to poetry. He wrote a critical history of
the poets of the Sung dynasty, and collected over three hundred
neglected works of the Liao dynasty.

Li Pan 45 pie (T. {Ht 47). Died A.D. 384. The chosen heir to
Li Hsiung, whom he succeeded as third sovereign of the Ch'‘éng
dynasty. He was modest, honest, respectful, and filial, and refused
to attack Li Ch‘i during the period of mourning; whereupon Li
Ch‘i, who had no such scruples, slew him.

Li Pi 4 ph (7. $e PR). AD. 722—789. A native of Ch‘ang-
an in Shensi. At the age of seven he was able to compose, and
was summoned to the Court of the Emperor Ming Huang who
instructed Chang Ytieh to examine him. He acquitted himself so
well that the Emperor was delighted, and cried out, ‘This boy’s
brains are too big for his body!’ Ho Chih-chang declared that his
eyes were like “autumn waves,’ and Chang Chiu-ling called him

his “‘little friend.” In due course he entered the Han-lin College

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 45D

and became on very intimate terms with the Heir Apparent, but
in consequence of a lampoon on Yang Kuo-chung he was sent
away from Court. Upon the accession of the Emperor Su Tsung
in 756 he returned, and was offered an. appointment which he
declined, remaining however in close relationship with the Emperor.
This offended the eunuch Li Fu-kuo, and he was compelled to
seek safety in flight. But the Emperor sent for him to come back,
and from that time he was always a trusted counsellor of the
reigning monarch, serving first and last under four Emperors. As
a youth he was very much given to the study of Taoism and used
to wander about on the mountains, pondering upon the secret of
immortality. He refused to marry, and later on gave up all except
natural food, such as berries, fruit, etc., and devoted himself to
that form of breathing which is believed by the Taoists to result
in immortality. He became reduced to a skeleton, and received the
nickname of 2X jl] 8 -F ‘f° the Collar-bone Immortal of Yeh,
referring to the rank of Marquis of Yeh, conferred upon him in
787. He is said to have had an immense library, filling no less
see 30,000 shelves; hence the phrase a 2H , in the sense of
many books.

LiPo 4A (.. AA. H. FR MB). AD.? 705-762. A 1181
native of 4, PY Pa-hsi in Sstich‘uan, of Imperial descent. Just
before he was born his mother dreamt of the planet Venus, and
from this he was duly named. At ten years of age he was already
a poet, and as he grew up he developed a taste for sword-play
and adventure. He wandered as far as Shantung, and retiring to
a mountain together with K‘ung Ch‘ao, ie “4 Han Chun, ZF
wx Pfei Chéng, He A HA Chang Shu-ming, and 4) 45 T’ao
Mien, formed the hard-drinking coterie known as the Pj YA av
3, Six Idlers of the Bamboo Brook. About A.D. 742 he reached
_ Ch‘ang-an, and there his poetry attracted the notice of Ho Chih-

456 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

chang, who declared that he was “a banished angel” and introduced
him to the Emperor Ming Huang. The latter was charmed with
his verses, prepared a bowl of soup for him with his own hands,
and at once appointed him to ‘the: Han-lin College. Li Po then
gave himself up to a career of wild dissipation, to which Ming
Huang’s Court was well suited. On one occasion, when the Emperor
sent for him, he was found lying drunk in the street; and it was
only after having his face well mopped with cold water that he
was fit for the Imperial presence. His talents however did not fail
him. With a lady of the seraglio to hold his ink-slab he dashed
off some of his most impassioned lines; at which the Emperor was
so overcome that he made the powerful eunuch Kao Li-shih go
down on his knees and pull off the poet’s boots. Kao of course -
could not brook this insult. He set to work to persuade Yang
Kuei-fei, the reigning favourite, in whose honour Li Po had
penned some immortal lines, that she was all the time being held
up to ridicule. Consequently when the Emperor wished to appoint
Li Po to some important post, Yang Kuei-fei intervened , whereupon
Li Po, together with Ho Chih-chang, Li Shih-chih, Li Chin, Ts‘ui
Tsung-chih, Su Chin, Chang Hsiin, and Chiao Sui, begged to be
allowed to withdraw from the Court. Their request was granted
by the Emperor, who gave them a large present of money; and
they went off to form the new coterie known as the. 74 (or #R)
rH AN A) Hight Immortals of the Winecup. Subsequently Li
Po drifted into the service of Prince Lin of Yung, and’ when the
latter failed in his designs, he came near losing his head. However
he was pardoned, and sought refuge with his relative Li Yang-
ping; but on his way thither he was drowned from leaning one
night over the edge of a boat, in a drunken effort to embrace the

reflection of the moon.

1182 Li Po-yao 4 Ay g& (T. Hi #). AD. 565—648. Son of Li

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 457

Té-lin. He was so sickly a child and swallowed so much medicine
that his grandmother insisted on naming him Po-yao = Pharmacopeia,
while his precocious cleverness earned for him the sobriquet of the
Prodigy. Entering upon a public career he neglected his work for
gaming and drink, and after a short spell of office he retired. In
599 he was called to the capital and received his father’s title of
Duke, which was taken away from him in 605. He rose once
more under the first two Emperors of the T‘ang dynasty who
esteemed him highly and consulted him on all State matters. He
completed the History of the Northern Ch‘i Dynasty from materials
collected by his father. Canonised as ii yo)

Li Sang-o 48 3% #. Died A.D. 1686. Son of Li Kuo-han. He
was distinguished as a general, and aided in suppressing the revolt
of Wu San-kuei and in the subjugation of Yiinnan.

Li Séng-hu yi) {fr He. 7th or 8th cent. A.D. A native of
modern Nanking, whose father died when he was five years old,
leaving no money to pay for decent funeral rites. At his own
suggestion, his mother sold him for 2,000 cash, and duly performed
the usual ceremonies; but the loss of her son caused her to weep
herself blind. Thirty years later Li returned from his master in
Sstich‘uan, and sought out his mother. He prayed and fasted; and
after cleansing his mouth licked her eyes, whereupon her sight
was restored.

Li Shan 4 a 7th cent. A.D. A native of Chiang-hsia in Hupeh.
Though a profound scholar, he was. unsuccessful in composition
and was called in consequence the = Book Basket, i. e. able
to hold the works of others but unable to produce anything of
his own. About the year 660 he was Reader to the Pririce of
P'ei, and subsequently produced a commentary upon Hsiao T‘ung’s
great work, entitled the Bl ee aE. Becoming involved in a

political intrigue he was banished to Wk Yao-chou in Yiinnan,

1183

1184

1185

458 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

from which he returned, in consequence of a general pardon, and
established himself near the capital in Honan. Students flocked

from. all quarters to his lectures, which were popularly known as

MC HEB.

1186 Li Shan-ch‘ang 4S #4 fS (T. Fy 3%). A.D. 1814—1890. A

1187

1188

1189

native of ‘F ye Ting-yiian in Shensi, and the counsellor of Chu
Ytian-chang in his struggle for the empire. In 1367 he headed
the body of officers who asked Chu to adopt the Imperial style,
and was his first Minister. In 1369 he was chief editor of the
History of the Ytian Dynasty. Raised to a Dukedom in 1370, he
offended his sovereign by his haughty demeanour and his inclination
to presume on his services, and in the following year his health
was made an excuse for sending him into retirement, though in
1376 his eldest son was married to an Imperial Princess. He was
ultimately put to death together with more than seventy members
of his family on a charge of having been mixed up in the conspiracy
of Hu Wei-yung in 1380. The Emperor felt it necessary to publish
a defence of his harshness to his old servants, entitled the RR
fa $% Record of Wicked Cabals; but the accusation against Li
Shan-ch‘ang was subsequently shown to be baseless. Canonised as
ER.

Li Shan-kan aS sf Jak. A Censor who lived at the close of
the 10th cent. A.D. and was famous for boldness of speech. He
was popularly spoken of as a phoenix, that is, a rara avis.

Li Shang-yin 45 fy 2B (T. 3 [L]). A.D. 813-858. A native
of Ho-nei in Honan, Graduated as chin shih in 887. Rose to be a
Reader in the Han-lin College, and distinguished himself as a poet
and a scholar. —

Li Shao-chtin aS ay H. 2nd cent. B.C. A man who pretended
that he had discovered the elixir of immortality. In early life his

‘age was kept a secret, and when he grew up he declared himself

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 459

to be already over seventy. He was well received by the Emperor
Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, whom he persuaded that the manufacture
of gold out of cinnabar and the employment of that gold as dishes
and goblets would tend to prolong life. He also declared that he
had visited the Isles of the Immortals and had seen An-ch‘i Shéng
eating dates as big as melons, in consequence of which the Emperor
sent an expedition to search for him. Meanwhile Li Shao-chiin died.
Li Shé 45 2§ (T. 7 YA. HW. Al YB). 9th cent. A.D. A poet
of the T‘ang dynasty , and a native of Lo-yang. On one occasion
he fell into the hands of bandits; but when the captain of the
gang heard his name he cried out, “What, the poet! Well, we
won't skin you. We like your verses: make us some now.”

Thereupon Li Shé took a pen and indited the following impromptu:

The rainy mist blows gently o’er the village by the stream,

When from the leafy forest glades the brigand daggers gleam....

And yet there is no need to fear nor step from out their way,

For more than half the world consists of bigger rogues thay they!
At this the bandits laughed approvingly, and let him go unharmed.
Li Shén 45 f. A.D. 810—859. Thirteenth son of Li Shun,
and sixteenth Emperor of the T'ang dynasty. He was placed on
the throne by the eunuchs in 846, although Li Yen had left a
young son. Clever and just, open to reproof and economical, an
industrious ruler and fond of his people, he earned for himself
the flattering title of sh Ik == Little T’ai Tsung, ¢. s another
Li Shih-min. He hated the eunuchs, but could not free himself
from their power. His reign was uneventful. He died, like his
brother Li Héng, from injudicious doses of the elixir of life, and
his eldest son was placed on the throne instead of his intended

heir, the third son. Canonised as *F = A if

1190

1191

Li Shéng 4 ff (T. A BE). A.D. 727—793. A General and 1192

statesman, who was descended from a family of soldiers belonging

1193

460 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to Kansuh. He early distinguished himself against the Turfan, and
in 766 received high military command. In 781 he assisted Ma
Sui against T‘ien Ytieh, and the latter only escaped utter defeat
because Li Shéng fell ill. Two years later he defended his sovereign
against Chu Tz‘t and Li Huai-kuang, and recaptured the capital.
In 787 he was recalled from his command in Shensi, and was
admitted to the Council of State. He protested in vain against the
treaty with the Turfan which led to the capture of Hun Chan,
and for the last six years of his life he was neglected by his
master who nevertheless gave him a public funeral. Ennobled as
Prince, and canonised as HR pt.

Li Shih 4S # (7. -F- {£). Died A.D. 361. Eldest son of Li
Shou, and sixth and last sovereign of the Ch‘éng dynasty. He
quarrelled with and slew his brother, and drove away all good
counsellors. Licentious and tyrannical, he did nothing to mitigate
the famines which resulted from his misgovernment and the consequent
incursions of the savage Laos tribes. Huan Wén attacked him with
a fleet, and in 847 he submitted to the Eastern Chin, receiving
the title of fi a 4% Marquis Returned to Allegiance. |

1194 Li Shih 45 FE. 10th cent. A.D. The wife of an official at ies

1195

chou in Honan, under the Later Chou dynasty. While passing
through K‘ai-féng Fu, on her way home with the dead body of
her husband, the innkeeper at the house where she stopped rudely
grasped her arm. Seizing a meat-chopper she immediately cut off
the defiled limb; and on the case being reported to the Emperor
she was well rewarded, and the innkeeper severely beaten.

Li Shih-chih 45 Yj @. Died A.D. 747. An Imperial clansman
and a distinguished poet under the reign of the Emperor Usiian
Tsung of the T’ang dynasty. He was one of the Hight Immortals
of the Winecup (see Zi Po), and was said to spend large sums

of money on wine and to drink like a whale. After successfully

A Chinese. Biographical Dictionary 461

filling a variety of posts, he became a Minister of State and was
ennobled as Duke. Li Lin-fu, his rival, then persuaded him to
open a gold-mine in Shensi, and subsequently suggested to the
Emperor that it was improper to mine at his Majesty’s native
place. Accordingly he lost favour and in 746 obtained leave to
retire. He was however implicated in the charge against Wei Chien;
and on the appearance of the Censor sent to slay Wei, he was
so terrified that he poisoned himself.

Li Shih-min 4 {it BR. A.D. 597—649. The second son of Li
Yiian. His name is said to have been given to him in consequence
of some mysterious prophecy that he would iis {i FE Be benefit
his age and give peace to the people. As a youth he entered the
military service during the reign of the Emperor Yang Ti of the
Sui dynasty; but finding the country a prey to disorder he joined
in a conspiracy against the ruling House, and in A.D. 618
succeeded in placing his father upon the throne as first Emperor of
the T‘ang dynasty. During the reign of the latter he took an
active part in consolidating the newly-won empire and was appointed
Prince of Ch‘in, a title by which he is still known. In the year
621 he was nominated to the specially created post of Chief Guardian
of the empire, and occupied himself in crushing his father’s rivals
(see Li Mi, Tou Chien-té, Wang Shih-ch'ung, and Li Ching). His
eldest brother, the Heir Apparent, who was jealous of his influence,
- now conspired with a younger brother to assassinate him; but the
plot failed, and in 626 he obtained leave to arrest his two brothers
on a charge of debauching the palace ladies. Instead however of
doing so, he slew them both and took his younger brother’s widow
to wife. In the same year his father resigned the throne to him,
and he entered upon a reign of unrivalled brilliance and glory.
He ruled for his people’s welfare. He crushed internal rebellion,

and broke the power of China’s hereditary foes. He introduced an

1196

462 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

improved division of the empire into provinces with subdivisions,
reformed the civil and military services, and modified the Penal
Code. He fostered learning, and tried to restore astronomy to its
place as a practical science. Frugal in his own life, affectionate
to his kindred, and genial in his intercourse with public officials,
his fame spread far beyond the limits of the Middle Kingdom, .
which reached to the Caspian Sea and the Hindu Kush. He was
said to have had the grace of a dragon and the beauty of ‘a phoenix.
He was beloved by all priests, Buddhist, Taoist, and even Christian;
for it was under his auspices that Nestorian missionaries were
allowed to settle at the capital in A.D. 636. In 643 the Greek
Emperor Theodosius sent a mission to his Court. In 644 he
attempted to conquer Korea, but the expedition proved a disastrous
failure. On one occasion he is said to have died and to have gone
down into Purgatory, but to have recovered his life by the kindly
alteration in the Book of Fate of a 13 into a 33. Among his
numerous recorded sayings, the following is perhaps the best
known: — “By using a mirror of brass you may see to adjust
your cap; by using antiquity as a mirror, you may learn to
foresee the rise and fall of empires.’ Canonised as Kk — Ba if -
1197 Li Shou tt a One of the Assistants of the Yellow Emperor,
B.C. 2698, and the reputed inventor of mathematical science.
1198 Li Shou 4 BS (T. pt #). Died A.D. 348. The nephew of
Li T‘é, by whom, as well as by Li Hsiung, he was advanced to
high honours and military command. In 388 he surprised Ch‘éng-
tu and seized the throne, altering the dynastic style to Han.
Finding the mild system of Li Hsiung unsatisfactory, he took to
severity and extravagance, escaping a rebellion only by his timely
death. Canonised as Jq 4g iif, the fifth sovereign of the Ch‘éng
dynasty. 7
1199 Li Shou-su 4s <f #§. 7th cent. A.D. A native of Chao-chou

A Chinese Biogruphical Dictionary 463

in Chihli, who devoted himself to genealogical research and earned

the sobriquet of the PR aie Walking Dictionary of Biography.

Li Shu-ch‘ang 4 ft y (T. fifi BH). A licentiate of Kueichou, 1200
who began his career as a secretary to Tséng Kuo-fan, afterwards
rising from Magistrate to Taot‘ai in Shantung. He was secretary

to the first embassy to England, and was appointed in October
1881, while Chargé d'affaires at Madrid, to be Minister at Tokio.
After a period of mourning he was re-appointed, and in June 1891

was sent as Taot‘ai to the newly-opened port of Chungking. .

Li Shuai-t‘ai 4 Ai AE (T. AK 3B). Died A.D. 1666. Son of 1201
a captain of Fu-shun in Shingking, who deserted the Ming cause.

At the age of 12 he became page to the Emperor T‘ai Tsu of

the present dynasty, who changed his name from #E BS Yen-

ling to Shuai-t‘ai. He served in the Ch’ahar and Korea expeditions,
against Li Tzu-ch‘éng and in the conquest of China, especially
distinguishing himself at the sieges of Soochow and Foochow. In
1654 he went as Viceroy to Canton, where he successfully coped
with the Ming pretenders; and in 1656 he was transferred to
Foochow, where he checked the ravages of Koxinga by increasing

the fleet, and induced many of his lieutenants to surrender. Dying

at his post, he was ennobled as Baron, and canonised as fist ae.

Li Shun 4 #ij. A.D. 778—820. Son of Li Sung, whom he 1202
succeeded in 805 as eleventh Emperor. of the T'ang dynasty. In

809 reforms were introduced; the revenue was regulated, presents
stopped, slavery forbidden, and taxes remitted. Clear-headed and
determined, he re-established the control of the Court over the
provincial Governors by a war which lasted from 814 to 819.
Towards the end of his reign the successful monarch became a
devout Buddhist and a seeker after immortality. The pills he took

to secure long life made him passionate, and he died suddenly;

murdered, according to general belief, by a eunuch. His eunuch

1203

464 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

favourite’ ptt FE AK HE T'u-t'u Ch'éng-ts‘ui was executed, and
with him fell the evil Ministers to whom the Emperor had latterly
trusted. Canonised as on = p=I if

Li Sst as Hy. Died B.C. 208. A native of the Ch‘u State, who
after serving in some petty official post, turned his back on his
native country and in 247 entered the service of Lii Pu-wei, then
at the head of affairs in the Ch‘in State. He soon attracted the
attention of the sovereign (see Shih Huang Ti), and became senior
historiographer; and later on, as a reward for valuable political
advice, he was appointed Foreign Minister. For many years he
seems to have been a trusted counsellor, and in 214 he was raised ~
to the rank of Prime Minister. He was now all-powerful, and his
children intermarried with the Imperial family. In B.C. 213 he
suggested the extraordinary plan by which the claims of antiquity
were to be for ever blotted out, and history was to begin again
with the ruling monarch, thenceforward to be famous as the First
Emperor. All existing literature was to be destroyed, with the
exception only of works relating to agriculture, medicine, and
divination; and a penalty of branding and four years’ work on
the Great Wall was enacted against all who refused to surrender
their books for destruction. This plan was carried out with ~
considerable vigour. Many valuable works perished; and the Confucian
Canon would have been irretrievably lost but for the devotion of
scholars, who at considerable risk concealed the tablets by which
they set such store, and thus made possible the discoveries of the
following century and the restoration of the sacred text. At the

same time, as many as four hundred and sixty of the literati were

buried alive at Hsien-yang, but this was for treasonable language,

and not for retention or concealment of books. In B. C. 210, when
the First Emperor died, Li Sst joined in the conspiracy which

placed Hu Hai upon the throne. He afterwards sought to restrain

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 465

the new monarch from the barbarities to which he was prone, but

only succeeded in arousing the jealousy of Chao Kao, and ultimately

fell a victim to the intrigues of that wily eunuch. He was accused

of treason and thrown into prison; and a confession being wrung
from him by torture, his body was sawn asunder in the market-
place. He was a good scholar, and is said to have invented the
form of writing known as the Lesser Seal, on which he published
a work under the title of A #A.

Li Sst-hstin 48 BY gi] (T. gt Fl). AD. 651-716. A great 1204

grandson of the founder of the T‘ang dynasty, famous as a
landscape-painter and_ styled K AS HS. if General Li, Senior,

to distinguish him from his son Li Ha ey Chao-tao, who was.

even better than his father at figures and buildings. The father
and son were the leaders of the northern school of art under the
T'ang dynasty. When the Empress Wu Hou slew many members
of the Imperial clan, he fled from his post as Magistrate of Chiang-
tu in Kiangsu. The Emperor Chung Tsung, on recovering power
in 705, ennobled him as Duke, and in 713 he received a high
military command.

Li Sst-ytian 45 jg) YR. A.D. 866—933. An orphan child,
named ji 4§ Fil Mo-chi-lieh , belonging to a Turkic tribe, who
was adopted»by Li K‘o-yung and received his surname. His brilliant
achievements on behalf of the Later T‘ang dynasty founded by Li
Ts‘un-hsii, his adopted brother, caused him, on the death of the
latter in 926, to be proclaimed Emperor by the army. He was a
modest and energetic ruler; and it is worthy of note that during
his reign the Classics were for the first time printed from wooden
blocks. Canonised as Hy a .

Li Sung AS i. A.D. 761—806. Son of Li Kua, whom he
succeeded in 805 as tenth Emperor of the T’ang dynasty. He was

mild and good, but had become dumb in 804. In less than a
ase 30

1205

1206 |

466 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

year he abdicated in favour of his son. He was skilled in writing
the li character, in which he copied out his father’s presentation
poems. Canonised as JA Se St if.

1207 Li Tan AS A. A.D. 662—716. Younger brother of Li Hsien,
whom he succeeded in 710 as fifth Emperor of the T'ang dynasty.
He had been set up by the Empress Wu Hou as titular sovereign
in 684, and in 690 she named him her heir. He abdicated in 712
in favour of his third son Li Lung-chi, who had managed the
conspiracy that overthrew Wu Hou. Canonised as 5S. ne aA ih

1208 Li Tao 38 ep (T. {2 Ff). AD. 1115—1184. A native of J}
oa Tan-ling in Sstich‘uan, who rose to be a Vice President of
the Board of Rites. Famous as a scholar and author, he wrote a
continuation in 520 books of Ssti-ma Kuang’s Mirror of History,
treatises on the Canon of Changes and the Spring and Autumn
Annals, a work on rhythm, and numerous essays. Canonised as
3 fi.

1209 Li T6 4s fii (T. 7G Ah). Died A.D. 303. The son of a Tibetan
chieftain in western Sstich‘uan, who joined the Emperor Wu Ti
of the Wei dynasty. He held office as a Magistrate in his youth,
but took advantage of the misgovernment of the Empress y=
Chia to enter on a career of robbery. In 300 his band sacked
Ch‘éng-tu, and two years later he took the title of Viceroy and
adopted a new reign-title; but in 303 he was defeated by the
Imperial and local forces, and put to death. Canonised by Li
Hsiung as Er it Ching Ti, first sovereign of the Ch‘éng dynasty
of Ssiich‘uan.

1210 Li Té-lin AS fA AK (T. AL ff). A-D. 530 —590. A distinguished
scholar and statesman, whom Wei Shou declared to be a worthy
successor of Wén Tzii-shéng. Prodigiously clever, he was entrusted
with the preparation of the History of the Northern Ch't Dynasty,
a work completed by his son, Li Po-yo. When the Northern Chou

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 467

dynasty replaced the Chi, he was specially invited to Ch‘ang-an
and employed in drafting State papers. He threw in his lot with
the founder of the Sui dynasty, but his strong protest against the
slaughter of the members of the former reigning House (see Yang
Chien) interfered with his promotion. In. 581 he drew up the
revised legal code; in 589 he was degraded to a Magistracy. Most
of his writings were lost in the troubles that ushered in the T‘ang
dynasty. Canonised as 4.

Li Té-yu 4 fi $F (T. 3¢ BE). AD. 787—849. Son of AE
A TH Li Chi-fu, who was a Minister of State under the Emperor
Hsien Ti of the T'ang dynasty. The father had for opponents Niu
Séng-ju and Li Tsung-min, and at his death their enmity was
transferred to the son; hence the expression a { ta the rival
parties of Li and Niu. Li Té-yii’s career was a chequered one. At
one time he was filling a confidential position near the Throne;
at another he was banished to some unimportant provincial post.
He served under six Emperors, and did his best to keep in check
the wasteful extravagance and silly superstition of such a monarch
as Ching Tsung. When Governor of the modern Ch‘éng-tu in
Sstich‘aan, he built the famous look-out from which any movements
on the part of the southern wild tribes on the one hand, and of
the Turfan on the other, would be at once detected. Meanwhile
he had a private residence at 2 Li P'ng-ch‘tian, which was
filled with rarities; for instance, there was a stone which possessed

the remarkable property of making a drunken man sober. Among

other stories told of him is one that he used to drink a peculiar -

kind of soup, in which pearls, precious stones, jade, red sulphuret
of arsenic, and cinnabar, were cooked all together. A bowl of this
was said to cost thirty thousand cash. After rising to be President
of the Board of War, he was impeached in 847 by a member of

his own party and banished to Yai-chou in Kuangtung, where he

1

Bt

468 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

died. He was a fine scholar, and an untiring opponent of eunuch

influence.

1212 Li T'iao-yuan A= 3 ze (T. AY Asp. He aes HE). A native

1213

1214

1215

of $f Mien-chou in Sstich‘uan, who graduated as chin shih in
1763 and was distinguished as a poet and a bibliophile. He selected
and published the Hi] fief py Be ae Poems of the Four Schools
of Korea, and edited the [| ff encyclopedia, which is chiefly
an expansion of the work of Yang Shén.

Li T‘ieh-kuai 45 $4 7. One of the Eight Immortals of Taoism,
represented as a beggar leaning on an iron staff, for the following
reason. Summoned by Lao Tzti to a conference on high, his
anima mounted to heaven, leaving the body, with the umbra still
present, in the charge of a disciple. The latter, however, was
called away to his mother’s deathbed, and when the anima returned,
the umbra had passed as usual into the earth and dissolution had
set in. The anima therefore took refuge in the body of a lame
beggar who had just expired, that is, whose anima had just gone
up to heaven, but whose wmbra had not yet gone down to earth.
Li T‘ien AE WK - A man of the Sung dynasty, who fired a
cracker at a dangerous demon, named at ibe Shan Sao, and put
him to flight. From this is said to date the custom of cracker-
firing in China.

Li Ttien-fu 45 KK AH (T. WA AL. H. As PH). AD. 1634—
1699. A native of Ho-fei in Anhui, of precocious talent, who
graduated as chin shih in 1657 and devoted himself to study in
the Han-lin College. After being President of several Boards, he
was chosen at the end of 1692 to be a Grand Secretary, but was
obliged immediately to go into mourning for his mother. However
the Emperor K‘ang Hsi thought so highly of him that he kept his
office open for him during his three years’ retirement. Author of a

collections of poems and essays entitled AY pe 4h.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 469

Li Ting 48 3%. A.D. 711—762. Son of Li Lung-chi, whom 1216
he succeeded in 756 as seventh Bmperor of the T‘ang dynasty.

He was entirely in the hands of the eunuch Li Fu-kuo and of the
Kmpress; however Li Pi, Kuo Tzi-i, Li Kuang-pi, and others,
enabled him to make head against the rebels An Lu-shan and his

son, and against Shih Ssti-ming, although the last named was in

full career of conquest when slain. by his eldest son in 761.
Canonised as ph = SB ih -

Li Tting-i fi) E 4#. Died A.D. 1732. Son of Li Tu-no. He 1217
graduated as chin shih in 1700, and was employed in the College

of Inscriptions. From 1723 to 1732 he was President of the
Board of Punishments and introduced many measures, notably the
institution of trainbands, 50 men in each District; also the separation

of men and women, and of serious and petty criminals, in all
prisons. Canonised as Bl RK
Li Ts‘ui 4S {#. Died A.D. 197. One of the officials who served 1218
under Tung Cho and took part in the stirring incidents of his
later days. On the death of his leader he himself marched upon
Ch‘ang-an, seized the person of the Emperor, and handed over

the city to fire and the sword. The Emperor managed to escape

(see Chung Yu); a powerful expedition was sent against Li Ts‘ui,

and he was put to death with all his family for three generations.

Li Ts‘ui 4S HE. A.D. 843-873. Eldest son of Li Shén, whom 1219
he “succeeded in 859 as seventeenth Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty.

He owed his throne to the eunuchs, whose influence was greater
than ever. .Haughty, extravagant, licentious, he is held to have
rendered inevitable the fall of the dynasty. Two rebellions occurred
during his reign to mark the growing discontent. Canonised as
BSS w. |

Li Ts‘un-hstii 4 F¥ yy or Li Ya-tzii AS Wy -F-. Died A.D. 1220
925. Son of Li K‘o-yung, whom he aided in suppressing the

470 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

rebellion of Huang Ch‘ao, and second ruler of the Chin State.
After the fall of the T‘ang dynasty he overthrew the Later Liang
dynasty, and in 9238 set himself up as first Emperor of the Later
T'ang dynasty, with his capital at Lo-yang. A brave leader, it was
said of him by Chu Wén as he broke through a double entrenchment
of the Liangs, ‘“‘With a son like this one, K‘o-yung does not die!”
But he soon gave himself up to sensuality, and was assassinated

by an actor upon whom he had conferred a high post. During

his reign, modern Shensi and Sstich‘uan were added to his territory;

1221

1222

1223

1224

on the other hand, the Kitan chief who had proclaimed himself
Emperor in 907, obtained possession of a great part of Shensi and
Chihli. Canonised as fF Fe.

Li Tsung. See Chao Yun.

Li Tsung-min 45 52 BY (1. 4H 2). Died A.D. 806. A
political colleague of Niu Séng-ju, and bitter opponent of Li
Chi-fu and his more famous son Li Té-yii. After a career of
alternate failure and success, he was banished to Liu-chou in
Kuangsi where he died. :

Li Ts‘ung-hou AS 4% JE. Died A.D. 934. Son of Li Ssii-yiian,
and third Emperor of the Later T‘ang dynasty, to the throne of
which he had just succeeded when he was assassinated by his
adopted son, Li Ts‘ung-k‘o. Canonised as Px] fy.

Li Ts‘ung-k‘o ZE Hf tp]. A.D. 892—936. Adopted son of Li
Ts‘ung-hou, whom he assassinated and succeeded in 934 as fourth
Emperor of the Later T‘ang dynasty. Being besieged in his capital
by a Tartar army under the direction of Shih Ching-t‘ang, he set
fire to his palace and perished in the flames together with all his
family and treasures. Canonised as gs it or Yh =F.

Li Tu-no /§} #k aA (T. Yr A). A.D. 1627-1703. A famous
calligraphist, employed for many years in the College of Inscriptions.

He was also one of the tutors of the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung, and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary — - ATA

rose to be Vice President of the Board of Punishments. Canonised
as BL Me, and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Li Tung 4 {ji (T. Jl FA. B. RE JZ). AD. 1093-1163.
A native of Yen-p‘ing in Fuhkien; hence his sobriquet as above.
He studied under Lo Ts‘ung-yen, but had no taste for official life
and accordingly took no degree. He lived in a cottage in the
country and gradually surrounded himself with disciples, among
whom was Chu Hsi, who subsequently collected and published his
oral explanations of difficult or doubtful points in the Canon.
Canonised as 4 i in 1617 his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.

Li Tzu-ch‘éng 4S Gy pe. A.D. 1606—1645. A native of the
IK HB Mi-chih District in. Shensi, who succeeded his father
as village headman before he was twenty years old. The famine
of 1627 brought him into trouble over the land-tax, and in 1629
he turned brigand, joining the great Shansi leader =F Ay A
Wang Tzii-yung, and calling himself ina 48. General Ch‘uang. In
1636 Wang Tuti-yung was captured, and Li was dubbed Prince
Ch‘uang by his comrades; but he was soon compelled to flee to
Sstich‘uan where he improved his neglected education. In 1640 he
headed a small gang of desperadoes, and overrunning parts of Hupeh
and Honan was soon in command of a large army, with Chang
Hsien-chung as an ally. He had been joined by a female bandit,
formerly a courtesan, who advised him to avoid slaughter and to
try to win the hearts of the people. This was probably connected
with the recent prophecy that -- /\ -F- (= AS) was to get the
throne. In 1642 he captured K‘ai-féng Fu after a four-months’
siege, forced the Vit T‘ung pass and subjugated Shensi. In 1644
he proclaimed himself first Emperor of the Ft jf Great Shun
dynasty, with Fx ‘z] Yung Ch‘ang as his year-title, and advanced
in two columns on Peking. He forced the Bg 1 Nan-k‘ou pass,

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1226

1227

1228

472 - A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and four days later a gate in the southern city was opened to
him and the last Emperor of the Mings hanged himself on the
ret we Wan-sui hill. The city was given up to pillage, though
Li buried both Emperor and Empress with Imperial: honours. The
approach of Wu San-kuei forced him to take the field, and now
for the first time he was badly beaten and Peking was again
besieged. Li retreated westwards, and after two vain attempts to
check the pursuers his army began to melt away. Driven south,
he held Wu-ch‘ang for a time, but ultimately he fled down the
Yang-tsze and was slain by local militia in Hupeh. Li was a born
soldier. Even hostile historians admit that his army was wonderfully
well disciplined, and that he put a stop to the hideous atrocities
which had made his name a terror to the empire just so soon as
he found that he could accomplish his ends by milder measures.
His nature is described as calm and cold; his manner of life as
frugal and abstemious.

Li Tzi-shéng 4= He #7. Died A.D. 1487. An official clerk of
Nan-ch‘ang in Kiangsi, who having been struck off the selection
list for bribery, studied necromancy, and by bribing the eunuchs
managed to get his magic formule laid before the Emperor Hsien
Tsung in 1479. He was at once taken into favour and allowed
to send in secret Memorials. His oracular statements were received
with the utmost respect. He controlled all official appointments,
even the Ministers being forced to truckle to him. On the accession
of Hsiao Tsung the Court was purged of priests and favourites; Li
was banished to Shensi, and after being sentenced to death was
reprieved and died in prison.

Li Yang-ping 45 yk. (1. AP JEL). 8th cent. A.D. A relative
of the poet Li T‘ai-po, celebrated for his labours on the Shuo
Wén, in which he made many changes and additions. He ae an

authority on the ancient style of writing and is the author of the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 473

at Ze , a short treatise on the formation of the Seal character.
When Magistrate of a 2 Chin-yiin in Chehkiang in ALD. 763,
he is said to have obtained rain by threatening the City God with
the destruction of his temple unless his prayers were answered
within three days. .

Li Yen 45 #. A.D. 814-846. Fifth son of Li Héng, and
brother of Li Han, whom he succeeded, after slaying another
brother, in 840 as fifteenth Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty. His
short reign was marked by the enforcement of a more extended
control over several of the provincial Governors. Canonised as TH
ee

Li Yen 3S (jj. A.D. 862—888. Fifth son of Li Ts‘ui, whom
he succeeded in 873 as eighteenth Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty.
A mere boy, he left the government to his eunuch favourite Tien
Ling-tzti and devoted himself to sport and amusement and also to
music and mathematics. The officials and eunuchs struggled for
power, and the people were neglected;. so that in 874 a rebel
appeared in Shantung and was joined the following year by Huang
Ch‘ao, who was soon at the head of a vast force. In 880 Huang
entered Ch‘ang-an and assumed the Imperial title, the Emperor
fleeing to Hsing-yiian in Shensi, and in 881 to Ssiich‘uan. Li K‘o-
yung and others rallied to the aid of the sovereign , and by means
of Tartar mercenaries the rebellion was suppressed in 884. In 885,
on the approach of Li K‘o-yung to the capital, he was forcibly
carried off by T‘ien to Hsing-ytian, from which he returned in 887
to Féng-hsiang, the capital having been utterly ruined in the wars.
In 879 Bg ij Nan-chao in modern Ytnnan formally renounced

its allegiance to China. Canonised as {s. — = if -

1229

1230

Li Yen-nien AS Hie Ap. 2nd cent. B.C. A native of rh tly 1231

Chung-shan in Chihli. He was one of a family of actors, and for

some crime or other had suffered mutilation. His sister, known as

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1233

4T4 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Li Fu-jen, was the favourite concubine of the Emperor Wu Ti of
the Han dynasty; and he himself, in consequence of his poetical
and musical talents, became the close companion of his Majesty.
After the death of his sister he fell into disfavour, and ultimately
perished by the hand of the executioner. |

Li Yen-shou 4S #iE 3% (T. j& #4). 7th cent. A.D. A native
of A Hsiang-chou in Honan, who rose under the Emperor Tai
Tsung of the T'ang dynasty to be Archivist in the Censorate, and
was attached to the Historiographer’s office. He completed from his
father’s notes the Jf Bi Northern Annals, A.D, 8386—618, and
the Pz] Pil Southern Annals, A.D. 420—589.

Li Ying 4s RE (T. 7 fe). Died A.D. 169. A native of Ying-

ch‘uan in Anhui, who graduated as hsiao lien and entered the public

service. In A.D. 156 he was appointed by the Emperor Huan Ti
to operate against the Kitan Tartars who were raiding the frontier,
and his appearance on the scene created such consternation in the
Tartar ranks that they sent back all the men and women who had.
been carried away as captives. For these services he was advanced
to high office, and for a long time exercised great influence. When
appointed in 159 to be Governor of Honan, i # Chang Shuo,
brother to the eunuch Chang Jang, then Magistrate at HEY =F
Yeh-wang, was so alarmed that he fled to the capital and hid
himself in a pillar in his brother’s house. But Li Ying, who had
discovered his iniquities, tracked him to his hiding-place, dragged
him forth, and after due trial caused him to be executed. This bold
act frightened the eunuchs into good behaviour for a long time.
At the death of the Emperor in 167, Ch‘én Fan and Tou Wu
took the lead in the administration; and when they fell victims
to eunuch intrigues, Li Ying fell with them. He was thrown
into prison and beaten to death, Personally he was a man of

very abrupt manner. He had in consequence few friends; and those

A Chinese Biographival Dictionary - A715

who sought him out were said to “go to the Dragon’s door.’ See
K'ung Jung.

Li Yo AS an (T. HE 4H ). 12th cent. A.D. A pupil of Chu
Hsi and Lii Tsu-ch‘ien, who graduated as chin shih in 1172 and
entered upon a public career. Together with Chu Hsi and his
school he suffered persecution, and for a time lived with the Master
in retirement. He was ultimately promoted to high office at the
capital, and succeeded in securing the adoption of Chu Hsi’s
classical commentaries at the public examinations. Canonised as
cat
Li Yi 4S FH (originally named {{V). A.D. 727—779. The second
son of Li T‘ing, whom he succeeded in 762 as eighth Emperor of

the T'ang dynasty. He owed his throne to Li Fu-kuo, who slew

the Empress Dowager and her son and was himself assassinated a
few months later. The death of the son of Shih Ssti-ming in 763
ended the rebellion, but there were several serious Turfan and
Tibetan incursions during the reign. The Emperor, who was until
770 under the sway of the eunuch Fh Hip] pit Yiti Ch‘ao-én, the
opponent of Kuo Tuti-i, was weak enough to let his provincial
Governors assume practical independence. In 773 two of them
rebelled, and at the close of the reign Li Hsi-lieh also raised the
standard of revolt. The country however prospered, and the annual
revenue increased until it reached twelve million strings of cash,
more than half being derived from the salt-tax. Buddhism was
patronised, and in 768 there were a thousand priests and nuns in

the sone which was governed entirely by eunuchs. Canonised as

Kat B
Li Yu As ji (T. Ht 3; originally # $4). Died A.D. 978.

Sixth son of Li Ching, whom he succeeded in 961 as third sovereign
of the Southern T‘ang State. He proved himself a loyal vassal,

and was created Prince of Wu (modern Kiangsu) and raised to

1234

1235

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476 A Chinese Biographical Dicnonary

the highest honours by the first Emperor of the Sung dynasty.
Seeing however that the various States were all gradually annexed,
he took fright, and changed the name of his State to Kiangnan.
But this conciliatory measure did not save him. In 975 the great,
commander Ts‘ao Pin was sent to chastise him, and ultimately
captured his capital and took him prisoner without striking a blow.
Meanwhile, he had dispatched his trusted Minister Hsiti Hstian to
explain away his conduct to the Emperor. ‘‘He really regards your
Majesty as a father,” urged Hsi Hstian; “your Majesty may well

’

leave him in peace.” “Sons,” replied the Emperor, “do not separate”
from their fathers; and do you think I shall allow another man
to snore alongside my bed?” In the end Li was pardoned and
received the title of iia ii PR the Fate-resisting Marquis. He was
a simple-minded man, a cultivated scholar, painter, and musician,
and a devout Buddhist. See Li Chia-ming. |

1237 Li Yu 4S fy (T. #4 Ze). AD. 1625-1684. Son of a Grand
Secretary under the Mings. Left an orphan at the age of seven
he devoted himself to study, and after taking his ‘hai shih degree
in 1646 he rose to be Grand Secretary in 1657. In 1659 he was
employed on the Institutes, and subsequently on the History of
the Ming Dynasty and other works. He enjoyed the confidence of
the Regents during the minority of K‘ang Hsi, and during the
rebellion of the Feudatories that Emperor was wont to deliver to
him orally all Imperial Decrees. Canonised as BL Hy} .

1238 Li Yi-mei 3B @j Se (T. Fe HE). Died 1840. A native of
ii WE Hun-yiian in Shansi, who rose to be Director General of
the Yellow River, to which post he was appointed in 1835. He
introduced the use of brick in the embankments as cheaper and
more effectual than broken stone and reeds, and owing to his care
and skill there was no breach during his term of office. His spirit,

which is worshipped on the banks of the Yellow River, is looked

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 477

upon as one of the guardians of the river banks, and is alluded
to in official documents as BY Fy =F. Canonised as Ak Hi.

Li Yuan 4* ji (T. Al fii). A.D. 565-635. The founder of
the T'ang dynasty, descended from a Prince of the Western Liang
State. His grandfather was ennobled as Duke under the Western
Wei dynasty, and his father obtained the same title from the
Northern Chou. He was a native of Ch‘éng-chi in Shansi, and was
Commandant at T‘ai-yiian in 616 when through the counsel of
his second son, Li Shih-min, he rose against the Sui dynasty.
Pretending alliance with Li Mi he advanced eastward, and after
taking Ch‘ang-an set up the puppet known in history as Kung
Ti, who abdicated in his favour in 618. The exertions of Li Shih-
min cleared away the numerous rival pretenders to the empire,
while Li Ytian improved the government and reformed taxation
and coinage. In 626 he abdicated in favour of Li Shih-min. He is
said to have won his wife, the beautiful daughter of Tou I, by
shooting a match for her, the target being painted to resemble a

peacock, both eyes of which were put out by Li Yiian’s arrows.

Canonised as jill aE 4 4, with the temple name of tay WM

See Wei Chéng.

Li Yian-ming 4S 7U HW. 6th cent. A.D. A famous Magistrate
of Shan-yin in Chehkiang. At the expiration of his most successful
term of office, the incoming Magistrate asked for a few hints. ‘‘Hat
only one pint of rice a day,” replied Li Yiian-ming, ‘“‘and drink
no wine.”

Li Yian-tu 4 7 JE (T. K FR). AD. 1821—1887. A native
of P‘ing-chiang in Hunan. Graduated as chi jen in 1843. In 1860
he raised a body of 3,000 volunteers against the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels,
and rose to be Judge for the province of Fuhkien; but in November
of the same year he was cashiered for his ill-success. Tséng Kuo-

fan and others memorialised in his favour, and in 1865 he was

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1240

1241

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478 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

appointed Judge for Yiinnan. In 1866 he published the [eX Ff]
4c, WE 84 22, containing biographical notices of the leading
statesmen and men of letters of the present dynasty; and in 1878
a collection of his miscellaneous writings, entitled 7 an fig
B EP. In 1885 he was appointed Judge for Kueichou, and
Treasurer for the same province in 1887.

Li Yung 4: & (1. 4 90. H. Al fe). AD. 678-747. A
native of Chiang-tu in Kiangsu, who at an early age displayed an
astounding knowledge of books and great literary capacity. Entering
the public service, he rapidly rose to high office. But he was always
getting into trouble, and was frequently dismissed to provincial
posts. In 713, through the schemes of a hostile clique, he was
actually condemned to death for corrupt practices, a punishment
which was commuted to temporary banishment. He rose once more
and became Governor of Al, fH Po-hai, by which name he is
often called; but he crossed the path of the great Li Lin-fu, and

- was thrown into prison and put to death. He made large sums of

1243

money by writing inscriptions, epitaphs, etc., his style being very
highly esteemed. ss

Liang Chi Y#% (7. 4f] Hi). Died A.D. 159. Son of an
official whose sister and daughter had been taken into the seraglio
of the Emperor Shun Ti, the daughter being shortly afterwards
raised to the rank of Empress. In youth he was said to have
shoulders like a kite and eyes like a jackal, to have been fond of
wine, gaming, football, hawking, horse-racing, and cock-fighting.
Through his sister’s influence he rose by 141 to be Commander-in-
chief. When the Emperor died in 144, the Heir Apparent was a
baby, and Liang Chi was asked to become joint Regent. This he
refused to do; but when in 145 the child died, he aided in placing
the Emperor Chih Ti upon the throne. The latter was a mere boy;

however ‘he was very sharp, and on one occasion spoke of Liang

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 479

Chi before. all the courtiers as “that rowdy General.” For this,
Liang Chi found means to compass his death by poison, and
forthwith set up the Emperor Huan Ti. His arrogance and despotic
behaviour now became unbearable. He did not hasten to audience.
He walked into the Emperor’s presence girt with his sword and
with his shoes on. He caused the Magistrate of Lo-yang to be
~ thrown into prison and beaten to death. But he went too far in
the case of an Imperial concubine whom he wished to appropriate
as his daughter by means of a double murder; and with the
Emperor’s connivance he was surrounded in his house by an armed
party. When however the doors were opened, he and his wife were
- found to have already taken their own lives.

Liang Hao YA A(T. Gx 3). A.D. 913-1004. A native of
ZA Yh Usti-ch‘éng in Shantung, who graduated as chin shih in
981, when he was seventy-two years old, after a long life of
repeated failures. His success however was somewhat damped by
the fact that all his contemporaries had long since disappeared ,
leaving only sons and grandsons to welcome him home. He was
appointed to various posts, and even suffered a term of banishment.
Ultimately however he succeeded in gaining the entire confidence
of the Emperor Chén Tsung, who employed him on difficult and
delicate matters and loaded him with honours for the results which
he achieved. He was a handsome and powerful man, somewhat too
much of a Lothario in his youth, but always loyal to his friends.
The San Tzu Ching makes him graduate at the age of 82.
Liang Hsi-yi YA BEM (T. WE HAF). 18th cent. A.D. A native
of Shansi, who was a colleague of Wu Ting and was also a
distinguished writer on classical literature.

Liang Hua-féng Y% 4% JA (T. pk [Ly). Died A.D. 1671. After
quelling a serious revolt in Shansi he was transferred as Colonel

to Ningpo, where by connecting the islet of 2 7 Yb P‘ing-

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1245

1246

1247

1248

480 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

yang-sha with the mainland, he deprived the pirates of a favourite
haunt. In 1658 he repelled an attack by Koxinga, and in the
following year utterly routed his expedition up the Yang-tsze at
Chiang-ning in Kiangsu. Canonised as Ay ese

Liang Hung 4 pe (T. 4A 8). Ist cent. A.D. A native of
P‘ing-ling in Shensi, and a poor scholar of the Later Han dynasty,
who supported himself by keeping pigs. Having accidentally set fire
to a neighbour’s house he at once came forward as the delinquent,
and handed over his pigs in part payment for the damage done,
working hard until the balance was also paid off. This made his
name for him, and many well-to-do persons wished to have such
a model man for a son-in-law. He refused all these offers; but
when he found a lady who was fat and ugly and sallow, and who
had remained unmarried until the age of thirty because she wanted
‘a husband like Liang Hung,” he at once took her as his wife.
This lady possessed great strength, and could lift a heavy stone
mortar for pounding rice. She and Liang. Hung passed their days
in tilling and spinning, and their evenings in reciting poetry and
playing on the lute. At meals she waited upon him; and not
venturing to let her eyes rest too familiarly upon him, she used to
carry in his rice-bowl on a level with her eyebrows. After a time
he set out to travel, and while passing through the capital composed
a poem named FR. Hie AK which. so enraged the Emperor Su
Tsung, A.D. 76—89, that orders were given to arrest him. Changing
his name to $i Hy KgA Yiin-ch'i Yao (T. Ae 3K: ) he fled with
his wife to Shantung, and there found a refuge in the house of
a wealthy man where he died.

Liang Kuo-chih ¥ yA (1. BY7P. WH. He B and BB
jl). A.D. 1723-1787. A native of Kuei-chi in Chehkiang, who
graduated as first chin shih in 1748 and served with distinction

in the provinces until in 1773 he was called to the Grand Council.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 481

From this time he was one of the counsellors of the Emperor
Ch‘ien Lung, and in 1785 became a Grand Secretary. Author of
a collection of essays entitled pe ow a4 4B. Canonised as
BO KE

Liang Shih-chéng 2655 (T. 7 fh. A. en gen PK). A.D.
1707—1763. A distinguished official of the reign of Chtien Lung,
who was chiefly employed in examination work. In 1762 he drew
up, by Imperial command, a revised and enlarged account of the
Western Lake at Hangchow. He became a Grand Secretary in the
year of his death. Canonised as BC HE. See Chang Chao.

Liang Sung Ye wh (T. AK Hi). Died A.D. 83. A distinguished
scholar of the Han dynasty, who was a public teacher before he
was twenty. He got into trouble in consequence of the political
pasquinades issued by his brother Liang A Sung, and was
banished. In 76 he was allowed to return to his home, where he
shut himself up with his books, refusing many offers of official
posts. The Emperor Chang Ti took two of his daughters as
concubines, and the son of the younger was brought up by the
Empress Tou as her own, 7.¢. as Heir Apparent. Upon this, the
Liang family indulged their tongues rather too freely; and their
words coming to the ears of the Empress, she began to fear for
herself. She therefore put to death the two daughters of Liang
Sung, causing himself and family to be arrested on a charge of
treason and thrown into prison where he died. The matter was
kept quite secret until the death of the Empress in 97, when it
was brought to the knowledge of the Emperor Ho Ti, who canonised
him as 7A Foe KA. He was the author of the + Fe, a work of
which Pan Ku said, “Confucius completed the Spring and Autumn,
and rebellious Ministers and bad sons were afraid. Liang Sung
wrote the Ch‘i Hsii, and usurpers of rights and idle consumers

were put to shame.”
31

1249

12

0

1251

1252

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482 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Lieh Yu-k‘ou |] #8 5%. Commonly known as P| -F- Lieh
Tzti. An allegorical personage created by Chuang Tzti for purposes
of illustration. The scholars of the Han dynasty mistook Chuang
Tzii’s creation for a real philosopher of the 4th cent. B.C., and
some one of them even went so far as to produce an abstruse work
which is still attributed to him by enthusiasts. His name does not
occur among the biographical notices given by the historian Ssti-ma,
Ch‘ien, who wrote as early as B.C. 100 and who paid special
attention to illustrious men of preceding ages; while Chuang Tzit
says “he could ride upon the wind and travel whithersoever he
wished , staying away as long as fifteen days.”
Lien Fan fit 7 (T. A FE). Ist cent. A.D. A Governor of
Shu, the modern Sstich‘uan, under the Han dynasty. He removed
the restrictions upon the use of fire or lights at night, and the
grateful people declared through the medium of a popular song
that whereas previously it had been difficult to get coats to their
backs, they had now five pairs of trousers apiece.
Lien Hsi-hsien ff 75 Gx (T. #4 Fy). A.D. 1234-1280. A
native of Outer Kansuh. He was a fine handsome youth, and when
only eighteen attracted the attention of Kublai Khan who for his
constant study of the Classics and history nicknamed him “Mencius.”
On the death of Mangu in 1259 he urged Kublai to take the
throne, and that monarch appointed him Governor of Shensi and
Sstich‘uan, a post which he filled with extraordinary success. At
the age of twenty-nine he became a Minister of State and introduced
many reforms. He mourned for his parents in the ancient orthodox
manner, passing three whole-days without tasting food or drink,
and reducing himself to such a state of weakness that he vomited
blood. He checked the growing power of the eunuchs, defended
Shih T‘ien-tsé from a charge of engrossing power, and reproved

the Emperor with fearless courage. He stopped a proposal to make

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 483

pills of longevity, and upheld Confucianism against Taoism. After
a period of retirement he became Governor of Peking, and towards
the end of his life he was sent to Ching-chou in Hupeh. He
returned in ill-health with an empty purse, and only his lute
aud his books as baggage; and in spite of the Imperial physicians,
he shortly afterwards died. He was described by Bayan as a Minister
among Ministers and a man among men. Canonised as 30 JE.
Lien Po fit A. 3rd cent. B.C. A general of the Chao. State,
and colleague of the famous Minister Lin Hsiang-ju. Because the
latter was ranked before him, he became jealous and showed his
displeasure openly. But Lin took no notice of this, declaring that
their joint efforts protected the Chao State from the wiles of the
powerful Ch'in State, and that the public welfare was of more
importance than private pique. And when he met Lien P‘o’s
carriage, he took care to draw aside and allow him to pass, as
though he were of superior rank. The result was that Lien P‘o
grew ashamed of his conduct, and went to Lin’s house, carrying
a birch rod with him and asking for punishment. The two then
became fast friends. For his services against the armies of the
Ch'in State, in which he played the part of a Fabius, declining
to give battle and remaining within his entrenchments, and also
for a great victory over the Yen State, Lien P‘o was ennobled as
Prince; but later on he was set aside, and fled in anger to the
Wei State. Subsequently, when the Ch‘ins attacked the Chao State,
an attempt was made to recall him. He swallowed a peck of rice
and ten pounds of meat, and vaulted lightly upon his horse, to
show the messenger that he was still fit for work; but an enemy
bribed the latter to report unfavourably , and he never again fought
for Chao. He took service later on with the Ch‘u State, and
there died.

Lin-hai Wang. See Ch‘én Po-tsung.

1254

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484 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Lin Hsi-chung rN py {ih. A native of 3H }ifj Lien-p‘u in
Fuhkien, who graduated as chin shih in the early part of the

17th cent. A.D. and soon won distinction as a profound though

1256

1257

somewhat heterodox scholar. His edition of Chuang Tzt is a
monument of critical acumen; and his nn Bl i 5 a miscellaneous
collection of extracts from ancient writers, with exegetical notes,
is perhaps the best work of its kind. At the beginning of the.
present dynasty he became mixed up in some seditious movement
for the restoration of the Mings, and is said to have been carried
to Peking and beheaded.

Lin Hsiang-ju i AB mM. 3rd cent. B.C. A native a the Chao
State, who rose to be Minister under Prince El p4 Hui Wen.
When the Prince of Ch‘in wished to obtain the famous jewel of
the Ho family (see Pien Ho), then in the possession of the Prince
of Chao, he offered to give fifteen cities in exchange for it.
Accordingly Lin was dispatched to his Court with the jewel, in
order to complete the transfer. On his arrival he had cause to
suspect the good faith of his host ; and secretly sent back the jewel
to his master, boldly remaining to brave the wrath of the Prince
of Ch'in. The latter then led an expedition against the Chao State,
and a meeting was arranged between the two Princes; but the
vigilance of Lin, whom the Prince of Ch‘in generously forgave,
saved his master, who thereupon appointed him to be Prime Minister.
See Lien P'o.
Lin Ling-su $f Me Ze. 11th and 12th cent. A.D. A native of
Wénchow, who in early life was a candidate for the Buddhist
priesthood. He behaved badly to his teachers, and finally gave up
Buddhism and became a Taoist priest. Noted for his skill in the
black art, he was brought in 1111 to the notice of the Emperor

Hui Tsung who was then assembling professors of magic, and the

title of 3H it 332 Be Jo AE was conferred upon him. This was

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 485
shortly afterwards changed into 7U BY Ft, AE. Great freedom was

permitted to him, and the Emperor seemed as if unable to do him
too much honour; the natural consequence being that he became
arrogant and was generally disliked. In 1119 the capital was
threatened by an inundation, and Lin received orders to check the
flow of the water. Accompanied by a troop of followers he proceeded
to mount the city wall, but was driven away by a mob of workmen
armed with cudgels. The Emperor was very angry at this, though
he knew the cause; and later on, when Lin had insulted the Heir
Apparent by refusing to yield the road to his cortége, his Majesty
was compelled to dismiss him from Court. The worship of 7
uf ih one of the persons in the Taoist Trinity, was instituted
by him in 1116 under Imperial Edict.

Lin Pu AK HH (T. A 7H). AD.? 965-1026. A native of
Ch'ien-t'ang in Chehkiang, who flourished as a poet under the
Sung dynasty. He retired from the world, and lived the life of a
recluse on a hill near the Western Lake. There he amused himself
by growing plum-trees and keeping cranes; never marrying,
because, as he said, the former stood him in stead of a wife, the
latter of children. He threw away his poems as fast as they
were written, declaring that he did not care for fame with his
contemporaries, still less with posterity. His friends however managed
to preserve some 300 specimens. The Emperor Chén Tsung bestowed
_ upon him a pension, and when he died he was buried in a grave
he had ‘prepared by the cottage where he had lived for so many
years, with a copy of his last poem placed in the coffin beside

him. Canonised as Fi] ig ae oe

Lin Tsé-hsii > Al] 4 (T. zo HR and AP PB. H. we AT
S ae es A.D. 1785—1850. A native of the ve Hou-kuan
District in Fuhkien, who graduated as chin shih in 1811 and

became a Censor. He rose through the usual provincial grades

1258

1259

486 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

until in 1837 he became Viceroy of Hu-Kuang. His stern repression
of the opium traffic, because it drained the country of money, led
to his appointment in 1838 as Imperial Commissioner to Kuangtung,
the Government having finally decided to attempt to crush the
trade. In 1839 he became Viceroy of the Two Kuang, but was
recalled and disgraced on the declaration of war by Great Britain
which followed upon his energetic though unjustifiable action in
seizing and destroying foreign-owned opium to the value of some
ten million dollars. He nevertheless remained in the province until
the capture of the Bogue Forts by the British forces extinguished
the last hopes of successful resistance in that quarter. He was then
transferred in a subordinate capacity to the province of Chehkiang,
being subsequently still further degraded and in 1843 sentenced to
banishment to Ili. There he remained two years, employed in the
reclamation of waste land at Kuché, Aksu, Ush, Khoten, Kashgar,
and Yarkand. At the end of 1845 he was appointed acting Viceroy
of Shensi and Kansuh, and put down much disaffection which
prevailed in those provinces. In 1846 he was Governor of Shensi,
and in 1847 Viceroy of Yiinnan and Kueichou, two provinces
which had been disturbed for years past by feuds between the
Chinese and Mahomedan inhabitants. His justice and mercy secured
peace in that part of the empire, but sickness compelled him to
give up his post. Appointed to be acting Governor of Kuangsi
and Imperial Commissioner with supreme command over the troops
operating against the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels, he died at Ch‘ao-chou Fu
while on his way. A bitter enemy of foreigners and uncompromisingly
hostile to the extension of commercial facilities, he was 4 true
patriot actuated only by a desire for his country’s welfare. He even
went so far as to indite a letter to the Queen of England, appealing
to her on grounds of morality and justice to aid in putting a stop

to the hated trade in opium. Canonised as wl hiss .

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 487

Lin of Yung, Prince 7 A. Born A.D. 678. A son of 1260

the Emperor Hstian Tsung of the Tang dynasty, by a concubine.
He lost his mother in early youth, and was brought up with the
Emperor Su Tsung. Studious and clever, he was extremely ill-
favoured and had a squint. On the revolt of An Lu-shan in 751
he was appointed Commissioner for the greater part of the empire
south of the Yang-tsze. He raised a vast army at Nanking, but
his head was turned and he began to harbour treasonable designs
on his own account. In 756 he broke into open rebellion. His
resistance however was of short duration. Overcome by the Imperialist
troops, he fled towards the Poyang lake where he was soon captured
and slain.

Ling of Chin, Duke = a . 6th cent. B.C. Notorious for having
slain his cook because a dish of bear’s-paws had not been properly
cooked. .

Ling Fén an 3. A famous soothsayer of antiquity, mentioned
in the fife Kf Li Sao by Ch‘ti Yian.

Ling-hu Tao 4 Ht a3 (T. -F- TAL). 9th cent. A.D. Graduating
as chin shih, he entered the public service, and rose by 847 to be
a Doctor in the Han-lin College. He used often to be employed
late at night in the palace, advising his Majesty, who would send
him home in a sedan-chair, escorted by servants carrying torches
fixed in gilt handles carved to resemble lotus-leaves. He was
ennobled as Duke, and after an honourable career died at the age

of seventy-eight.

1261

1262

12638

Ling-hu Té-fén 4 4 fii BR. AD. 583—666. A native of 1264

Hua-yiian in Shensi, who rose to high office under the founder
of the T'ang dynasty. At his suggestion the records of previous
dynasties were sought out and acquired, and he was specially
entrusted with the preparation of the History of the Northern Chou
Dynasty, A.D. 557—581. In 629 he -was appointed to revise the

1265

1266

1267

488 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

History of the Wet Dynasty, A.D. 386—550; and on completing
the work he became Vice President of the Board of Rites, a post
he regained in 650 after a chequered career in the interval. He
was ultimately ennobled as Duke, and canonised as = -
Ling-hu Ts‘é 4 Ff He. 4th cent. A.D. A graduate under the
Chin dynasty, who dreamt that he was standing on ice and talking
to some one down below. This was interpreted to mean that he
would be a good marriage go-between, in which capacity he was
afterwards employed. Hence the term PK XK ice-man — go-between.
Ling Lun te 4. One of the Assistants of the Yellow Emperor,
and the reputed inventor of the art of music. He journeyed to
the north of the K‘un-lun mountains, west of Tocharia, and there
obtained certain bamboos. These he cut into twelve tubes of varying
lengths, and arranged a system under which each month corresponded
with one tube, so that the dates of the seasons could be determined
thereby.

Ling Ti. See Liu Hung.

Ling T‘ing-k‘an 6 ££ HE (T. HR fift). A.D. 1755-1809. A
native of Anhui, who went into trade at the age of twelve and
remained thus employed until he was twenty-two. Meanwhile he
had managed to pick up some education, and had taught himself
how to write poetry by a close study of the T‘ang poets. In 1790
he took his degree and became Officer of Education in Anhui. He

was the author of essays and biographies, and also of a work on

music; but he chiefly distinguished himself by his writings on the

ethical value of ceremonial observances.

1268 Ling Wang an =f. Feudal suzerain of the Chou dynasty from

1269

B.C. 571 to 544. He was said to have been born with a beard.

Liu An jj %. Died B.C. 122. Grandson of the founder of the
Han dynasty, and Prince of Huai-nan. Commonly known as Yf£
Bg -¥- Huai-nan Tzt. Fond of books, his studies lay in the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 489

direction of alchemistic research, on which subject and also on the
discovery of the elixir of life he published several treatises. A
collection of twenty-one essays still passes under his name; but
the work has not yet been subjected to critical examination by a
competent European scholar, and its genuineness is consequently
doubtful. The Emperor Wu Ti held him in high esteem, and in
A.D. 129 excused him from the ceremonies of vassalage; after
which he seems to have mixed himself up in some treasonable
conspiracy, with a view to secure succession to the throne. Wu
Ti sent a Commissioner to punish him; but ere the latter could
arrive, Huai-nan Tzti had perished by his own hand. Tradition,
however, says that he positively discovered the elixir of immortality
and that after drinking of it he rose up to heaven in broad
daylight. Also, that he dropped the vessel which had contained
this elixir into his courtyard, and that his dogs and poultry sipped
up the dregs, and immediately sailed up to heaven after him!

Liu An-shih Qj % {ik (T. 28 @.H. 7p HR). AD. 1048—
1125. The son of a high official of the Sung dynasty, who graduated
as chin shih, and then studied for some time under Ssti-ma Kuang.
When the latter became Minister he gave Liu an appointment in
the Historiography department; and at Ssti-ma Kuang’s death in
1086, Liu was promoted to be Censor. He was persistent and
outspoken in his remonstrances to the Emperor Ché Tsung, being
urged on by his mother, who begged him not to be hindered from
doing his duty by any consideration for herself. His behaviour in
the Imperial presence, when sweat ran down the backs of the
courtiers for very fear, caused him to be likened to a tiger, a
phrase which had previously been used in reference to his great
exemplar, Ssti-ma Kuang. As for himself, he declared that his
sole ambition was to be regarded as “the perfect man of the period

1086—1094.” After a stormy and somewhat chequered career, he

1270

490 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary_

died in office at the ripe age of seventy-eight. Two years after his
burial the China Tartars broke open his grave, and found that a
lifelike expression still hovered around his features. They reverently
closed his coffin again and departed, saying, ‘Truly this was a

wonderful man!”

1271 Liu Ao 4] 4. B.C. 46—5. Son of Liu Shih, whom he succeeded

IRR

in B.C. 32 as tenth sovereign of the Han dynasty. He was grave
and dignified in manner, well versed in literature ancient and
modern, and ready to listen to the advice of his Ministers, but
over-fond of wine and women. Canonised as ae WK aA iit -

Liu Ch‘an 3] jis (1. AL jqi]). A.D. 207-267. Son of the
famous Liu Pei by his wife “+ Fe A the Lady Kan. As a child
he was called > O-tou, in consequence of a dream by his
mother during pregnancy, in which she fancied that she swallowed
the constellation known as the Northern Bushel. In the memorable
rout after the battle of f2 H¥ Ch‘ang-p‘o, A.D. 208, when Liu
Pei fled before the victorious troops of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, O-tou was saved
from falling into the hands of the enemy by the devotion of the
trusty Chao Ytin, who carried him safely from the field of battle.
In A.D. 223 he succeeded to the throne of his father, but proved
himself to be a weak-kneed ruler, incapable of taking any serious
part in the government, and given over to sensual indulgence.
After the death of Chu-ko Liang, all power fell into the hands of
the palace eunuchs, and things went gradually from bad to worse
until the successive victories of Téng Ai sealed the fate of the
kingdom. When the victor was at his gates, Liu Ch‘an arrayed
himself in bonds, and placing himself in his chariot beside an
empty coffin, pitifully surrendered. Téng Ai loosed his bonds, burnt
the coffin, and sent him prisoner to Lo-yang, where he lived
quietly with the title of Duke until his death. Known in history

as =.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 491

Liu Ch‘ang 4) & or Liu Chi-hsing ie fi. Son of Liu
Shéng, whom he succeeded in 958 as fourth and last ruler of the
Southern Han State. He was only sixteen at his accession, and
fell at once into the power of the eunuchs, who during his father’s
reign had already begun to monopolise the government. In 971
the armies of the House of Sung overran his kingdom; more than
a hundred eunuchs were executed and he himself was taken to the
capital, where he received the title of A WU fi the Pardoned
Marquis.

Liu Ch‘ang-yu yl fé TG . Died A.D. 1885. A native of Hunan,
who graduated as chin shih in 1849. Rose to be Viceroy of Chihli
in 1863, and was appointed Special Commissioner with full powers
for the suppression of the Nien fei in that province and also in
Shantung and Honan. In 1875 he was appointed Viceroy of Ytinnan
and Kueichou. In 1881 he applied for leave to retire, but was
ordered to Peking.

Liu Chao Za FE. A.D. 80—106. Fourth son of Liu Ta, whom
he succeeded in 89 as fourth Emperor of the Hastern Han dynasty.
His mother, who was a concubine, was put to death by the
Empress Tou (see Liang Sung); and he himself was brought up
by the latter as if he had been her own child. His reign was
troubled throughout by incursions of the Hsiung-nu, due in a
great measure to his disgraceful treatment of Tou Hsien and to
the latter’s disappearance from the arena in which he had already
gained so much renown. An embassy was sent however from
Parthia to the Chinese Court, bearing tribute in the form of lions
and +k TE (2). Canonised as Fy A = if.

Liu Ch‘é {J fk. B.C. 156—87. Son of Liu Ch‘i, whom he
succeeded in 140 as sixth sovereign of the Han dynasty. He began

his reign as an enthusiastic patron of literature. In 136 copper

coins were cast, the forerunners of the present’ cash. In the same

1273

1274

12%

1276

492 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

year the degree of Fy. #K ##i qe Scholar in the Five Classics
was instituted; and in 134 followed the degree of se ig hsiao
lien, which is equivalent to the modern chi jen. A proclamation
was issued, calling for men of genius to present themselves at
Court; in response to which the famous Tung-fang So appeared
upon the scene. Li Kuang and Chang Chien carried the Imperial
arms into Central Asia, and the dreaded Hsiung-nu were for many
years held in check upon the north-west frontier. In 130 the
wild tribes of Yiinnan were reduced to subjection. In 121 Ssti-ma

Ch‘ien reformed the calendar, and from this date accurate chronology

- may be almost said to begin. Great attention was paid to the

1277

1278

improvement of music; and the important religious sacrifices to

Heaven and Earth, known as $y} yea jéng shan, were established.
Notwithstanding his enlightened policy, the Emperor was personally
an ardent student of Taoist mysteries (see Li Shao-chin), and
patronised the numerous quacks who pretended to have discovered
the transmutation of metals and the elixir of life. His later years
were embittered by the loss of his eldest son, whom he had
wrongfully put to death at the instigation of his favourite concubine,
the Lady Kou I. Canonised as en TH Bir , with the temple
name of {Ht —s

Liu Chén 4] # or Liu Pao ## (T. AK FR). Died AD.
126. A native of Bre Nea Ts‘ai-yang in Honan. As a youth he
was fond of study, and rose to high office under the Emperor An
Ti of the Han dynasty. Author of the ak AA Hi ER , a collection
of elegies and odes, and also of the J 4%, a dictionary of terms
with fanciful explanations. He was commonly known as jj [hL.
Liu Ch‘én Za) = or Liu Lang yA Bp. Ist cent. A.D. A
native of the Z| Yen District in Kiangsu, who once wandered
away with his friend [JU Hs Ytian Chao into the J ra) Tien-
t‘ai hills to gather simples. There they fell in with two beautiful

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 493

girls, who gave them hemp-seed to eat; and after a stay of what
appeared to them about six months, they returned home, to find
that seven generations had passed away.

Liu Chéng 4] #4 (T. AV Hp). 2nd and 8rd cent. A.D. A
native of Tung-p‘ing in Shantung, who flourished as a poet and
military commander at the close of the Han dynasty. He rose to
high office under the great Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, but was put to death for
daring to cast his eye upon one of his master’s concubines. Hence
the phrase AR yi te 12 pe = to be amorously inclined. Is
ranked as one of the Seven Scholars of the Chien-an period (see

Hsti Kan).

1279

Liu Ch‘éng-chtin yi HK #4. Died A.D. 968. Second son of 1280

Liu Min, whom he succeeded in 955 as second ruler of the Northern
Han State. He paid the penalty of his father’s league with the
Kitan Tartars. The latter practically controlled the administration
all through his reign, and no steps could be taken without their
sanction.

Liu Chi 4] 3. 11th cent: A.D. A scholar. of the Sung dynasty,

fond of using strange phraseology, which was much reprobated by

the great Ou-yang Hsiu. When the latter was Grand Examiner,

one of the candidates sent in a doggerel triplet, as follows: —

The universe is in labour,
All things are produced,
And among them the Sage.

“This must be Liu Chi,” cried Ou-yang, and ran a red-ink pen

through the composition, adding these two lines:

The undergraduate jokes,
The examiner ploughs.

Later on, about the year 1060, Ou-yang was very much struck

by the essay of a certain candidate, and placed him first on the

1281

1282

1283

494 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

list. When the names were read out, he found that the first man
was Liu Chi, who had changed his name to Liu #i Yiin. The
latter did not hold office very long. At his grandmother’s death he
retired into private life, and devoted himself to charitable enter-
prises, distributing allotments of land among his poorer clansmen
and building huts for students who came from a distance to study
under him. Author of the Jf fet 46.

Liu Chi 3] Jk (7. 4 YH). A.D. 1811—1875. A native of
797 HJ Chiing-t‘ien in Chehkiang, by the name of which place
he is sometimes known, who graduated as chin shih about 1330.
He was a student of the Classics and also of astrology, but
especially distinguished as a poet. He acted as secretary to the
General in command against Fang Kuo-chén, and protested so
loudly against the latter’s pardon that he himself was forced to
retire. Throwing in his lot with the forces which ultimately drove
out the Mongols, he was admitted to intimacy by Chu Yiian-chang
whom he aided in consolidating the power of the Mings, for which
service he was ennobled as Karl. Gradually however he lost the
confidence of the Emperor, who had hitherto always addressed him
as KE, Ht: Teacher; and he was poisoned, with Imperial connivance,

by the new favourite, Hu Wei-yung, whose appointment had filled

him with disgust. Canonised as Bl WX -

Liu Chi 4] FF (T. ih CZ). Died A.D. 1498. Graduating as
chin shih in 1448, he served in the Han-lin College and in 1465
edited the biographical record of the Emperor Ying Tsung, rising
by 1475 to be a Grand Secretary. He and his colleagues, Wan
An and Ba EY Liu Yii, did nothing to check the vagaries of
Hsien Tsung; and they were contemptuously nicknamed ¥t if
= Pe| ya the Three Paper-and-Paste Ministers, from their sticking
so closely to office. He alone of the old Ministers retained office

on the accession of Hsiao Tsung in 1488. His efforts to bribe the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 495

Censors with promotions having failed, he set to work, aided by
a eunuch, to persecute them. In 1492, having lost the Emperor's
favour, he was ordered to retire. His impassive endurance of
attacks earned him the sobriquet of lj he 4& “‘Cotton-wool Liu.”
He proposed that only three attempts to obtain the chi jen degree
should be allowed. Canonised as Bl BB.

Liu Chi 23) (%. Died B.C. 140. Son of Liu Héng, whom he
succeeded in B.C. 156 as “fifth sovereign of the Han dynasty.
Throughout the reign the Hsiung-nu were constantly giving trouble,
making treaties of peace only to break them. In 152 an Imperial
Princess was sent as wife to their Khan. Canonised as ae Er
Liu Chi-yiian 2] #% 7U. Died A.D. 991. Son of a daughter
of Liu Min, by a man named 4 Ho, and adopted son of Liu
Ch‘éng-chiin, who had also adopted and named as his successor
another son of the same lady by a former husband named PB
Hsieh. The rightful Heir Apparent, known as Za) A Liu
Chi-én, was murdered after a grand banquet which he had just
given to the grandees of the Court, and Liu Chi-ytian was raised
to the throne. In 979 he submitted to the House of Sung, and
received the title of w HZ.

Liu Chien 4] ft (T. 4 BE). AD. 14384—1527. A pupil of
Hsieh Hsiian, who graduated as chin shih in 1460 and rose in 1491
to be President of the Board of Rites. In 1498 he succeeded Hsii
P‘u as Prime Minister, and laboured to check abuses and to rouse
the Emperor to a sense of his duty by dwelling on the military
weakness of the country. On the completion of the Institutes of
the Ming Dynasty he became President of the Board of Civil Office;
and at last in 1504 the Emperor, freed from the superstitious
Dowagers, set about reforming the administration. On his death-
bed the sovereign thanked Liu and his colleagues AS Ht a Li

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

496 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Tung-yang and wht Mos Hsieh Ch‘ien, charging them to train up
his successor to govern well. The three Regents at once set about
the reforms to which their late master had assented; but the young
Emperor Wu Tsung fell quickly under the sway of the eunuch
Liu Chin who encouraged him to take his fill of pleasure, and
the Regents’ remonstrances were left unanswered until at last the
Emperor promised to send the eunuchs to Nanking. This intention
was however revealed by {& AR Chiao Tai, the unworthy successor
of Ma Wén-shéng, and by tears and entreaties the Emperor was
induced to retain them. They engrossed all power, and in 1507
published a list of 53 traitors, headed by the ex-Regents Liu
Chien and Li Tung-yang. Two years later Liu Chien was cashiered,
and his property confiscated. His honours were restored on the
execution of Liu Chin in 1510. In 1522 the new Emperor Shih
Tsung sent to ask after his health, comparing him with Ssti-ma
Kuang and Wén Yen-po. Canonised as Bl Uy -

Liu Chih 4] i. A.D. 183—168. Great grandson of Liu Ta.
He was placed on the throne by Liang Chi in 147 as tenth
Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. The early part of his reign
was troubled by intrigue and conspiracy, and several eminent
men were put to death (see Zi Ku). Floods, famine, and pestilence,
coupled with frequent Tartar raids, vexed the last years of a reign
which was neither happy nor prosperous. In 158 an embassy
from India reached the Chinese Court. Canonised as 2 JA
i.

Liu Chih-yiian 4] J) $f. Died A.D. 948. A poor orphan, of
a tribe of Turkic Tartars, who distinguished himself as a soldier
under the Later T‘ang and Chin dynasties. When the Kitans took
Pien-chou, he was Governor of Ho-tung (modern Shansi); and he
immediately collected an army, and by harassing their rear ultimately

forced them to retreat. Raised by his soldiers to the vacant throne, |

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 497

he changed his name to r= Sung, and in 947 proclaimed himself
first Emperor of the Later Han dynasty. Before his death he
finished a victorious campaign against the Kitans (see Tu Chung-wei).
Canonised as ay WH. He was succeeded by his son Liu IK Ww;
Ch‘éng-yu, known in history as. Ke th but the latter turned
out to be a sensualist and was assassinated in 950 by his own
officers, thus bringing the dynasty to an end.

Liu Chin 4 #8. Died A.D. 1510. A native of fi 2% Hsing-
ping in Shensi, whose real surname was ae T’an. He made

himself a eunuch in early life; and after narrowly escaping the

1289

punishment of death for falsely borrowing the name Liu, he |

ingratiated himself with the Emperor Wu Tsung of the Ming
dynasty, and rose to be the virtual head of the government. All
State documents were first submitted to him, and he decided the
gravest matters without even reference to the Emperor. He and
seven of his intimate colleagues were so much dreaded that they
were known as the Hight Tigers. At length a strong cabal was
formed against him (see Y ang I-ch‘ing), and he was ordered into
banishment by the unwilling Emperor. The latter however proceeded
to make a personal search in Liu’s house; and on discovering a
number of false seals and tallies, besides various articles of wearing-
apparel forbidden to subjects, and the fan he constantly used, which
was found to contain two sharp daggers, his Majesty caused him
to be executed forthwith. |

Liu Chin-t‘ang 2) gi} 5 . A.D, 1849 —1894. A purchase licentiate
of Hunan, who joined his uncle’s camp in Kansuh in 1870 and
by 1880 had fought his way up to the post of Assistant Administrator

of the New Dominion. Brave, adventurous, and of indomitable will,

1290

he was a great favourite with Tso Tsung-t‘ang, for whom he |

crushed Yakoob Beg by his dashing advance against Urumtsi,

Turfan, Guchen, Aksu, Ush, and Kashgar in 1876— 78. In October
32

1291

1292

498 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

1881 he was appointed Imperial Envoy and Military Comptroller
of Kashgaria, and three years later became Governor of the New
Dominion and afterwards of Kansuh also. He retired in mourning
in 1888, and died on his way to Peking to take up the command
of the forces in Korea. When appointed to be Governor, he could
hardly read an ordinary letter; but by dint of application, in two
years’ time he could write his own dispatches and memorials fairly
well. In 1878 he was ennobled as Baron and received the title of
baturu, and in 1890 he was made a Senior Guardian of the Heir
Apparent.

Liu Ch‘tian-chih Zi) HE @ (v. i HL. BH. SE FH). AD.
1738—1818. A native of Ch‘ang-sha in Hunan.. He graduated as
chin shih in 1760, and in 1804 was an Assistant Grand Secretary.
He was reduced to be a Han-lin graduate for recommending the
son-in-law of his patron Chi Yiin; but six years later he had
regained his former position, and was a Grand Secretary from 1811 _
to 1818, when he retired on half-pay. Canonised as Bl Me.
Liu Chuang | a A.D. 29—76. Fourth son of Liu Hsiu,
whom he succeeded in 25 as second Emperor of the Eastern Han
dynasty. He was a promising boy, and at ten years of age was
well read in the Spring and Autumn Annals. His reign was
especially remarkable for the introduction into China of the Buddhist
religion. In A.D. 61 the Emperor, in consequence of a dream in
which a foreign god appeared to him, sent a mission into India.
The mission, which consisted of eighteen men, returned in 67,
accompanied by Kashiapmadanga, who translated the Sdatra of
Forty-two Sections and died at Lo-yang. Other warlike and
diplomatic missions were dispatched during the reign to Turkestan,
with a view to hold in check the troublesome Hsiung-nu (see
Tou Ku and Pan Ch‘ao). Canonised as Aa Se 2k WA Bip.

1293 Liu Chuang wy We (T. $Y fp). A distinguished literary man

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary f 499

and official of the 6th cent. A.D., sometimes confused with Ytian
Kung the physiognomist, whose style was ij) WF, the phrase
A ae ES being wrongly applied to fortune-telling. He rose
to high office under the first Emperor of the Sui dynasty, and was
pronounced by Su Wei to be the only Kiangnan man who was
at once a scholar and a man of business. He fell into disfavour
by opposing an illegal sentence of death imposed for carelesness
in preparing the Emperor’s medicine, but was afterwards made
Governor of Jao-chou in Kiangsi, where he died.
Liu Chun 4) ¥é (T. 4h Zi). A.D. 466—479. Third son of
Lin BE Yii. He succeeded Liu +3. Yii in 477 as eighth and last
Emperor of the Sung dynasty. He was set up by Hsiao Tao-ch‘éng,
who was obliged to quell a rising against him headed by two of
his co-Regents in 477. Hsiao deposed him in 479, and slaying
him and all his relatives, founded the Ch‘i dynasty. Canonised as
NEL ip

Liu Chiin 4 @ (T. { @K). A.D. 426—464. Third son of
Liu I-lung, whom he succeeded in 453 as fourth Emperor of the
Liu Sung dynasty. Clever and brave, he was also haughty and
overbearing and addicted to drink and pleasure. He wasted vast

sums on building palaces, and placed great power in the hands

of unworthy favourites. Canonised as te i. ye TH ih. See

Liu Shao.

Liu Chung-ying fi) (i Eh (1. ae BF). Died A.D. 864. An
official under the T'ang dynasty. He was the nephew of Liu Kung-
ch'tian; and after his father’s death he showed to the latter all
the respect due to a parent, even dismounting from his horse
when he met him in the streets. In youth, his mother used to
keep him awake at. night. for purposes of study by giving him
pills made of bear's-gall and gentian. Graduating as chin shih in

820, he rose to be a Censor and Governor of Honan. On his

1294

1295

1296

500 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

retirement in 858, as President of the Board of Punishments, he
devoted himself to copying out the Classics and dynastic histories ,
a task which he accomplished without a single ill-written character.

1297 Liu Fu-ling yA af (Be. B.C. 94—73. Youngest son of Liu Ch’é,
whom he succeeded in B.C. 86 as seventh sovereign of the Han
dynasty. He was the son of the Lady Kou I, who instigated the
murder of the Heir Apparent and afterwards suffered death for her
crime, and he was left by his father under the guardianship of
Ho Kuang and Chin Mi-ti. The wise statesmanship of the former
relieved the people from burdensome taxation and other grievances;
peace was made with the Hsiung-nu, and the country in general
was prosperous. Canonised as xy sia} A ip -

1298 Liu Héng 4] fH. Died B.C. 157. Son of Liu Pang by a concubine,
and younger brother of Liu Ying. He succeeded in B.C. 180 as
fourth sovereign of the Han dynasty. He had been made Prince
of Tai by his father, and during the reign of Lii Hou he lived
‘quietly in retirement. At the death of the latter, her family
attempted a coup d'état; but the Liu family were too strong for
them, and Liu Héng »was placed upon the throne. He ruled well
and wisely for over twenty years; and although his reign was
much troubled by the growing power of the Hsiung-nu, he left
the country in a fair state of prosperity. He built no palaces and
laid out no parks, in order that his subjects might not be oppressed
by taxation. With his dying breath he asked that the people might
not be forced to observe the inconvenient ceremonies of national.
mourning, but be allowed to marry and give in marriage as usual,
not wasting too much energy on such an unworthy creature as
himself. He is one of the 24 examples of filial piety, having waited
on his sick mother for three years with exemplary patience and

without ‘either leaving her room or changing his clothes. Canonised
as Eo al Af, with the temple name of Ik — a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 504
Liu Hsi-hung 4] BH PR. A chit jen of Kuangtung, who was

a second-class secretary .in the Board of Punishments when he
_ was appointed Assistant to Kuo Sung-tao on the first mission to
England in 1876. A year later he was transferred to Germany,
and he returned to China in 1879. Was degraded in 1881 for
denouncing Li Hung-chang.

Liu Hsia-hui. See Chan Huo.

Liu Hsiang 4] ji (T. FT Be and Jj Poss BC? 80 —9, OA
descendant of Liu Pang, the founder of the Han dynasty. Entering
the public service at an early age, he brought himself to the
notice of the Emperor Hsiian* Ti by submitting some secret works
on magic, to which art his Majesty was much devoted. The results,
however, not proving successful, he was cast into prison, from which
he was released with a view to the publication of the famous
commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals by Ku-liang Chtih.
Restored to office as a Supervising Censor, he rose under the
Emperor Ytian Ti to be a Minister of State; but about B.C. 40
he fell a victim to a political intrigue, and was cashiered. Upon
the accession of the Emperor Ch‘éng Ti in B.C. 32 he was once
more re-instated, and now changed his personal name from Beil
H: Kéng-shéng to Hsiang, as above. As an author, he revised
and re-arranged the mh oR a collection of historical episodes
of the feudal times under the Chou dynasty; he wrote the ns |
4 {fi Biographies of Famous Women, the first work of its
kind; also the Hr ra and at Bia: pheatines on government, and
done poetry; besides which he is credited, on insufficient grounds,
with the FI] mi {ii , a collection of biographies of Taoist Immortals.
Among legends connected with his name is one that as he was
absorbed at night in his studies, an old man in a yellow robe
entered, and said that he was the Essence of the First Principle,

and that he had been sent by God to unfold to Liu Hsiang the

1299

1300

1301

502 * A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

mysteries of creation, which he at once proceeded to do by the
light of his staff, which he blew into a flame like that of a torch.
Liu Hsieh 4] Ve, A.D. 181—284. Son of Liu Hung and
younger brother of Liu Pan, whom he succeeded in 190 as twelfth
Emperor of the BHastern Han dynasty. He was placed on the

' throne by Tung Cho, from whose domination he was freed by that

1302

statesman’s tragic death two years later. His reign was overshadowed

29

by the formation of societies or ‘associations of friends,” in con-
sequence of which many of the most notable men of the day were
thrown into prison. Then followed the Yellow-Turban rebellion, which
ultimately led to the downfall of the great Han dynasty after
an existence of 400 years, and to the partition of the empire into
the Three Kingdoms. Tn 220 he resigned the throne to Ts‘ao P’ei,
then Prince of Wei, receiving the title of Duke of Shan-yang
together with a liberal allowance, and also being exempted from
prostration before the new monarch and from the use of derogatory
forms of speech. In this style he lived for fourteen years, and at
death was canonised as x jek EB if - Also known as Fux if
Liu Hsieh 4] #H (T. Fal). 6th cent. A.D. A noted author
of the Liang dynasty. Being left an orphan at an early age, he
was too poor to marry, and lived with a Buddhist priest for ten

years, thus gaining an insight into the sacred books of Buddhism. |
These he is said to have been the first to classify, and he is also
said to have been the real author of the famous Canon known as
5E vin + AK DE . In the guise of a hawker, with his pray
ate HE critique upon literature in his hand, he planted himself
before the chariot of Shén Yo, and succeeded in attracting his
attention; and in 502 he entered the public service and rose to
some distinction. He was a great favourite with the son of the
founder of the Liang dynasty; but before long he threw up his

career, and became a Buddhist priest under the religious designation

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 503
of a Jah Hui Ti, and soon afterwards died. He was a prolific

writer of temple inscriptions, epitaphs on priests, etc. etc.

Liu Hsin 4] (KR. B.C. 28 — A.D. 1. Grandson, by a concubine,
of Liu Shih. He succeeded in B.C. 6 as eleventh sovereign of the
Han dynasty. He was a studious youth, and free from the vices
of his predecessor; but he was struck down by paralysis, and died
in the flower of his youth. Canonised as me Be ges if -

Liu Hsin 2] BK (T. -F B®). Ist cent. B.C. and A.D. Son of
Liu Hsiang, and a precocious boy who early distinguished himself
by wide reading in all branches of literature, including magic and
the black art. He worked with his father upon the restoration of
the classical texts, especially the Canon of Changes; and soon
after the latter’s death he was recommended by Wang Mang to
the Emperor Ai Ti, and received a high official post. He was
anxious to establish the position of certain works, such as the
commentary of Tso-ch‘iu Ming, in reference to the Confucian
Canon; and this led to a proposition by the Emperor that the
question should be argued out with the leading scholars at the
capital. The scholars refused to meet Liu Hsin in this way; he
retaliated by attacking them, and bad blood was the result, so
that Liu Hsin was forced to apply for a provincial post. Wang
Mang however protected him, and after the Emperor’s death the
Empress gave him a good appointment. Later on, when Wang
Mang seized the throne, he received the post of State Counsellor.
In B.C. 6 he changed his personal name to By Hsiu and his style
to BLA.

Liu Hsiu 2] 7 (T. 3C $l): B.C. 4 — AD. 57. A native of
Lo-yang, and a descendant of the first Emperor of the Western
Han dynasty in the ninth degree. He was named Hsiu because at
the time of his birth a stalk of corn with nine ears on it appeared

in the district. Left an orphan at nine years of age, he was brought

1303

1304

1305

1306

1307

504 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

up by an uncle and grew to be seven feet three inches in height,
with a fine beard and eyebrows, a prominent nose, and a large
mouth. He was fond of agriculture, while his brother J A Ff
Liu Po-shéng showed a taste rather for a military life. Upon the
breaking out of the locust-plague and famine which preceded the
troubles of the last years of Wang Mang’s usurpation, he made
himself popular by selling grain to the people at a low rate. At
length he took up arms; and after a series of bloody battles
succeeded in A.D. 25 in placing himself upon the throne as first
Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. Canonised as Ke aH it
with the temple name of {it Wil.

Liu Hsti 4 ZF (T. EB JE). Died A.D. 518. A native of Pting-
ytian in Shantung, who lost his parents as a boy and almost went
out of his mind with grief. When he grew up, his elder brother
arranged a marriage for him; but he fled in terror, and remained
in concealment until the affair had blown over. He received the
offer of a post, which he refused, preferring to devote his time
to the study, first of Taoist, and later of Buddhist doctrines. He
and his brother Liu rain Hsiao founded a famous monastery, and
together with [yt 24 4 Yiian Usiao-hsii were known as the =
i Three Recluses.

Liu Hsti 4) Wy. A.D. 897-946. A handsome and learned
official, who in 934 became Historiographer and completed the
Old T'ang History, which in spite of some prolixity and omissions
still retains its place in the national annals. As President of the
Board of Civil Office he cleared away all arrears of business, to
the great joy of the people; but quarrelling with a colleague, he
was shelved as a Grand Chamberlain. About 945 he was Minister

of Justice, from which post he soon retired in ill-health.

1308 Liu Hsian 4] % (T. Ht A). Died AD. 25. Third cousin

to Liu Hsiu, first Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. During

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 505

the usurpation of Wang Mang he had taken refuge at ap A
P‘ing-lin, where he managed to collect a band of followers. Upon
the defeat of the usurper, who was then attacked by Liu Hsiu
and his brother, he received the title of the Bi 4 Keng Shih
General, and was immediately afterwards proclaimed Emperor with
Kéng Shih as aig year-title. He transferred his capital from Lo-
yang to Ch'ang-an, and there gave himself up to debauchery ,
resigning the administration into the hands of his father-in-law,
#8 Hy] Chao Méng. When the high officials came to receive
instructions, he was always too drunk to meet them. The result
was a conspiracy, and he was obliged to flee for his life and throw
himself upon the mercy of Fan Ch‘ung, the Red-Eyebrow Rebel.
He was welcomed at first with open arms, but shortly afterwards
was put to death. Is known in history as Bh AE or in &,
and also as Kéng Shih.

Liu Hstian-ying 4] % Hi (T. Hp Wf). 10th cent. AD. A
native of Kuang-ling, who was vulgarly called Zi) ify Liu Hai
and who was Minister to Liu Shou-kuang, the ruler of Yen. He
was a student of Taoism, and otherwise famous for his learning.
One day a Taoist sage called upon him and asked for 10 egos
and 10 pieces of gold. These the stranger piled one upon another
in the form of a pagoda; whereupon Liu cried out in fear lest the

whole should topple over. Then the sage turned upon him and

said, “For him who dwells amid the pomps nities of the
world, the danger is even greater!” Saying t
pagoda into two parts and bade his host farewell.
with this scene, Liu doffed his official garb and bet
the life of a recluse. He is popularly represented as a lad, with
one foot resting on a three-legged frog (the emblem of money-
making) and holding in his hand a ribbon upon which five pieces

of gold are strung.

1309

1310

poo. A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Liu Hsin 4] Hj. B.C. ? 90 — 48. Great grandson of the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, and great nephew of Liu
Fu-ling whom he succeeded in B.C. 78 as eighth sovereign of the
Han dynasty (see Ping Chi and T'ien Yen-nien). In addition to
fair literary abilities, he possessed considerable mechanical skill and
interested himself greatly in the handicrafts of the people. During
his reign the Khan of the Hsiung-nu acknowledged the Imperial

suzerainty, and the empire was generally prosperous. Canonised as

ee a8 if; with the temple name of rH a

1311 Liu Hsin 4] we (T. 2 Pe). Died A.D. 521. A native of

1812

P‘ing-ytian in Shantung, who was stolen from his home when
only eight years old. He was ransomed and educated for a time by a
wealthy man of the same clan. He was an ardent student and
would read all night, having a lighted twist of hemp arranged in
such a way as to burn his hair if he began to nod from drowsiness;
and he would have risen to high official rank, had he not offended
by his republican opinions the first Emperor of the Liang dynasty.
He surrounded himself with numerous disciples, and solaced his
disappointed ambition by writing the He ii i> a treatise on the
irony of fate. He was also author of the ih pe -+-, and of a
commentary on the {iH ay Ht FE of Bail es pes Liu I-ch‘ing, a
work on _ historical episodes from the Han to the Chin dynasty
inclusive. From 8 Ft fil, Ts‘ui Wei-tsu he received the sobriquet
of HE. i
his disciples ,
Liu Hung
Ta. He : c
the Eastern Han dynasty (see Tou Wu). He was a patron of

ingallusion to his exaggerated love for books; and by

yas canonised as Ft lid ae, Ae.

| 4. A.D. 156--189. Great great grandson of Liu

peded to the throne in 168 as eleventh Emperor of

literature, and in 175 caused the Five Classics to be engraved on
stone and set up at the door of the Imperial College. In 184 the
Yellow-Turban rebellion broke out (see Chang Chio), and the '

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 507

remainder of the reign was marked by disturbance and bloodshed.
Canonised as a an J if - ,

Liu I | ee (T. Re BE ). A noted gambler of the Chin dynasty.
Liu I-fu 4) 36 4. AD. 406—424. Son of Liu Yi, whom he
succeeded in 422 as second Emperor of the Liu Sung dynasty. In
424 he was degraded and put to death by the Regents for refusing
to mourn for his father in the orthodox manner. Known in history
as 4B Wp TE or Ap ai. |

Liu I-lung 4) 3g (&. AD. 407—453. Third son of Liu Yu,
and brother to Liu I-fu, whom he succeeded in 424 as third
Emperor of the Liu Sung dynasty. His two elder brothers proving
wild and intractable, the Regents slew them and placed him on
the throne; his first act however was to put the Regents themselves
to death. His reign was marked by great prosperity, in spite of
unsuccessful campaigns against Wei, which State retaliated by incur-
sions reaching up to the banks of the Yang-tsze in 451. He promoted
learning, reformed the calendar, improved ‘the criminal law, and
set an example of diligence and economy to his people. He was

slain by his son Liu Shao. Canonised as Ik me. Bl if -
Liu I-min 4] 34 FR. 2nd cent. A.D. A Taoist patriarch, who

in conjunction with Hui Yiian and others formed a White Lily

society, consisting of eighteen members who assembled at a temple
upon a mountain in modern Kiangsi-for purposes of meditation.

Liu Jen-kung 43] {= 7. Died A.D. 912. A nati
in Chihli, who distinguished himself as a mil
earning the sobriquet of ## BA for his skill 7
besieged cities. He served for a time under Li K‘o yung, but in
896 joined Chu Wén, the founder of the Liang dynasty, by whom

ve of Shén-chou

y commander,

mndermining

he was ultimately raised to high office. He was put to death by
Chou Té-wei (see Liu Shou-kuang).
Liu Jui-fén 3] Hi ZR (T. 2 ff). Died A.D. 1892. A purchase

1313
1314

1315

1316

1317

1318

1319

1320

1821

1322 Liu Kun -

508 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

licentiate of Anhui, who was Taot‘ai at Shanghai from 1878—-82
and then Treasurer of Kiangsi. He was sent as Minister to England
and Russia in November 1885, a post which in 1887 was changed
to Minister to England, France, Italy, and Belgium. Besides receiving
the Directorship of Minor Courts in Peking in 1886, he was on
his return in 1890 appointed Governor at Canton, where he died.
Liu K‘an 4/4}. B.C. 8—A.D. 6. Grandson, by a concubine,
of Liu Shih. His personal name was originally ee F- Chi-tzti,
changed in A.D. 2 to K‘an. He was placed upon the throne in
A.D. 1 as twelfth sovereign of the Han dynasty by Wang Mang,
acting in concert with the Empress Dowager, and five years later
he married Wang Mang’s daughter. His death, which occurred soon
afterwards, has been attributed to poison administered by his
father-in-law; but of this there is no actual evidences Canonised
as EP a.

Liu K‘o-chuang 4] ¥F 9F (T. HK. H. B Af). 12th cent.
A.D. A poet of the Sung dynasty, who was recommended by Chén
Té-hsiu as a profound student of history and a brilliant writer.
Liu K‘uan $a ‘ES. 2nd cent. A.D. A Governor of Nan-yang
under the Emperor Huan Ti of the Han dynasty. He was of a
gentle and humane disposition, and would only flog criminals with
whips of rushes, declaring that the sense of shame was quite
sufficient punishment. On one occasion, just as he was going to

Court, his wife spilt a bowl of soup over his Court robes; yet he

only said, “I hope you have not scalded your hand.”

: (T. 7h% 4). Died A.D. 317. A native of Bi
‘Z| Wei-ch‘ang in Chihli, who rose to high military rank under
the Emperors Hui Ti, Huai Ti, and Min Ti, of the Chin dynasty.
When he was defending = Nea Chin-yang against the Tartars,
with no prospect of being able to hold out, he mounted a tower

by moonlight and whistled and played on the Tartar pipe. The

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 509

besiegers were so overcome by their emotions and thoughts of home
that next morning they raised the siege. He was a friend of Tsu
Ti, whose military activity against the rebel Shih Lo he was
anxious to rival. “I am pillowed,” he wrote, “upon my arms,
awaiting the dawn, in my desire to attack the enemy; yet I fear
that Tsu T‘i will be using his whip before me.” He ultimately
fell a victim to treachery on the part of the Hsien-pi Tartars, and
was put to death. Canonised as Fee.

Liu Kun 4] Eb (T. PH A). Died A.D. 57. A native of i
4 Tung-hun in Honan, who graduated. as hsiao lien in A.D. 29
and then disappeared and set up as a teacher at Chiang-ling in
Hupeh. When the Emperor heard of this he appointed him magistrate
at Chiang-ling, and subsequently sent him to more important posts,
‘in all of which his administration was eminently successful. Once,
upon the secendion of a large fire, he knelt down and performed
_ the kotow; whereupon the wind shifted and the fire was extinguished.

When the Emperor asked him what virtue there was in his

1323 —

administration to bring about such a miracle, he ‘modestly replied .

that it was pure chance. “Truly,” cried the Emperor, “the answer

of a superior man!” He rose to high office in the Imperial Banqueting

Court, and when he retired from old age received a mansion to .

live in and an adequate pension.
Liu K‘un-i 4] Ah — (T. WH Wf ). Born A.D. 1830. A native
of the $f ay Hsin-ning District in Hunan, who

as a Salaried licentiate, but in 1855 entered th

began his career

for his services to a civil post in 1856, he rapid
various grades to be Judge in Kuangsi, taking up his appointment
in 1863. In 1864 he was made a baturu for the recapture of =
Hsiin-chou Fu from the rebels. In 1865 he became Governor of
Kiangsi; in 1875 acting Viceroy of the Two Kiang; and later on
in the same year Viceroy of the Two Kuang. In 1879 he was

1324

1325

510 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary —

transferred to Nanking, and soon afterwards retired from public
life; but in 1892 he again took éiffice as Viceroy of the Two Kiang
and Superintendent of Trade for the southern ports. In 1894 he
was transferred to Tientsin, and early in 1895 started for Shan-
hai-kuan to assume supreme command against the Japanese. In
1896, after several attempts to retire, he was sent back to his
former post at Nanking.

Liu Kung-ch‘tian ji) A fe (1. yh MR). A.D. 778-865. An
official under the T‘ang dynasty, who graduated as chin shih in
806 and was promoted to high posts because of the beauty of his
handwriting. “‘How can you write so exquisitely ?’’ asked the Emperor
Mu Tsung. “I guide my pen,” replied Liu, “by my heart. I keep
my heart correct, and my pen follows.” His Majesty changed
countenance, for he felt that this was a hint to himself. On
another occasion, when the news of some frontier success was
announced, he at once recited a congratulatory ode. ‘“‘Well done!”
eried the Emperor; “T's‘ao Chih is said to have been able to compose
a verse while taking only seven steps, but you can do it in three.”’
When the Emperor Wén Tsung was boasting how seldom he had
new clothes, and the other courtiers were applauding the Imperial
economy, Liu ventured to remonstrate, pointing out that energetic
government was of more importance than economy in clothes.

Ennobled as Duke. See Liu Chung-ying.

1326 Liu Kung-jung Z| AL AB. 8rd cent. A.D. A noted tippler,

ee

imself by saying, ‘One must drink with the superiors

who excused h
of Kung-ju 1g - one must drink with his inferiors, and one must
drink with his equals; consequently I am often drunk.’ Later on,
when at the house of Yiian Chi, wine was set before the host and
before Wang Jung who was also a guest, but none was offered
to Liu. “One must drink with the superiors of Kung-jung,” said

Yiian Chi in explanation, “and one must drink with his inferiors;

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 544

but there is no occasion to drink with Kung-jung himself.”

Liu Kuo-hstan 4] [aj ff. 17th cent. A.D. The most able 1327
general of Chéng Chin and his successor Chéng K‘o-shuang. After
bravely holding out in Fuhkien until 1680, he took command in

the Pescadores, where in June 1683 he was utterly defeated by
Shih Lang. He surrendered with Chéng K‘o-shuang in September
1683, and was enrolled under a Chinese Banner with the simple
rank of Marquis in lieu of his illegal title pt 7p fF. See Yao
Chii-shéng. =
Liu Ling 4 (fF (T. 4 47). 38rd cent. A.D. A native of 1328
Pei in modern Kiangsu, who went up for his degree in 265 but

was plucked for an essay. extolling the doctrine of Inaction (see

Lao Tzt). He was one of the seven poets who formed themselves

into the famous club, known as the Bamboo Grove (see Hsiang
Hsiu). He was a hard drinker, and declared that to a drunken
man “the affairs of this world appear but as so much duckweed

in a river.” He wished to be always accompanied by a servant
with wine and followed by another with a spade, so that he might

be buried where he fell. On one occasion, yielding to the entreaties

of his wife , he promised to ‘‘swear off,” and bade her prepare the
usual sacrifices of wine and meat. When all was ready, he prayed, —
saying, “O God, who didst give to Liu Ling a reputation through
wine, he aiiee able to consume a gallon at a sitting and requiring

a quart to sober him again, listen not to the words of his wife,

for she speaketh not truth.” Thereupon he drank : Pp the sacrificial

wine, and was soon as drunk as ever. He is said have used a
carriage drawn by deer.

Liu Lun 43) #m (7. <4 jm). H. He). AD. 1710-1778. 1329
Graduated at the special examination in 1736, and entered the
Han-lin College. Attracting the notice of the Emperor, he was

frequently employed in the Imperial Library; and being rapidly

1330

1331

512 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

promoted, became a Grand Secretary in 1771. He wrote essays,
and also the PR Fe Fe. a HA , a work on arithmetic. Personally, he
lived a very frugal and almost ascetic life. Canonised as Bl 4E -
Liu Lung Z| We. A.D. 106-107. Youngest son of Liu Chao,
whom he succeeded at the age of 3 months as fifth Emperor of
the Eastern Han dynasty. Dying at the age of two, he was canonised
as 3 By EL.

Liu Min 4] 2 or Liu Ch‘ung . Died A.D. 955. Half-
brother to Liu Chih-yiian. He was a handsome young man, with
a fine beard and double pupils to his eyes; but he cared for nothing
save wine and gambling, and had even been branded on the cheek
for some crime. When Liu Chih-yiian mounted the throne of the
Later Han dynasty, he was appointed Governor of Shansi and
received other honours. Under the second Emperor, Liu Ch‘éng-yu,
he became a Minister of State; and by an intrigue of the Empress
Dowager his son was named as Heir Apparent. The boy died, and
Liu. Min returned to Shansi; after which he declared his independence

and proclaimed himself first Emperor of the Northern Han State.

Leaguing himself with the Kitan Tartars, he attacked the reigning

1332

House of Chou, but sustained a severe defeat and died of chagrin
in the following year.
Liu Ming-ch‘uan #])] $f 7% (T. 7 =). A.D. 1838—1896.

- A native of Ho-fei in Anhui, who passed the quasi-matriculation

examination of student but took no degree. Adopting a military
career, he fought as a volunteer in the T’ai-p‘ing rebellion, and

$1 rewarded with the Yellow Jacket. He then operated

as Commander of Li Hung-chang’s forces against the Nien fei in
Shantung and other provinces. In the latter capacity he showed
such energy that in 1868 the leader of the movement, Chang
Tsung-yii, drowned himself. in despair; for which services he was

ennobled as Baron. But he first gained real distinction by his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary | 513

spirited defence of North Formosa against the French in 1884—5,
where he held the post of Military Commissioner. When Formosa
was subsequently made into a province, he was appointed to be
its first Governor; and he signalised his administration by the
introduction of a railway, the laying of a submarine cable between
Tamsui and Foochow, the construction of a land line of telegraphic
communication between the north and south ends of the island,
and the working of coal under foreign superintendence, together
with many fruitless efforts to “pacify” the savages of the interior.
In 1890 he was made President of the Board of War. He resigned
his post in 1891, unable any longer to find the funds for carrying
on his numerous undertakings, and was appointed to be Vice
President of the Admiralty. For some time he remained in retire-
ment, nursing his health, which had suffered greatly from wounds
and a prolonged residence in the malarious climate of Formosa. In
1894, .when the Korean peninsula became a bone of contention
between China and Japan, he was appointed Commander of the
Chinese forces in Korea, but excused himself on the score of bad
eyesight. He published some poems which were favourably received.
iu Pan 4) #2. Son of Liu Hung, whom he succeeded in A.D. 1333
190 as Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was shortly
afterwards carried off, together with his brother Liu Hsieh, by the
eunuchs (see Chang Jang); and on his escape from their hands
was immediately deposed by Tung Cho. He reigned only five months
in all, and is not regarded by Chinese historians as having actually
been in possession of the throne. Known in history as Ap if.
Liu Pang 43] Fh (T. 4). B.C. 247—195. A native of Ptei in 1334
modern Kiangsu, where he became beadle. He was in charge of
the caravanserai, and his chief duties were to check brigandage
and settle disputes. His integrity and winning manners gained him

such influence that a man of position, named Li, gave him his
33

514. ; _A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

daughter in marriage (see Li Hou). Meanwhile, the country was
groaning under oppressive taxation and forced labour; and on one
occasion, when Liu Pang was in charge of a party of labourers
proceeding to carry out some palace-building operations to gratify
a whim of the First Emperor, so many of the men died of
exhaustion that the remainder decided to proceed no farther. Under
the leadership of Liu Pang they retired to the mountain fastnesses
between Kiangsu and Honan, until the death of the First Emperor
and the news of Ch‘én Shéng’s revolt in B.C. 209 caused the
people of P‘ei to put to death their Magistrate and appoint Liu
Pang to rule over them, under the title of Duke of P‘ei. In B.C.
208 he joined with Hsiang Liang in raising to the throne of the
resuscitated Ch‘u State, under the title of he “fF, the grandson
of the former king who had been lured to Ch'in and had never
returned. On the death of Hsiang Liang,-he was appointed by the
young monarch to the command of the southern army; and proceeding
-to Hsien-yang, the capital of Ch‘in, he anticipated his rival, Hsiang
Chi, nephew of Hsiang Liang, by receiving the submission of Tzti-
ying, the son of Fu Su, who had been set up as king by the
eunuch Chao Kao, after the murder by the latter of Hu Hai, the
‘Second Emperor. Now it had been agreed that whichever of the
generals should first enter Hsien-yang should be rewarded with the
Principality of Ch'in. Accordingly, no sooner had Liu Pang arrived
than he issued a proclamation abrogating the severe laws then
existing, and enacted three simple laws in their stead, referring
only to murder, bodily injury, and theft. The arrival however of
Hsiang Chi changed the face of affairs, and in the end Liu Pang
obtained only Ssiich‘uan and a part of Shensi, with the title of
Prince of Han. From this moment these two men were at open
enmity, which culminated in the terrible battle at P‘éng-ch*éng in

Kiangsu, B.C. 205, where Liu Pang lost over a hundred thousand

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 515

men, escaping himself by a miracle from the field. He also managed
to save a son and daughter, but his father and wife fell into the
hands of Hsiang Chi. Then followed the long struggle, in the
early part of which Hsiang Chi was uniformly successful, ending
in the peace of 4 TA: Kuang-wu, which restored to Liu Pang
his wife and father; which peace, at the instigation of Chang Liang,
Liu Pang at-once proceeded to violate. He started in pursuit of
Hsiang Chi, and inflicted upon him a crushing defeat at 1% aS
Kai-hsia in Anhui; upon which Hsiang Chi committed suicide and
Liu Pang was proclaimed first Emperor of the Han dynasty, B.C.
202. After a short reign, troubled by incursions of the Turkic
tribes on the north-west frontier, he died, leaving his consort, Lii
Hou, Regent of the empire. See Chi Hsin, Ch'én P'ing, Hsiang
Chi, Han Hsin.

Liu Pao Za) PR. . A.D. 116-145. Son of Liu Yu, whom he
succeeded in 126 as seventh Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty.
His mother was a concubine who fell a victim to the spite of the
Empress. In 120 he was nominated Heir Apparent; but in consequence
of a palace squabble in which his wet-nurse was killed through
the machinations of his father’s old wet-nurse, he was degraded
in 124. Upon the death of his father he was not allowed to approach
the bier, and an attempt was made to keep him from the throne;
however a coup d'état was planned, and the conspirators were put
to death. His reign was much troubled by attacks from the
Hsiung-nu, and the Hsien-pi raided Liao-tung. Canonised as Ze
JEL Eft.

Liu Pao 4] #&. A famous painter of the 2nd cent. A.D., who
was such a skilful artist that his picture of the Milky Way made
people feel hot, and -his picture of the north wind made them feel
cold. His drawings of ravens were also much admired. He held

office as Governor of Shu, part of modern Sstich‘uan.

1335

1336

1837

1338

546 A Chinese Biographical Dietionary

Liu Pao #3] # (T. 4A fe). 12th cent. A.D. A scholar of
the Sung dynasty, who could compose at 10 years of age. He
graduated as chin shih in 1178, and entered upon an official career.
His brilliant talents however made him an object of envy, and he
soon retired. He gave himself the sobriquet of WG: iy ES Kes and
is the author of some beautiful poetry.

Liu Pei #4} (1. & ff). A.D. 162-223. A native of the
WK Cho District in the north of Chibli, and a descendant of the
Emperor Ching Ti. On the death of his father, Liu Pei and his
mother were reduced to making straw shoes and mats for a
livelihood. At fifteen years of age he was sent, together with a
kinsman whose family defrayed his expenses, to study under Lu
Chih. But he was no lover of books, and preferred amusing
himself with horses and dogs. As in the case of most other heroes
of antiquity, his personal appearance is said to have been extra-
ordinary. He was seven feet five inches in height; he could see
behind his back; his ears reached to his shoulders, and his hands
to his knees. He possessed the invaluable power of creating a good
first impression, and was able to keep his countenance under the
most trying circumstances. In A.D. 185 the rebellion of the Yellow-
Turbans broke out, and he at once set to work to raise a corps
of volunteers. For this service he received an appointment to a
petty magistracy, in which capacity he is said to have gained
universal esteem. There he remained until the behaviour of a
corrupt Inspector so irritated him that he gave the man a severe
beating and left him tied to a post, with the magisterial seal hung
round his neck. He himself took refuge with Ho Chin, and on
the death of the latter, joined in an expedition against Yiian Shao.
He next became Magistrate of P‘ing-yitian in Shantung, and on
one occasion narrowly escaped death at the hands of a hired

assassin. He was opposed to the encroachments of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 517

against whom he assisted (SJ aft T‘ao Ch‘ien, succeeding on the
latter’s death to the governorship of his district. The enmity of
Lii Pu then caused Liu Pei to take refuge with Tss‘ao Ts‘ao, who
attacked Lii Pu, took him prisoner, and caused him to be put to
death. The two heroes now became great friends, being constantly
in each other’s society and riding in the same chariot. Yet when
ip AK Tung Ch'éng received a secret commission from the Emperor
Hsien Ti to destroy his enemies and formed a plot for this purpose,
Liu Pei’s name was on the list of the conspirators. It was at this
juncture that Liu Pei suddenly ‘dropped his ‘chopsticks’ while at
dinner, led by a chance remark from his host to believe that the
conspiracy had been discovered. Eventually his share in it became
known, and thenceforward he and Ts‘ao Ts‘ao were open rivals
(see Kuan Yu). Liu Pei fled to Yiian Shao, and the two fought
together against their common enemy (see Liu Ch‘an). Shortly
afterwards Chu-ko Liang entered the service of Liu Pei, and from
that time his fortunes improved. An alliance with Sun Ch‘iian was
brought about, with great advantage to the rising kingdom of Shu.
In A.D. 211 4) $ Liu Chang, who held possession of what is
now known as Ssitich‘uan, fearing that Ts‘ao Ts‘ao would absorb
his territory, begged assistance from his kinsman Liu Pei. Thus
Liu Pei gained a foothold in the land of his desire, and soon
became master of the whole of it under the title of pi rH -.
In A.D. 221, when the Han dynasty had ceased to exist, he
assumed the title of Emperor of Shu. He died ‘at Ik FE Yung-
an, in harness to the last. The dynasty which he founded, known
as the Jit Pa Shu Han or Minor Han, is considered to be the
legitimate successor of the great Han dynasty, although during his
own reign and that of his son and successor thesievber portion of
the empire was divided against them by the rival houses of Wei

and Wu, constituting the epoch of the Three Kingdoms. His

1339

1340

1341

1342

1343

518 _ A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

character is thus summed up by the historian of the period: — “He
was a great man, bold and liberal. Gifted with deep penetration
and always considerate to men of parts, he possessed all the
qualifications essential to the founder of an empire.” Canonised as
SH Fu jit or Ft SE.

Liu Piao 4 #% (T. = FF). Died A.D. 218. A distant kinsman
of the Imperial House of Han, who in A.D. 190 received the
appointment of Governor of Ching-chou in modern Hupeh. When
Li Ts‘ui held Ch‘ang-an, Liu Piao sent an envoy to him with
tribute, and was erinobled in consequence as Marquis, besides being
named General for the South and also confirmed in his existing
post. After his death from an abscess in the back, his younger
son Liu £3 Tsung, in whose favour the elder son Liu Ty Ch'i
had been set aside by a family intrigue, openly acknowledged
allegiance to Ts‘ao Ts‘ao.

Liu Pin 4] #} or Liu Hung-tu # JE . Died A.D. 943. Son
of Liu Yen, whom he succeeded as second ruler of the Southern
Han State. He was a worthless fellow, and was hardly on the
throne before he was assassinated by his brother. Canonised as
5

Liu Ping yA I. A.D. 144—146. Son of Liu Pao, whom he
succeeded in 145 as eighth Emperor of the Hastern Han dynasty.
Canonised as ae /¥ =I if - |

Liu Ping 4] yy (T. ME WA). 5th cent. A.D. One of the
numerous pupils of Kuo Yii. One day the latter threw down a
mat and said, “I want to get a smart son-in-law. Whoever first
sits on this mat, shall have my daughter.” In a moment Liu was

on the mat, and subsequently married the young lady.
Liu Ping-chung #4 5 HR (T. 4p iff). Died A.D. 1274. A

~ trusted counsellor of Kublai Khan. In youth he served as a clerk

to support his poor parents, but after a while retired to the jt

A Chinese Biographical Diokinatss 519
FE Wu-an hill in Honan and ultimately entered the Buddhist

priesthood. Before his accession Kublai Khan summoned Liu before
him, and struck by his wide reading and knowledge consulted him
on his wars. Liu pressed on him the necessity of reforming the
administration, of promoting education, and of honouring Confucius.
It was not however until 1264 that Liu received a place in the
Cabinet. He then devoted his whole energy to the government,
speaking freely on all subjects and bringing into notice many
worthy men. He caused Peking to be made a capital, and in 1271
advised the adoption of the dynastic title 7f, Ytian. To him the
Mongols owed the regulation of salaries, ceremonies, and official
rank. He died suddenly when on a visit to Xanadu, the summer
residence of the Emperor, about 180 miles north of Peking. He
was posthumously ennobled as Duke, and canonised as Bl iE.
Liu Po-lung Bai) A HE - 5th cent. A.D. A poor official of the
Sung dynasty, who while arranging to invest his money at ten
per cent per month, heard the jeering laugh of a bogy alongside
of him. He at once gave up the pursuit of gain, declaring that
it was better to be poor than to be laughed at by a devil. He
subsequently rose to high office. [The same story, with variations,
is told of one 7 AW ey Lung Po-kao.]

Liu Po-to 4] Fy Wa. 3rd cent. A.D. A native of Ho-tung, who

was skilled in the preparation of a kind of whisky. It was so

1344

1345

strong that a person who got drunk on it did not recover his -

senses for a month; and from being carried for sale to a great
distance, it acquired the name of fe fi Crane Goblet. Some
robbers, who broached a jar of this liquor and drank freely of
it, were all rendered insensible, and the whole gang was easily
captured.

Liu P‘o-p‘o yl hy Fh) . Died A.D. 425. Son of Liu Wei-ch‘én
(see Toba Kuei). Upon his father’s dofeak he entered the service

1346

1347

1348

1349

520 . A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of Yao Hsing, and became Governor of HH vii So-fang in Kansuh.
In 407, dissatisfied with his master’s conciliatory policy towards
the Northern Wei State, he threw off his allegiance and set himself
up as king of the Hsia State, naming it after the dynasty of old
from which he professed to be descended. He defended himself
successfully against the Later Ch‘ins and Southern Liangs, and in
411 built a new capital. In 413 he adopted the surname of Ii
Hi Ho-lien, and in 418 he captured Ch‘ang-an, but was forced
to retire in order to defend his northern capital against the Northern
Wei State.. His tWo sona who succeeded him’ both fell into. the
power of the latter and were executed, and thus the Hsia State
came to an end in 431. Under his rule the punishment for scamped
work of any kind was death.

Liu Shao 4] ay (T. FL TT). 3rd cent. A.D. A native of Han-
tan in Chihli, who rose by 224 to high office and was commissioned
to collect works on the Five Classics. He also edited the Classic
of Filial Piety, and wrote a treatise, entitled Xn Wy ie on the
division of mankind into classes according to the disposition of
each individual as ascertained from outward characteristics.

Liu Shao 4] Af (T. 7 fi). Died A.D. 454. Eldest son of
Liu I-lung, by whom he was appointed Heir Apparent at the age
of six. His evil. conduct compelled his father to set him aside;
whereupon he slew the latter and proclaimed himself Emperor. He
was soon captured by the generals of his. brother Liu Chiin and
was promptly executed.

Liu Shéng 4 j, or Liu Hung-hsi # lL. Died A.D. 958.
Brother to Liu Yen, whom he assassinated in 948, mounting the
throne as third ruler of the Southern Han State. He led an
immoral life, but managed to add a part of Kuangsi to his

dominions. Canonised as rH TI:

1350 Liu Shih ZA) we . B.C. 75—382. Son of Liu Hsiin, whom he

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 524

succeeded in B.C. 48 as ninth sovereign of the Han dynasty. He

was a precocious youth, and when only eight years of age he took

upon himself to remonstrate with his father upon the excessive

severity of punishment in vogue. The latter was far from pleased,
and predicted that this son would bring ruin upon the House of
Han, — a prediction which was not fulfilled. He was a mild and
humane ruler, fond of history, and skilled in several musical
instruments. Canonised as ae IU Eh ih

Liu Shih J Fe. 7th cent. A.D. The wife of an official named
AF: Bes Jen Huan. Upon the Emperor T‘ai Tsung presenting her
husband with two pretty concubines, she cut off their hair and
made them bald. The Emperor then sent a potion which he
commanded her to drink, and which he said would cause instant
death if she was jealous; adding that if she was not jealous she
need not drink it. Without hesitation she drank it off, saying that
death would be preferable to such a life; and the Emperor was
so much struck by her heroism and devotion that he advised Jen
Huan to remove the young ladies from his house.

Liu Shou-kuang #]] 4 3. Died A.D. 912. Son of Liu Jen-
kung. He debauched his father’s favourite concubine; and when
punished for this, he seized his father and kept him in confinement,
subsequently defeating and killing his elder brother who had come
to the rescue. In 911 he threw off his allegiance to the Liang
dynasty, and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Great Yen State.
In the following year Chou Té-wei was sent against him, and
succeeded in taking his capital. He fled with two of his wives, but
lost his way and was captured and slain. His father was seized
by Chou Té-wei, and was shortly afterwards beheaded. |
Liu Shu 4] #4 (T. ji 34). AD. 1052—1078. The son of an
official who was too inflexibly upright for public life, and who

retired to seclusion on a mountain in Ssiich‘uan, where he ended

1351

1352

1353

522 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his days in peace. A precocious boy, he graduated as chin shih

before he was twenty, and entered upon official life. Having made

a special study of history, he was employed under Ssii-ma Kuang

upon the great work which the latter was preparing, and it fell

1354

1355

to his share to unravel many of the knotty and difficult points
which lay in the path of the historian. Wang An-shih, an old
acquaintance, then wished to gain his aid in the elaboration of
some of his numerous schemes; but Liu pleaded ignorance of the
subject and steadily refused to help, which led to permanent ill-
feeling between them. After his death from sickness, an official
post was conferred upon his son in recognition of the father’s
contributions to history.

Liu Sung-shan 4] #4 [Ly (T. = Hei} ). Joined the army at the
age of twenty, and after serving in no less than thirteen provinces,
rose to the rank of Provincial Commander-in-chief. In 1868 he
succeeded in crushing the Nien fei, and drove them from Chihli,
for which services he received a title and the Yellow Jacket. He
was killed in action while fighting against the Mahomedan rebels
in Shensi. Was canonised as it Wh.

Liu Ta 4) ka. A.D. 57—89. Fifth son of Liu Chang, whom
he succeeded in 76 as third Emperor of the Hastern Han dynasty.
In the early part of this reign the Hsiung-nu proved very
troublesome, until they were defeated by Pan Ch‘ao whose splendid

achievements paved the way for the extension of the empire towards
Central Asia. Canonised as Fa ae EE 3 A ip.

1356 Liu Ta-hsia 4 BB (T. WE HE). AD. 1481-1511. Grad-

uating as chin shih in 1464, he served in various important
capacities until in 1502 he became President of the Board of War.
He persuaded the unwilling Emperor to introduce some reforms,
but his objection to eunuch Commandants led to his retirement in

1506, and two years afterwards Liu Chin caused him to be banished

A Chinese Biographicat Dictionary > 523

. to Kansuh. In spite of his age, he made his way thither with
only one servant, the people stopping their business to escort him;
and when the officials cut off his allowance of food, the literati kept
him supplied. On the fall of Liu Chin in 1510, he was re-instated
and permitted to retire. The fame of his loyalty and zeal for the
public good reached Korea and Annam, and the envoys of those
countries constantly made enquiries about him. Canonised as it =e
Liu Ts‘an 4] @&. Died A.D. 318. Son and successor of Liu
Ts‘ung. He belied the great promise of his youth, and proved a
most dissolute ruler. Slain by his favourite tif 4& Chin Chun.
Liu Tsuan Za) HA . A.D. 139—147. Great great grandson of
Liu Ta. He was placed on the throne by Liang Chi in 146 as
ninth Emperor of the Hastern Han dynasty, and in the following
year was poisoned out of spite by the same statesman. Canonised
as FE PE SL a.

Liu Ts‘ung 4] HM or Liu Tsai HR (T. 7C BA). Died
A.D. 318. Fourth son of Liu Ytian. In his youth he visited the
capital, and gained the friendship of several eminent scholars such
as Chang Hua and Yo Kuang. On the death of his father he
killed his elder brother and seized the throne, marched against
Lo-yang, and after defeating the Imperial forces with great slaughter
captured the Emperor Huai Ti, whom he caused to be poisoned in
312. His successor, the Emperor Min Ti, submitted in 316 on the
approach of Liu Ts‘ung to Ch‘ang-an, where he had been proclaimed.

When he died, the Han State held all Shansi, except the extreme:

north, and Shensi, and it stretched south to the ¥ Lo river
and east to the plain of Chihli and Shantung. His Minister, [ii
It 3% Ch‘én Yiian-ta, boldly reproved him for wasting the public
resources in building and war, and only escaped death by the
remonstrances of Liu’s wife. Canonised as Ha my A, with the

temple name of #ij ss

1357

1358

1859

1360

1361

524 - A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Liu Tsung-chou 4] 52 A) (T. #2 BR. BH. 2 EE and FE -
jj). A.D. 1578-1645. A native of the Shan-yin District in
Chehkiang, who flourished as a scholar and official at the close of
the Ming dynasty. He graduated as chin shih in 1601, and filled
a variety of posts; but his open denunciation of abuses constantly
led to degradation or dismissal from office. The political troubles
of his times affected him deeply; and when at length Nanking
fell and the Ming dynasty ceased to exist, he attempted first of
all to end his own life by drowning, and finally starved himself
to death, He was the author of the XK aie a work on the whole

duty of man, and of a collection of miscellaneous writings known

as BJ -¥- A> Ze. In 1822 his tablet was placed in the Confucian

Temple.

Liu Tsung-yiian i) 52 7u (T. -~ JB). A.D. 773-819. One
of the most celebrated poets and essayists of the T'ang dynasty,
and also famous as a calligraphist. After rising to be secretary in
the Board of Rites, he became involved in the conspiracy of =F
AX AC Wang Shu-wén, and in 815 he was banished to Liu-chou
in Kuangsi, with the appointment of Governor, in which post he
died. Hence he is often spoken of as SJ Pi) HH]. Some of his
poems are deeply tinged with Buddhistic doctrines, and he also
wrote a remarkable essay in defence of his partiality. “Buddhism ,”
said he, “admits of no envious rivalry for place or power. The
majority of its adherents love only to lead a simple life of
contemplation amid the charms of hill and stream. And when I
turn my gaze towards the hurry-scurry of the age, in its daily
race for the seals and tassels of office, I ask myself if I am to
reject those in order to take my place among the ranks of these.”
He was on very intimate terms with Han Yii, from whom he
received more than one severe rebuke for his leaning towards the

‘strange doctrine.”

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 525
Liu T‘ung-hsin 23] #e Hy (7. HE jap and Ay HK). AD.
1699—1773. A native of Shantung. Graduated as chin shih in 1724,
and rose to fill a succession of high offices of State. Was sent in
1755 as special Commissioner to investigate the state of the garrisons

at Barkul and Hami. When in the autumn of that year Amursana

1362

revolted and ravaged the Ili region, the Commander-in-chief in —

the west, named 3k Rr Yung Ch‘ang, having fallen back on
Barkul, Liu recommended the abandonment of that place and that
a stand should be made at Hami. For this he was severely repri-
manded and degraded together with Yung Ch‘ang. After a short
period of disgrace he rose again until in 1768 he became President
of the Board of Civil Office. In 1778, whilst on his way to an
audience in the palace, he was found dead in his sedan-chair.
Posthumous honours were conferred upon him; and in the following
year the Emperor bestowed upon his son a gift which had been
intended for the father, viz. a copy of the famous encyclopedia
known as the [fai SS 46 WK (see Chiang T‘ing-hsi). Canonised as
oc a6:

Liu Tzi-chuang 23] Yt (T. He pK and FE Ji. H. lie JB).
Flourished in the middle of the 17th cent. ADs and is ranked,
together with Hsiang Po-lung, among the leaders of the men of
letters who have sprung from Hupeh. His works are known as
Ie AB, ae SR.

Liu Tzi-hsin 2) -F Bi) (T. 2% fi). Died A.D. 466. Third
son of the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti of the Liu Sung dynasty.
In 460 he was created Prince of = a Chin-an, but the Emperor
Fei Ti ordered him to commit suicide, whereupon he rose in reyolt
and was proclaimed Emperor. However, he was soon overpowered
and put to death.

Liu Yao #) if (T. 37¢ WA). Died A.D. 328. An orphan kinsman
of Liu Ytian, by whom he was brought up. Visiting Lo-yang as

1363

1364.

1365

526 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

a youth, he got into trouble and was forced to abscond for a time
to Korea. Liu Yiian appointed him Prime Minister and Commander-
in-chief, stationing him at Ch‘ang-an. On the assassination of Liu
Ts‘an he seized the throne, changing the name of the dynasty to
Chao; but as Shih Lo set up a rival Chao, they are distinguished
as Harlier and Later Chao, the latter ruling over all the original
Han territory north and west of the Yellow River. He campaigned
with success against the [FG XE Ti-chiang in Kansuh, and in 323
the Governor of Liang*-chou became his vassal. In 324 he made
an unsuccessful attack on Shih Lo, who in 328 sent Shih Chi-lung
against him; but he repulsed the attack and in turn invaded Shih
Lo’s territory, where however he was surprised, captured, and
executed. His dynasty ended in the following year with the defeat

and death of his son.

1366 Liu Yeh 4] 34. A.D. 449—464. Son of Liu Chiin, whom he

1367

succeeded in 464 as fifth Emperor of the Liu Sung dynasty. His
cruelty excited universal abhorrence, and he was soon put to death
by his father’s Minister = Ax <. Shou Chi-chih. Known in
history as Rs ip -

Liu Yen # & (T. + #). Died A.D. 780. A native of PA
He Nan-hua in Shantung, who at eight years of age, when the
Emperor Ming Huang was worshipping at Mt. T‘ai, distinguished
himself by producing a sacrificial ode upon the occasion. He was
then examined by Chang Yiieh, and declared by him to be a
portent of national prosperity. The ladies of the Court caressed
him; the nobles called him “a divine child” and ‘“‘the thunderclap
of the age,” and he was appointed tutor to the Heir Apparent.
He rose under the next Emperor to be President of the Board of
Civil Office, in which capacity he quarrelled with Yang Yen who
was Vice President. Later on, when the latter came into power,

he caused Liu Yen to be banished to Korea, where he was allowed

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 527

to commit suicide. An order was made to confiscate his property,

but it was found that his possessions consisted only of a few books.

He was fond of urging that there should be no parsimony in great
undertakings. His sympathies were entirely with the people, and

his best efforts were directed towards shielding the poorer classes
from injustice and exaction.

Liu Yen 4) §€ or Liu Yen ##. Died A.D. 942. Brother of 1368
Liu Yin, whom he succeeded in 911 as second monarch of the

ae fg Ling-nan Principality. In 915 he threw off his allegiance

to the House of Liang. In 917 he proclaimed himself Emperor of
Ytieh, and in 918 of the Southern Han State. His reign was
marked chiefly by his extravagance and cruelty. Canonised as

ea EL |

Liu Yin 4] (@. Died A.D. 911. Founder of the 3% BZ Ling- 1369
nan Principality. He was the son of a Governor of +} Féng-chou

in Kuangtung, who in 905 had been appointed Commissioner of
Ling-nan; and upon the fall of the T‘ang dynasty he sent tribute

to Chu Wén, who ennobled him as Prince.

Liu Yin 4] Aj (T. Bs FH). AD. 1241—1298. A native of 1370
Jung-ch‘éng in Chihli, who as a boy showed signs of unusual
talent. Upon the death of his father, his mother married again;

and he attracted attention by the filial manner in which he behaved
towards his stepfather. The family was very poor, but strictly honest.

At length in 1282, through the influence of Pu-hu-mu, he obtained

an official post, which however he resigned in order to tend his

sick mother. In 1291 he was again summoned to Court, and but

for his failing health would have been placed upon the Grand
Council. He lived a quiet and retired life in a cottage which he
named int 1& Peace with Culture, from Chu-ko Liang’s famous

words, “Live in peace in order to cultivate thyself.” Canonised as

— -

528 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

1371 Liu Yin-shu 3) (2 Hi (T. AH of and ZH BH. A. FE My FP).
A.D. 1636—1723. A native of Hef }f, Han-ch‘éng in Shensi, who
graduated as chin shih in 1676, and after serving with great credit
as Censor and Taot‘ai was dismissed for disagreeing with his
superiors over a murder case. At his home he earned fame by
public works, especially by placing a chain to facilitate the. passage
of the Lung-mén Gorge of the Yellow River. In 1703 the Emperor
K‘ang Hsi, meeting him on one of his tours, re-instated him; and
in 1708 he was made Governor of Kueichou, where his wise
administration endeared him to all classes. In 1714 he was sent
to investigate the position at Hami, which was then attacked by
Ts‘é Wang Arabtan; and for advising merely the garrisoning of
that place and a waiting policy, he was sentenced to death. His
sentence was commuted to banishment, and after three years he
was recalled; and in 1722 he occupied the highest seat at the
banquet given to a thousand old men to celebrate the 60th full
year of the Emperor’s reign. Author of two works on the Spring
and Autumn Annals and the Canon of Changes, and of a collection
of essays entitled ‘Pf JS Hf Be 3.

1372 Liu Ying 4] Ay. B.C. 205—188. Eldest son of Liu Pang, whom
he succeeded in 194 as second Emperor of the Han dynasty. He
was soon deprived of all power by his mother (see Ld Hou), and
remained a virtual nonentity until his death. Canonised as ae

1373 Liu Ying 4] BR. Born A.D. 4. Great great grandson of Liu
Hsiin. He was placed upon the throne in A.D. 6 as thirteenth
sovereign of the Han dynasty by Wang Mang, who deposed him
in A.D. 9 with the title of gg Z A. Is known in history as
PF BE.

1374 Liu Yu J jh. A.D. 98—125. Grandson of Liu Ta, and second

cousin to Liu Lung whom he succeeded in 106 as sixth Emperor

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 529

of the Eastern Han dynasty. His accession to the throne was
portended in early days by a bright halo which surrounded his
dwelling. Also, a red serpent was discovered in his bed. His reign
was marked by earthquakes, floods, and droughts, — in spite of
the fact that two yellow dragons and one ch‘i-lén appeared in Honan;
and the distress was on one occasion so severe that men were
reduced to eating one another. Canonised as 7¥ = Ee Ze if -
Liu Yu 23) #% (7. fi HA and FR AY). A.D. 356—422. The
founder of the Liu Sung dynasty. Born at P‘éng-ch‘éng, of poor
parents, he claimed descent from a brother of the founder of the
Han dynasty. After a scanty education he began life as a seller
of straw sandals; but in 899 he enlisted as a soldier, and by the
bravery he displayed against the rebel T¥ yal Sun En he soon
obtained a command. For some years he was engaged in quelling
the rebellions of Huan Hstian, iE a3] Lu Usiin, and aft ae
Ch'iao Tsung; for which. services he was made Field Marshal in
411, and in 416 became Commander-in-chief, with the title of
Duke of Sung. He ultimately succeeded in carrying the boundary
of the Chin empire right up to the Yellow River. In 419 he caused
the Emperor An Ti to be strangled, and set up the latter’s brother
as the Emperor Kung Ti. Sixteen months later, Kung Ti abdicated
in his favour; whereupon he mounted the throne, with his capital
at Nanking, for an uneventful reign which was cut short by death
within two years. Canonised as TH ih -

Liu Yu 2) BE (T. fk er). AD. 489-472. Eleventh son of
Liu I-lung, and uncle of Liu Yeh whom he‘ succeeded in 464 as
sixth sovereign of the Liu Sung dynasty. In the third year of his
reign most of the northern and western provinces revolted, and
Wei annexed all the provinces north and west of the river Huai.
He slew all his brothers but one, and in his latter days wantonly

killed many high officers. A devout Buddhist, he built a vast
34

18%

1376

1377

530 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

monastery in Hunan, at the cost of much suffering to the people.
He was a good scholar, and fond of men of learning. Canonised
a KE

Liu Yi By) (T. fe Hii). A.D. 463—477. Adopted son of
Liu Yiti, whom he succeeded in 472 as seventh Emperor of the
Liu Sung dynasty. He was soon slain by Hsiao Tao-ch‘éng, one
of the four Regents. The arrogant boy had found Hsiao sleeping
naked in his house, and had insisted on shooting blunt arrows at

a target which he painted on the Regent’s belly. Known in history

as $y Pt =F oor ae Foor RS if.

1378 Liu Yu Bi) ¥ (Tv. B HH). Died A.D. 1143. A native of Ht BE

1379

Fu-ch’éng in Chihli, whose ancestors were agricultural labourers.
Graduating as chin shih, he became a Censor, and by 1124 was
Chief Justice in modern Shansi. The advance of the Chin® Tartars
caused him to quit his post and take to flight; however in 1128
he was appointed Prefect at Chi-nan in Shantung. As there were
troubles in the province he applied for a transfer; at which the
high authorities were disgusted, and promptly refused his request.
He accordingly departed in high dudgeon; and when in the winter
the Chin® Tartars invested the city, he renounced his allegiance
and took service with them. In 1130 he was proclaimed Emperor
of the Great Ch‘i dynasty, with his capital at Ta-ming, which he
shifted in 1132 to K‘ai-féng Fu in Honan. Alarmed by the suc-
cesses of Yo Fei, he sent to the Chin® Tartars for aid; but ere
long he suffered an overwhelming defeat from the Imperialist troops,
and was relegated by the Tartars to private life, with the title of
WE.

Liu Yi-hsi 4] gy (7. 2 fA). AD. 772-842. A native
of Chihli, who graduated as chin shih and became a Censor. He
was on terms of close intimacy with --E 7x Bl Wang Shu-wén;

and when in 806 the Emperor Hsien Tsung came to the throne

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 531

and Wang Shu-wén fell, he was banished to a post in Yiinnan.
After serving in various remote regions he returned to the capital,
and at the recommendation of P‘ei Tu was appointed secretary in
the Board of Rites; but when the latter retired, he was again
dismissed to the provinces. His great worth as a poet was however
fully recognised by Po Chii-i, who called him “a hero of song;”
and in the year before he died he was promoted to be President
of the Board of Rites. In composition he was such a purist that
he left a beautiful poem unfinished because it was necessary to
use the character £*& dumplings, which character was not to be
found in the Confucian Canon. Many of his verses were of a
satirical turn, and these often involved him in trouble with his
superiors. See Pet Tu.

Liu Yian ij ji (T. 7O ff). Died A.D. 310. A descendant
of a Turkic chieftain, to whom the first Emperor of the Han
dynasty had given a kinswoman in marriage and who took the surname
Liu. He won the favour of the Emperor Wu Ti, and in 290
became Generalissimo of the Five Turkic Tribes of Shansi. In 304
he took the titles of Khan and King of Han; and in 308 he
proclaimed himself the first Emperor of a new Han dynasty, the
style of which was changed in A.D. 319 to Chao. In 309 his son
Liu Ts‘ung and the ex-robber Shih Lo attacked the Imperial armies,
and in the following years acquired for him all the southern half
of Shansi and eastward as far as Shantung, often appearing under
the walls of Lo-yang itself. .

Liu Yung 4 }f (T. 4 dn. H. F Jig). AD. 1720-1805.
Son of Liu T‘ung-hsiin. He graduated as chin shih in 1751, and
rose to be a Grand Secretary and a Senior Guardian of the Heir
Apparent. His collection of poems, entitled AY Ke ay 46, is still
much admired, and his acquaintance with the Classics, the histories,

and the poets, was profound. He was also famous as a calligraphist.

1880

1381

1382

1383

532 \ A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

But he cared to be remembered only for conduct, and set little
store by his literary ability. He desired a friend to write of him
as of one who had a great reputation but who felt that he had
not succeeded in achieving anything, great or small. He foretold
the date of his death many years before it occurred, and made
every preparation, even to the inscription on his tombstone.
Canonised as NX ii -

Liu Yung-fu 4) 9X ih (T- Je] Se). Born A.D. 1835. A native
of Kuangsi, who was captured by the T‘ai-p‘ings at an early age
but in 1862 joined the Imperial army. Subsequently he crushed
the rebel a fy Li Yang-ts‘ai, and took command of his
forces which he established on the Tongking border. When the
French proceeded to conquer Tongking, Liu and his so-called Black
Flags joined the Annamite government and offered a strenuous
resistance; but in March 1884 they were driven from Sontay and
Bacninh, and enlisted in the cause of China. In July 1885 he was
honoured with the title of baturu, and was received with honour
at Canton in the following January. In 1887, on the disbandment
of his Black Flags, he was appointed Brigade General at Namoa .
and was ordered to aid in suppressing the Hainan rebellion; and
the same year he had audience at Peking. He remained at Namoa
as Commodore and General until September 1894, when he
volunteered against the Japanese, and was sent to Formosa. But
the Japanese were too much for him, and in spite of his prestige
he accomplished nothing. At length he was glad to escape, disguised
as a woman with a child at the breast, to the mainland. He was
subsequently offered a post as Brigade General in Kuangtung, which
he declined.

Lo-ch‘ang Kung Chu 4% & AV =F. 6th and 7th cent. A.D.
The Princess of Lo-ch‘ang, daughter of the last Emperor of the
Ch‘én dynasty. She was married to a man named (Aa it = Hsii

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 533

Té-yen; and on separating from him in the troubles which brought
her father’s line to a close, she gave him half a broken mirror, with
the understanding that on a certain day she was to offer the other
half for sale in the market-place, and thus afford a clue to her
whereabouts. Meanwhile, it fell to her lot to be taken into the
seraglio of Yang Su; nevertheless, on the appointed day she managed
to get her half of the mirror exposed for sale as agreed upon. Her
husband was on the look-out, and tracked her to the palace of
Yang Su, who on hearing the story at once caused her to be
liberated.

Lo Ch‘in-shun 4 @ JIA (T. 70 Ff. H. Re Jae). ALD.
1465—1547. A native of T‘ai-ho in Kiangsi. He graduated as
chin shih in 1493; and after holding various posts in the Han-lin
College and the Imperial Academy at Nanking, in 1522 he was made
President of the Board of Civil Office. In 1527, dissatisfied with
the administration of government, he retired into private life. He
was the author of the [J Al 3B, a work in which Buddhism is
compared disadvantageously with Confucianism; and of the af Bl
| FF FR a collection of miscellaneous writings. He was canonised
as aC HE, and in 1724 his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.

Lo Féng-lu #f BE pe (T. BBEL. WH. 8% AR). Born ALD.
1850. A native of Foochow, who at the age of seventeen was placed
at the Naval School in connection with the arsenal founded at
Pagoda Island by the late M. Giquel. In 1877 he was sent to
Europe and attended lectures at King’s College, London. In 1878
he was attached to the mission of Kuo Sung-tao, and in 1879
was transferred to Berlin. In 1881 he returned to China and acted
as secretary to Li Hung-chang. In 1895 he was secretary of the
peace-mission to Shimonoseki. In 1896 he accompanied Li Hung-

chang on his visit to Russia and other countries, and was appointed

1384

1385

1386

1387

534 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

a Knight Commander of the Victorian Order. In November of the
same year he was nominated as Minister to the Court of St. James’,
and entered upon his duties in May 1897. He speaks English
fluently, and is the author of a translation into Chinese of Problems
on Nautical Astronomy and Navigation, by Jeans, and also of a
pamphlet on Indeterminate Equations.

Lo Fu we HAY A very beautiful and chaste woman who lived
under the Han dynasty. One day, when she was out picking

‘mulberries, the Prince of Chao, in whose service her husband was,

began to make advances to her. She at once seized her lute and
broke into song, in order to express her feelings.

Lo Jao-tien Af we HE (T. fig JA). AD. 1793--1854. Graduated
as chin shih in 1829, and by 1849 was Governor of Hupeh. In
1852 he was commissioned to inspect the defences of Hunan, and
successfully held Ch‘ang-sha against the T‘ai-p‘ings. In 1853 he
went as Viceroy to Yitinnan, where he managed to keep the
rebellious Mahomedans under control. He died while engaged in

an attack upon a local rebel, and was canonised as Bl Tes

1388 Lo Kuan-chung #f ‘i FA. 12th cent. A.D. A native of Ch'ien-

1389

1890

t‘ang in Chehkiang, and a novelist to whose pen the famous
romance, 7 yet. i. , has been wrongly attributed. See ShihNat-yen:
Lo Kung-ytian we UN Ye . A magician, who is said to have
conducted the Emperor Ming Huang to the palace of the moon.
He threw his staff into the air, and it became a dazzling bridge
over which the adventurous travellers passed with safety. In the
moon the Emperor witnessed a performance of singing and dancing
by beautiful maidens, and on his return to earth he organised the
famous body of operatic artists known as the ze) -F- Wy Pear-
Garden Performers.

Lo Pi He Yi» (T. fe JR). 12th cent. A.D. A native of Lu-ling
in Kiangsi, and a distinguished scholar. Author of the [% 5B, a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 535

history, so to speak, of prehistoric times, ending as it does with
the 18th century B.C.

Lo Pin-wang TER ee =F. 7th cent. A.D. A native of I-wu in
Chehkiang, who early distinguished himself as a poet and received
an appointment under the Emperor Kao Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty.
At the death of this monarch, A.D. 684, Lo espoused the cause
of the legitimate heir as opposed to that of the Empress Wu Hou.
The two princes under whose banner he was fighting were captured
and put to death. There is no record of his own fate, but it is
most likely that he perished with them. Some say that he retired
to a monastery and became a Buddhist priest. Was one of the
‘Four Heroes” of the T‘ang dynasty (see Yang Ch‘iung).

Lo Ping-chang [EX Fe = (T. i PY). AD. 1798-1867. A
native of Fatshan near Canton, who at 17 years of age was cook
(some say slave) in a gentleman’s family. There he used to listen
to the lessons given by the tutor to the establishment, and ere
long composed an essay which attracted so much notice that his
master provided him with a suitable education and gave him one
of his daughters in marriage. In due course he graduated as chin
shih and was appointed to the Han-lin College. After some years
in metropolitan offices he became a Censor in 1840 and memorialised
upon foreign affairs (see P‘an Shih-én). From 1850 to 1860 he
was Governor of Hunan, and kept the province fairly clear of
T‘ai-p‘ing rebels. In the latter year he was sent in pursuit of Shih
Ta-k‘ai into Sstich‘uan, of which province he became Viceroy in
1861. He succeeded in checking the rebels, and captured Shih Ta-
k‘ai himself as he was attempting to pass up the 34 ‘e) Chien-
ch‘ang valley in 1863. His subordinates, carefully selected and
trained under his own eye, rose in many cases to occupy leading
positions in the empire, the most notable among them being Tséng

Kuo-fan. Incorruptible in his official capacity, in private life he

1391

1592

1393

1394

1395

536 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

was simple and unostentatious, even going so far as to make
visits of ceremony on foot, carrying his own cards. He became
Assistant Grand Secretary in 1865. Canonised as. Bl iE.

Lo Tsé-nan 2 82 By (T. fh FR. H. AE Lp). AD. 1807—
1856. Of extremely poor family, he remained a mere student until
the breaking out of the T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion when he was ordered
to enrol the local Hunanese, thus forming the nucleus of the force
famous later on as the Braves of Hunan. In 1853 he was sent by

Tséng Kuo-fan to Kiangsi. Recalled to Hunan, he subsequently

distinguished himself at the taking of Wu-ch‘ang and in driving

the rebels down to Kiukiang. In 1855 he was fighting in Kiangsi;
but on Wu-ch‘ang falling again into the hands of the rebels, he
hastened to lay siege to it in conjunction with Hu Lin-yi, and
was killed by a shot when repelling a sortie. Canonised as fait fill .
Lo Ts‘ung-yen 4 Hi B (T. ft $e). A.D. 1072-1185. A
native of Fuhkien, who led a studious but aimless life until he
was forty years of age, when he became a disciple of Yang Shih.
In 1132 he received the honorary degree of chit jen and a post as
Assistant Magistrate. He was the author of the Hu pe we BR
a work designed to show that the disasters of the Sung dynasty
were due to the abandonment by the Emperor Shén Tsung and
his successors of the principles of their ancestors. In 1614 he was
admitted to the Confucian Temple.
Lo Yin ¥@ & (T. HY Bh). A.D. 883909. A native of Ch‘ien-
t‘ang in Chehkiang, who distinguished himself in early youth by
his beautiful poems and was patronised by the Minister ey WC
Chéng Tien. ee however very ugly; and a daughter of Chéng
T‘ien, who had previously been fascinated by his verses, when once
she had seen the author would never look at them again. He rose
to high office under Ch‘ien Liu, and his works were published
with the title of yr Rg HA Z 4B. On one occasion he wrote a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 537

poem congratulating a young man who had graduated as chin shih;
whereupon the father of the latter said to his son, “I do not
congratulate you so much on having gained your degree as on
having received a poem from Lo Yin.”

Lo Yu He Re . 4th cent. A.D, A native of Hsiang-yang in Hupeh,
who early distinguished himself by his scholarship. He was a petty
but useful and energetic official under Huan Wén. On one occasion,
when there was a general gathering for the purpose of ‘seeing off”’
a newly-appointed Governor, he arrived late for the function. Huan
Wén asked why he was behind time. “I was stopped on the road,”
he replied, ‘‘by a devil, who jeered at me, saying, I notice you
are always going to see others off, but nobody ever goes to see
you off.” Struck by the point of this remark, Huan Wén made
him Governor of Hsiang-yang. He had a weakness for wine, and
moreover was not ashamied to go about asking to be allowed
to share in sacrificial feasts. Huan Wén rebuked him for this,
saying, “If you want food, why not come to me?” “Ah,” said Lo
Yu, “even if you were to give me food today, what should I do
tomorrow ?”

Lou Hu fiz (T. Ab Spit). 1st cent. B.C. A native of Chi,
whose family had been physicians for many generations. He himself
studied under his father, and acquired a vast knowledge of drugs

and their properties, showing such marked ability that he was

1396

1397

advised to turn his energies to an official career. After a course of |

study he received a post at the capital, and ultimately rose to
high office under Wang Mang. He got into trouble for alleged
neglect of duty in regard to a raid of bandits and was cashiered;
however for the sake of past services Wang Mang allowed him to
retire with a patent of nobility. He was famous for his persuasive
powers, and the “lips and tongue” of Lou Hu were coupled at

Ch‘ang-an with the ‘pen and memorials” of Ku Yung.

1398

1399

538 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Lou Lan, The Prince of pes isa -—. A Turkic chieftain who
murdered several Chinese envoys under the Han dynasty, and was
at last assassinated when drunk by the emissaries of Fu Chieh-tzt.
Lou Shih-té 3 fi #4 (7. 4242). Died A.D. 700. A native
of A TA Ytian-wu in Honan, who graduated as chin shih and
by 674 had risen to be a Supervising Censor. He then raised a
volunteer force to operate against the Turfan, and was rewarded
for his services by a high military appointment. Some twenty
years later he suffered a severe defeat at the hands of the Turfan,
and was dismissed to the provinces. In 697 he was restored to
favour and ennobled; and in 700 he was nominated to take com-
mand against the troublesome Turkic tribes. He died however
before the campaign began. His name .was coupled with that of
Hao Ch‘u-chiin, and he was especially noted for his great for-
bearance. On one occasion, when urging his brother, who was
Governor of AR Tai-chou, to practise this virtue, the latter asked
him, ‘If a man were to spit in my face, should I not wipe it
off?” “That would only inflame his anger,” he replied, ‘‘you had -
better let it dry on.” Canonised as RA.

1400 Lu Chao-lin JiR He #h (T. Bi). 7th cent. A.D. A native

of ISH} Yu-chou in Chihli, who was ranked as one of the “Four
Heroes” of the T‘ang dynasty (see Yang Ch‘iung). He committed
suicide by drowning himself in the as Ying river.

1401 Lu Chi [¢ a (T. AX FE). 8rd cent. A.D. A native of Kiangsu,

who at the age of six was taken to see Yiian Shu. The latter gave him
an orange, part of which the boy concealed in his vest but which
rolled out when he prostrated himself at taking leave. Yiian Shu
asked him if he thought it right to pocket things at a host’s
house; upon which the boy excused himself by saying that he
wished to take some of the orange home to his mother. He grew

up a fine handsome fellow and a great student, his chief hobby

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 539

being astronomy. Although he accepted a military command under
Sun Ch'iian, he did not relinquish his studies. He constructed a
celestial map; he annotated the Canon of Changes; and finally he
foretold his own death, which happened at the early age of 32.
Lu Chi f= p#& (T. + @). A.D. 261-308. The son of an
official under the Wu dynasty. He was seven feet in height, and
had a voice like thunder. Upon the fall of the House of Wu he
retired to his native place in Kiangsu, where he devoted himself
to study for ten years. In 289 he and his brother, Lu oe Yin,
proceeded to the capital, and upon the recommendation of Chang
Hua they both received posts. Entering the service of Prince AG
Lun of Chao, he shared his master’s downfall and was condemned
to death. From this fate he was saved by Prince 3H Ying of
Ch‘éng-tu, to whose fortunes he at once closely attached himself.
When the latter, at his advice, took up arms against the Prince
of Ch‘ang-sha, he was entrusted with a command. His troops
however being defeated, their repulse was attributed by a scoundrel,
who owed Lu Yiin a grudge, to treachery on the part of their
commander. Prince Ying was highly incensed, and caused him to
be seized and put to death, together with his brother and hig two
sons. It is said that when this unjust act became known to the
soldiers, there was not one who could refrain from weeping. He
and his brother, who was very clever and could compose at six
years of age, are known as “the Two Lu.” See Ku Jung.

Lu Chi jig #L (T. FF FL). Died AD. 785. An unworthy
Minister who flourished under the Emperor Té Tsung of the T’ang
dynasty. That sovereign raised him in 781 to be the colleague of
Yang Yen, just when the latter began to decline in favour after
having compassed the death of the wise and upright Liu Yen. Lu
Ch‘i’s father and his grandfather had rendered eminent services to

the State; but Lu Chi himself was despised for his want of education

1402 .

1403

1404

540 ' A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and for the cringing servility which distinguished his manner, whilst
for repulsiveness of form and feature he was absolutely a byword
at Court. His skill of address recommended him, nevertheless, to
the Emperor; and in a few months he managed to procure the

downfall of his colleague Yang Yen, in whose place he got the

Emperor to appoint a nonentity, named Pel 7 Kuan Po, so that

practically the whole power fell into his hands. Then began a
career of oppression and cruelty, forced loans and heavy taxation,
which culminated in the mutiny of the army, and finally led to
the revolt of Li Huai-kuang and to his own degradation. The besotted
Emperor still clung to his favourite, and in 785 made him Governor
of Jao-chou; but yielding at length to the public outcry, he sent
him to a minor post in Shensi where he shortly afterwards died.
It was said of him by Liu An-shih that he was unworthy to face
not only his own father and grandfather but even his own son,
an upright; honourable man and a worthy representative of his
ancestral line.

Lu Chia we Ve 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C, A native of the Ch'u
State, whose ready wit and subtlety of argument gained him some
distinction as one of the itinerant politicians of the day. Soon
after the establishment of the Han dynasty, he was sent by the
Emperor to convey a seal of office to Chao T‘o who had proclaimed
himself Prince of Ytieh (Kuangtung and Kuangsi), and to receive
the declaration of his allegiance. He succeeded so well in this
mission that the Emperor appointed him a Minister of State. He
retired from office under the Empress Lii Hou, of whose schemes for
family aggrandisement he disapproved. Re-instated under the Emperor
Hsiao Wén Ti, B.C. 179, he was again sent to Yiieh and proceeded
thither in great state, once more to perform his task to the

complete satisfaction of his master. He died at an advanced age,

leaving behind him an account of his travels. His memory is still

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 5441

preserved at Canton by the shrine erected in honour of [ae K Fe.
Lu Chih J& 4 (T. -¥- Hp). Died A.D. 192. A native of Chihli, 1405
over 8 feet in height, with a voice like a bell, and able to drink
a picul of wine without getting drunk. He studied under Ma Jung,
and became renowned for his extensive learning. He was the only
high Minister of State who ventured to resist the arbitrary measures
of Tung Cho and his scheme to depose the Emperor. He was threatened
with death, but in consequence of the intercession of Ts‘ai Yung
suffered only dismissal, after which he retired to a hermitage in
Chihli. He gave directions that he should be buried without a cof-
fin, saying that his mortal frame could not too soon be resolved
into its elements. Ts‘ao Ts‘ao called him “a pattern to scholars
and a pillar of the State.’ See Chang Chio.

Lu Chih fi 7 (T. Hy fil). A.D. 754—805. A native of Chia-~ 1406
hsing in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih at the age of eighteen,
and in 780 was appointed to a minor post in Shensi. An elaborate
essay on governmental needs soon brought him into notice. He
obtained a high position in the Han-lin College, and was so con-
stantly consulted by the Emperor that he was nicknamed Py AH
the Inner Minister. He accompanied his master in his flight, A.D.
783, to Liang-chou. After serving in various high posts, on the
fall of Tou Ts‘an he entered the Council of State. But he could
not work with Lu Ch‘i and Yang Yen; and in 795 he incurred
the Emperor’s wrath by denouncing his favourite P‘ei Yen-ling,
and escaped death only to be sent to a subordinate magistracy in
Ssiich‘uan. In 805 he was recalled by the Emperor Shun Tsung,
but died on his way to the capital. His political writings are much
admired, and his life is an example of purity and nobility of
character. He was canonised as ‘a and in 1826 his tablet was

placed in the Confucian Temple.

Lu Chiu-yiian WE Ju jd (T. -F a. He RB ply). AD. 1140— 1407

1408

1409

542 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
1192. A native of <» 8} Chin-ch'i in Fuhkien, who graduated

as chin shih in 1172 and entered upon an official career. After
holding several appointments, with intervals of retirement at his
native place, where he taught philosophy to crowds of disciples,
in 1190 he became Governor of +] Ff} Ching-mén in Hupeh. His_
administration was a complete success, and he was recommended
for promotion; but he preferred to remain, and died at his post.
Certain heterodox views ranged the great Chu Hsi among his op-
ponents; especially his contention that personal, subjective educa-
tion, coupled with reflection, was the foundation of all mental
progress, and that education from without could be dispensed with.
The result was a long controversy and a famous letter addressed
to him by Chu Hsi. Neither, however, was converted to the views
of the other, nor was anything in the form of a compromise effected.
His few miscellaneous writings were published under the title of
KR ay 4. He was canonised as Bl Xe, and in 1530 his tablet
was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Lu Chung-lien pS Ah TH . A native of the Ch‘i State, who led
the life of a wandering philosopher. In B.C. 258 he happened to
be in Han-tan, when that city was surrounded by the victorious
forces of Ch‘in after the frightful defeat inflicted by Po Ch‘ on
Chao Kuo, and advised the abandonment of the project of doing
homage to Prince Chao Hsiang of Ch‘in as Emperor, urging a
vigorous resistance. The siege of Han-tan being raised in the same
year, large rewards were offered to him for his services, but he
disdainfully refused everything, left the city, and disappeared. His
name is now used in the sense of “mediator” or ‘‘peace-maker.”
Lu Fa-ho ae DE A. 6th cent. A.D. A hermit of Chiang-ling
in Hupeh, who was possessed of supernatural powers. When Hou
Ching dispatched one of his lieutenants to seize a Prince of the

House of Liang, Lu Fa-ho proceeded to warn the latter of his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 543

danger; and when it was impossible, because of a contrary wind,

to launch fire-ships againt the enemy’s fleet, he waved a white
feather and changed the direction of the wind, at the same time
enabling the Imperial troops to walk upon the surface of the water.

Lu Fa-yen Pe }ES (1. fi HF). 6th cent. A.D. Author of 1410
the YJ GH, a phonetic dictionary arranged under 206 finals ac-
cording to the four tones, in which work he was assisted by Yen
Chih-t‘ni and others. | |

Lu Fang Ji Jy (T. #4 Hi). Died A.D.? 50. A native of = 7 Mil
San-shui in Shensi, who took advantage of the ill-feeling against
Wang Mang the Usurper to pretend to be a great grandson of

the Emperor Wu Ti, and subsequently raised some troops and
served under Liu Hstian. Upon the fall of the latter, the more
turbulent spirits of his native place determined that the succession
should go to him; and an alliance was formed with the Khan of

the Hsiung-nu, who caused him to be proclaimed Emperor. But
after a life of fighting and intrigue, during which he once (in
A.D. 40) actually resumed his allegiance and presented himself at
Court, he finally fled to the Hsiung-nu and spent in exile the ten
years which preceded his death.

Lu Hsi [R He (T 2 FF-). 9th cent. A.D. A native of Honan, 1412
who was hideously ugly, and could not speak plain. He graduated
however as chin shih, and had risen by 879 to be Minister of State

and President of the Board of Punishments. He was a protégé of the
eunuch Tien Tzti-ling, and later on became mixed up in political
intrigues and was forced to take poison.

Lu Hsiu-fu [i J Fe (T. ZF PP). AD. 1236—1279. A native 1413
of Fa YR Yen-ch‘éng in Kiangsu. He graduated as chin shth in
1260, and after some years’ service as secretary to General AS Wee baal

Li T‘ing-chih, he entered in 1275 upon an official career. Rising
rapidly to be a Minister of State, he shared in the southward

1414

Bhd A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

flight of the young Emperor Tuan Tsung before the conquering
hosts of Kublai Khan; and when Tuan Tsung died, he carried the
child-Emperor Ti Ping to Yai-shan in Kuangtung. After some
months of resistance, seeing that all was lost, he bade his wife
and children throw themselves into the sea; and then, taking the
Emperor on his back, he followed their example and brought the
great Sung dynasty to an end (see Chao Ping). In 1859 his tablet
was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Lu Hsti ae 48 (DB, yan #9] ). Ist cent. A.D. A native of Kuei-

chi in Chehkiang, and one of the .24 examples of filial piety.

1415

Entering the public service, he first attracted attention during a
serious famine by distributing an official grant of food only among
persons who had a different surname from his own and who could
not therefore be members of his family. Later on, his name was
wrongfully mixed up in the rebellious projects of Prince rad Ying
of Ch‘u, and he was thrown into prison and put to the question,
but refused to confess. His mother followed him to the capital and
sent some food into the prison, at the sight of which he burst into
tears, explaining to the gaoler that he knew his mother must be close
by, as he detected her hand in the manner of mincing the meat and
onions. This being reported to the Emperor, he was set at liberty.
Lu Huai-shén /& ' (fi. Died A.D. 716. A native of }Ff
Hua-chou in Honan, who graduated as chin shih and rose to be a
Minister of State under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang
dynasty. Feeling however that his talents were inferior to those
of his famous colleague, Yao Ch‘ung, he rather shirked acting on
his own responsibility; but this seeming neglect of duty was
popularly attributed to his love for the pleasures of the table, in
consequence of which he was nicknamed AP E oe HH the Boon-
Companion Minister. He became President of the Board of Civil
Office, and was canonised as pe WX-

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 545

Lu Huan J& #. 8th cent. A.D. A stern and upright official 1416
of the T‘ang dynasty. In A.D. 742 he was Governor of Nan-hai

in Kuangtung, having been sent thither to reform the administration
which: had become very corrupt under his two predecessors, both

of whom had been cashiered for accepting bribes. Under his pure
rule, “the filthy harpies of the law folded their hands” and order

was soon restored. He afterwards rose to be President of a Board.

Lu Hui-néng ji 2% Ab. A.D. 637—712. The sixth and last 1417
of the Eastern Patriarchs of Buddhism. He was born at Hsin-chou

in Kuangtung, and is said to have remained in the womb six
years, and to have refused his mother’s milk, being fed miraculously

by angels. After having been invested with the robe and the bowl

by Hung Jen, he had to go into hiding for some years. In 676

he appeared at a temple at Canton, and devoted himself to teaching

the principles of Bédhidharma. In 705 the Emperor invited: him

to Court, but he excused himself on the plea of ill-health. He

was buried at his native place, where he had caused a dagoba to

be prepared for his remains. He rebuked his disciples for weeping
over him, and declined to nominate a successor in the Patriarchate,

as the doctrine was already well established in China.

Lu Hung Ji PR (T. peo). Sth cent. A.D. A scholar and 1418
recluse who lived at Lo-yang, and was distinguished for his
knowledge of the seal character. He resisted several offers of
employment in the public service; and when at length he appeared

at Court he refused to perform obeisance, on the ground that
loyalty and sincerity are better than prostrations. He was allowed

to return to his home, which he called ‘ig. vith Perfect Bliss, and
there devoted himself to the instruction of some 500 pupils. The
Emperor gave him a yearly pension, with leave to submit his
views on political questions, and at his death contributed 10,000

cash towards his funeral expenses.
35

1419

1420

1421

546 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Lu K‘ai ae BL (T. AR ay Died A.D. 504. A precocious youth,
who took his first degree at 15, and entered the public service.
He rapidly rose to high office; but his elder brother Lu Ye Hsiu
was accused of complicity in the treasonable designs of the Prince
of Hsien-yang, and died in prison. Lu K‘ai was himself arrested;
he escaped however through a general pardon. He was so affected
by his brother’s death that he wept without ceasing until he nearly
lost his sight. Canonised as A.

Lu Kuei-méng i ff 5 (T. 4 S%). 9th cent. A.D. A poet

of the T‘ang dynasty, who used to practise abstinence from food
and would not eat meat or drink wine which had been bought in
the market. Neither would he take part in any. of the great an-
nual festivals, nor have anything to do with ceremonies of mourning
or burial. His chief delight was to roam about in a small boat,
with only a few books, his fishing-tackle, and a réchaud for making
tea. He was called the K [es -¥-, and it is also said that the
expression YT. Ya) Hy A, “wanderer among rivers and lakes” was
first applied to him.

Lu K‘un JK uh (1. HOC. A. JB ly). AD. 1772-1835. A
native of YX Cho-chou in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih in
1799 and rose by service in Peking and the provinces to be Governor
of Shensi. He was employed in 1826 to manage the supplies for the
army operating against Jehangir in Turkestan, and contrived to
keep the expenses within Tls. 11,000,000. As Viceroy of Hu-Kuang
in 1832 he suppressed a great rising of the Hunan aborigines, in
spite of a defective commissariat and in spite of aid received by
the rebels from the Kuangtung aborigines. For this he was ennobled,
and on the arrest of AS pf % Li Hung-pin, Viceroy at Canton,
for failure to keep down piracy, he was sent to replace him. He
was there in 1834, when the English ships were fired upon by

the forts at Bocca Tigris and anchored in consequence at Whampoa;

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 547 -

and he gained considerable kudos by preventing them from reaching
Canton. Canonised as FX Fs -

Lu Kung pS: FAK (T. 4h RE). Ist and 2nd cent. A.D. A native
of Pting-ling in Shensi, whose ancestors belonged originally to the
Lu State. His grandfather , pS: f= Lu K‘uang, had served under
Wang Mang the Usurper, and had gained the sobriquet of Au Be
Bag of Wisdom. His father died when he was only 12; and his
bitter lamentations, coupled with refusal of all pecuniary assistance,
attracted much local attention. He subsequently became Magistrate
of rH ZP Chung-mou, the modern K‘ai-féng Fu, where his adminis-
tration was characterised by the (1) absence of locusts, (2) tameness
of birds and beasts, and (3) humanity of children in his District.
These desirable results were said to be due to hig virtuous rule,
from which all ordinary forms of punishment were eliminated. He
rose to be President of the Board of Civil Office under the Emperor
Wén Ti, and again, after an interval of disgrace, under his suc-
cessor. He finally retired and died of old age.

Lu Lung-ch‘i (ERE HT. He FE. H. 2P AA and FF yA).
A.D. 1630—1693. A native of 4 yi} Ping-hu in Chehkiang, who
graduated as chin shih in 1670. In spite of a clever essay at the
Palace examination, on the need of morals as well as laws in
government and the certainty of corruption among underpaid offi-
cials, he became Magistrate at 5x cE Chia-ting in Kiangsu only
in 1675. There he set his face against the system of presents to
superiors, and by his upright rule excited so much jealousy that
in 1683 a pretext was found for shifting him to the wretched post
of Ling-shou in Chihli, where he remained prosecuting his reforms
until 1690. He was then appointed to be a Supervising Censor.
Here again his strong opposition to the system of recommendation
for office, as well as to the “contribution” system, rendered him

very unpopular, and he was forced to retire when his three years

1422

1423

1424

1425

1426

1427

548 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of office had expired, shortly after which he died. In 1724 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple, and in 1736 he was
canonised as ia ie He was famous as a teacher of the Classics,
and also for his 4s iB aa 5, a commentary on the /our Books,
and for several other learned works. His miscellaneous writings
were published under the title of = ff HY 4.

Lu Pan 3 PE (or fR¥). A sobriquet conferred upon a famous
mechanic of the Lu State, named AY itigi F- Kung-shu Tzti, who
is said to have been contemporary ,with Confucius. Because his
father had been put to death by the men of Wu, he carved the
figure of a demon and set it with its hand pointing in the direction
of that State. The result was a drought which lasted three years;
but upon receiving compensation for his father’s murder, he cut off
the figure’s right hand, and the drought ceased. He also constructed
a wooden kite, which flew up into the sky and did not come
down for three days. He is now worshipped as the God of Car-
penters, and tyros are warned not to “swing their axes at the
door of Lu Pan,” —- 7. e. not to show off in the presence of an expert.
Lu Pao Bs fe TE FG 34). 8rd cent. A.D. A native of Nan-
yang in Honan, who was a poor scholar under the Chin dynasty.
Shocked by the collapse of public morality and the greed for mere
wealth which characterised the period A.D. 291—300, he composed
a satire on the vices of his age, known as Bits my aml a discourse
on the Genius of Money.

Lu Po-té 9% {iii Gili 2nd cent. B.C. A native of P‘ing-chou,
who served with distinction under Ho Ch‘ii-ping, and was ennobled
as Marquis. In B.C. 120 he subjugated large portions of modern
Kuangtung and Kuangsi, and received further honours. He was
known as the K Y# He. it Wave-quelling Commander, a title

given later on to Ma Yiian.

Lu Shén RE Ye (T. -F Hi. A. fie php). A.D. 1477-1544. A

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 549

native of Shanghai, who passed first on the list of chi jen and in
1505 graduated as chin shih. Entering official life, he rose to a
high post in the department charged with the education of the
Heir Apparent. Author of the ae Bh. , a well-known work on
orthography, etc. Canonised as [%.

Lu Shéng JH ZE. 38rd cent. B.C. A magician and alchemist who
flourished under the First Emperor, and is said to have accompanied
Hsti Shih in his search for the Isles of the Blest.

Lu Shéng JH 4L. In the wot A.D. 732, a Taoist sage, named
Pi # Old Father Li, was travelling in modern Chihli, and
sought a temporary rest at a house in which a lad named Lu
was employed as a servant. While the master of the house was
engaged in cooking some millet-porridge, the lad complained bitterly
to the stranger of his humble lot in life. Thereupon the latter
bade him rest his head on a pillow which he took from his wallet,
saying, ‘This will lead you to success and glory.” The lad had no
sooner laid his head upon the pillow than he dreamt that he
returned to his home, married a lovely bride named the Lady JA
Ts‘ui, gained the highest degree at the public examinations, was
promoted to the rank of Imperial Secretary, and died full of honours
at the age of 80; yet when he awaked, the porridge was’ not fully
cooked, Turning to the sage, he thanked him for the hint thus
conveyed, saying, “Sir, you have instructed me!” This occurrence,
popularly known as the Dream of the Yellow Millet, is also related
in reference to Lii Yen.

Lu Shih JH fe. A lady who lived under the T'ang dynasty.
Famous for having remained to protect her aged mother-in-law
from robbers, when all the other members of the family had run
away. ‘‘Ah!” said the old lady, quoting from the Confucian Analects,
‘tis in cold weather that we become aware of the endurance of

the fir and the pine.”

1428

1429

1430

1431

550 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Lu Shih-i | Ht # (T. 36 Ja. H. PP BS). 17th cent. A.D.
A native of Jt @ T'ai-ts‘ang in Kiangsu. In his youth he devoted
his energies to Buddhism and alchemy; but he ultimately abandoned
these for Confucianism, to which he gave thirty years of unremitting
toil. Failing to obtain employment under the Mings, as soon as
the Manchus came into power he resolutely refused all such offers, °

and became a public teacher of philosophy. He was the author of

the $8 $F Bk, a work on the education of the mind from early

childhood up to the attainment of wisdom. In 1874 his tablet was

placed in the Confucian Temple.

1432 Lu Ttan-wei [GE ER 7. 4th cent. A.D. An artist of Kiangsu,

1433

1434

1435

who delighted in drawing the sages and worthies of antiquity and
was taken under the patronage of the Emperor Ming Ti of the
Hastern Chin dynasty.

Lu: Tien Re {mq (T. £2 fifi). A-D. 1042-1102. A native of
Chehkiang, of a poor family. He became first a disciple, and
afterwards an opponent, of Wang An-shih. He rose to high office,
and was distinguished as an author, especially by his works on
Ceremonies.

Lu To-hsiin Jf 4% #R. Died A.D. 986. A native of Ho-nei in
Honan, who graduated as chin shih in 955, and rose by 979 to
be President of the Board of War. He was a very able man, but
he managed to incur the hatred of Chao P‘u and was banished,
on the score of political intrigue, to Yai-chou in Kuangtung, where
he died.

Lu Ts‘ang-yung Ji jee FA (T. -¥- 74). 7th and 8th cent.
A.D. A native of Fan-yang in Chihli, whose father was an official
and had gained the nickname of a HF. Skilful at composition,
he went up for his chin shih degree; but failing to pass, he retired
with his brother to the mountains, where they lived as hermits and

studied the art of existing without food. Later on he returned and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 554

took his degree, and in 706 was secretary in the Grand Council,
from which he rapidly rose to be President of the Board of Works.
He then incurred the displeasure of the T‘ai-p‘ing Princess and
nearly lost his life. Dismissed to a provincial post, he was accused
of treason and sent into Kuangsi, where he distinguished himself
against rebels in Cochin-China; after which he was transferred to
other posts, until he finally died at 4 IML Shih-hsing in Kuangtung.
An intimate friend of Ch‘én Tuii-ang, he was skilled in various
styles of writing, was an excellent performer on the lute, and a
good player at wei cht.

Lu Tsung-tao 4 S238 (T. HC). Died AD. 1029. An
official of the Sung dynasty, who came into notice in 1017 as a
Censor. The Emperor Chén Tsung, though wearied by his incessant
harangues on the abuses that prevailed, nevertheless wrote on the
wall of his apartment Fi [JH ‘Lu the Straightforward,” showing
how much he esteemed him. Under the next Emperor he reformed
the abuses connected with the selection of provincial officers, and
was for seven years in the Council, in which position he checked
the ambitious designs of the Empress Regent. His constant war
against the Empress’s relatives at Court gained for him the punning
nickname of #4 BA HR BK the Fish-head (i. ¢. Nuisance) Minister.
Canonised as jy fii -

Lu Tung jf Ay (H. 7 Jil -—). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A poet
and scholar of the T‘ang dynasty, famous for his love of tea and
his song on tea-drinking, in which he declared that a seventh cup

made him feel as though a gentle breeze under his armpits was

1436

1437

wafting him aloft to heaven. He was a pupil under Han Yt. —

His poem, entitled An Eclipse of the Moon, levelled against the
seditious societies of the period 806—821, was warmly praised by
Han Yii, who was otherwise a great admirer of his writings.

Lu Wang. See Li Ts‘ung-k‘o,

1438

552 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Lu Wén-ch‘ao Ji 4¢ 88 (T. 7% 4. 4H. ff $). AD. 1717—

1795. A native of Hangchow, who graduated in 1752 and rose by

1766 to be Literary Chancellor in Hunan. After this he held no
other office, but devoted his life to literature, spending large sums
in forming: a library of rare books. Besides publishing new editions
of several standard books, he compiled the aA iE 5 ee Zab a con-
cordance, with commentary, of 38 works, classical, historical, and

philosophical. He also wrote essays, and a commentary on the 1& ee .

1439 Lu Yu [ee jf} (T. 9% BA). AD. 1125—1209. A native of Shan-

1440

yin in Chehkiang, who distinguished himself by his learning at the
early age of 12. Entering upon a public career by virtue of his
father’s services, he fell into disfavour with Ch‘in Kuei; but after
the latter’s death he received an appointment, and in 1163 the
Emperor Hsiao Tsung made him a Compiler for the Privy Council
and conferred upon him the honorary degree of chin shih. He sub-
sequently held several provincial posts, but was not very successful
in official life. People accused him of being too easy-going, in
consequence of which he bestowed upon himself the sobriquet of
KK FR. He was a skilled littérateur, and excelled as a poet. He
was employed upon the dynastic history, and a collection of his
writings on miscellaneous subjects was published under the title of
=] P2] Bl 4B. This last work was edited in the 17th century by
=E =f Mao Chin, who added two books of early anonymous effusions
which Lu Yu had attempted to suppress.

Lu Yu Pe WY (T. PB Wy). Died A.D. 804. A native of 7
Fu-chou in Hupeh, who is said to have been picked up when an
infant and adopted by a Buddhist priest. But as he refused to join
the priesthood, he was set to menial work; in consequence of
which he fled and became a clown. In this capacity he attracted
the notice of an official who supplied him with books to educate
himself. About the year 775 he betook himself to a hermit’s life

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 553

and assumed the name of 3% 3 = is FR . He also called himself
A. [oe *¥, with reference to the place of his education, and
pu XK, me besides which he was further known as we De
Lu Chi (T. Zz HE). Author of the # RK, a famous work on
tea, which beverage he declared could be made to perfection only
with water from Hupeh.

Lu Yiian-lang ( 7E BA (tT. fika 1) A.D. 550—625. A native
of Soochow, and one of the greatest classical scholars of his time.
He headed the list of distinguished men summoned between 570
and 580 by Ch‘én Shu-pao. On the fall of the Ch‘én dynasty, he
attracted the notice of the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty
and received the appointment of Imperial Librarian. The usurper
Wang Shih-ch‘ung wished him to become tutor to his son; but he
declined the post, and in 621 entered the service of the Prince of
Ch'in, afterwards second Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty, and was
by him enrolled among the scholars who formed the famous Bl
i. fig College of Learning. During the reign of the first Emperor
of the T‘ang dynasty, he distinguished himself by his defence of
Confucianism against Buddhism and Taoism, thereby earning high
honours and the title of Baron. Author of the $X HH ## 47, an
explanation of terms and phrases in the Classics and the Taoist
writers. Better known by his style as Lu Té-ming.

Lit Hou 4 }& or Lit Shih KK. Died B.C. 180. The Empress
Lii, whose personal name was HER Hey O-hsii, consort of Kao Tsu,
first Emperor of the Han dynasty, whence she is sometimes spoken
of as =a \e- Her father, named Li 4X 7 Shu-p‘ing and often
spoken of as fy Ay Vii Kung, was a physiognomist; and he was
so struck by the features of the future Emperor (see Liv Pang)
that he gave him his daughter to wife. She was endowed with a
masculine mind and an iron will, and it was greatly owing to’ her

masterful advice that her husband was enabled to consolidate the

1441

1442

1443

1444

5D4 =. A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

empire. After the death of the Emperor she became Regent for
her youthful son, known in history as Hui Ti. To make the throne
secure, she poisoned the Prince of Chao, another son of the late
Emperor by a concubine named AK K A. the Lady Ch‘i; and
also put his mother to death with shameful tortures, and called
her own son to view the death-struggle of this unhappy woman
as she lay expiring in a latrine. This sight affected the young
Emperor so deeply that he lost self-control, and gave himself up
to drinking and debauchery; whereupon his mother usurped all
power, and reigned for the rest of her life as the legitimate
sovereign of the empire. After her death there was an attempt by
members of the family, all of whom had been raised to high rank,
to possess themselves of the throne. Their forces were dispersed by
Chou P‘o, and Liu Héng was saluted as Emperor,

Li Hsiang fA) (T. -F- [p]). 8th cent. A.D. A native of PANS
Ching-chou in Kansuh, whose father was absent at a distance when
he was born. Brought up by his maternal grandmother, he devoted
himself to the “grass” character and became so expert that he
could write 100 characters in a ring without taking off his pen.
The strokes were all so fine that his style came to be known as
the “brocade” style. In 722 he was admitted to the Han-lin College,
and wrote poems denouncing the Emperor’s annual search for
beautiful girls and also the Imperial hunting expeditions. He rose
to be Vice President in the Board of Works; and one day, returning
from Court, he espied an old man in the street who greatly
resembled his father. Stopping to speak to him, he found out that
the stranger really was his father; whereupon he jumped off his
horse, and clasping the old man’s knees, with tears of joy carried
him away to his home.

Li Hsien-chi 4 B FE (T. #5 Hf). A-D. 1800—1853. As
Censor in 1842 he gained a great reputation by his excellent

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary : ; 555

counsels of reform. Rising to be the Vice President of a Board,
he was sent as special Commissioner to organise the defence of
Anhui against the T‘ai-p‘ings, and was slain at the taking of $f
HR Shu-ch‘éng. Canonised as AC fiff ..
Li Hui & gf (T. Ek WY). Died A.D. 1071. A native of K‘ai-
féng in Honan, who graduated as chin shih, and entering the
public service rose to be secretary in the Board of War and Director
of the Censorate. His opposition, however, to Wang An-shih and
his “innovations” brought him into disfavour, and he was dismissed
to a provincial post, where he died.

Lu I-chien 4 8 fff] (T. HH FR). Died A.D. 1044. A native
of = Shou-chou in Anhui, who graduated as chin shih and rose
to the highest offices of State under the Emperor Jen Tsung of
the Sung dynasty. When the Empress Dowager died, he and the
Emperor planned to get rid of the officials who had been her
trusted servants; but this coming to the ears of the Empress, she
was very angry, and in the end Lii himself had to retire. Within
a year he was re-instated; which so enraged the Empress that she
proceeded to smack the face of one of the Emperor’s favourite
concubines. In her rage, however, she missed her aim and hit the
Emperor himself, who went off and complained to his Ministers of
State, showing to them the marks of the Empress’s nails on his
neck. Lii resigned, and the Empress was deposed. He and Wang
Ts‘éng were afterwards employed together, but they quarrelled so
incessantly that both had to retire. Ennobled as Duke, and canonised
as Wl Dig

Li Kuang 3t (T. {it WA). Died A.D. 899. The son of a
high officer under Fu Chien, who rose to be a General and for
assisting in extinguishing the first Yen State, was ennobled as
Marquis. In 352 he was sent against the refractory tribes in

Turkestan, and advanced successfully to Harashar and Kuchah.

1445

1446

1447

1448

1449

55 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Returning with much booty, he heard on nearing the Great Wall
of the overthrow of Fu Chien. Thereupon he seized on Liang?-
chou, part of Kansuh, calling himself in 386 Viceroy; and three
years later he took the style of = Ypy “FE King of the Three
Rivers, and in 396 of Ki KF -F Heaven-appointed King of
Liang®. In the following year he suffered a severe defeat from ‘the
State of Ch‘in, on which two of his Generals revolted, and
establishing the States of North and South Liang®, left him little
more than the present Prefecture of Liang®-chou.

Li Kun 4 Ub (T. AX ff. A. Hr #.). A.D. 1586-1618. A
native of ga. [Be Ning-ling in Honan. He graduated as chin shih
in 1574, and entered upon an official career. After holding a
variety of posts, he became President of the Board of Punishments.
In 1597 he presented to the Emperor a memorial of remonstrance
on the state of things in general; but finding that his words had
no effect, he forthwith resigned. His enemies then set to work to
show that in his B&) ij at, 2 work on virtuous ladies of the
Imperial seraglio, he had been guilty of treasonable remarks. But
the passages were proved to be forgeries, and the writers of them
were severely punished. He was also the author of the j=1 i BR,
a collection of political essays and official papers. In 1826 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Li Kung-chu 4 AV af (T. Hf A). Died A.D. 1089. The
second and most brilliant of the four sons of Lii I-chien, all of
whom rose to high rank in official life. As a boy, he was so
devoted to study that he frequently forgot all about food and sleep.
Graduating as chin shih, he had risen by 1069 to be at the head
of the Censorate, but was dismissed to a provincial post for op-
position to Wang An-shih. In 1086 he was a Minister of State
conjointly with Ssiti-ma Kuang; and when the latter died, he was
entrusted with sole power. Canonised as JF Jak.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 557

Lu Ling #4t cE 10th cent. B.C. A’ famous runner who lived in 1450
the time of Mu Wang. He is said to have become at his death one

of the attendants of the God of Thunder.

Li Lung 4 (& (T. 7x FL). Died A.D. ? 404. A nephew of 1451
Lii Kuang, under whom he gained some fame as Warden of the
Northern Tribes. He succeeded Lti Tsuan in 401. His short reign

was marked by a gallant defence of the capital against his rivals

of the North and the South Liang* States. In 403 Yao Hsing
incorporated Liang® in the Later Ch‘in State. Lii received office at
Ch‘ang-an, but became engaged in treasonable plots and was executed.

Li Méng 1 3 (T. -¥- HA). Died A.D. 219. A native of Ju- 1452
nan in Honan. When young he lived with his sister, whose husband

was a captain under Sun Ts‘é. On one occasion the lad secretly
followed his brother-in-law on a raid against bandits, and greatly
astonished the former by his prowess. His next feat was to slay

one of his brother-in-law’s subordinates, who had presumed to
slight him. For this he had to flee; but subsequently he was sent

for by Sun Ts‘é, and at his brother-in-law’s death was appointed

to the vacant post. When Sun Ts‘é was killed, he continued to
serve under Sun Chiiian, fighting many battles, repulsing the great
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, and by stratagem effecting the capture of Kuan Yi,

for which achievements he was ennobled as Marquis. He died in

his master’s arms.

Li Méng-chéng 4 32 jE (T. HE Dj). Died AD. 1011. A 1453
native of Honan, who was driven from home while quite a boy

by his father, and was received and brought up by some priests

at Lung-mén for a period of nine years. In A.D, 977 he graduated

as first chin shih, and six years later was made a Minister of State.
When he went to Court for the first time, a courtier asked if
‘this child’ was to help in the administration; but Lii pretended

not to hear him, and subsequently refused to learn his name.

558 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Honest and mild in disposition, he is regarded as the best of the
Ministers who served under the founder of the Sung dynasty. He
kept a private list of all competent men, and thus he was always
able at a moment’s notice to fill any vacant post. In 1003 he
retired with the title of Duke, and spent the last years of his life
in compiling the He BS aU. 32., a work on the numerical categories.
Canonised as BL BB.

1454 Li Pu & 7 (T. ZX FE). Died A.D. 198. A native of Jy Ji

Chiu-yiian, who distinguished himself as a military commander
towards the close of ‘the Han dynasty. Having gained the reputation
of a brave and energetic soldier, renowned for his skill as a
spearman and archer, he-entered the service of “J. Ri Ting Yiian
who treated him like a son. He joined in Ho Chin’s conspiracy
against the eunuchs; and then, at the instigation of Tung Cho, -
he assassinated Ting Yiian and was forthwith taken into high
favour. He soon afterwards succeeded in rousing Tung Cho’s anger
by an intrigue with one of his servant-girls, and in a fit of temper
Tung Cho threw a halberd at him. Resentment and fear led him
to listen to the proposals of Wang Yiin, then in search of a tool
by means of which he might accomplish the death of Tung Cho
(see Tiao Ch‘an). Thus he slew his second chief, for which service
he was made a Marquis. Pursued by the adherents of Tung Cho,
he fled first to Yiian Shu and then to his brother, Yiian Shao. The
latter soon grew to hate him, upon which he became an adventurer.
At one time he was a supporter of Liu Pei; at another, his active
enemy. Finally he was captured by Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, and put to death.
1455 Lii Pu-wei 3 7A HE. Died B.C. 235. A native of the Wei
State, according to some; of the Han State, according to others.
He lived as a merchant at Han-tan, the capital of the Chao State;
and there made the acquaintance of I-jen, one of the twenty

illegitimate sons of the Heir Apparent to the Ch‘in State. I-jen

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 559

had been sent to Chao as a hostage, and was in poor circumstances.
He was a customer of Lii’s, and somewhat of a simpleton. The
merchant, however, said to himself in trade. phraseology, “This is —
stuff worth holding for a rise; and with the consent of I-jen
proceeded to Ch‘in, and by representing to the childless but legal
wife of the Heir Apparent that on the death of the latter her
own power would come to an end, he persuaded her to adopt
[-jen as her own son. The ruler of Chao was then induced to release
I-jen, whom Lii forthwith escorted to Ch'in, where he was acknowledged
as son of the Heir Apparent who was devotedly fond of his wife
and ready to fall in with any of her wishes. To please his new
-mother, I-jen was dressed according to the style prevailing in the
Ch‘u State, of which she was a native; and this caused his name
to be changed to -~ 4 Tzii-ch‘u. Meanwhile, Lii Pu-wei had
married a beautiful girl, and had lived with her but a short time
-when she was casually seen by I-jen, who not only fell deeply
in love with her, but even begged Lii to hand her over to him.
Lii did so; and it has been asserted that she was already pregnant,
so that the son, named Chéng, afterwards First Emperor, who was
born later on, was really the son of Lii Pu-wei. In B.C. 251 Chao
Hsiang, ruler of Ch‘in, died, and I-jen’s adopted father reigned
in his stead. A year later the latter also died, and I-jen succeeded
him. He at once ennobled Lii Pu-wei, and appointed him to be
Minister. Three years afterwards the new ruler was dead, and the
boy Chéng came to the throne; whereupon Lii’s title was raised,
and he further received the honorary designation of 4H}! 4é Second
Father, All this time Lii had been secretly indulging in a criminal
connection with his former wife, now queen-dowager. But fearing
discovery by the rapidly-developing young sovereign, and in order.
to shift the blame from himself, he introduced to the amorous lady

a handsome youth named #8 i: Lao Ai, and caused him to enter

560 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

her service as a eunuch, for which purpose his beard had previously
been extirpated. By Lao Ai she had two children; but in B.C.
238 the intrigue was discovered, and Lao Ai, who had acquired
considerable wealth and power, as a last resource broke into open
rebellion. He was, however, defeated and taken prisoner and put
to death with all his family. The queen-dowager was exiled, and
Lii Pu-wei was condemned to death; but in consideration of his
former services his punishment was commuted to banishment to his
appanage in Honan. After living some time in retirement, he was
suspected of treasonable designs and banished to Sstich‘uan, where
he put an end to his extraordinary career by poison. He had been
Minister in Ch‘in for twelve years. In 254 and 253, the Wei and
the Han States, respectively, had become its vassals; and in 253
Chao Hsiang had offered the Imperial sacrifice to Shang Ti. In
249 Lii Pu-wei extinguished the Hastern Chou State, the last
remnant of the Imperial domain; and by 247 Shantung had been
incorporated. Then when Wei Wu-ch‘i, at the head of the armies
of the five allied States, inflicted a severe defeat upon Ee te
Méng Ao, the Ch‘in general, Li managed by bribery to get him
removed from the command; and his death in 244 left the Ch‘in
State free to pursue its career of conquest. Lii Pu-wei had also
made a bid for literary fame. He engaged a number of scholars
to produce a kind of encyclopedia, which he published under the
title of AK a AK ; and when completed he placed a copy of
it in the market-place at Hsien-yang, offering a purse of one
thousand taels to any one who could improve it even by adding
or expunging a single word. This work is not mentioned in Ssii-
ma Chi‘ien’s history; and although a work is still extant under
the same title, it enjoys small reputation among the learned, and
may safely be referred of the ingenuity of some scholar of the HE.
Han dynasty, probably ia ay Kao Yu.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 564

Lu Shang. See T‘ai Kung.

Lu Ta-lin 7% KA fB (T. Bil 4). 11th cent. A.D. He studied 1456
with Yang Shih, Hsieh Liang-tso, and Wie. AE Yu Tso, under

the great Ch‘éng I, the four students being collectively known as

the py Ke He. He acquired a profound knowledge of the Classics,
especially of the Book of Rites; and about 1090 he received the
honorary title of Great Scholar, and was appointed to the Imperial
Library. He died however shortly afterwards, and in 1895 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Lu Tsu-ch‘ien 4 jill ae (T. 4 AR. H. He AE). AD. 1187— 1457
1181. A native of 4 PK Kuei-lin Fu in Kuangsi. He graduated

as chin shih, and entering upon an official career rose to be a
Historiographer; but in 1178 he was compelled by ill-health to
retire. Distinguished more as a scholar than as an official, he was

the author of the 4 Fe Be zt aE a4 aU, a well-known work

on the Odes; also of the p=s Fi] Bl ge , a collection of historical
documents of the Sung dynasty down to the year 1127; of the

K wy ab; consisting of historical criticisms; of a commentary on

the Canon of Changes, etc. etc. He was a contemporary and fellow-
labourer with Chu Hsi, one of whose great works, the ir Bik

$f, owed its publication to his influence and advice. He was
canonised as ime and in 1261 his tablet was placed in the Con-
fucian Temple.

Li Tsuan (4 2% (T. 7K 4). Died A.D. 401. A son of Li 1438
Kuang, who assassinated the rightful heir ay Shao, and usurped

the throne of the Later Liang®. He gave himself up to wine and
women until he was himself assassinated while drunk by a cousin.

Li Tuan 7% tig (IT. 24 fA). 10th cent. AD. A native of ZH 1459
FH An-tz‘ti in modern Chihli, who was a trusted Minister under

the Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the Sung dynasty. At the death of

that monarch, the eunuch =F ee pal Wang Chi-én made an
36

1460

1461

562 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

attempt to set aside the Heir Apparent; but Li Tuan seized the
traitor, and kept him locked up in a library while he himself
invested the Emperor Chén Tsung, who afterwards raised him to
the rank of Lord High Chamberlain. The Emperor T‘ai Tsung
used to say of him that he was a fool in small matters but not
in great ones. Canonised as JF HH.

Li Wén-ching Bl RK (T. hie 4¥). Commonly known as
Captain Leeboo or Lew Buah. A native of Fuhkien, he began life
as table-boy to the British Consul at Shanghai who sent him to
Scotland to be educated. Having acquired some knowledge of English,
he served as interpreter on expeditions against pirates. Picking up
a little navigation, he was employed on board the first Foochow
gunboats; and in 1881, while in command of a vessel, he rescued
the captain and crew of the Annie S. Hall, wrecked on the a
T‘ai-chou group. He has several medals, etc., presented for similar
services. When the French vessels opened fire at Pagoda Island on
August 23rd 1884, Leeboo, who was in command of a transport,
wisely slipped his cable and escaped up stream, thus saving his
ship. He was, however, most harshly treated, being banished to .
the post-roads for cowardice. He returned from Kalgan to Tientsin
in February 1889. In 1895, having been in command of the
Armstrong mosquito-gunboat Chén-pei during the Japanese attack
on Wei-hai-wei, he was again degraded for trial. He has always
shown himself most courteous to foreigners, among whom he has
many friends.

Li Yen % gh (T. Ye] AB). Born about A.D. 750. Graduated
as chin shih about 770, after which he became a recluse on Mt.
Hua in Shensi, under the name of fj is) ¥. There he fell in
with the philosopher Chung-li Ch‘iian, who taught him the secrets
of Taoism, and at fifty he attained to immortality. He is ranked

among the Hight Immortals (see Chung-li Ch'éian), and'is commonly

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 563

known as 74 jf] the Patriarch Lii, under which title he is
worshipped by barbers. Much legendary matter has gathered round
his name. He has been confounded with Lu Shéng, who has been
stated by some to have been his contemporary; and the famous
Yellow-Millet Dream has been equally ascribed to both. A foolish
commentary on the Tao Té Ching, regarded by some as the true
Taoist interpretation of that work (see Lao Tzit), is also said to
be from his pen, though undoubtedly a forgery of later times. At
his birth he was considered to be wonderfully like Chang Liang;
and Ma Tsu, to whom he was exhibited, predicted for him a
great future.

Luan Pa i FY, (T. 4 FU ). Died A.D. 168. A native of Py tar
Nei-huang in Honan, who entered upon an official career under
the Emperor Shun Ti. Though perfectly upright, he was eccentric
in his ways and made no friends, and ere long applied to retire.
Sent as Governor to Yii-chang in Kiangsi, he used his knowledge
of the black art, to which he had devoted much attention, in the
interests of his people who were troubled by spiritual manifestations.
The results he achieved were probably due to the vigorous way in
which he put a stop to the nefarious practices of wizards and
sorcerers; at any rate he gave his district peace. On one occasion,
when the Emperor bestowed upon him a gift of wine, he spat
some out of his mouth in a south-westerly direction, explaining
that there was a fire in Ch‘éng-tu in Sstich‘uan, and that this was
to help put it out. Later on, news came that there had been a
terrible conflagration in Ch‘éng-tu, but that it had been extinguished
by a rain-squall from the north-east, which smelt strongly of wine.
At the death of the Emperor in 144 he got into trouble with the
Empress Dowager by espousing the cause of some peasant proprietors
whose land was taken from them for the Imperial Mausoleum, and

was thrown into prison. On his release he remained at home until

1462

1463

1464

1465

1466

1467

564 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the accession of the Emperor Ling Ti in 168, when he was
re-appointed to office by Tou Wu. He fell with his patron and was
ordered into banishment, but refused to go and even ‘memorialised
the Throne in favour of Tou Wu. The Emperor was exceedingly —
angry and gave orders for his arrest, whereupon he committed suicide.
Lung HE - One of the Ministers of the Emperor Shun, B.C. 2555.
It was his duty to act as the mouthpiece of the sovereign to
the people. |

Lung Mu HE EF. 8rd cent. B.C. An old woman, who found on
the banks of the West River in Kuangtung an egg, from which
a dragon was hatched. The creature remained her faithful attendant
through life, and at death she was deified as Goddess of Sailors in
that locality.

Lung-yang Chin BE a ai The title given to an unworthy
minion of the Prince of Wei, 4th cent. B.C., and now applied to
a catamite.

Lung Yu FF fk. 6th cent. B.C. Wife of Hsiao Shih (g.v.), and
daughter of Duke Mu of Ch'in.

M.

Ma-ch'i ,& 7%. A.D. 1651—1739. Son of Mi-ssti-han. He rose
through service in the capital to be Governor of Shansi in 1685.
In 1688 he was consulted as to the first treaty with Russia, and
urged that it should be in Chinese as well as in Manchu. He was
employed on special missions until 1699, when he became a Grand
Secretary. In 1709 he was sentenced to death for taking the lead
in recommending K‘ang Hsi’s eighth son as his successor; but the
sentence was commuted to imprisonment, from which he was freed
on the arrival of Russian traders in January 1710, and in 1716
he again became a Grand Secretary. Canonised as 4 om and in
1750 admitted into the Temple of Worthies.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 565

Ma Chou {§ Ji] (T. @ =f). A.D. 601—648. A native of ff 1468
Po-chou in Shantung, who as a youth displayed a great love for
study. After several attempts to find an opening, he entered the
service of i Aa Ch‘ang Ho, a high military official at the capital.

In 631 the Emperor called upon his Ministers and others for
advice; whereupon Ch‘ang Ho, who was only a military man and

had no book-learning, got Ma Chou to prepare a memorial for

him. This document, under twelve headings, was so much to the
point that the Emperor sent for Ch‘ang Ho, who at once admitted

that Ma Chou was the writer. The latter received an appointment,

and gradually rose to be President of the Board of Civil Office.

Ma Chin hess $5). 8rd cent. A.D. A famous mechanic, who 1469
flourished under the Wei dynasty, and constructed a variety of
ingenious machines.

Ma-érh-han 35 Ba ya. A.D. 1633 —1718. Served in the campaign 1470
of 1675—6 against the Shensi Commander-in-chief, =F ij] BL.
Wang Fu-ch‘én, the accomplice of Wu San-kuei, and on his
submission was sent to the army which recovered Hunan in 1677.

He also served in 1680—1 in the invasion of Kueichou and Yiinnan,

and rose to be President of a Board and Minister of the Council.

He was admitted in 1730 to the Temple of Worthies, and canonised

in 1736 as iN Hy .

Ma Hou iB \a- Died A.D. 79. The virtuous Empress Ma, consort 1471
of the Emperor Ming Ti of the Han dynasty, and daughter of the
celebrated general Ma Yiian. She would only wear dresses made

of coarse stuffs, such as could be dyed, in order to set an example

of thrift. Having no child of her own, she adopted at the Emperor’s
suggestion the son of a concubine named y= Chia, and the boy
eventually succeeded to the throne. Known in history as Hf il
a5.

Ma Hou i a: A.D. 1832--1382. The wife of the founder of 1472

1473

1474

566 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the Ming dynasty (see Chu Ytian-chang). She is variously described
as the adopted daughter or slave-girl of Kuo Tzti-hsing, his uncle.
History praises her as tender, kind, wise, fond of reading, and a
devoted wife. She would not allow her relatives to receive official
honours, contenting herself with the title of Prince for her late
father. Ruling the Imperial harem justly, she strove to moderate
the passionate temper of her husband; and when on her deathbed
he asked her last wishes, she replied, “That your Majesty would
make for what is good and accept reproof, and be as careful at
the end as at the beginning.”

Ma Hsien {5 4¢, or Ma Ju-lung IG 4m WE. Died A.D. 1891.
A Mahomedan youth of good family, originally destined for the
priesthood. He excelled however in warlike exercises, and was chosen
to be General of the Mahomedans of eastern Yiinnan when driven
to revolt by the attempted massacre in May 1856. He then overran
most of the south of the province, and laid siege to Ytinnan Fu
in 1860. When its capture seemed imminent, negotiations were
opened, and Ma returned “to his allegiance with the rank of Brigade
General. After changing his name, he loyally served the State,
quelling in 1862 a rising in the provincial capital, which he held
also against his co-religionists fof the west of the province in 1868.
In 1862 he became Commander-in-Chief of Ytinnan, whence he
was transferred to Hunan, and retired in 1878. He is described
as brave, generous, simple, confiding, tender to friend and merciful
to foe, patient under neglect, suspicion and ill-will, terrible in
war, and vigorous in peace.

Ma Hsiung-chén [5 2 oH (T. B38. H. JH A). AD.
1633—1677. The only son of a successful general, he became,

_ after service in Peking, Governor of Kuangsi in 1669. At that

time the province was harassed by the rebel WA mem ig Yang
Ch‘i-ch‘ing, a Ming pretender, and by bandits in league with the

A Chinese. Biographical Dictionary 567

aborigines; but he soon restored peace. Upon the revolt of Wu
San-kuei at the beginning of 1674, he was besieged in his yamén;
and after holding out with the aid of his personal servants until
it was plain that the provincial Commander-in-chief would not
come to his rescue, he dispatched to Peking a secret report enclosed
in a wax pellet, sent his sons away, and tried to commit suicide.
In this he failed, and fell into the hands of the rebel general,
who imprisoned him for four years. He was then put to death,
even the slaughter of his two boys before his eyes failing to shake
his undaunted spirit. His wife and concubines and female servants
all committed suicide. The sight of his body lying on those of his
sons moved a rebel officer to give them honourable burial. His
poems, with the composition of which he had solaced his imprison-
ment, were rescued by a friend. In 1680 his remains were taken
to Peking and interred with great honour, the Hmperor.composing
his epitaph. Canonised as BRE, and included by the Emperor
Yung Chéng in the Temple of Patriots.

Ma Jung [& fb (T. Ze fe). AD. 79-166. A native of Mou-
ling in Shensi, who flourished as a scholar and official under several
Emperors of the E. Han dynasty. His denunciation of political
intrigues caused him to be suspended for a period of ten years;
nevertheless he rose to high rank, and was finally Governor of
modern Hupeh. He was a man of profound learning, and was
popularly known as $f f# the Universal Scholar. He had upwards
of one thousand pupils, among whom may be mentioned Lu Chih
and Chéng Hsiian, the latter’s name being sometimes coupled with

his own, as iB Pf, , to denote deep and accurate scholarship.

Across the room in which he taught, a large red curtain was

hung, and behind this was a band of female musicians; hence,
‘to put up a curtain” has come to be synonymous with “to open

a school.” He introduced the system of printing notes or commentary

14%

1476

1477

‘1478

1479

568 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in the body of the page, using for that purpose smaller characters
cut in double columns; and it was by a knowledge of this fact
that a clever critic of the T‘ang dynasty was able to settle the
spuriousness of the ES -F- #£, an early edition of the Tao Té
Ching with double-column commentary, which had been attributed
to Ho Shang Kung. Besides several famous odes, he is also the
reputed author of the ik RK Classic of Loyalty. He was uncon-
ventional in the extreme, and a good performer on both the lute
and flute.

Ma Ku iii ih. 2nd cent. A.D. The sister of Wang Yiian, and
like her brother an adept in the black art. By her agency, a
large area on the coast of Kiangsu was reclaimed from the sea
and transformed into mulberry-orchards. She had long finger-nails
like the talons of a bird, which caused Ts‘ai Ching to remark how
convenient they would be for scratching one’s back; whereupon he
was suddenly. belaboured over the shoulders by strokes from an
unseen whip. She died at the age of 120.

Ma Liang 5 E(t. Zz ra). 3rd cent. A.D. A native of ‘Ff
YR I-ch‘éng in Hupeh. He was one of five brothers who lived at
the close of the Han dynasty and who were all men of talent. He

himself had white eyebrows; hence the punning local saying, |

HG Ke it. ie EJS uz SL, meaning that of the five brothers

Ma Liang was the most talented. He subsequentty rose to high
office under Liu Pei, but perished in the defeat at Fy ss I-ling.
Ma Lun i Ay. 2nd cent. A.D. Daughter of Ma Jung and wife
of es ($8, Ytian Wei, one of the warriors of the closing period
of the Han dynasty. Celebrated for her virtue and her wit.

Ma Lung [5 f& (T. 2 WL). Died A.D. 300. A native of 7
ae P'ing-lu in Shantung, who rose to high military command
under the first two Emperors of the Chin dynasty and was ennobled

as Marquis. For many years his name was a terror to the turbulent

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary : 569

tribes on the western frontier. He is said to have defeated a Tartar
general by covering the sides of a pass with lodestone, the result
being that his mail-clad adversaries were unable to move either
backwards or forwards and were all put to the sword.

Ma Shih Huang ig ip 4° A legendary physician, who flourished 1480
under the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2968. He once cured a sick dragon

of disease of the throat, and was forthwith carried off to heaven

on its back.

Ma-ssti-la ig iy Nn. Died A.D. 1778. Son of Mi-ssti-han. He 1481
distinguished himself in the expedition against Galdan and was
made a Minister of the Council, but was afterwards degraded for
remissness on the frontier. Canonised as j=I BE.

Ma Su ig Fa (T. Ea rit and 5G Hy). A native of Shantung. 1482
Graduated as chin shih in 1659, and entered upon an official career.

His chief distinction was however won as an author, by his work

on the Tso Chuan, and by a critical history of China from the
earliest times down to the close of the Ch‘in dynasty, B.C. 206,

the plates of which were purchased for the Imperial Library

in 1706.

Ma Sui Jf Kx (T. jf) Fé). Died A.D. 796. A native of HEHE 1488
Chia-ch‘éng in Honan, whose talents attracted the notice of the
Emperor Tai Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, under whom he rose to

be President of the Board of War. He anticipated the rebellion of
T'ien Ytieh in 781, and inflicted upon him a severe defeat. He

put down the rebellion of Li Huai-kuang in 785, receiving for
these services the highest honours. He urged upon the Emperor

the desirability of concluding a treaty with the Turfan, but when

Hun Chan was nearly kidnapped at the preliminary meeting, the
Emperor took away his command and appointed him to the Board

of Civil Office. He was ennobled as Prince, and canonised as HE TH.

Ma Té-hsing HB fila Sp. A.D. 1791—1874. A Mahomedan of 1484

1485

1486

570 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ta-li Fu in Yiinnan, who studied Arabic and theology and started
in 1839 on a pilgrimage to Mecca, visiting also Egypt and
Constantinople where he studied astronomy and other sciences for
two years. After spending a year at Singapore, he reached his
home in 1846. His influence among his co-religionists was immense,
and he took up the position of High Priest. He gave warning of
the intended massacre of Mussulmans in 1856, and was chosen to
be Dictator of the rebels of eastern Yiinnan. He acquiesced in the
terms offered by Ma Hsien to the Imperialisis of Yiinnan Fu in
1860, himself accepting a monthly pension of Tls. 200..When the
Viceroy was assassinated in 1862 and anarchy was feared, the
officials found in him the one man sufficiently respected to guarantee
order, and he acted as Viceroy until 1863. After this he lived in
honourable retirement, until Ts‘én Yii-ying took advantage of the
absence of Ma Hsien in Peking to execute him without even the
form of a trial. .

Ma Tsu {& ji]. A.D. 709—788. The Patriarch Ma. A priest,
whose name in religion was ey — Tao I. He was the most
influential ecclesiastic of his time, and leader of the Nan-yo
esoteric school of Hunan. He followed in the steps of Bédhidharma,
and taught abstraction of the mind from all phenomena perceived
through the senses, and even from its own thoughts. Canonised
by the Emperor Hsien Tsung as Jc $x jit Ail. See P'ang Hsin.
Ma Tuan-lin ig Ura A(T. =I -F-). 13th cent. A.D. A native
of 2% 2f Lo-p‘ing, whose father had been a high official and who
was consequently provided as usual with a post. Upon the collapse
of the Sung dynasty, he disappeared from public life; and taking
refuge in his native place, he gave himself up to teaching, attracting
many disciples from far and near and fascinating all by his untiring
dialectic skill. Author of the Bl jer i yas , a huge encyclopaedia

of general information, the % a OX: and the K oo. 4B 4 .

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary. 574
Ma Tzt-jan iB Fy BR. Died A.D. 880. A man of the T‘ang sad

dynasty, who possessed a wide knowledge of simples and was in
great request as a doctor. He could also consume a whole picul
of wine without getting drunk, from which he came to be called
WF4 44. He studied Taoism and was ultimately taken up to heaven
alive.

Ma Wén-shéng {5 3¢ Ff (T. & fal). AD. 1426—1510. A 1488
distinguished statesman, who graduated as chin shih in 1451, assisted
Hsiang Chung to suppress the Shensi insurrection of 1468, and
was made Governor of that province. He was, degraded in 1473,
owing to the bad management of the war by Wang Yiieh, but
two years later he succeeded him in command on the frontier. In
1476 he reformed the Liao-tung army, earning the enmity of the
Governor and of Wang Chih, who three years afterwards upset
his arrangements and caused him to be banished to Chungking on
account of the insurrection they themselves had provoked. Wang
Chih fell in 1483, and a year later Ma returned to Liao-tung as
Governor, to the great joy of its people. He was soon transferred
to be head of the Grain Transport, in order to cope with a famine;
and on the. accession of the Emperor Hsiao Tsung he became
President of the Censorate. In 1488 he caused the Taoist books
collected by the last Emperor to be destroyed, after which he was
placed at the head of the Board of War. He dismissed useless
officers, and thereby became so unpopular that the Emperor provided
him with a body-guard. In 1501 he became President of the Board
of Civil Office, and on the accession of the Emperor Wu Tsung
in 1505, he turned out 763 officials who had been irregularly
appointed during the previous reign. The new Emperor, however,
favoured eunuchs, and Ma took the first opportunity to retire. Liu
Chin caused him to be degraded; but on the fall of Liu, he was

canonised as Wa fae :

1489

1490

572 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Ma Yin iB pe (T. ra] [x] ). A.D. 930. A simple carpenter, who

raised himself towards the close of the T'ang dynasty to be Governor
of Hunan and part of Kuangsi. Chu Wén, the founder of the
Liang dynasty, named him Prince of Ch‘u and made overtures to
him; but he remained faithful to the old dynasty, and in 916 sent
a tribute mission to Li Ts‘un-hsii who in 924 appointed him king
of the Ch‘u State. He was succeeded by his five sons, the last two
of whom were worthless debauchees; and in the disorder which
ensued the State came to an end in 950, divided between the rival
States of Southern, Han and Southern T'ang.

Ma Ytian i fe (T. BC Hi): B.C. 14—A.D. 49. A native of
Mou-ling in Shensi, whose great grandfather had been executed
for treason; consequently neither his grandfather nor his father
had held office. He began his public career under the régime of
Wang Mang the Usurper, but stimulated by a boundless ambition,

ere long took up arms against him. After Wang Mang’s death he

joined Wei Hsiao; and when the latter sent his son as hostage to
the Emperor Kuang Wu, Ma Ytian accompanied him to Lo-yang.
When Wei Hsiao finally threw off his allegiance and the Emperor
proceeded to attack him, Ma Yiian afforded valuable aid by tracing
out on a large tray of rice the configuration of the country, and

explaining to the assembled generals what road they should take.

~The result was a severe defeat inflicted upon Wei Hsiao. In A.D.

35 he was appointed Governor of a part of modern Kansuh, whence
he led an army into Tongking and put down an attempt to shake
off the Chinese yoke. The rising was headed by two sisters named
4X fl] Chéng Tsé and #4 BR Chéng Erh, both of whom were
captured and put to death. For these services he was honoured
with the title of fk ¥ He #f the Wave-quelling Commander

(see Zu Po-té) and ennobled as Marquis, and his daughter (see

Ma Hou) was given in marriage to the Heir Apparent. In A.D.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 573

45, upon a threatened incursion of the Hsiung-nu, he begged to
“be allowed to go to the front; and in order to show that the
infirmities of old age had not overtaken him, he donned his armour,
and springing upon his war-horse glared around him with the
terrifying eyes of days by-gone. “It is better,” said he, ‘‘for a
} general to be brought back in a horse’s hide than to die in his
bed surrounded by boys and girls.” ‘‘Truly,” cried the Emperor,
“this is a grand old man!” In A.D. 48 he took command of an
army sent against the wild tribes of Hunan, and died during the
campaign. After his death he was accused of appropriating a large
quantity of precious stones which he had brought back from Tongking;
but his memory was ably defended by his widow who showed that
the stones in question were simply Job’s Tears (Coix lacryma, L.),
regarded as a specific against infectious diseases. He certainly earned
large sums of money; but feeling, as he said, that he who hoarded
wealth was a slave to it, he distributed his fortune among his
relatives and friends. Fond of sententious utterances, he said to
his two nephews, “oe AW fn Lung Po-kao is grave and studious.
Strive to be like him; for though you fail in carving a swan, the
result will at any rate be like a duck. fit AS Ff Tu Chi-liang
is a hero. If you strive to be like him, it will be as though you

tried to carve a tiger and turned out only a dog.” He is still

worshipped in Kuangsi as the Wave-quelling God, and at fq

Héng-chou he presides over the navigation of the rapids. In 1890
tablets were granted to his shrine in Kuangsi, Canonised as pit mM ;
Ma Yung-ch‘ing [5 7K Si (7. K 4B). A philosophical and
miscellaneous writer of the Sung dynasty. Held office A.D. 1111—
1117. Author of the collection of notes entitled fi i -F-.

Mang-i-t‘u HE 4K lea - A.D. 16833—1680. A Manchu officer, who
distinguished himself against the forces of Wu San-kuei in Kuangsi

and Hunan. He also shared in quelling the revolt of Shang Chih-hsin

‘1491

1492

574 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in 1676—7. Included in the Temple of Worthies, and canonised
as BERYL.

1493 Mangu Khan 3? 8}. A.D. 1208—1259. Eldest son of }iy fH
Tuli and nephew of Ogotai. He was selected as Emperor in 1251,
when the misrule of the wives of Ogotai and Kuyak had thrown
the country into disorder. He put down all opposition, reduced
oppressive burdens, curbed the power of the nobles, and ruled
with a strong hand. He was taciturn, and a hater of feasts and
wine; but he loved hunting, and was a firm believer in witchcraft.
On his accession he entrusted his Chinese possessions to his brother
Kublai; and in 1257 he recalled him, influenced by reports of his
extraordinary popularity. Mangu extended his rule in Central Asia
and in south-western China, and his generals even overran Cochin-
China, but were forced by the heat to retire. After a steady
advance in Sstich‘uan, a general invasion of China in three columns
was ordered in 1259. The Khan himself proceeded by way of
Sstich‘uan; Kublai directed his attack on Wu-ch‘ang and Ch‘ang-
sha; while the army operating against Cochin-China moved against
the latter city. The invasion was checked by the stout defence of
Ho-chou on the river $4 |{% Chia-ling, 60 miles north of its
junction with the Yang-tsze at Chungking. An attempt to relieve
the city with a fleet from Chungking failed; pestilence however
ravaged the ranks of the Mongols and at last slew their leader,
on which the siege was raised. Canonised as a -.

1494 Mao Chiang = — (T. te By). 2nd cent. B.C. A native of
“the Chao State, said by some to have been the son of Mao Héng
and to have received from him the latter’s work on the Odes. He
then prepared an edition of the Odes with a commentary of his
own, now-known as = #§ and believed to contain the original
text as delivered by Confucius to Pu Shang. He is sometimes spoken

of as + ZA, and also as yy 4G the Younger Mao, to distinguish

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 575

him from Mao Héng. In 647 his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.

Mao Ch‘éng =€ j& (T.. ge jfy). Died A.D. 1523. Graduated
as first chin shih in 1493, and was attached to the Heir Apparent.
When the latter came to the throne, Mao was rapidly promoted,
until in 1517 he became President of the Board of Rites. He led
the opposition to the Emperor’s frequent tours and also to the
desire of the next Emperor, Shih Tsung, to style his own father
by the Imperial title of pes #B. The Emperor’s respect and fear of
him were so great that he tried to buy his consent, on which
Mao retired in disgust. Canonised as AC fffj.

Mao Chii-ling = Ay RB (T. KK AY and JK =F). A.D. 1623—
1707. A native of Chehkiang, who in his youth was much
encouraged to study by his mother. The fall of the Ming dynasty
drove him to take refuge in a monastery, and he was obliged to
have his head shaved in order to avoid the imposition of the
Manchu queue. In 1678 a poem of his attracted the attention of
the Emperor K‘ang Hsi, and he was ordered to take part in the
preparation of the History of the Mings. He wrote the yy 4. si
HA, on the rhymes ancient and modern, besides works on music,
history, poetry, and classical literature in general; and he was also
distinguished as an opponent of many of the generally received
doctrines of Chu Hsi. Was popularly known as Pq Jay ae He
See Mao Shéng. tie

Mao Ch‘iang -€ 1%. 5th cent. B.C. A favourite concubine of
the Prince of Yiieh, remarkable for her great beauty. Chuang Tzti
says that when fishes saw her they dived down deep into the
water, birds soared high into the air, and deer scurried away into
the forest.

Mao Chiao = 4&. 3rd cent. B.C. An intrepid Minister of the
Fisrt Emperor. Although twenty-seven Ministers had already suffered

1495

1496

1497

1498

"BI6 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

1499

1500

1501

1502

death for remonstrating against the banishment of the Queen
Dowager for her intrigue with Lii Pu-wei, he boldly stood forward,
and faced the angry Emperor. The latter threatened to boil him
alive, but finally yielded to his instances.

Mao Héng = we. 8rd and 2nd cent. B.C. Author of the 3
all ah, a lost commentary upon the Odes, the original tablets of
which he is said to have received from aj Se Hsiin Ch‘ing, to
whom they had been handed down through a line of scholars from
Pu Shang. He is often spoken of as Fx 5G the Elder Mao, to
distinguish him from Mao Ch‘ang. In 1863 his tablet was placed
in the Confucian Temple.

Mao Hsien-shu = 9¢ 4f (T. FE Fr and Et Fer). 17th cent.
A.D. A native of Chehkiang, who wrote the EH fn) fal wi, a
critical treatise on the art of rhyming, and other works.

Mao I = Be. 1st cent. A.D. A filial son-under the Hastern Han
dynasty, who showed great joy when he received an appointment
as Magistrate, and thus disgusted a patron who had hoped to find
in him a philosophic spirit superior to mere worldly successes. At
his mother’s death however he retired from public life, proving
that his joy in taking office was solely due to the pleasure it
gave to her. |
Mao Jung Pp A(T. ZB {ip ). A man of the EH. Han dynasty,
who was over 40 years of age when he was one day working in
the fields as a labourer. It came on to rain, and he and his fellow-
labourers took shelter under a tree. The latter all squatted down
on their haunches, with the exception of Mao who in accordance
with the feeling of Confucius regarded that as a disrespectful
attitude. Just then a traveller passed by, and was so struck by this
circumstance that he asked Mao to put him up for the night.
Mao consented, and proceeded to kill a chicken, which the traveller

thought was for himself. The former however served it up to his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 577

old mother, and invited his guest to share a dish of boiled herbs.
Mao Shéng =& #E (T. J Aff). Same as Mao Ch'i-ling. 1503
Mao Sui = BH - 8rd cent. B.C. A retainer in the establishment 1504
of Ie Shéng, Prince of P‘ing-ytian. When the armies of Ch‘in

were besieging the capital of the Chao State, the ruler of the
latter sent Shéng to secure the alliance of the Ch‘u State. Shéng
called for twenty of the bravest and shrewdest of his swashbucklers,

but only nineteen were forthcoming. Mao Sui offered himself as the
twentieth, dwelling much upon his own qualifications. But Shéng

said to him, “A man who is worth anything is like an awl in a

bag: you soon see its point. Now you have been with me three
years, yet we have never seen your point.” To this Mao Sui
replied, ‘‘Give me this chance of being the awl in the bag, and
before long you shall see not the point only but the whole awl.”
Thereupon the nineteen swashbucklers jeered; however at the
conference with the Prince of Ch‘'u, when the deliberations had
already dragged on from dawn to noon, Mao Sui mounted the

dais sword in hand, and with a few well-timed threats forced the
vacillating prince to yield his consent to the alliance. From that

date Mao Sui became chief of the retainers in Shéng’s employ, and

his name is now a synonym for “self-recommendation.”

Mao-tun a ib. 2nd cent. B.C. A Hun chieftain who succeeded 1505
in shutting up the Emperor Kao Tsu of the Han dynasty in 2p .
BR P'ing-ch‘éng, Shansi. Capitulation must have followed had not
Ch‘én P'ing (g.v. for an inferior version) discovered that Mao-tun’s
wife, who was in command on one side of the city, was a slave to
jealousy. He forthwith caused a number of wooden puppets
representing beautiful girls to be exhibited on the city walls, at
which sight the lady’s fears for her husband’s fidelity were aroused,

and she drew off her forces.

Mao Yen-shou = #E #. Ist cent. B.C. A native of Tu-ling 1506
37

1507

1508

1509

1510

578 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in Shensi, noted as a portrait-painter. He was put to death for
having treacherously falsified the beautiful features of Wang Ch‘iang.
Mei Fu 4% i (T. iff ). Ist cent. B.C. and A.D. A native
of = tp Shou-ch‘un in Anhui. A wide reader in early life, he
became Governor of Nan-ch‘ang in Kiangsi, but soon threw up
his appointment and returned home. After this he addressed several
memorials to the Emperor Ch‘éng Ti on the unsatisfactory state

of public affairs, suggesting among other points that the descendants

of Confucius should be ennobled, in securing which he was ultimately

successful. He spent much of his time in studying the art of
prolonging life; but when Wang Mang seized the throne he
disappeared, leaving behind him his wife and children. It was
currently believed that he had become an Immortal; though some
said he was still living in Chehkiang under an assumed name.
Deified in the 11th century under the title of = eis ix A.
Mei Kao IC ip (T. Ay #5). 2nd cent. B.C. Son of a concubine,
whom his father had taken when an official in western China.
Upon the latter’s return, his mother refused to accompany him;
and Mei Kao remained with her until he was 17, when he entered
into public life, subsequently finding his way to the capital and
rising to high office under the Emperor Wu Ti. He was a clever
poet, but spoilt his compositions by indulging in too humorous a
strain. Yang Hsiung said, “In the crisis of war, amid the din of
troops and among hurrying messengers, give me Mei Kao.”

Mei K‘o-ch‘éng Ai: ine WX - 18th cent. A.D. Grandson of Mei

Wén-ting, and like him a distinguished writer on astronomy. Was

canonised as aC BB.
Mei Wén-ting #f% 3c JH. (1. SE JU and Z jig). A.D.

1632—1721. A native of Anhui. Author of many astronomical
works. He discussed and compared Chinese and Western methods

of computing time, and corrected the section on astronomy in the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 579

History of the Mings. His K i. Re AY Introduction to Astronomy
was revised by the Emperor K‘ang Hsi himself.

Mei Yao-chén 4} 2& Pi (T. HE 4z). A.D. 1002—1060. A
native of Jy [4% Wan-ling in Anhui, who distinguished himself
as a poet under the Sung dynasty. He inherited official rank, and
in 1056 he was summoned on account of his poetic ability to the
Imperial Academy, rising to be a second-class secretary. In con-.
sequence of his work on the T‘ang dynasty, he was placed on the
commission to prepare the New History of that period, but died
before its completion. Author of the /})\ HA, the JR -~ 7, and
the Bl 48, works explanatory and illustrative of the Book of Odes.
Ou-yang Hsiu, parodying the Confucian Analects, XX. 3, said of
him that he “knew words.”

Mén Ta fF 3%. Died A.D.? 1464. A eunuch of #2 jf} Féng-
jun in Chihli, and an hereditary officer of the Body-guard, who
was charged by the Emperor Ying Tsung with the management of
criminal investigations. He assisted in the restoration of Ying Tsung
in 1457, for which service he was promoted in rank and received
the sole charge of the criminal department. The Emperor, who had
a horror of cabals, used the Guards as detectives; and Mén Ta

and j¥ Fa Lu Kao established a tyranny thereby, even the highest

officials bribing to escape prosecution. Princes were included in

the frequent State trials; and after Lu Kao had been slain by the
son of T’s‘ao Chi-hsiang in 1461, Mén Ta spread his net so widely
that the palace prison had to be enlarged. On the Emperor’s
death, he was banished to the Kuangsi frontier, where he died.

Mencius. See Méng K‘o. |

Méng Ch‘ang 7 ss ci AW Jiij). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of
Shang-yii in Chehkiang, who rose to be Governor of <> }jfj Ho-
p'u in Kuangtung. On reaching his post he found that the greed

and corruption of his predecessor had almost put an end to the

1511

1512

1518

1514

1515

580 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

valuable pearl-fisheries on that coast; but with the disappearance
of evil practices the trade soon revived. When forced by ill-health
to retire, the people positively would not let him depart, crowding
round and hanging on to his chariot, so that he was obliged to
run away at night and hide himself in the marshes.

Méng Ch‘ang *% 7. Third son of Méng Chih-hsiang, whom
he succeeded in A.D. 935 as second sovereign of the Later Shu State.
He led a life of debauchery and extravagance until he surrendered
in 965 to the generals of the founder of the Sung dynasty.
Méng Ch‘ang-chin 3 = #f. Died B.C. 279. A native of
the Ch'i State, whose real name was ff] 4{ T‘ien Wén. In B.C.
299 he became Minister to the Ch‘in State; but rumours of his
intention to scheme for the ultimate advantage of his native State
reached the ears of king Chao Hsiang, and he was thrown into
prison. He would have been executed, had not the king’s favourite
concubine wished to possess a fur robe which Méng had already
given to his Majesty. One of his retainers, however, was a clever
thief, and he recovered the robe and handed it over to the lady,
who in return persuaded the king to let Méng go. But the king
soon repented, and sent a courier after him; and Méng would have

been captured at the frontier-gate, which could not be opened

before cock-crow, had not another of his retainers been able to

imitate the crow of a cock, so that the gate was thrown open and
Méng escaped to Ch'i. He then led a campaign against Ch'in, and
succeeded in checking for a while the ambitious designs of its ruler.
Méng always lived in great state. He had as many as three thousand
retainers, all of whom wore shoes embroidered with pearls; and
his abode was popularly styled vJy FE Jr a little empire in itself.
In later ages Wang An-shih held him up to ridicule. “No true
man of genius,” he writes, ‘would condescend to associate with

imitators of cocks and dogs.”

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 581

Méng Chia ah Be Ch Bi, aE ). 4th cent. A.D. A native of 1516

Chiang-hsia in Hupeh, who served with distinction under Yt Liang,
and afterwards as military secretary under Huan Wén. His name
has been handed down in connection with a picnic at which his
hat was blown off by the wind, he himself remaining all the time
quite unconscious of his loss!
Méng Chih-hsiang 3 A yf: (T. PR IAL). Died A.D. 935.
An official of the Chin State, who became Governor of Ch‘éng-tu
and western Sstich‘uan. Organising a large army, he annexed eastern
Sstich‘uan, the Governor of which had revolted. In 988 he was
made Prince of Shu, and in 934 ke threw off his allegiance and
proclaimed himself first sovereign of the Later Shu State. Canonised
as Yea Mil -

Méng Hao-jan 3 fe YR. A.D. 689—740. A native of Hsiang-
yang in Hupeh, who on failing to achieve success at the public
examinations retired to the mountains and led the life of a recluse.
He became a poet of the first rank, and his writings attracted the
attention of Li T‘ai-po, Chang Chiu-ling, and others. He used to
seek inspiration by riding on a donkey over the snow. At the age
of 40, he issued from his retreat and went to the capital. There
he was one day conversing with Wang Wei, the famous poet,
who had obtained for him a small official post, when word went
round that the Emperor was coming. Méng hid himself under a
couch; but Wang Wei dotesied his presence to the Emperor. The
latter, after a little friendly banter, mingled with compliments to
his poetic genius, allowed Méng to return home in peace. He is
variously spoken of as 2 PY Lu-mén, Hsiang-yang, and if Be .
His personal name appears to have been aa Hao; and Hao-jan,
by which he is. generally known, his style.

Méng-hstin 3 }%. Died A.D. 484. Nephew of two chiefs of a
Turkic tribe who were put to death by Lii Kuang in revenge for

1517

1518

1519

1520

1521

1522

582 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his defeat by the Western Ch‘ins. Joining Tuan Yeh, he murdered
and succeeded him, at first with the title of Duke; and after
proclaiming himself Prince of JA) Pi Ho-hsi in 412, he finally
became an Imperial vassal. In 420 he annexed the Western Liang?
State. He was succeeded by his son AY edt Mu-chien, but in 439
his territory became a prey to the Wei State.

Méng I 3 XE. Died B.C. 209. Brother to Méng Tien, and
Minister under the First Emperor. At the instigation of the eunuch
Chao Kao, he was put to death by Hu Hai as a dangerous person.
Méng K‘ang z= it (Tr A 4k )- 3rd cent. A.D. A descendant
in the 18th generation from Mencius. He served ander the Emperor
Ming Ti of the Wei Kingdom, but is best known by his com-
mentary on the History of the Han Dynasty.

Méng K‘o > iin (T. -F- BL and -¥- FA. or F¥ FF). B.C...
372—289. A native of al Tsou, in modern Shantung, known to
foreigners as Mencius, which is the Latinised form of

Méng Tzu, the philosopher Méng. His father’s name was wa TH

Méng Chi (T. ZL Ef), and his mother’s maiden name was {)]

Chang. It was under the care of the latter that he was brought

up, and her name remains a household word to the present day.

After the death of his father, he lived with his mother near a

cemetery, the result being that he began to reproduce in play the
solemn scenes which were constantly enacted before his eyes. His
mother accordingly removed to another house, near the market-
place; and before long the little boy forgot all about funerals, and
played at buying and selling goods. Once more his mother disap-
proved, and once more she changed her dwelling; this time to a
house near a college, where he soon began to imitate the ceremonial
observances in which the students were instructed, to the great
joy and satisfaction of his mother. Later on he studied under K‘ung

Chi, the grandson of Confucius; and after having attained to a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 583

perfect apprehension of the Tao of Confucius, became at the age
of about 45 Minister under Prince Hsiian® of the Ch‘'i State. But
the latter would not carry out his principles, and Mencius threw
up his post. Thence he wandered away to several States, advising
their rulers to the best of his ability but making no very prolonged
stay. He then visited Prince Hi Hui of the Liang State, and
abode there until the monarch’s death in B.C. 319. After that
event he returned to the State of Ch‘i and resumed his old position.
In B.C. 311 he once more felt himself constrained to resign office
and retired finally into private life, occupying himself during the
remainder of his days in teaching and in preparing the philosophical
record which now passes under his name. He lived at a time when
the feudal princes were squabbling over the rival systems of Federation
and Imperialism, and he vainly tried to put into practice at an
epoch of blood and iron the gentle virtues of the Golden Age. His
criterion was that of Confucius; but his teachings were on a lower
plane, dealing rather with man’s well-being from the point of view
of political economy. He was therefore justly named by Chao Chi
the Fy H2 Second Holy One or Prophet, a title under which he
is still known. He was an uncompromising defender of the doctrines
of Confucius, and he is considered to have effectually “snuffed out”
the heterodox schools of Yang Chu and Mo Ti. As in the case of
Confucius, his personal name Hi] K‘o is taboo. In A.D. 1083 he
was posthumously ennobled as Duke of Tsou, and in 1088 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple (see Yen Hut).
Méng Kuang 3 3; or Méng Shih FF JK. The wife of Liang
Hung (¢.v.).

Méng Min ag (LT. AX 3M ). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of Chi-
lu in Chihli, who when he had let fall a valuable vase, walked
on without paying any attention to it. On being asked by Kuo
T‘ai (one account says by ra = Lin Tsung) what he meant by

1523

1524

1525

1526

1527

584 A Ghinese Biographical Dictionary

this, he replied, ‘“The vase was broken; why waste any more time
over it?” He was repeatedly pressed to take office, but always
firmly. declined.

Méng Pén a. BB. A native of the Ch‘i State, and a descendant
of Tz't Fei, so powerful that he could tear the horns from a living
ox. Once, when crossing a river, his boat was beset by two scaly
dragons, one on each side. Asking the boatmen if they had ever
known any one to escape under such circumstances and receiving
an answer in the negative, he leapt into the stream with his sword
drawn, exclaiming, ‘Why should I care for this body of mine
which is already doomed to destruction?” And he slew both the
monsters. The Prince of Ching, in admiration of his bravery,
appointed him one of his officers. Confucius, hearing of his exploit,
cried out, “Stout indeed must have been that body destined to
decay which showed itself capable of vanquishing such a danger.”
See Asia Vii.

Méng T‘ien ae iG. Died B.C. 909: <Descoudeds fremennceniiiee
who belonged to the Ch‘ State, in B.C. 221 he was appointed to
be Commander-in-chief of the forces of the First Emperor; and in
214, when things were more settled near home, he was sent at
the head of an army of three hundred thousand men to subdue
Honan, build the Great Wall, and strike terror into the hearty of
the dreaded Hsiung-nu (see Hu Hai). After the death of the Emperor
and the murder of Fu Su, he became an object of suspicion to
the eunuch Chao Kao and was forced to commit suicide. He is the
reputed inventor of the 24 chéng, a kind of harpsichord, and
also of the Chinese brush used as a pen; but some writers think
that the latter invention was attributed to him only for the further
glorification of his Imperial master, who wished everything to begin

from his reign.

Méng T‘o mm. (2 (Ty AH FE). 2nd cent, A.D. An official who

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 585

was appointed Governor of Liang*-chou in Kansuh, in return for

a jar of wine presented by him to the powerful eunuch Chang Jang.
Méng Tsung A> or Méng Jen FE (T. A ph). 3rd 1528
cent. A.D. A native of Chiang-hsia in Hupeh, who served as keeper

of the fish-ponds under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty:

He was one of the 24 examples of filial piety. He would never

_ taste anything just as it came into season before offering some to

his mother. On one occasion the latter expressed a wish for some
bamboo shoots; but it was too early in the year, and none were

to be got. Méng Tsung was strolling in the woods, lamenting his
inability to please his mother, when suddenly bamboo shoots began

to spring up around him.

Méng Yeh 36 (T. fie 34). 6th cent. A.D. A native of ZH 1529
An-kuo in Chihli, who rose to be Governor of Jf Ff} Tung-
chiin, and governed so wisely that several ears of corn — in one
instance nine — grew upon one stalk.

Mi Fei C77 (1. 7U BY). AD. 1051--1107. A native of 1530 -
Kiangsu, whose mother had been in attendance upon the Empress

and who received in consequence a military appointment in Anhui.
Summoned to be Court painter, he became a secretary in the Board

of Rites, and subsequently went again into the provinces where he
died. As a writer, his style was exaggerated and unconventional to

the last degree; but as an artist he excelled, especially in landscape

and figures of men and animals. He was a monomaniac on the
subject of cleanliness, refusing to use towels or plates and bowls
which had served for any one else. He spoke of a large and
curiously-shaped boulder as “his brother,’ and altogether he was
decidedly eccentric, a fact which considerably interfered with his
success in official life. He was the author of the at BB, a work

on the science of drawing, and also of the 524 oe ria ¥- 46. He

gave himself the following sobriquets: JRE PY i +, ya ir

1531

1532

1533

586 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ap SH, and AH [A YS -b. He is also known as JK 32 GB Mi

Hsiang-yang, from his birthplace which is said by some to have
been Hsiang-yang in Hupeh.

Mi-ssti-han 3K JH hy. A.D. 1633-1675. A Manchu, who
inherited the title of Baron from his father BA AT nn Ha-shih-tun ,
a distinguished official of the reign of Shun Chih. The Emperor
K‘ang Hsi rapidly promoted him to be a Minister of the Council
and President of the Board of Revenue. In 1673 he urged the
abolition of the Feudatories, Wu San-kuei, Kéng Ching-chung,
and Shang K‘o-hsi, the last named having asked leave to retire.
The Imperial assent to this proposal led to rebellion, and he was
successful in finding funds to send the flower of the Manchu forces
to suppress it. Canonised as avg A, and admitted in 1736 into
the Temple of Worthies.

Mi Tzt-chia 5} FF FR. 5th cent. B.C. A Minister of the Wei*
State under Duke Ling. In spite of a law that any one using a
royal chariot should have his feet cut off, on hearing that his

mother was ill he at once ordered a chariot to be got ready and

hastened in it to his mother’s side; and the Duke, instead of

punishing him, highly commended his filial piety. At another time,
when walking in the garden with the Duke, he plucked a peach,
and finding it sweet to the taste handed the remainder to his
sovereign. For this act of familiarity he was put to death.

Min Sun Py 44 (T. -F Ae). 6th and 5th cent. B.C. A native
of the Lu State, and one of the disciples of Confucius, by whom
he was regarded as a “perfect man.” He is one of the 24 notable
examples of filial piety. His mother died when he was a child, and
his father married again. The stepmother treated him badly in
comparison with her own two sons, and gave him only garments
made from rushes. One day, while driving his father in a carriage,

he was so cold that he let the reins fall from his hands. His

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 587

father, on learning the reason, wished to put the woman away;
but Min said, “If our mother stays, one child will be cold; if she
goes, three boys will be lonely.” He was posthumously ennobled
as Duke, and in A.D. 720 his tablet was placed in the Confucian
Temple.

Min Ti. See (Han) Liu Hsieh; (Chin) Sst-ma Yeh; (L. T‘ang)
Li Ts‘ung-hai.

Ming Huang. See Li Lung-chi.

Ming Jui WY} 4% (T. $4 3). Died A.D. 1768. A military
official, who was sent in 1756 to hold a command in the army
of the West, where he greatly distinguished himself. For his share
in putting down the Ili rebellion, he was ennobled as Duke, and
in 1762 was appointed Governor of that territory. In 1767, he
became Governor General of Yiinnan and Kueichou, and Commander-
in-chief of the army collected for the invasion of Burmah. After
enormous exertions and a protracted attempt at invasion, he was
defeated; and being compelled to retreat through the jungle with
the remnant of his forces, he at length cut off his queue and gave
it to an attendant to carry back to Peking as a token of his loyalty,
and then hanged himself from a tree. His servant wrapped his
corpse in leaves, and it was ultimately conveyed to China. Canonised
as’ Hl Fi), and included in the Temple of Patriots. See Chao Hui.
Ming Ti. See (Han) Liu Chuang; (Wei) Ts‘ao Jui; (Chin)
Sst-ma Shao; (HE. Sung) Liu Yu; (Ch‘i) Hsiao Luan; (N.
Chou) Yu-wén Yu.

Ming Tsung. See (L. T'ang) Li Sst-ytian; (Ming) Chu
Tsai-hou.

Ming Yi-chén HW] KY (or | Min). A.D. 1331-1366. A
general under Hsti Shou-hui, who on account of famine in Hupeh,
led an expedition to Sstich‘uan to obtain supplies. Finding the

people favourable to the overthrow of the Mongol dynasty, he took

1534

1535

1536

1537

1538

588 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Chungking by surprise; and being appointed Governor by Hsii,
proceeded to capture Ch‘éng-tu. On the murder of Hsii, he declared
his independence; and proclaimed himself [Hz Jit =f ruler of the
whole of Sstich‘uan. In 1363, after annexing Shensi and part of
Yiinnan, he changed his title to that of Emperor, taking Hsia as
the style of his dynasty and basing many of his administrative
arrangements upon those of the ancient dynasty of that name. He
allowed no Taoist or Buddhist worship except that of Maitréya
Buddha. Frugal in his own life and a friend to learning, he gave
the people peace and rest. He was succeeded by Wy Fy. Ming
Shéng, whose refusal to attend the Ming Court and resistance to
is decrees led to the subjugation of Ssiich‘uan in 1371.

Ming Yutian Ti. See Toba Sst.

Mo Chu. See Ch‘éng T‘ien T‘ai Hou.

Mo Hsi Ae Ef, 18th cent. B.C. The favourite concubine of the
tyrant Chieh, to whom she was presented by the conquered chieftain
of AR ff, Yu-shih in modern Shantung. For her sake Chieh gave
way to the wildest excesses; hence the fall of the Hsia dynasty
was popularly said to be due to Mo Usi.

Mo Ti Hs 7 or Mo Tzu Hi --. 4th and 5th cent. B.C. A
philosopher of the Sung State, who propounded a doctrine of
‘“aniversal love,’ in opposition to the “selfish” school of Yang
Chu, as the proper foundation for organised society. He showed
that under such a system all the calamities which men bring upon
one another would altogether disappear, and that the peace and
happiness of the Golden Age would be renewed. He was vigorously
opposed by Mencius, who exhibited the unpractical side of an
otherwise fascinating doctrine.

Mo Ti. See (Wu) Sun Hao; (L. Liang) Chu Yu-chén.
Mou I a Be The fabled inventor of arrows, who flourished
under the Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2698.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 589

e

Mu-hua-li 7, ae FQ A.D. 1170 —1223. Son of a Mongol chieftain
who had sacrificed his life to save that of Genghis Khan. At his
_ birth a white vapour issued from the tent, and the wise woman
declared that he was no ordinary child. Ere long he distinguished
himself by standing over Genghis Khan all night, while his master
was sleeping in the open air, to protect him from the snow, On
another occasion he saved him from brigands, three of whom he
slew with three arrows, using a saddle as a shield, under cover
of which Genghis succeeded in escaping. For many years he fought
for the Mongol cause in China, capturing cities and defeating the
Sung generals wherever he appeared. On his deathbed he regretted
only that Pien-liang, the capital, was still able to hold out.
Canonised as fil TA. &

Mu-jung Chiao 34 ¥ 8 (T. fH WA). A.D. 385 —410. Nephew
of Mu-jung Té, who was very fond of him and gave him the name
of Ch‘ao= Excelling. He was adopted as Heir Apparent, and
mounted the throne of the Southern Yen State in 405. It was not
long however before Liu Yii led an army against him, took him
prisoner, and put him to death. |

Mu-jung Ch‘ui #. ZF He (T. $4 WA). AD. 326-396. Fifth
son of Mu-jung Huang. A clever boy, he grew to be 7ft. 4 in. in
height, and was the pride of his father who predicted great things
of him and named him fj Pa=Chief. This gave great umbrage
to Mu-jung Tsun; and when in 348 the latter succeeded his father
as Prince of Yen, he changed the Pa into Ch‘ui= Decadent, as
above. On his assumption of the Imperial title, Mu-jung Tsun
created his brother Prince of Wu, and sent him to oppose Huan
Wén. His splendid victory at Fang-t‘ou brought him, however, as
much hatred as fame; and being in danger of assassination, in
869 he was compelled to take refuge with Fu Chien, who appointed

him Commander-in-chief and ennobled him as Marquis. He escorted

1539

1540

1541

(1542

1543

1544

590 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Fu Chien home after the disaster in Anhui; but on being sent
afterwards to Shansi, he proclaimed himself Prince of Yen in 383,
and in 386 adopted the Imperial title with his capital at Hh ily
Chung-shan in modern Chihli. From this date to his death he was
chiefly engaged in warfare. Canonised as {iE me. MX wm it of the
Later Yen State. :

Mu-jung Ch‘ung He a ip. Ath cent. A.D. Brother to Mu-jung
Hung, upon whose death he marched upon Ch‘ang-an, and after a
long siege captured and sacked it. He proclaimed himself Emperor
of the Western Yen State, but was shortly afterwards murdered
by his own soldiers. He was succeeded by four sovereigns, all of
whom shared the same fate. The fifth, a8 AE 7K Mu-jung Yung,
after vain attempts to extend his territory, was given up to Mu-
jung Ch‘ui, who put him to death; and in 394 the Western Yen
State came to an end.

Mu-jung Hsi eZ le (T. 34 4T). A.D. 385—407. Youngest
son of Mu-jung Ch‘ui. He served in the army while Mu-jung Shéng
was on the throne, and greatly distinguished himself by his prowess
against the Koreans and the Kitan Tartars. When Mu-jung Shéng
died, the Empress set aside the rightful heir and placed him on
the throne, contrary to the general wish. His cruelty soon brought
about a crisis, and he was assassinated by Mu-jung Yiin, adopted
son of Mu-jung Pao, whose other children he had put to death.
Canonised as 4 AC wed ih of the Later Yen State.

Mu-jung Huang 3% 4 ax (T. FE A). A.D. 297—348. Third

son of Mu-jung Hui. He had a “dragon” countenance and fine

- regular teeth, and was 7 ft. 8in. in height. Although somewhat

of a martial turn of mind, he was an eager student of books and
fond of astronomy. Succeeding to the rank of his father, in 337
he proclaimed himself Prince of Yen, but made no show of keeping

up an independent Court. He spent his life in promoting the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 594

welfare of his subjects, teaching them agriculture, sericulture, and
archery, for the last of which monthly examinations were held,
and also opening schools for the study of philosophy, etc. He built
his capital at FE BR Lung-ch‘éng in Chihli; and after conquering
northern Korea in 345, proclaimed himself independent. He was

killed by a fall from his horse in the hunting-field, and canonised
by Mu-jung Tsun as Te mi. p4 WA A it of the Earlier Yen State.

Mu-jung Hui 3% 4 fe (T. FEY). A.D. 268—333. Son of 1545

a Khan of the Turkic tribe known as Hsien-pi, which had settled
to the north of Peking. A bold handsome youth, he grew to the
height of 8 feet; and when his younger brother usurped his rights,
he gave in his allegiance to the ruling Emperor of the Chin dynasty.
The latter was greatly pleased, and appointed him chief of the
Hsien-pi tribe; and in 289 he was ordered to instruct his fellow-
countrymen in agriculture and sericulture after the systems practised
in China. In 307 he took the title of Great Khan of the Hsien-pi,
and in 326, after many years spent in the Imperial service, he
was ennobled as Duke. He was canonised as aE , and later on by
his grandson, Mu-jung Tsun, as ‘=A TH pt ‘ee it of the Earlier
Yen State.

Mu-jung Hung He aS Val. An officer in the service of Fu
Chien. In A.D. 884 he left his post, collected an army of Turkic
settlers in Shansi, and seized Hua-yin in Shensi. He then marched
against Ch‘ang-an, but was murdered on the way. See Mu-jung
Ch‘ung.

Mu-jung Pao #4 4 # (T. 36 jp). AD. 355-399. Fourth
son of Mu-jung Ch‘ui, whom he succeeded in 396. Frivolous and
worthless in his youth, as Heir Apparent he made an attempt to
reform and gained the respect of all. Soon after his accession he
undertook to make war against the Wei State, but his forces

suffered a disastrous reverse. He himself fled to wd YF Lan Han,

1546 —

1547

1548

1549

1550

592 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

by whom he was put to death, together with his eldest son. Canonised
by Mu-jung Shéng as fel ex =A hy of the Later Yen State.
Mu-jung Shéng 4 ZF B& (T. HF si). A.D. 873-401. Son
by a concubine of Mu-jung Pao, whom he succeeded in 399.
After putting to death his father’s murderer, he proclaimed himself
Emperor; but he was soon surrounded by conspirators,.and at
length perished in a night-attack upon his palace. Canonised as
HG at | if of the Later Yen State.

Mu-jung Té i Ai GR (T. 7E WY). A-D. 336—405. Youngest

son of Mu-jung Huang. His mother dreamt that the sun flew into

her navel, after which she gave birth to him one day while lying

asleep. Before he was 20, he was 8 ft. 2 in. in height, and a
handsome, well-made man, with a mark on his forehead like the
sun partly overlying the moon. He was a great student of books,
and of a grave and upright disposition. After serving under Mu-
jung Tsun and his father, he accompanied the former into captivity
and was appointed by Fu Chien to be Governor of fe He Chang-
yeh in Kansuh. He subsequently joined Mu-jung Ch‘ui, and served
as Minister under his son Mu-jung Pao; but in 398 he threw off
his allegiance, and in 400 proclaimed himself Emperor of the
Southern Yen State. He was succeeded by his nephew Mu-jung
Ch‘ao, and was canonised as ney pas if -

Mu-jung Tsun 4% 4 #6 (1. ‘et FL). AD. 319—360. Second
son of Mu-jung Huang. He was a handsome, intelligent boy, 8 ft.
2in. in height, fond of books, and with a turn both for civil and
military affairs. Succeeding his father as Prince of Yen in 348, he
assumed the Imperial title in 352, changed the year-title and
canonised his ancestors. He moved his capital to Yeh in Honan,
and engaged in successful warfare with Fu Chien. Severe and
dignified in manner, he never seemed to spend an idle moment,

all his leisure time being devoted to the extension of literary

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 593

studies. Canonised as i i 3s¢ JH} GL fF of the Earlier Yen State.
Mu-jung Wei yt Af Wie (T. Be jE). A.D. 350-385. Third
son of Mu-jung Tsun, whom he succeeded in 360. Fu Chien sent
an army under Wang Méng against him, and he was carried away
captive, but he was spared and ennobled as Marquis. Fifteen years
later, the operations of Mu-jung Ch‘ui led en into a conspiracy
against the life of Fu Chien. This was discovered, and he was put
to death. Canonised by Mu-jung Té as |i Et ip -

Mu-jung Yiin 34 4 SB (1. -— iy). Died A.D. 409. Adopted
son of Mu-jung Pao, to whom he commended himself by his grave
and reticent manners, and who ennobled him as Duke. He slew
Mu-jung Hsi and mounted the throne of the Great (Northern) Yen
State in 407, at the same time reverting to his original family
name of ia Kao. He was assassinated by two ladies of his harem,
and canonised as if AN res th. He was succeeded first by 1G
wR Féng Po, his Minister, who usurped the throne and held it
until his death in 480; and then by his brother ia 3 Kao Hung,
who succumbed in 486 to the constant attacks of the Wei State.
Mu Kung A A. A legendary being, said to have been the
first creature evolved from chaos, and subsequently the husband
of Hsi Wang Mu. —

Mu Kung of Ch'in 4 Bs ZL (named {f- RF). A famous
feudal ruler, who in B.C. 660 succeeded his father upon the throne
of Ch'in, and later on obtained the invaluable assistance of Po-li
Hsi. He warred successfully against the Chin State, and aided in
placing Ch‘ung Erh upon its throne in 636. He soon became
jealous of the rising influence of the Chins; and after suffering severe

defeat at Ait [1] Yao-shan in Honan, he was at length successful

in checking the rival power. He subdued the F¥ Jung barbarians,

and was rewarded by the Emperor with a gift of golden drums. He

died in B.C. 621, and 177 persons were sacrificed at his funeral.
38

1551

1553

1554

1555

1556

1557

1558

1559

594 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Mu Lan ia: 5th cent. A.D. A young lady, who when her
sick father was summoned to his post as a soldier on the frontier,
dressed herself up in his clothes and served in his place for twelve
years without betraying the secret of her sex.

Mu Mu 4 ff. The fourth in rank among the wives of the
Yellow Emperor, B.C. 2698, and a wise though ill-favoured woman
who ruled the Imperial household with great success.

Mu Shéng Bs AE 3rd and 2nd cent. B.C. A scholar of the Han
dynasty, who had been on friendly terms with Prince 7L Yiian
of Ch‘u before the latter’s father came to the throne as first Emperor
of the Han dynasty. The Prince appointed Mu to high office and
treated him with great consideration, always giving him a very
mild kind of sweet wine to drink instead of the usual strong
liquor which he disliked. The same custom was observed for some
time by Prince J¥ Wu, his son and successor; but at length the
Prince forgot all about it. This so irritated Mu that he resigned
office, crying out, “The Prince is neglectful; ’tis time I were gone,
or soon I shall be in chains in the market-place!”’

Mu Ti. See Sst-ma Tan.

Mu Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Héng; (Liao) Yeh-li Kung.
Mu-t‘u-shan Ss la} aE Died A.D. 1887. A Manchu, who saw
much service against the T‘ai-p‘ings and in the north-west. He
was Tartar General at Foochow during the French attack in 1884,
and in 1885 was sent as Imperial Commissioner to organise the
defence of Manchuria.

Mu Wang Bs =F. Died B.C. 946. The fifth sovereign of the
Chou dynasty, to the throne of which he succeeded in B.C. 1001.
Famous for his campaigns and journeys in distant lands, whither
he proceeded in a chariot drawn by eight marvellous steeds. He is
said to have visited the K‘un-lun mountains and the abode of Hsi

Wang Mu; but all our knowledge of him is traditional and of the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 595
slenderest character, the $3 FE -}- {#£, a work professing to give

an account of his travels, being undoubtedly the compilation of a
much later age. .
Mu Ying 7 Hi (T. BC HA). Died A.D. 1892. A native of
‘E ie Ting-ytian in Anhui, who in 1384 was appointed Governor
of Yiinnan, an office held also by his sons in succession. In 1388
he gained a great victory over the Burmese, who were led by the
rebel Chinese Commissioner A A Bi Sst. Lun-fa, his cannon
and powerful crossbows proving too much for the mailed elephants;
and in the following year Burmah acknowledged the suzerainty of

China. Posthumously ennobled as Prince, and canonised as Lid Ui -

N.

Nan Tzu a7 F. 6th and 5th cent. B.C. Sister of iif] Ch‘ao, a
noble of the Sung State, with whom she had an incestuous connection,
and afterwards wife of the Duke of the Wei State. Confucius was
blamed by Chung Yu for allowing himself to be seen in her
company.

Ng Choy {fi 9X (T. 3¢ HH and $ 3. A. PK JAF). Born
at Singapore in 1842, he was brought back to China at the age
of four and was educated at a native school in Kuangtung until
he was thirteen, when he went to St. Paul’s College in Hongkong.
There he remained until his twentieth. year, at which date he entered
the service of the Hongkong Government as interpreter in the law
courts. In 1874 he went to England, entered at Lincoln’s Inn,
and was called to the Bar in 1877. After practising as a barrister
in Hongkong until 1882, he joined the official staff of the Viceroy
of Chihli. In 1895 he accompanied Chang Yin-huan upon his
abortive peace-mission to Japan, and was also a member of the

embassy of Li Hung-chang which three months later resulted in

1560

1561

1562

1563

1564

596 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the treaty. of Shimonoseki. On returning to China he was appointed -
Vice President of the Imperial Clan Court, and soon afterwards
one of the Senior Vice Presidents of the Board of War. He also
became Superintendent of Imperial Railways. In 1896 he was
appointed Minister to the United States.

Ni Héng jij] @ (1. TE 7). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of P'ing-
yiian in Shantung, who was a clever but haughty young fellow
and treated every one with contempt except K‘ung Jung and a few
others. K‘ung Jung thought very highly of him and recommended
him to T's‘ao Ts‘ao, saying that one osprey was worth a hundred
hawks. Ts‘ao Ts‘ao found he had a talent for playing the drum,
and made him his chief drummer. Soon afterwards, on the occasion
of a grand review, having received orders to put on a new uniform,
he waited until the various grandees had assembled and then
proceeded to play an air which drew tears from all present. After
this, he advanced before T's‘ao Ts‘ao, and solemnly stripping himself
stark naked, put on the new uniform. K‘ung Jung reported to
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao that he had gone mad, and the latter sent him to
Liu Piao. He treated Liu Piao so rudely that he was sent on to
$4 ji, Huang Tsu, Governor of Chiang-hsia in Hupeh, who when
he further misconducted himself, caused him to be put to death.
Ni Tsan #3 $f (1. 7 ME. BHR. HB.
Ce ee ee ee
7c HA. 7o We and &J BE AB). AD. 1801-1874. A famous
artist and recluse of the Yiian dynasty, popularly known as ‘4fk
33a +t the Recluse of Wu-hsi, from his home in Kiangsu.
He refused to enter public life, and devoted his ample fortune to
collecting old books and pictures. Deeply read, he affected archaic
phrases and used only the ii script. He was very timid and retiring,
and a great stickler for cleanliness. Foreseeing the overthrow of

the Ytian dynasty, he distributed his wealth among his relatives

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 597

and took refuge in obscure poverty, wandering about the lakes and
rivers of Kiangsu.

Nieh Chéng # iby. Died B.C. 397. A famous bravo who lived
in modern Honan under the Chou dynasty. He was engaged by
jae Oh > Yen Chung Tzti to assassinate PR B Hsieh Lei, a
Minister of the Han® State. When the deed was done he committed
suicide, having first mutilated himself beyond recognition in order
to save his sister from implication in the crime. She however came
boldly forward and recognised her brother's body, but overcome by
grief, lay down beside the corpse and died.

Nieh I-chung nin Be rH. A scholar and poet of the 10th cent.
A.D., known chiefly by a poem he wrote in commiseration of the
hardships of the agricultural labourer.

Nien Kéng-yao 4p # #6. A.D. (?) 1665-1726. An official
~who rose to be Viceroy of Sstich‘uan and Shensi, and who in 1724
was ennobled as Duke for his utter defeat of the Oelots under
Blobdzang Tantsing. But he became suspected of harbouring rebel-
lious designs, and was accused of amassing treasure and munitions
of war. He was accordingly seized and put to death as a traitor.
Ning Ch‘i a BX - 7th cent. B.C. A poor waggoner of the Wei®
State, who was overheard singing a ballad and beating time on the
horns of his oxen by Huan Kung of the Ch‘i State, and at once
taken into his employ, in which he rose to be a Privy Councillor.
Ning Tsung. See Chao K‘uo.

Ning Wan-wo #5 FF (T. AL FA). Died A.D. 1665. A
native of 2% Nea Liao-yang, who joined the Manchus about 1616,
and aided in the establishment of the Six Boards and the Censorate
by the new dynasty in 1631. He was cashiered in 1686 for gambling,
but subsequently became head of the commission entrusted with the
compilation of the Ming History. In 1653 he rose to be a Minister
of the Council, and in 1654 he exposed the misdeeds of the Grand

1565

1566

1567

1568

1569

1570

1571

1572

1573

598 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Secretary [ei A B Ch‘én Ming-hsia, retiring in 1658. Canonised
as Bl Re, and admitted to the Temple of Worthies.

Niu Chin 2 ¢. A military official, who is said to have excited
the distrust of Ssa-ma I in consequence of a prophecy in which
horses and oxen were mysteriously mentioned in connection with
succession to the throne. Ssti-ma I caused him to be poisoned, not
knowing that another member of the Niu family had committed

adultery with one of the concubines of the Prince of Lang-yeh.

‘According to this story, the child born was named Jui, and in

A.D. 318 he mounted the throne as Yiian Ti, first Emperor of
the Eastern Chin dynasty (see Niu Jui).

Niu Hsien-k‘o 4F {jlj 2. Died A.D. 742. A native of $8 fff
Shun-ku in Kansuh, who distinguished himself as an official under
the Emperor Ming Huang of the T’ang dynasty. His Majesty wished
to make him a Minister of State, but was opposed in this by
Chang Chiu-ling. Li Lin-fu, who saw a chance of ingratiating
himself at Court, supported the Emperor, a step which ultimately
led to his own advancement and to the banishment of hig rival.
Niu was appointed Minister, and later on was ennobled as Duke,
though in reality nothing more than a tool in the hands of Li
Lin-fu. Canonised as s=| fifi -

Niu Hsiu $f YH (T. AK He). A student of folk-lore and popular
superstition, who flourished in the 17th cent. A.D. His ie Lia
er 4B contains miscellaneous memoranda of men and things at
the end of the last and beginning of the present dynasties.

Niu Hung 4 5), or 24 # (T. HA ©). Died A.D. 610. A
native of 3B fal, Shun-ku in Kansuh. Liberal-minded and studious,
after serving as a Chamberlain under the N. Chou dynasty he rose
to be President of the Civil Office under the founder of the Sui
dynasty, of which he is considered to be the foremost scholar. He

induced his master to collect by offer of reward the scattered

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 599

literature of China. In 607 he drew up a revised code of statutes,
and he also edited the 7. me Five Ceremonies. Eunobled as Marquis,
and canonised as ne

Niu Jui oF. FS (T. x). A.D. 276—822. Great-grandson of the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty (see Miu Chin). He took the
surname Ssii-ma, and in 807 became Governor of Yang-chou, with
his capital at the modern Nanking. Assisted by Wang Tao, he
kept his province at peace amid the wars of the Hight Princes,
300—807. The Emperor Min Ti on his accession in 313 made him
Prime Minister, and he ruled eastward from [ae Shan-chou in
Honan. He declined to move against the Hans, on the plea that
the eastern provinces were still disturbed. Two years later he was
placed in supreme control of all matters, civil and military. On
the fall of Ch‘ang-an, he made a feint of going to the rescue of
- his captured sovereign, who in 317 appointed him Regent, and in
the following year he ascended the vacant throne. He failed to
take advantage of the division of Han, partly owing to rivalry
among his Ministers; and he could not save the territory north of
the Yellow River from Shih Lo, He died while the rebellion of Wang
Tun was threatening his throne. Canonised as Se 7 Sif.
Niu Séng-ju 24e (@ Fe (T. Bh By). AD. 778-847. A
distinguished statesman under the T‘ang dynasty, the rival of Li
Té-yi. After graduating in 806 at the head of the list, together
with Li Tsung-min and Huang Fu-t'i, he rose to be President of
the Censorate in 821 and a Minister of State in 823. In 825 he
was ennobled as Duke; but finding himself powerless against the
favourites of the Emperor Ching ‘Tsung, he accepted the post of
Commissioner at Wu-ch‘ang, created specially for him. In 828, by
the influence of Li Tsung-min, he returned to the capital and
became President of the Board of War. His further career was a

series of ups and downs. In 844 he was degraded on a charge ot

1574

1575

1576

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600 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
complicity in the rebellion of BI fig Liu Chén; in 847 he was

Junior Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. He was noted for his love
of women, and was said to have had ‘twelve golden hairpins’ (sc.
concubines) in his establishment. Canonised as Bl fifi :

No Chia JS WE. A supernatural being, variously described as
god and demon, and identified by the Buddhists with the son of
Vadjrapani, the God of Thunder. He is depicted as riding through

the heavens upon two fiery wheels, and holding in his hand a

pagoda, for which his original thunderbolt has been mistaken by

the Chinese.

No-yen-ch‘éng Fh B By (T. FA Ju and HA FP. H. KE aw).
A.D. 1762—1833. Grandson of O-kuei. He graduated as chin shih
in 1789, and ten years later was a Minister of the Grand Council.
He was then sent to help in the suppression of the White Lily
rebellion, which had already cost over Tls. 80,000,000. Very
successful at first, on account of a check he was reduced in 1800
to the rank of a sub-Expositor of the Han-lin College. Restored to
the Grand Council, he became Acting Viceroy of Shen-Kan in
1804, the Emperor warning him against trusting too much to
himself and ignoring his colleagues. Transferred to Canton, it was
through his representations that leave to trade was refused to
Russian ships. In 1805 he was sent to Ili for bribing the coast
pirates, and subsequently served several years in Turkestan, returning
to Shen-Kan as Viceroy in 1809. In 1813 he was transferred to
Chihli; and three years later he was sentenced to death for
malversation while in Shensi, and only escaped banishment to Ili
on the plea that his aged mother required his services. After a
further period of disgrace and promotion he was sent again to
Chihli, where he introduced in 1825 the sea-transport of tribute
rice, as the Grand Canal was blocked, and also discharged no

fewer than 23,000 superfluous official “runners” from his province.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 604

Ordered to Turkestan, he obtained a prolongation of the terms of
office for officials and permission for them and for the military to
have their families with them. He established a market for trade
with Bokhara and Badakshan, but his attempt to stop the export
of tea, rhubarb, and sulphur to Khokand led to his degradation in
1831. Canonised as 4 Ree -

Nui Kua or Ni Wa %& Hi}. According to one account, the
sister and successor of the legendary Emperor Fu Hsi. She had a
human head with the body of a serpent, and assisted in settling
the ordinance of marriage and the relations of the sexes. When
Kung Kung rebelled, and the pillars of heaven were broken and
the corners of the earth gave way, she melted down stones and
repaired the damage. According to another account, Nii and Kua
were brother and sister, and were placed at the creation on the
K‘un-lun mountains, the only two human beings in existence. Then
they prayed, saying, “If thou, O God, hast sent us to be man
and wife, the smoke of our sacrifice will stay in one place; but if
not, it will be scattered.” The smoke remained stationary.

Nii Ying & Hi. One of the two daughters of the Emperor Yao,
B.C. 2357, who gave them both as wives to his suecessor, the
virtuous Shun. See O Huang.

Nurhachu (reigned as FR fy). A.D. 1559-1626. The real
founder of the Manchu power, who consolidated the petty tribes
around his home, and in 1603 built the original city of Shingking.
His careful administration - attracted numbers of adherents, for
whom he is said to have constructed the Manchu alphabet, founded
upon that of the Mongols. He gradually extended his borders eastward,
until in 1625 his frontiers reached to the sea on the east and to
the Amoor on the north, ‘ga. te Ning-yiian being almost the only
possession remaining to. the Mings beyond the Great Wall. In the
same year his capital was moved to Moukden, then called ¥e B

1578

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1580

1581

1582

1583

602 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Shén-yang, which had been captured in 1621. Canonised as Ik mH.
oe i.
. O.

O-érh-t‘ai 4} Rg Ae (T. Ae Jae). Died A.D. 1745. An Imperial
clansman, who graduated as chi jen in 1699 and soon after became
a secretary in the Imperial household. Rising by 1725 to be Viceroy —
of Ytinnan and Kueichou, he busied himself with the local aborigines,
striving to bring their territories under the Chinese administrative
system. After several revolts, which he put down with great
severity, he quelled all opposition right up to the Laos border,
tribute being duly paid by the Shan: States in 1730. In 1732 he
was ennobled as Burne and became President of the Board of War .
and Member of the Grand Council. For the rest of Yung Chéng’s
reign he was chief favourite and adviser, and to him alone were
entrusted the Emperor’s dying commands. The Emperor Ch'ien
Lung also treated him with extreme consideration , and at death
accorded him a place in the Imperial Temple.

O Huang #i |. Sister to Ni Ying, and one of the two
daughters of the Emperor Yao, B.C. 2357, who gave them both
in marriage to his successor, the virtuous Shun. When their husband
died and was buried near the river Hsiang®, they wept so copiously
over his grave that their tears speckled the bamboos growing near,
thus giving rise to the variety known as the speckled bamboo.
Hence the two ladies are spoken of = iA F AK.

O-kuei [iy #E (T. SE HE. BH. SB RB). AD. 1717-1797.
Graduated as cht jen in 1738, and became secretary in a Board.
In 1748 he went on the campaign against the rebels in Chin-ch‘uan; ~
and later on earned a name for himself by suppressing a Mongol
rebellion in Uliasut‘ai, and in 1754 became Assistant Military

Governor of Ili. In 1758 he was stationed at Tarbagatai, and in

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 603

1759 he recovered all the cities which had been seized by the
7 Sungar rebels. By his advice the New Dominion was occupied by
soldiers, a chain of posts established, and cities built at Urumtsi
and other places, the Emperor standing in great fear of Russian
encroachments. In 1761, when his portrait had been enshrined as
the seventeenth among the heroes of the conquest of Turkestan, he
was appointed President of the Board of Works and Military
Governor of Ili. After serving in Ssiich‘uan against the Ush tribes,
he was sent in 1768 to check a Burmese irruption. Reaching
Momein in November, he advanced early next year; and after
defeating a Burmese flotilla laid siege to Kaungtén. This place
offered a long resistance, and O-kuei was on the point of with-
drawing his army, decimated by pestilence, when the Burmese
accepted a treaty and promised tribute and a cession of territory.
In 1770 he was sent to Momein to receive the tribute; but it was
not forthcoming, and the Burmese kept his messenger a prisoner.
He suggested letting the matter stand over, for which he was
cashiered in 1771 but was allowed to serve under the new general.
Soon after this he was sent again to Chin-ch‘uan, and in 1772
succeeded to the command, on the defeat of the Imperial forces.
For the next two years he was campaigning on the Ssiich‘uan
frontier, and for various successes was ennobled as Duke and
appointed to be President of the Board of Revenue, being received
by the Emperor with extraordinary honours. The Burmese envoys
having at length arrived, they were taken to the execution-ground,
but were sent home again under escort; and next year O-kuei went
back to Yiinnan, and a Burmese decennial tribute was agreed upon.
For this he was made a Grand Secretary; and then followed various
important missions to the Yellow River, to inspect the sea-wall at
Hangchow, and to put down revolts in Kansuh. From 1787 to

1792 he was again in the west, engaged in putting down rebellion.

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604 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

On his death he received a public funeral, and the Emperor paid
a visit of condolence in person. Canonised as Bl WX:

O-lan-t‘ai bay ia AB. Died A.D. 1699. A Manchu, who rose
from bitgeshi or clerk to be in 1683 a Vice President of the Board
of War. In the following year he and Ch‘én T‘ing-ching were
specially chosen to look after the coinage. Passing through various |
Boards, he became a Grand Secrdtary in 1689. In 1696, during
the expedition against Galdan, he was at first left to deal with
memorials but was afterwards in close attendance upon the Emperor
K‘ang Hsi. Canonised as Bl ii and in 1732 included in- the
Temple of Worthies. ,

O-li-kun [ij A 3 (T. A BB). Died A.D. 1770. Son of O-yi-tu.
He held -seyeral Governorships in the provinces, and also saw
service in the west. In 1764 he was appointed an Assistant Grand
Secretary, and four years later was sent to Yiinnan to prepare for
the invasion of Burmah. He died soon after the invasion had begun.
Canonised as aE Ht, and included in the Temple of Worthies.
See Chao Hui.

O-lo-téng-pao #8 Hy -& Pe (T. PR PP). A.D. 1747-1805. A
Manchu General, who with the aid of Té-léng-t‘ai succeeded in
suppressing the insurgent bands which from 1797 to 1804 harassed
Hupeh, Sstich‘uan, Shensi, and Kansuh. It is recorded of him that
he acquired the art of war from a Manchu translation of the
Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He was ennobled as Duke, canonised
as fie He and a special shrine, to which the Emperor gave the
name ER ie, was erected in his honour.

O-pi-lung jh Wh (&. Died A.D. 1673. The son of O-yi-tu by
an Imperial Princess. He inherited his father’s title of Viscount,
but soon lost it for screening his brother’s attempt to pass off a
spurious child as his own. Fought in 1645 against the rebels in
Hupeh, and in 1651 received the title of Duke, forfeited by his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 605

nephew. He was one of the Regents during the minority of the
Emperor K‘ang Hsi, and was implicated in the misdeeds of Ao-pai,
one of his fellow-Regents, but was pardoned. Canonised as {e..
O-sé-ho $8 ff, jf. Died A.D. 1661. Employed as a confidential
messenger by the Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the present dynasty, he
rose in 1651 to be Grand Historiographer and Minister of the
Council. He was frequently Chief Examiner, and also prepared the
e wy BB Ba a record of the doings and sayings of loyal Ministers,
filial sons, worthies, and upright officers. In 1656 he was sent on
an embassy to Korea. Canonised as oe Me, and admitted into the
Temple of Worthies.

O-yi-tu 44 Wf #h. A.D. 1573—1662. A noted general under the
Emperor T‘ai Tsu of the present dynasty, and one of his Five
Ministers (see Hu-érh-han). Canonised as Fe KE.

Ogotai Khan ## fi] iG. A.D. 1185-1241. Third son of Genghis
Khan, whom he succeeded as Khan of the Mongols in 1229. With
the aid of Yeh-lii Ch‘u-ts‘ai, who was entirely trusted by him, he
introduced regular administration, taxation, ceremonial, and criminal
jurisprudence. In 1236 he instituted paper-money and a regular
system of education; and the following year saw the first Mongol
official examinations, at which captive Sung scholars were also
allowed to compete. But war was the chief pursuit of Ogotai. In
1231 Korea was attacked; in 1234 the Chin? dynasty was extinguished,
with the help of the Sungs, who soon broke the treaty’ and were
in turn invaded; and in 1236—37 Ogotai campaigned in Central
Asia. He died of a drinking-bout succeeding five days of hard
hunting, and his sixth Empress 7% [6 i Naimachén seized the
Regency, in defiance of Ogotai’s wish to be succeeded by his grandson.
At the close of his reign the boundary of the Mongols and the

Sungs west of Yang-chou was practically the Yang-tsze. Canonised
as Se 2.

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606 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ou-yang Hsi [Bt I fr (T. TE Hh). Ist cent. A.D. A native
of f Fe Chiien-ch‘éng in Shantung, who came of a family of
scholars and held office under Wang Mang the Usurper. Later on

his fame as a philosopher and teacher attracted the notice of the

first Emperor of the Han dynasty, and he was promoted to high
office and ennobled. However he became mixed up in some treasonable
designs, and was thrown into prison, where he died.

Ou-yang Hsiu fe FB (T. 3K AL. H. GE A and We —
J -E). A.D. 1007—1072. A native of Lu-ling in Kiangsi; hence
he is often called Js [3 Jt AE. Losing his father at the age of

four, he was brought up in narrow circumstances by his mother

who taught him to write with a reed. By the time he was fifteen
he had already acquired some reputation, aided in part by the
discovery in a box of waste paper of a bundle of Han Yii’s drafts,
upon which he formed his style. He could discuss history and
politics with Yin Chu, and poetry with Mei Yao-ch‘én. Graduating
first on the list of chin shih, he obtained employment in the capital;
but his career was a chequered one, chiefly owing to the attitude
he took up in favour of societies or associations of ‘individuals for
their common welfare, and to his spirited defence of Fan Chung-
yen and others. After twelve years’ service in the provinces he was
entrusted with the preparation of the New History of the T'ang
Dynasty, on the completion of which in 1060 he was appointed
Vice President of the Board of Rites and a Chancellor in the Han-
lin College, where he remained for eight years. In 1061 he became
a State Counsellor and reformed the military administration, rising
by 1065 to be President of the Board of War. Hostile to the
innovations of Wang An-shih, in 1071 he obtained leave to retire,
with the title of Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. Zealous for
whatever he felt to be right, he never gave a thought to his own ©

personal interests. Hasy-going as an official, he was always ready

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 607

to befriend rising talent, and helped to bring forward Wang An-
shih, Su Shih, Su Ch‘é, and other men of mark. Loving the
suaienda and true learning, ‘he used his imfluence as Examiner in
1057 to check the growing craze for eccentric writing and reasoning.
Besides the history mentioned above, he was author of the 4B
nT $f, the earliest work on ancient inscriptions; of the ¥ iB
Hk FF 88, an elaborate treatise on the peony; of the fet H x,
a small collection of anecdotes of the men of his time; of an
* exposition of the Book of Odes, etc. ete. Su Shih says of him that
in the discussion of great principles he resembled Han Ya, in the
treatment of public questions he resembled Lu Chih, in recording
events he resembled Ssii-ma Ch‘ien, and in the composition of
poetry he resembled Li Po. Fond of wine and company, he spoke
of himself in one of his most famous essays as “the drunken
Governor, an old man with white hair, bald at the top of his
head.” He was canonised as Bl iE, and in 1530 he was finally
admitted into the Confucian Temple.

Ou-yang Hstian fi |B & (T. JR Yj). AD. 1273-1857. A
distinguished scholar-and official of the Yiian dynasty, who served
in the Han-lin College and was specially engaged in the preparation
of State papers. His writings were collected under the title of +.
7 4B. Posthumously ennobled as Duké, and canonised as Bl.
Ou-yang Hsiin [Be Fy (T. A AN). A.D. 557-645. A native
of —& YAH Lin-hsiang in Hunan, whose father was put to death

for rebellion and who was brought up during his early youth in -

concealment. He was exceedingly clever, and possessed the useful
faculty of being able to read several columns of a book at a glance.
He entered the service of the Sui dynasty; and when the first
Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty, who had previously been a friend
of his, came to the throne, he was at once promoted to be a

Supervising Censor. Famous as a calligraphist, he began by imitating

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608 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Wang Usi-chih; but he soon formed a school of his own, and
gained such reputation that envoys were sent from Korea to obtain
specimens of his style. See Ou-yang T'ung.

Ou-yang T‘ung [BR a si. 7th cent. A.D. Son of Ou-yang
Hsiin, and like his father a great calligraphist, the two - being
spoken of as the Elder and Younger Ou-yang. In 677 he was a
Court official, when the death of his mother caused his retirement.
Summoned to return before the mourning period had expired, he
appeared barefoot, refused to speak except on public business, and
went back at night to sleep on a clod by his mother’s coffin. He |
kept this up for four years, never once changing his clothes. He
subsequently became implicated in the plot to make Wu Ch‘éng-
ssti Heir Apparent, and was put to death. Latterly he had grown

very particular about his writing materials, and would use only

brushes of wild cat’s or hare’s hair, mounted in holders of ivory

or rhinoceros’ horn.

i 3A

Pa-ssi-pa 3, 4 &,. Died A.D. 1279. Bashpa, a Tibetan priest,
who became the confidential adviser of Kublai Khan during his
career of conquest in China. In A.D. 1260 he was appointed
State Preceptor and the recognised head of the Buddhist Church.
He constructed an alphabet for the Mongol language, and was
rewarded for his services with the title of K # ie “FE Great
Prince of the Holy Law of Buddha.

Pan Chao SIF ff (T. Hi Wt). 1st cent. A.D. Sister to Pan Ku.
She married an official named BH # Ts‘ao Shou (T. fit #£),
bat was left a widow in early life, and henceforth devoted her
energies to literature and to the education of her son. A deep
student of history, upon her brother’s death she was found competent

to continue and complete the great historical work in which she

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 609

had aided him during his life. She was also the author of the K
wi, a volume of moral advice to young women, and of many
poems, essays, etc. She was admitted to be a lady-in-waiting to the
Empress, under the title of by K BR (Ku) the Lady Ts‘ao.

Pan Ch‘ao PE Es (T. fp Shy A.D. 31—101. Younger brother
of Pan Ku, the historian. As a youth he was very ambitious and
neglectful of small ceremonies, albeit filial and respectful to his
parents. The family was poor; yet in spite of having to earn his
living by daily labour, he managed to give himself a good education.
At length, in 62, he obtained a small government post, and removed
with his mother to the capital. There he was unable to keep a
servant, and was forced to earn money as a copyist. One day, tired
out, he flung down his pen and exclaimed, “A hero should have
other aims than these. Like Fu Chieh-tzti and Chang Ch‘ien he
should win renown in fobeiain lands, and earn for himself the
honour of an earldom. He should not waste his days over pen and
ink.” He then consulted a physiognomist, who told him that he
had’ a swallow’s beak and a tiger’s neck; that he would fly and
also eat meat, and be the’ Marquis of a myriad miles away. His
brother Pan Ku managed to get him a better post, and later on
he was attached to the expedition of Tou Ku against the Hsiung-nu.
He so distinguished himself that in 73 he was dispatched by Tou
Ku on a mission to the kingdom of ¥§ a Shan-shan in Turkestan.
The Hsiung-nu sent an envoy at the same time; whereupon Pan
‘Ch‘ao and a number of his adherents set upon the Hsiung-nu
envoy, and cutting off his head showed it to the king of Shan-
shan. This so impressed the king that hostages were given, and
Pan Ch‘ao returned in triumph to Tou Ku. He was then sent at
the suggestion of the Emperor to the kingdom of Khoten, whither
he proceeded with a force of only some thirty aime men. But

his previous exploit had so terrorised the various petty States of
39

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610 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Turkestan, that he had no difficulty in persuading the king of
Khoten to own allegiance to China and provide him with money
and troops. He advanced to Kashgar and Bactria and on through
a large area of Central Asia, cutting off the heads of recalcitrant
rulers and accepting the voluntary submission of others, until more
than fifty of these kingdoms had submitted to the Chinese yoke.
For these services he was ennobled as Marquis, thus fulfilling the
words of the physiognomist. In A.D. 100 he petitioned to be allowed
to retire, and his request was backed by the entreaties of his famous
sister Pan Chao. After 31 years spent in Central Asia, he returned
to China, where he died during the autumn, the Emperor sending
his own private physician to attend him. See Kan Ying.

Pan Chieh-yti PE i Yj}. 1st cent. B.C. A lady of the seraglio,
who was for a long time chief favourite of the Emperor Ch’éng
Ti of the Han dynasty, “Chieh-yti’ being a title conferred upon
the Imperial concubine most distinguished for literary abilities: On
one occasion the Emperor wished her to drive with him in his
chariot. Upon which she said, “Your handmaid has heard that the
wise rulers of the Three Dynasties of old were always accompanied
by virtuous Ministers, but never that they drove out with women
by their side.” She was ultimately supplanted in the affections of
the Emperor by the more Pattious Chao Fei-yen. She thereupon
forwarded to the Emperor a fan, inscribed with some lines complaining
bitterly that she herself had been treated like a fan in autumn,

ts Steg ee laid, neglected, on the shelf,
All thought of bygone days, like them, bygone.

She then retired to a separate palace, in attendance upon the
Empress Dowager to whom she had always been closely attached.
The phrase “autumn fan” has passed into the language, and is

figuratively used of a deserted wife.

1600 Pan Ku fF [a] (T. He BS). Died A.D. 92. Son of Pan Piao.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 611

At nine years of age he was already good at composition, and as
he grew up his learning became very extensive and profound. After
the death of his father he devoted himself to the great historical
work, the foundations of which had been to some extent laid by
the latter, especially clearing up points which had previously been
doubtful. For this he was impeached, on the ground that he was
altering the national history at his own discretion, and was arrested
and thrown into prison. His brother Pan Ch‘ao, however, was able
to satisfy the Emperor as to the real character of his efforts, and
he was at once released and entrusted with the biography of the
first Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. Before his own work
was brought to completion, he became involved ‘with the party of
Tou Hsien whom he had accompanied upon his campaign into
Mongolia, and being cast into prison died there. The Emperor handed
over the unfinished history to Pan Chao, his gifted sister, by whom
it was finally completed. Also author of the Ff Iz 3

Pan Piao PE jy (T. AX HE). AD. 8—54. A native of An-ling
in Shensi, and father of the historian Pan Ku. Fond of antiquity
and grave of demeanour, he retired into seclusion in Kansuh, taking
refuge with Wei Hsiao from the troublous times which ushered in
the Hastern Han dynasty. He subsequently passed into Ho-hsi,
where he became confidential secretary and adviser to the Commander-
in-chief. The memorials of the latter attracting the Emperor’s
attention by their vigour and pointedness, his Majesty enquired as
to what assistance he had in their preparation, and was informed
that Pan Piao was the writer. He was summoned to Court and
received a post; but retired on the plea of ill-health and devoted
himself. entirely to the study of history, preparing to continue Ssti-
ma Ch‘ien’s work from the year B.C. 104, at which it had stopped.
Pan-ti PE # . Died A.D. 1755. A Mongol, who after a distinguished

career in Peking and the provinces, was entrusted in 1754 with

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1603

1604

1605

612 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the war against the Sungars. As Pacificator of the North he led
the northern division of 25,000 men and 70,000 horses from Barkul
to the Borotala river where he met the western division, and in
1755 the combined forces conquered [li with little or no fighting.
For his services he was ennobled as Duke; but he was soon after
cut off by Amursana, chief of the Khoits, who had vainly aspired
to be Head of the Sungars under China, and he committed suicide.
Canonised as eS ZA], and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Pan Chi-hsin J = Bj (T. ey FL). AD. 1519-1594. A
native of jf Je Wu-ch‘éng in Chehkiang, who graduated as
chin shth in 1550 and became Director General of the Yellow River
in 1565. He lost office owing to a breach at AR P‘ei-chou in 1571.
In 1576 he was Governor of Kiangsi, and two years later was
again placed in charge of the Yellow River, which had diverged
northwards into its present course. By 1579 he had dyked the new
river, and saved Huai-nan from inundation. In 1583 his defence
of his patron Chang Chii-chéng caused him to be cashiered; but
in 1588 he was once more at his old post. His labours affected
his health, and in 1592 he took advantage of a dispute as to the
method of dealing with a breach at yp Ssii-chou in Anhui,
which imperilled the Imperial Mausolea, to retire from public life.
Pan En ff Bl (T. - {£). AD. 1494-1580. A native of
Shanghai, who at six years of age could distinguish accurately the
four tones. Graduating as chin shih in 1523, he entered upon a
public career. After a rapid rise, he was imprisoned and degraded
for some error in connection with the provincial examination-list
in Shantung. Employed later on in Chehkiang, he gained considerable
renown by his spirited resistance to the Japanese and finally rose
to be President of the Board of War. Author of the ay tH pH He,
a work on the rhymes in the Book of Odes. Canonised as Z¥ ce.
P‘an Fei ay Ap. The favourite concubine of Hsiao Pao-chiian,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary + G13

sixth sovereign of the 8. Ch‘i dynasty. She is said by some to have
_ introduced the practice of cramping the feet, as still practised by
Chinese women. On one occasion, when she was dancing before
him, his Majesty cried out in rapture, ‘Every step makes a lily
grow!” Hence the terms golden lilies and lily hooks, as expressions
for women’s feet. Her Imperial lover caused the streets through
which she passed to be strewn with flowers made of gold-leaf;
and on the soles of her shoes flowers were carved in relief, so
that wherever she trod the impress of a flower was left upon the
ground. She was slain in A.D. 501 by Hsiao Yen upon his entry
into Nanking, though he only admitted with reluctance that the
fall of the dynasty was due to her. In fact he wanted to keep
her, but his Minister =F 7: Wang Mao insisted that she should
be put to death. 7

P‘an Fu-jen WYK J. 3rd cent. A.D. The daughter of a man
whom Sun Ch‘iian had condemned to death. She herself was shut
up in the palace; but Sun Ch‘tian hearing of her great beauty,
gave orders that her portrait should be submitted to him. To escape
his approval, she starved herself in the hope of spoiling her good
looks; nevertheless, when Sun Ch'‘tian saw her portrait he struck
the table with his amber sceptre and cried out, “She is indeed a
goddess!” and forthwith took her into his seraglio.

Pan Ku fi FH . The first being brought into existence by
cosmogonical evolution. The Great Monad separated into the Male
aid. Female Principles (the Yin and the Yang). By a similar
process these were each subdivided into Greater and Lesser, and
then from the interaction of these four agencies P‘an Ku was
produced. He seems to have come into life endowed with perfect
knowledge, and his function was to set the economy of the universe
in order. He is often depicted as wielding a huge adze, and

engaged in constructing the world. With his death the details of

1606

1607

614 . A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

creation began. His breath became the wind; his voice, the thunder;
his left eye, the sun; his right eye, the moon; his blood flowed
in rivers; his kai grew into trees and plants; his flesh became
the soil; his sweat descended as rain; while the parasites which
infested his body were the origin of the human race.

1608 P‘an Lang ay Fal (T. zy ie): 10th cent. A.D. A native of
Chiang-tu in Kiangsu, who was a seller of drugs at Lo-yang and
attracted much notice by his great poetical talents. By 996 his
fame had reached the Court, and he received the honorary degree
of chin shih together with an appointment in the Imperial Academy.
Becoming mixed up in the affair of Lu To-hsiin, he fled to the
mountains disguised as a priest, and entered a monastery. Some
verses however which he wrote for a bell-tower caused the other
priests to suspect his identity, and he was once more obliged to
flee; but he was soon forced to give himself up and was banished
to 4% Usin-chou, where he passed his time in composing poetry.
Some of his lines have taken their place as household words: —

So that my verse be rich and rare,
I reck not that my means are spare.

1609 Pan Lei ¥F FE (T. RH. H. He He). AD. 1646—1708.

A profound scholar, whose wide range of learning included chro-

nology and mathematics. He was especially skilled in ancient
literature and in poetry. In 1679 he passed a private examination -
and was employed upon the History of the Mings; but the jealousy
of his fellow-compilers, who were mostly chin shih graduates, led
to his degradation, and he took the opportunity of the death of
his mother to retire altogether. His poems, under the title of 2K

HU) i 46, record impressions of famous spots visited by him. He
also published an edition of the ] Fl Ge (see Kw Chiang), and
the KA Bi a pronouncing dictionary.

1610 P‘an Mei #fF Fe (T. fH Fy). A.D. 921—987. A native of Ta-

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 615

ming in Chihli, of a wild and masterful disposition in his youth.
He seryed under the Emperor Shih Tsung of the Later Chou dynasty
but joined the standard of Chao K‘uang-yin, with whom he had
been on terms of friendship, and aided him in establishing the
Sung dynasty. Besides drawing up the inaugural proclamation, he
went alone to interview the powerful Fs E Yiian Yen, and
succeeded in securing his allegiance. His life was spent in fighting.
After beating off the attack of Liu Ch‘ang on Hunan, he reduced
Kuangtung in 970, and four years later aided Ts‘ao Pin to annex
Kiangnan. For his services on the expedition of the Emperor T'ai
Tsung against Shansi he was ennobled as Duke, and in 977 he
became a Minister of State. Canonised as pt HA.

P‘an Shih-én jf {i Bl (v. & ff). AD. 1769-1854. A
native of the Wu District in Kiangsu, who graduated as first chin
shih in 1793 and rose by 1833 to be principal member of the
. Council of State. In 1840, when the question of foreign relations
came into prominence, he recommended a tolerant and conciliatory
policy. In 1848 he became Grand Tutor, and in 1846 received the
Yellow Jacket. In 1850 he retired, and in 1852 attended for the
second time the Graduates’ Banquet at which he had sat, a newly-
made graduate, sixty-one years before. Upon his death he received
a public funeral. Canonised as 4f #& , and included in the Temple
of Worthies. .

Pan Ssu-chti #ff A VE (T. SAF. H. HR He). AD. 1695—
1752. An exemplary provincial official under the Emperor Ch‘ien
Lung. He introduced schools for the education of the aborigines of
Hainan. He died while Governor of Fuhkien, where he was beloved
by all. Canonised as #9 HA, and included in the Temple of Worthies.
Pian Yo iF Fe (T. Fe 4R). Ath cent. A.D. A poet and official
under the Chin dynasty. He was very handsome as a youth; and

when he went out with his lute at Lo-yang, the ladies used to

1611

1612

1613

1614

1615

1616

616 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

pelt him with fruit. He rose to be Magistrate of Yn [ff Ho-yang,
which he caused to be planted over with peach-trees, whence it
came to be known as the 4% pha Flowery District. |
Pran Yi-lung 4} @ Ff. Died A.D. 1719. A native of Kansuh,
who rose from the ranks by his valour to be Commander-in-chief
in Shensi. In 1712 he reported the seizure of 519 persons (? gipsies)
who roved about with horses and camels, making their living by
telling fortunes. Canonised as ae A .

Pang Hsin [ie %K (T. 7 34). 8th cent. A.D. A native of
Héng-yang in Hunan, who devoted himself to a life of Taoist
contemplation, and was known as fe FG -E Hermit Pang. He
i all his valuables into the sea, saying that they were acquired
with trouble and would be troublesome if given away. He once
asked the famous Buddhist Patriarch Ma Tsu, ‘‘Who is he that is
the companion of none?” “When you have drunk up the West
River,” replied the Patriarch, ‘‘then I will tell you.” On his deathbed .
he sent for the Governor, and his last words to him were, ‘‘We
should regard as subjective all phenomena within our ken, careful
not to ascribe objectivity to such as lie beyond it.”

Prang Kung }fi A or Pfang Té-kung fae 78 DL. 2nd cent.
A.D. A native of Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, who lived with his wife

‘- upon the hills and never came down. Attracted by his fame, Liu

1617

Piao went to persuade him to take office, saying, ‘If every man .
cared only for his own salvation, who would care for the empire?”
“Birds of the air,” replied P‘ang, “find their nests at night, and
even the denizens of the great deep have some place of shelter. If
every man has so much, what need to care for the empire?” Asked
what he intended to bequeath to his posterity, he replied, ‘Other
men bequeath to their descendants danger; I will bequeath peace.”
Prang Ts‘an |ii A (T. {if 3%). Died A.D. 136. A native of

Honan, who graduated as hsiao lien and in 107 gained some distinction

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 617

by his operations against revolted Tangut tribes, for which services
he was appointed Governor of Han-yang. There he won the hearts
of the people by his wise and humane rule. On one occasion, he
visited the famous recluse 4 te Jen T‘ang, who received his
guest in utter silence, merely placing by the door-screen a root
of garlic and a bowl of water, while he himself dandled his grand-
child in the doorway. “‘Ah!” cried P‘ang, after a moment’s reflection,
“I see what you mean. The water is an emblem of that purity
which should be my aim; the garlic signifies that I should punish
the overbearing; and the child is a type of the orphan and the
friendless who should be my chief care.” In 115 he was again
employed against the revolted Tanguts, but suffered a serious defeat;
whereupon he turned homewards on the plea of illness. He was
then impeached for malingering, and thrown into prison. The
influence of friends obtained his release and he was again raised
to high office, once more to be cashiered on the ground of flood,
famine, and like portents, but really in consequence of the murder
by his wife of a child by a previous wife. In 135 he was restored
to his post.

Prang Tung [fiw (T. -b 7c. H. JA HB). AD. 185—221.
A native of Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, who was a slow-witted youth
and failed to attract attention until a physiognomist prophesied for
him a brilliant future. He was taken up by Liu Pei and appointed
Governor. of Ke iB Lei-yang in Hupeh. His administration however
~ was not successful, and Liu Pei was informed that he had put a
Bucephalus to uncongenial work. He was therefore appointed second
in command under Chu-ko Liang and proceeded upon the expedition
to Sstich‘uan, where he was killed by an arrow at the siege of the
city of ¢ff Lo. Liu Pei, who could never speak of him without

Ec ° A bs a
tears, canonised him as jy.

Pao Chao fq #4 (T. WY jig). Died A.D. 466. A poet and

any

1618

1619

1620

618 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

official who. flourished under the Liu Sung dynasty. About the
year 440 all the rivers and streams ran clear, which was considered
to be a most auspicious omen and was celebrated by Pao in a
famous, poem. He was appointed secretary in the Grand Council by
the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti, and afterwards served under BaiI a
EH Liu Tzi-hsii, the seventh of the Imperial Princes. When the

latter was forced to commit suicide for his share in the rebellion

‘of his brother Liu Tzti-hstin, Pao Chao perished at the hands of

the excited soldiery. Author of the Fue LR Fit, much admired by
Tu Fu, who speaks of his verse as ‘elegant and refined.”

Pao Chiao fi #8 (T. #f Ze). AD. 1818-1886. A native of
Sstich‘uan, who greatly distinguished himself as an Imperialist
General during the T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion, being ennobled as Viscount
for his services. In 1880 he became Commander-in-chief in Hunan,
but retired two years later, broken down by the loss of his two

sons in one of the Yang-tsze rapids above Ichang.

1621 Pao Ch‘éng i Pe (T. 4 {E). Died A.D. 1062. A native of

1622

Ho-fei in Anhui, and a famous judge, commonly known as HE lia]
Lung-t‘u from his having held the office of sub-Chancellor in the
Lung-t'u Secretariat. In this capacity he gained great popularity
by his unswerving integrity, which gave rise to the saying, “You
can’t bribe either Pluto or old Pao.” His gravity of demeanour was
such that he is said never to have been known to smile. Hence
another saying, ‘Judge Pao laughs when the Yellow River is
clear,” — sc. very seldom. The collection of criminal cases published
under his name and entitled HE | rN ES is of course a forgery.
Pao Chih =e #&. Died A.D. 514. A native of Nanking, surnamed
Ns Chu, who is said to have been found as a babe in a hawk’s
nest. He belonged to the school of Bédhidharma, in defence of
which he wrote and preached. In 466 he adopted a roving life,

and developed a marvellous capacity for appearing in two or three

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 619

places at once. Stories of his magical and prophetic powers are
many. The founder of the Liang dynasty was his devout follower,
and suffered him to enter the palace at will.

Pao Shu-ya fifj $i 2. 7th cent. B.C. Minister to “Huan Kung
of the Ch‘i State, and friend of the famous Kuan I-wu, or Kuan
Chung. ,

Pao Sst. 7% 4). 8th cent. B.C. The daughter of a woman con-
nected with the Palace. There was something suspicious about her
birth, and orders were given that she was to be thrown into the
river. She was however merely exposed in a piece of matting, in
which condition she was found by a fugitive from justice and put
out to nurse. When she grew up she was bought by a young man
who was struck by her great beauty, and she was presented by
him to the king of |{4 Yu (in modern Chihli) as a means of
securing his father’s release from prison. She at once became favourite
concubine, and ere long the Queen was deposed and she was placed
upon the throne, the Heir Apparent being banished to a distance.
For her company the king neglected affairs of State, and the
government began to fall into confusion. She was of a melancholy
turn, never being seen to smile. She said she loved the sound of
tearing silk, and to gratify her whim many fine pieces of silk
were torn to shreds. At length the king offered a thousand ounces
of gold to any one who would make her smile. His chief Minister
suggested that the beacon-fires should be lighted to summon the
feudatory princes with their armies, as though the royal House
were in danger. The ruse succeeded; for in the hurry-skurry that
ensued, Pao Ssti positively laughed outright. But when later on
the barbarian hordes, instigated by the Heir Apparent, made a
raid upon the capital and the beacon-fires were again lighted, no
princes rushed to the rescue. The king took to flight, and was
killed. Pao Ssii fell into the hands of the barbarian chief; and

1623

1624

1625

1626

1627

1628

620 A Chinese Biogruphical Dictionary

when he in turn had to retreat by forced marches, she finally
strangled herself.

Pao-yin 7 34 (T. fil #f). A.D.? 1800—1891. Graduated as
chin shih in 1838, and entered the public service. By 1874 he had
risen to be a Grand Secretary, Senior Minister of the Tsung-li
Yamén, Member of the Grand Council, and Chancellor of the Han-
lin College. Is included in the Temple of Worthies.

Pei Chi Kung-chu jf, # A =. 6th cent. A.D. A princess
of the Northern Ch‘i dynasty, who when a child used to amuse
herself and a foster-brother by playing with a bracelet which was
one of her personal ornaments. In due course the boy was no
longer allowed to enter the palace; but one day the princess, while
visiting a temple, came upon him lying asleep. The sight revived
old associations; and taking off her bracelet, she laid it gently in
his bosom.- When he awaked and recognised the bracelet, love
kindled such a flame in his breast that it set fire to the temple!
Pei Chi 3& JA (T. G/, FA). Died A.D.? 810. A Minister of
the Emperor Hsien Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, who earned great
fame by his outspoken reproofs. He induced the Emperor to check
somewhat the growing power of the eunuchs, and to adjust the
government rate of exchange for taxes. In 810 he retired in ill-
health, and was degraded soon afterwards. He served for some years

as Historiographer.

Prei Chi 3B fh (T. Bl K). Died A.D.? 630. Originally an
official of the Northern Chii dynasty, he aided the founder of the
Sui dynasty to put down a revolt in Kuangtung, and was much
trusted by him. The second Emperor charged him with the trade
relations between China and Central Asian tribes, and he presented
to the Throne the Py tik 3U,, a record of western countries
compiled from accounts given him by envoys and traders, He

encouraged the Emperor’s plans of conquest and lofty ideas of his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 621
own might, and remained pure amidst general bribery and corruption.
In 615 he was forced to serve the rebel Yii-wén Hua-chi who had
captured him on _ his way to Court. He ‘afterwards helped the
ignorant Tou Chien-té to set up the dynasty of Hsia, and on his
fall in 621 joined the T‘ang dynasty and rose to be President of
the Board of Revenue. i
Pei Hang AE ML. 9th cent. A.D. A young Asiu ts‘ai, who
happened to fall in with a beautiful girl named = Fa Ytin Ying
who lived near Ch‘ang-an in Shensi. Wishing to marry her, he
was told that he must first produce a pestle and mortar of jade;
and after some delay he managed to do so. These were used for
preparing the elixir of life, and before long both he and his bride
were admitted among the Immortals. 7
Pei Hsing-chien JE 47 (T. FF #y). AD. 619-682. A
native of Wén-hsi in Shansi, who distinguished himself as a military
commander under the Emperor Kao Tsung of the T'ang dynasty.
He waged successful campaigns against the Turfan and Turkic
tribes of Central Asia, for which services he was made President
of the Buard of Rites and ennobled as Duke. He was also famous
for his skill in calligraphy, and was often employed by the Emperor
to write inscriptions on white silk. Canonised as lex.

P‘ei Kai aE RY (T. AX ij). 8rd cent. A.D. A native of Wén-

hsi in Shansi, who rose to high office under the Emperor Wu Ti-

of the Chin dynasty, having earned a reputation for sagacity before
he was 20 years old. His grave beauty, to which was added profound
learning, gained for him the sobriquet of + J, and attracted

the notice of Chung Hui, who recommended him to Ssti-ma Chao.

His latter years were clouded by a painful disease, and he died at
the age of 55. |
Pei Tu 3E jE (T. HH ar). Died A.D. 838. A native of Wén-
hsi in Shansi. In A.D. 785 he graduated as chin sith, and entered

1629

1630

1631

1632

1633

622 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

upon an official career. It had been predicted by a physiognomist
that he would die of starvation. However, one day he picked up
and restored to its owner a valuable girdle; and the next time the
physiognomist saw him, he exclaimed, ‘Why, you have been laying
up a store of merit! You have a splendid career before you.” By
the year 811 he had gained the confidence of the Emperor and
was placed in general control of the military; and it was entirely
due to his energy that AS ~H Li So was able to suppress the
troubles in modern Honan and capture Ta Ft iis Wu Yiian-chi,
who was sent in a cage to the capital. For these services he was
ennobled as Duke. At the death of the Emperor Mu Tsung in 826
he took a leading part in securing the throne for Wén Tsung,
but not long afterwards he became disgusted with the turn of
affairs, and retired from the political arena. He built himself a
retreat; and there, with the poets Po Chii-i and Liu Yti-hsi, he
enjoyed a life of literary repose until 837, when he was temporarily
recalled to public life. In the following year he fell ill, and returned
to his retreat where he died. Canonised as 4 ik.

Pei Yen-ling 35 f£ #4. A.D. 728—796. A native of Ho-tung
in Shansi, who was taken up by Lu Ch‘i and rose to fill various
important posts. In 792 he was placed by Tou Ts‘an in charge
of the Finance Department; but knowing nothing of his duties,
he devoted himself to pleasing the Emperor by making out imaginary
surpluses. In the following year he became Vice President of the
Board of Revenue, and compassed the dismissal of Lu Chih from

his post as Minister. Cruel, vindictive and avaricious, he was

universally loathed; yet he managed to retain his hold upon the

Emperor, who during his last illness sent three times a day to
make enquiries. He received the posthumous title of Pillar of the
State, changed in the reign of the next Emperor but one to ie
the Misleader. See Yang Ch‘éng.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 623
Pei Yin 32 BA. 5th cent. A.D. Author of the Bae fh H,

the earliest commentary on the great history of Ssti-ma Ch‘ien.

Péng Ch‘ung Ww ae (T. AW 3H). Died A.D. 29. A native of
Nan-yang, who rose to be Governor of Yii-yang under the Emperor
Kéng Shih of the Han dynasty. When Liu Hsiu was raising funds
from among the nobles, P‘éng sent in large subsidies of grain, in
the hope of receiving some reward. But his friend He 2 Chu Fou
wrote and reminded him of the man who had a litter of young
pigs, all with white heads, of which he thought so much that he
set off to present them to the Emperor. On his way he came to a
place where all the pigs had white heads; and with feelings of
chagrin and astonishment he at once returned home. This story
however did not prevent P‘éng Ch‘ung from appealing to Liu Hsiu,
on his accession as first Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty, for
some mark of recognition; and when he received nothing, he turned

his thoughts to treason. He was shortly afterwards assassinated

1634

1635

while sleeping, and his head was sent in a bag to the Emperor .

who canonised him as JK 3g 4% the Disloyal Marquis.

P‘éng Hsien w Jy - A prehistoric statesman, who drowned
himself owing to disappointment at losing the ear of his prince,
and whose example is said to have suggested suicide to Ch‘ti Ytian.
P‘éng Lo w ii 6th cent. A.D. A hero, who when his bowels
protruded from a wound in battle, and he was unable to replace
them, cut the part off with his sword and went on fighting.
Péng Péng ¥ | (1. @ iy. H. ME [Ly and ROK). ALD.
1637—1704. A native of Fuhkien, who graduated as chi jen in
1660. In 1674 the rebel Kéng Ching-chung tried to force him to
hold office, but P‘éng took to his bed and refused to rise until
the collapse of the revolt. As Magistrate of = yal San-ho in
Chihli he did his duty without fear or favour, and earned much

fame by his wise and impartial decisions. The Emperor, passing

1636

1637

1638

1639

1640

624 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

through in 1688, heard of his career and gave him Tis. 300 “to
keep him honest.” In 1691 he was a Supervising Censor, and
denounced abuses right and left, which led to his banishment for

three years. He subsequently rose to be Governor of Kuangtung..

‘His hot temper often got him into trouble, but K‘ang Hsi steadily

befriended him as an honest man. His fame equalled that of Kuo
Hsiu, with whom his name was often coupled by the people, and
after death he was worshipped in Canton.

P‘éng Shao-shéng #3 $4 Ff (T. A HJ). Graduated in A.D.

1769. An earnest student, he exhibited in his writings, especially |
in his work on the Great Learning, strong leanings towards the
heresies of Buddhism. His — > J] 4 is a literary miscellany
confined entirely to Buddhist topics.

P‘éng Shih 9% wy (T. $i $4). A-D. 1416—1475. A native of
Ze jij An-fu in Kiangsi, he graduated as first chin shih in 1448

and was at once employed in the Grand Secretariat; but by insisting

_ on retiring to mourn for his stepmother, he offended the Emperor

1641

Ching Ti and was kept during his reign in the Han-lin College.
In 1465 he became President of the Board of War. For thirty
years he struggled, not wholly without success, to improve the
government, his probity, industry, and earnestness compelling the
lazy Emperor’s admiration. But he was unable, owing to ill-health,
to keep Wan An from power, or to check the rising influence of
the eunuchs. Canonised as BL a

P‘éng Tsu w jil,. A great grandson of the legendary Emperor
Chuan Hsii, B.C. 2514. His real name was ae 43% Chien Kéng, but |
he is known as above from the fief of P‘éng, bestowed on him by -
the Emperor Yao. In B.C. 1123 he was already 767 years old, and
he is said to have been over 800 when he disappeared into the west.
He had ninety wives, and left two sons jf Wu and By 1, who

gave their names to the famous Wu-i (Bohea) range in Fuhkien.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 625

Péng Yulin 9 7 ie (T. SG BH). A. D. 18241890. A native
of Héng-yang in Hunan, who passed the examination for hsiu ts‘at
only. In 1852 he was secretary to Tséng Kuo-fan, and in 1858
was placed in command of the Yang-tsze fleet and operated with
success against the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels. On the fall of Nanking, he
was ennobled as Duke and became a Junior Guardian of the Heir
Apparent. In 1865 he was appointed acting Director General of the
Grain Transport, but declined the post. In July 1868, partly with
a view to recruit his health, which had been undermined by long
warfare on the Yang-tsze, he obtained leave to go into mourning
. for his mother, who had died in 1852 when he was in active service.
Owing however to the transfer of Tséng Kuo-fan to Tientsin, he
was unable to avail himself of this leave until 1870. In 1872 he
resumed his command on the Yang-tsze, and during the next 10
years was frequently employed in investigating charges against various
high officials. Ill-health drove him to apply for leave to vacate his
post, which was granted on condition of his making an annual
inspection of the Yang-tsze. In 1881 he was appointed Viceroy of
the Two Kiang, but declined the post, recommending the appoint-
ment of Tséng Kuo-ch‘iian. In the same-year he entered a vigorous
protest against the use of ironclads and the introduction of railways.
In 1883 he declined the post of President of the Board of War;
after which he was sent to Canton to organise its defences, in view
of a rupture with the French over Tongking. He remained at Canton
as Imperial Naval Commissioner until Jan. 1886, during which
period his proposals to get Siam to attack the French in Cambodia,
and to invite Singapore Chinese to kill French officers and men,
were coldly received at Peking. In May 1884 he protested strongly
against peace with France. He retired to his home in Sept. 1886,
and remained there, except for annual tours of inspection, until

his death. He enjoyed an extraordinary reputation for fearless probity.
40

1642

1643

1644

1645

626 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

He was a bitter but straightforward opponent of foreigners in China,
to whom he was known as “Admiral P‘éng.” A collection of his
memorials, drafted by himself, has been published. Canonised as
ial) TE - |

P‘éng Yuan-ts‘ai w We Le 11th cent. A. D. A native of ‘ef BE
I-féng in Kiangsi, who was fond of roaming about and neglected
his books. One day he returned with a bag full of something which
he said would make him rich beyond the dreams of avarice; and
when his friends crowded around, expecting to see gold and jewels,
he drew forth a pen, some ink, and a copy of the New History
of the Five Dynasties by Ou-yang Hsiu. He was Chief Musician in
the Board of Music, and as a performer was regarded as one of the
Three Wonderful Men of Hsin-ch‘ang (see Hung Chiieh-fan). He
declared that there were five points in life on which he felt aggrieved:
that samli (a delicious fish) was so full of bones; that cumquats
were so sour; that shun (an edible water-plant) was too cooling to
the blood; that the cherry-apple had no smell; and that Tséng T’s‘an
had written no poetry.

Pi Cho Sf #3 (T. 7 {HE). 3rd and 4th cent. A.D. An official
in the Board of Civil Office under the Chin dynasty, noted for his
love of wine. On one occasion he broke into a neighbour's cellar,
and was caught beside a wine-jar he had tapped. He was bound
by the servants and kept until morning, when his identity was dis-
covered and he was released. He subsequently served under Wén Ch‘iao.
Pi Kan }b -f. 12th cent. B. C. A relative of the tyrant Chou
Hsin, the last ruler of the Shang dynasty. He is said to have remon~-
strated with Chou Hsin upon his excesses; whereupon the latter
cried out, ‘They say that a sage has seven orifices in his heart
(the seat of the understanding). Let us see if this is the case with

you.” He then caused Pi Kan to be disembowelled before him.

1646 Pi Shéng §2 5.. 11th cent. A. D. A man of the people, who

A Ghinese Biographical Dictionary 627

lived under the reign of Jen Tsung of the, Sung dynasty and was
known as an alchemist, but is chiefly famous as the reputed inventor
of movable type. .

Pi Yuan (yg (T. APE Hy and HK ipl). A. D. 1729—1797.
An official who served with distinction in Kansuh, and who after
suppressing various White Lily and aboriginal risings became Viceroy
of Hu-Kuang. He wrote several antiquarian works, among others
an account of ancient inscriptions in Shensi. Also, an examination
into the text of the Tao Té Ching; a supplement to the history
of Ssti-ma Kuang, entitled 43 4 7G 3H #%, extending from the
beginning of the Sung to the end of the Ytian dynasty; and a large

number of historical and other essays, poems, etc. etc. He gave to

himself the sobriquet of A Ee an Pe
Pi Jih-hsiu ja H tk (T. BE SS and YR AP. H. yy Be).

A poet of the T'ang dynasty, who graduated as chin shih in A. D.

867, and rose to be a Doctor of the Court of Sacrificial Worship.-

When Huang Ch‘ao took Ch‘ang-an, he employed P‘i to compose
sham prophecies, but put him to death because the prophecies read

like criticisms on himself. Among other works, he edited the Re 2K

7dr

Tea Classic of Lu Yii.

Pien Ch‘iao. See Ch‘in Ytieh-jen.

Pien Chuang Tzi i ae -F-. Chuang Tzitt of Pien. A hero of
old, said to have been fond of tiger-hunting. He was Governor of
the District of Pien, under the Chou dynasty. 7S Be -¥. Kuan
Shu Tztt advised him to watch for two tigers eating an ox. “They
would quarrel,” he said, ‘“‘and one would be killed and the other
wounded. Then you could finish off the wounded tiger, sea so secure
the pair.”” His bravery was mentioned by Confucius.

Pien Ho ff Fil. sth cent. B.C. A man of the Ch‘u State, who
~ found a piece of pure jade on the mountains and hastened to present

it to his Prince. The stone was declared to be false, and he was

1647

1648

1649

1650

1651

628 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

sentenced to have his left foot cut off as an impostor. When the
next Prince came to the throne, he presented the stone again and
with a similar result, this time losing his right foot. Yet a third
Prince succeeded, and once more he submitted his stone, weeping
tears of blood, not, as he said, for the loss of his feet, but because
a genuine stone had been pronounced false and a loyal subject an
impostor. The jade was once more tested, and at length discovered
to be a valuable gem. It was named Fl FE Z HE , and the Prince
offered to ennoble Pien Ho as Marquis, which offer he declined.
See Lin Hsiang-ju.

Ping Chi py ¥ (T. Ay spi). Diea B.C. 38. A native of Shantung,
who distinguished himself under the Emperor Wu Ti by his study
of criminal procedure and was appointed Governor of the Gaol at
Ch‘ang-an. He exerted himself especially in putting down the
witcheraft and sorcery which caused so much mischief. When the
Heir Apparent, Pe Li, perished through the machinations of the
Lady Hi Chao, his grandson, the future Emperor Hsiian Ti, a
baby in arms, was in prison. Ping Chi provided the child with
proper nurses; and when the Emperor Wu Ti, hearing that an
Imperial nimbus had been observed in the prison, sent down orders
to have all the prisoners executed, he declined to obey. Upon this
the Emperor, recognising the finger of God, pardoned all the prisoners

and received the young Prince into the Imperial clan. When the

latter came to the throne, Ping Chi was advanced to high office,

though it was long before the Emperor became aware that he owed
his very life to this man. In 63 he was ennobled as Marquis, and
in 59 became Minister of State. The following story is told of his
acumen. One spring day he came upon a crowd of brawlers, among
whom were several killed and wounded; but he took no notice of
them, and passed on. Soon afterwards he saw an ox panting violently ,

and at once showed the greatest concern. “For,” as he explained ,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary eee 6")

‘the brawlers can be left to HoH whose business it is to deal with
such matters; whereas an ox panting in spring means that heat
has come before its time, and that the seasons are out of joint,
thus opening a question of the deepest national interest.’’ Canonised
Toe

P‘ing Ti. See Liu K‘an.

P‘ing-yuan Chitin 2p. ii a Died B.C. 250. The title con-
ferred upon tf } Chao Shéng, younger brother of the reigning
sovereign of the Chao State. He played a leading part in the struggles
which preceded the establishment of the Ch‘in dynasty, and was
supported by a large and powerful band of retainers. On one
occasion, wishing to impress the Prince of the Ch‘u State, he sent
a message by a retainer whose sword was heavily embroidered with
pearls. But he found to his chagrin that the Prince of Ch'u had
3,000 retainers, all of whom wore shoes embroidered with pearls.
On another occasion, a concubine of his jeered at a humpback
who lived near by. The humpback went to complain, and asked
for the lady’s head. He promised to give it, but did not do so.
By and by his retainers began to drop off; upon which he sent
the concubine’s head to the humpback, and the retainers came back
to their posts. Known as one of the pu] ie Four Heroes of the
period.

Po Ch‘i -y #. Died B.C. 258. A famous soldier of the Ch'in
State, who was raised by Wei Yang to the position of Commander-
in-chief. In 293 he conducted a campaign against the States of
Wei and Han, and inflicted a crushing defeat upon them at the
battle of ft Rial [-ch‘iieh, where two hundred and forty thousand
of the allies were said to have been killed. In 280 he defeated the
armies of Chao, and was ennobled for his services as Prince. In
260 he again defeated the Chao troops, and is said to have put

to death no less than four hundred thousand men, after receiving

1652

1653

1654

* 630 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

their surrender. Notwithstanding these eminent services, he fell into
disfavour with king Chao Hsiang, because he refused to conduct a
new campaign against the Chao State, and was driven to commit
suicide. -

Po Chi-i 4 & ZF (T. 44 FR). AD. 772—846. One of China's
greatest poets. As a child he was most precocious, knowing a con-
siderable number of the written characters at the early age of seven
months, after haying had each one pointed out only once by his
nurse. He graduated as chin shih at the age of seventeen, and entered
upon an official career. He became a member of the Han-lin College,
and soon rose to high rank under the Emperor Hsien Tsung: However
one day he was suddenly banished to Chiang-chou as Magistrate,
which somewhat disgusted him with public life. To console himself,
he built a retreat at vis at Hsiang-shan, by which name he is
sometimes called; and there, together with eight congenial com-
panions, he gave himself up to poetry and speculations upon a

future life. To escape recognition and annoyance, all names were

dropped, and the party was gonerally known as 4p UW] Ju %

the Nine Old Gentlemen of Hsiang-shan. This reaching the ears of

the Emperor, he was transferred to be Governor of i Chung-
chou; and on the accession of Mu Tsung in 821 he was sent as
Governor to Hangchow. There he built one of the great embankments
of the beautiful Western Lake, still known as Ky Se Po’s
Embankment. He was subsequently Governor of Soochow, and finally
rose in 841 to be President of the Board of War. His poems were
collected by Imperial command and engraved upon tablets of stone,
which were set up in a garden he had made for himself in imitation
of his former beloved retreat at Hsiang-shan. In several of these
he ridiculed in scathing language the preposterous claims of the
Tao Té Ching (see Lao Tz): —

4

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary Sh ee

““Who know, speak not; who speak , know naught”
Are words from Lao Tzii’s lore.

What then becomes of Lao Tzti’s own
“Five thousand words and more’?

He had a daughter, named & ent Golden Bells, who wrote excellent
poetry at the age of ten.

Po-érh-ho-t‘u Fy Ral I lal. Died A.D. 1667. A General who
distinguished himself during the Manchu conquest of China, especially
in the subjugation of Yiinnan. In 1661 he shared in the Burmah
expedition which captured the Ming Prince of #£ Kuei. He was
beheaded on account of the alleged treason of his kinsman Su-k‘o-
sa-ha. His rank however was restored on the fall of Ao-pai in 1669,
and he was canonised as ie B ;

Pol 44 By. Minister of /Ancestral Worship under the Emperor
Shun, B.C. 2255.

Po I {ff #%. 12th cent. B.C. Elder brother to Shu Ch‘i, and son
of the Prince of the #\ #f Ku-chu State in modern Chihli. Their
father wished to make Shu Ch‘i his heir; but the latter refused to
deprive his brother of his birthright, and on his father’s death fled
from the State. Po I declared that he could not act contrary to his
father’s orders, and followed Shu Ch‘i into retirement, leaving the

throne to a third brother. In their old age they sought refuge with

1655

1657

Wén Wang, but on reaching his domain found that he was dead ~

and the Yin dynasty overthrown. Declining to change their allegiance,
they wandered away into the mountains, supporting themselves on
a wild leguminous plant until finally they perished of cold and hunger.
Po I K‘ao {ff & 4%. 12th cent. B.C. Eldest son of Wén Wang,
but set aside in favour of his younger brother, known as Wu Wang,
the founder of the Chou dynasty. °

Po-li Hsi Fy Ht & (T. Jf FA). 7th cent. B.C. A man of the
Yii State, whose family was poor. He began by seeking employment

with various of the leading States, but was unsuccessful; and returning

1658

1659

ri A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to Yii, entered the service of the Duke. When the Yt State was
deaticoyed by the Chins, who had “borrowed a passage through” in
order to attack the Kuo State, he was carried off to the Chin State.
An indignity was there put upon him and he fled to the Chin
State, but was captured on the way by some ruffians belonging to
the Ch‘u State. The Duke of Ch‘in however knew his value (see
Ch'in Hei), and sent to ransom him, offering only five rams’ skins
so as to make it appear that he was an unimportant personage. |
He was then seventy years of age, yet he became Minister in the
Ch'in State and conducted its affairs with such wisdom that on his
death men and women shed tears, boys ceased to sing songs, and
the sound of the rice-mortar was hushed. When he first became a
fugitive, he left his wife behind; and.she, having nothing to live
upon, wandered to the Ch'in State where she supported herself for
some years as a washerwoman. Hearing later on of her husband’s
elevation, she was afraid to say anything; but one day when he
was indulging in some music she presented herself, and asked to

be allowed to sing before him. Her request being granted, she seized

a lute and sang as follows:

1660

Po-li Hsi of ram-skin fame,

Have you forgotten how we cooked the hen
At parting, by burning the window-frame?
You are richer now than you were then,

And you think no more of your poor old dame.

Recognition ensued, and they lived together again as husband and wife.

Po-ling A BS (7. -— A. H. 4g yA). AD. 1747-1816. A
Chinese Bannerman, who graduated as chin shih in 1772. By 1804

-he had risen to be Viceroy of Hu-Kuang, and three years later

became Viceroy at Canton. The Kuangtung coast had long been
harried by pirates, of whom UE TR Chang Pao was the chief.
Po-ling organised a fleet, and the pirate offered to yield, provided

the Viceroy came in person to see him. This perilous task he

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 633,

performed, and 400 junks with 20,000 men surrendered, while
Chang Pao also entrapped a rival chief. For this success Po-ling
was ennobled. In 1811 he returned sick to Peking, but soon afterwards
was sent to Nanking to attend to the Yellow River. Canonised as
I Mi.

Po Lo AW BS The sobriquet of a famous horse-trainer, named
5% |G Sun Yang, who lived in the early ages and is mentioned
by Chuang Tzit. |

Po Ya AW YF. A famous lute-player of old, who when young
studied under a teacher known as J HH Ch‘éng Lien. The latter
carried him to the Isles of the Blest, in order to get his musical
sense improved. He was afterwards thrown into the society of a
wood-cutter, named Chung Tzii-ch‘i who was such an excellent
connoisseur of music that when Po Ya played hills he could see
Mt. T‘ai rise up before bis eyes, and when he. played water he
could see the headlong torrent dashing down. At Chung’s death,
Po Ya broke his lute and never played again.

Po-yen 44 A. A.D. 1237-1295. A Mongol chieftain, who after
a youth spent in Central Asia became Minister under Kublai Khan
and aided his master in completing the conquest of the Chinese
empire. In 1274 he crossed the Yang-tsze and captured ¥]§ O-chou,
the modern Wu-ch‘ang in Hupeh. In 1275 he took ip Ch‘ang-
chou in Kiangsu; and in the following year Hangchow, the capital,
surrendered and the Sung Emperor sought safety in fight. Just
before his death a great meteor fell in the north-west, and rain
turned to ice. He had a fine martial appearance; his plans were
deep-laid, and he was decisive in action. He led an army 200,000
strong as though it had been one man, and his lieutenants looked
up to him as a god, Marco Polo speaks of him as ‘ta Baron whose

name was Bayan Chingsan, which is as much as. to say Bayan

Hundred-Eyes.” The word “Bayan” really signifies great or noble,

1661

1662

1663

1664

1665

634: A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and is a name of very old renown among the nomad nations. His
name has been written Ff Eft = Hundred-Eyes, signifying the ceaseless
vigilance for which he was noted.

Pu-hu-mu 6 ZAK. Died A.D. 1300. A member of the K’ang-
li tribe (see K‘ang-li Hui-hui). As a boy he attracted the notice
of Kublai Khan, who caused him: to be educated with the Heir
Apparent. In 1276 he and other students of the Imperial Academy
memorialised in favour of extending education, and in 1278 he
became Assistant Judge in Chihli. On one occasion the Emperor
supported him in flogging an Imperial bonze who had beaten a
courier almost to death. Returning to Peking, he became head of
the Civil Office, and on the fall of FH y Sang-ko was offered
the post of Minister, but he refused to pass over the heads of his
superiors. He subsequently became the trusted adviser of the Emperor
Timur. Posthumously ennobled as Duke, and canonised as Bl A.
Pu-ku Huai-jen (% [fi] [$2 {£. Died A.D. 765. A member of
the ey £3) T‘ieh-lo tribe, who distinguished himself by his military
talent and -aided Kuo Tzii-i in his campaign against the rebel An |
Lu-shan. He even put to death his own son, who had been taken
prisoner but had managed to escape. For these services he was
ennobled as Duke and his daughter was given in marriage to the

son of Bilgal Khan, who afterwards ruled as Tengri Khan. He was

' then employed, with the assistance of Tengri Khan, in reducing

1666

Shih Chao-i, son of Shih Ssii-ming, and was again rewarded with
high office and other honours. Latterly he became discontented with
his position, and was actually engaged with some 200,000 of the
Turfan in open rebellion when he died.

Pu Kung 2X. Died A.D. 774. A Singhalese Buddhist priest,
named [Ay EE HK Hr AE Amoghavadjra or Amégha, who came
to China in 733 and was held in high esteem at Ch'ang-an by

“suecessive Emperors of the T'ang dynasty. He proved his supernatural

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 635

powers by taming a herd of wild elephants. He introduced a large
number of magic formulas, and founded the Festival of Departed
Spirits, held annually on the 15th of the 7th moon. Author of the
Bl He HY RK, a translation of the Manjusri Pariprichchha Sitra.
Pu Shang f py (T. -¥: BB). Born B.C. 507. A native of the
Wei® State and a disciple of Confucius, who is said to have
delivered into his charge the texts of the Odes and of the Spring
and Autumn Annals. In life he was a Magistrate in the Lu State,
and when he died he was appointed to be Literary Revisor in the
nether world; — at least, so said tee ii Su Shao of the Chin
dynasty, who had died and come to life again, and declared that
he had seen him thus employed in Purgatory. When the Master
died, Pu Shang went into retirement in Shansi, and gave himself
up to study and teaching, wearing nothing but the most ragged
of clothes. He was posthumously ennobled as Duke, and in A.D.
647 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Pu Sung-ling fj 7A BA (1. FB A. H. py Fe). Born AD.
1622. A native of y{{ Tzii-chou in Shantung, who graduated as
hsiw ts‘ai in A.D. 1641. Though an excellent scholar and a most
polished writer, he failed, as many other good men have done, to
take the higher degrees by which he had hoped to enter upon an
official career. It is generally understood that this failure was due
to neglect of the beaten track of academic study. At any rate his
disappointment was overwhelming. ‘‘As for me,” he wrote, ‘‘I cannot,
with my poor autumn firefly’s light, match myself against the
hobgoblins of the age.” Meanwhile he was occupying himself with
a work which has gained for him a deathless fame. “I get people,”
he added, “to commit to writing what they know of the supernatural,
and subsequently I dress it up in the form of a story......
Midnight finds me with an expiring lamp, while the wind whistles

mournfully without, as over my cheerless table I piece together my

1667

1668

fe?

1669

_ 1670

636 A Ghinese Biographical Dictionary

tales.” The collection was completed in 1679 and published under
the title of the Jpjj 7 ak He Liao chat chi 1, and now takes rank
among the finest of China’s literary efforts for the matchless brilhancy
of its style.

P‘u-t‘i-ta-mo. See Bodhidharma.

Pu Yung-shéng #h 7K Fp. A famous artist of the Sung dynasty,
especially good at painting water. He was also a wine-bibber and

a loose liver.
Ss.

Sang Wei-han 3 #¢ iy (T. fe {f). Died A.D. 946. A native
of Honan, who failed at his first examination for the degree of
chin shih, because the Grand Examiner objected to his name, which
has the same sound as il mourning. Nothing daunted however by
his ill-success he procured an iron ink-slab, and swore that he
would wear that through before he would give up trying. When
at length he had succeeded, he became secretary to Shih Ching-
t‘ang; and as soon as the latter broke into open rebellion, he
proceeded to the Kitans to plead his cause against that of #8 fil B®
Chao Té-tiao. Upon the accession of his master as first Emperor
of the Later Chin dynasty he was appointed to fill various high
offices, and it was by his advice that in 937 the capital was
transferred to K Yh Ta-liang in Honan and that a firm alliance
with the Kitans was maintained. His influence was now paramount
and his svoalthe enormous. The second Emperor continued to load
him with favours, until in 945 (Hj -K Féng Yu succeeded in
displacing him. For suggesting a regency while the Emperor was
suffering from delirium tremens, he was now dismissed to a provincial
post. In 946, when the Kitans were threatening the capital, his
advice was again sought; but on applying for an audience of the

Emperor, he was told that his Majesty was busy training a falcon.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 637

“Alas!’? he cried, ‘the Chins will have no meat left to eat.” In

his despair he joined with 4 AE i Ching Yen-kuang to resist

the enemy; whereupon Yeh-li Té-kuang sent an envoy in the

hope of winning him back to his old views. The Emperor however
was unwilling to let them meet; and the envoy, being wrongly
informed as to Sang’s real sentiments, managed to procure his
assassination. He was short of stature, with a long beard; but used

to stand before a mirror and say, ‘One foot of face is worth seven

of body.” At the same time, he was so hideously ugly that the —

very sight of him made people sweat, even in mid-winter.

Séng Ch‘ou { fj. 6th cent. A.D. A famous Buddhist priest,
surnamed ¥% Sun, who was credited with marvellous powers of
healing the sick and maimed without any use of medicine. Being a
puny youth, he was much bullied by the other priests until by his
importunate prayers he obtained the aid of Indra. He enjoyed the

favour of the Emperor Hstian Ti of the Ch‘én dynasty, and is said’

to have given the finishing touch to the translations of the Sacred
Books.

Séng-ko-lin-sin {7 7% A NM). The famous Mongol general who
opposed the advance of the British and French armies upon Peking
in the war of 1860--61. He built a huge mud rampart to protect
the city of Tientsin, which rampart hag since received the name of
“Séng-ko-lin-sin’s Folly.” He himself was popularly spoken of by
the British tar of the period as ‘‘Sam Collinson.” By birth a prince
of the Korchin Mongols, he first distinguished himself in 1853 against
the T‘ai-p‘ings, who were advancing on Tientsin.-He defeated the
rebel forces in two battles, and succeeded in driving them off. He
subsequently operated against the Nien-fei in Honan, Anhui, Kiangsu,
and Hupeh. In 1864 he attacked the great rebel chief Chang Tsung-yti
at Ts‘ao-chou in Shantung; but his rear failing to come up in time,

he was overwhelmed by numbers and killed. A memorial shrine

1671

1672

1673

1674

638 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

was erected to him at Moukden, and he was canonised as HA $y =F.
Séng Ts‘an {ff PR. Died A.D. 606. The third of the Eastern
Patriarchs of Buddhism. His name and origin are unknown. In 535
he introduced himself to Hui K‘o, and was appointed as his successor.
He lived for more than ten years in seclusion, especially during the
persecution under the Northern Chou dynasty. He taught that there
is no real distinction between existence and non-existence.

Shan Hui 7 #&. A.D. 497—569. A native of fj 4g Wu-i in

Chehkiang, named (ff $ Fu Hsi, who though a married man,

16%

1676

was one of the most noted followers of Bédhidharma. He lived by
farming, and when a robber stole his grain, presented him with a
basket in which to carry it away. He was blessed with visions of
Buddha, and became so famous that the founder of the Liang dynasty
sought his teaching. He bears the title of K + Great Scholar.

Shan T‘ao [I] 22 (T. —& YH). Died A.D. 288. An official who

rose to high office under Wu Ti, the first Emperor of the Chin

dynasty. As a youth he was somewhat eccentric and given to the
study of Taoist doctrines; and he was forty years of age before he
entered upon his career under the Wu dynasty, then in power. He
transferred his allegiance to the Chins; but finding himself outshone
by Yang Hu, he accepted -a provincial post. Later on he became
President of the Board of Civil Office, in which position he gained
so much kudos by his choice of right men, that ily Dy KR Bo
became a saying of the day, while Wang Jung spoke of him as
“uncut jade” or ‘“‘gold ore.” He was one of the Seven Worthies of
the Bamboo Grove (see Hsiang Hsiu). Canonised as } ft.

Shang Chih-hsin fig @ {§. Died A.D. 1680. Eldest son of
Shang K‘o-hsi. In 1676 he joined Wu San-kuei and received the
title of iif fife =F, but shortly afterwards entered into relations
with the Imperialists and obtained a conditional pardon. This treachery

earned for him the succession to his father, who had nominated a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary ; 639

younger son. He excused himself however from going to the front
until 1680, when he was at length ordered to Peking on a charge
of insubordination. His family arranged the assassination of his chief
accuser, for which crime he and several of his relatives were condemned
to death. In consideration of his father’s services he was allowed
to commit suicide.

Shang K‘o-hsi fiy Bl =. Died A.D. 1676. A native of Liao-
tung, who in 1634 entered the military service of the Manchus.
In- 1646 he was ennobled as Prince, and led an army into the
province of Kuangtung. In 1650 he captured.the city of Canton,
after a ten months’ siege. He was then appointed a Feudatory Prince
of the empire, with the title vale #-, under which he ruled for
many years over Kuangtung. In 1674 he applied to retire, on the
ground of sickness. His eldest son, Shang Chih-hsin, passed over
to Wu San-kuei, but he himself remained unshaken in his loyalty
until hig death which followed upon a severe illness.

Shang Ti. See Liu Lung.

Shang Yang. See Wei Yang.

Shao Ch‘ang-héng 7h} fé # (T. FF WH. A. FF FAL). 18th cent.
A.D. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated as Asiu ts‘ai at 10 years
of age, but whose failure to take the degree of chi jen at the first
attempt caused him to abandon the idea of an official career. He

accordingly devoted himself to history and philosophy, and was

rewarded by being placed among the leading scholars of this dynasty.

His chief work was the jy 4. 98 BA, a dictionary of ancient and
modern rhymes, arranged under 106 finals according to the four tones.
His collected writings are published under the title of wy FA 4B.
Shao Chin-han jj 2 yay (T. Bil Hl and — Be. H. By /T).
A.D. 1742—1796. A native of Chehkiang, and the first great
historical scholar of the present dynasty. Of weak constitution,

he devoted himself solely to study; and from 1778 until his death,

1677

1678

1679

1680

1681

1682

640 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he worked in the Imperial Library and in the Historiographer’s
office. Besides several works on history, he produced from the great
encyclopedia published by the Emperor Yung Lo (see Chu Ti),
with the aid of material from other sources, a new edition of the
th. AR. Bil History of the Five Dynasties by Hsieh Chii-chéng,
which was adopted as the standard authority on that period.
Shao Kung 74 A. Died B.C. 1053. The Duke of Shao, a kinsman
of Wu Wang, founder of the Chou dynasty, who invested him with
the Principality of Yen, part of modern Chihli. His surname was
ype Chi, and his personal name BE Shih; he is also known as
44 Jit Shao K‘ang. When administering the affairs of Shao, in
modern Kiangsu, he was accustomed to sit under a wild pear-tree;
and after his departure the people refused to allow this tree to be
cut down, preserving it in memory of their justly-loved ruler.
Shao Po-wén 7} (4 7H (T. -F 3C). AD. 1057—1134. Son
of Shao Yung. He served chiefly in the provinces, in order to avoid
the favourites Chang Tun and T‘ung Kuan. Author of several works,
including the continuation of his father’s commentary on the Canon
of Changes.

Shao Ti, See (Han) Liu Pan; (Wei) Ts‘ao Mao; (E. Sung)
Liu I-fu.

Shao Yu-lien 2} K Pe (T. Af Aap). A cha jen of Chehkiang,
who served as one of the secretaries of the Marquis Tséng at St.
Petersburg in 1881. After being secretary in the Tsung-li Yamén,
he was Taot‘ai at Shanghai from 1882—85, when he was appointed to
the Hongkong Opium Commission. In July 1886 he became Judge
of Honan; in March 1887 Treasurer of Formosa; in June 1889
Governor of Hunan; and two years later Governor of Formosa. In
December 1894 he went to Japan with Chang Yin-huan to treat

for peace; but their powers being found insufficient, the Commissioners

were compelled to beat an ignominious retreat. He retired in ill-

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 644
health, 7th May 1895. As Taot‘ai at Shanghai he proved himself

an obstructive of the worst type, and in spite of his European

experiences an inveterate enemy to the foreigner; while his career -

in Formosa was devoted to undoing all the material civilisation
which his wiser predecessor, Liu Ming-ch‘uan, had been at such
pains to build up. In 1896 he was ordered to accompany Li Hung-
chang on his mission to attend the coronation of the Czar at Moscow,
but found means to excuse himself from duty.

Shao Yung #} #— (T. # 4). A.D. 1011—1077. A native of
Fan-yang in Chihli, who was from his boyhood a voracious reader.
For several years he denied himself a stove in winter and a fan in
summer; for thirty years he did not use a pillow, nor had he even
a mat to sleep upon. He travelled through much of northern and
central China in order to increase his knowledge by contact with
men of learning. Settling with his father and family at 2k Hf
Kung-ch‘éng in Anhui, he became intimate with the local Magistrate,
48 2 WP Li Chib-ts‘ai, at whose instigation he devoted himself
to the study of the Canon of Changes, and produced a. work which.
was subsequently published by his son, Shao. Po-wén, under the
title of A itt OK {Ht = Of this book, the chapters a) by On
the Study of Phenomena are often printed as a separate volume.
Upon the death of his father he removed to Lo-yang, where the
charm of his conversation and his profound learning attracted such
men as Ssti-ma Kuang, Fu Pi, and Han Ch‘i. He was still poor.
The hut in which he lived kept out neither.wind nor rain. Accordingly
‘his friends bought him a cottage and garden, which he named his
Nest of Peace and Happiness — hence his sobriquet FE Be ae [a aes
and in which he lived happily for the rest of his life. He refused
all offers of official employment, but gladly advised ‘all who. consulted
him and was exceedingly popular and respected. On one dccasion
he was strolling about with some friends when he heard the goatsucker’s

41

1683.

1684

1685

642 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

cry. He immediately became depressed, and said, ‘‘When good govern-
ment is about to prevail, the magnetic current flows from north to
south; when bad government is about to prevail, it flows from
south to north, and birds feel its influence first of all things. Now
hitherto this bird has not been seen at Lo-yang; from which I infer
that the magnetic current is flowing from south to north, and that
some southerner is coming into power, with manifold consequences
to the State.” Ere many years had elapsed, Wang An-shih was
distracting the empire with his “innovations.” Shao Yung was also
the author of a volume of poetry, entitled +t Jil wee BE 46, and
of a supplement to his own work on the Canon of Changes, entitled
iia HE fij Sf Dialogue between a Fisherman and a W oodcutter.
He was canonised as iit ‘i. and in 1235 his tablet was placed
in the Confucian Temple.

Shé-mo-téng. See Kashiapmadanga.

Shén Chii-yiian yf dt 7c (CT. -F Fc). 18th cent. A.D. Son
of a noted teacher and author of Kiangsu. He graduated as chin
shih in 1721, and served for nine years in Fuhkien where he brought
about many reforms, notably the permission to live and trade abroad
for three years without forfeiting the rights of citizenship. He rose
to be Lieutenant Governor of Chihli, and Director of the Banqueting
Court, retiring in 1748. He wrote the Jal F JU 4B BE, a
collection of the commentaries on those parts of the Canon of Changes
on which he considered that Confucius had commented; also a work
on metres, essays, poems, etc.

Shén Chin-ssi yi, Ue AA (T. fie LL. A. fej Bh). AD. 1671—"
1728. Son of a farmer of Ch'ien-t‘ang in Chehkiang. He was left
an orphan at an early age; but in spite of great poverty he contrived
to study, capétially devoting himself to the philosophers of the
Sung dynasty. Graduating as chin shih in 1700, he was a successful

Magistrate for seven years, and in 1723 was appointed to the Selection

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 543

Department of the Board of Civil Office, which he purified from
bribery and corruption. The Emperor Yung Chéng, appreciating his
character and learning, made him President of the Censorate in
1727, and “deplored his sudden death. A famous contemporary, Chu
Shih, composed for him the epitaph Pf eh. 4 Ga. “A philosopher

of renown.” He wrote on metaphysics, and was also the author of

a collection of papers entitled FR Bea 4 Bl 4B. Canonised as
at

Shén Chou yj a) (T. JR By). A.D. 1427-1509. A native of 1686
Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu, who distinguished himself as a poet, and

still more as a painter, under the Ming dynasty. He was of a
retiring disposition and not eager to make himself known; yet the
beauty and vigour of his paintings is said to have spread his fame

even “beyond the sea.”

Shén Chu-hung Vit Ak 3. 16th cent. A.D. A distinguished 1687
Buddhist priest, and writer on religious subjects. His name in religion

was (Hf = Fo Hui; but he is usually referred to’ as = He Yiin

Ch'i, the name of a monastery near Hangchow which he repaired
about 1571, and of which he was head. His works include replies

to Matteo Ricci’s attack on the Buddhist religion , in which controversy

both parties claimed the victory. He is also styled Sit Vth, K Bilt ;

and his surname is rarely mentioned, as his tracts were signed by

his personal name only.

Shén Ch‘tian 7 24 (T. JA Fk and jE +H ). Died A.D. 1684. 1688
Graduated third at the chin shih examination in 1652. He served

in the provinces, not very successfully, and was then specially
summoned to Peking and rose to be a Vice President of the Board

of Rites. He was famous as a calligraphist, and had the honour

of correcting the penmanship of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi. Canonised

as D4 Me.

Shén Ch‘tian-ch‘i yj {4 Hi (1. SE spi). Died A.D, 713. A native 1689

1690

644 _ A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of fy fi Nei-huang in Honan who rose to be secretary in the
Board of Rites, and also distinguished himself as a poet. See
Wan Lirh.

Shén I-kuan yj — f(T. Jaq 2). Died A.D. 1616. A
native of Ningpo, who graduated in 1568 and rose by 1594 to be
a Grand Secretary, when he gained great popularity by preventing
trade relations with Japan. He could not check the prevailing
misgovernment. Indeed it was only in 1602 that the Emperor
Shén Tsung, being seriously ill, accorded him an audience; and
on the next day Shén allowed the eunuch emissaries of the con-
valescent monarch to take from him by force a Decree abolishing

the oppressive taxes on mines, releasing State prisoners, and an-

_ nouncing general reforms. After a stormy career he was denounced

1691

1692

for peculation, and retired in disgust. Canonised as Bl FR
Shén Kua yt fh (T. ¥ FA). A.D. 1030-1093. A native of
Ch‘ien-t‘ang in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih and rose
to be Chancellor of the Han-lin College, after which he was employed
against the Kitan Tartars. For the disastrous defeat by the Hsia
State, in which 60,000 Chinese soldiers perished, he was sent into
Datinkanent in Shensi. He called himself Bh Ye We, ZB the Old Man
of the Dream-Brook, after a stream in the 7 a Tan-yang District
thus named by himself from the exact correspondence of its scenery
with that of a stream once seen by him in a dream. The works
by which he is best known are the Bh A =e BRS 8 collection
of miscellanea, and the 7 ap A rn its in which he consoles himself
for the loss of office by descanting upon the joys of a country life.
He also collaborated with Su Tung-p‘o in the ie iam of a
medical work known as a VK BE FF.

Shén Kung Hi 4 or Shén Prei FH 4% or Shén Shang
A ii - Ond and 8rd cent. B.C. A scholar of the Lu State, who
had been very intimate in his youth with Prince 7G Yiian of the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 645

Ch‘u State. When the latter came to the throne, he was appointed
tutor to the Heir Apparent; but his pupil hated books and made
his position irksome. After the death of Prince Yiian, he was
treated with such contumely that he retired to his native State and
devoted himself to teaching the Odes, an edition of which, known
as the rs ae is attributed to him. He was already over eighty
when the Emperor summoned him to Court, sending for him a
comfortable chariot drawn by four horses, its wheels bound with
rushes. His Majesty asked him how to deal with disorder; to which
he could only reply, “Government does not consist in saying much,
but in acting according to the means at control.” For this dark
maxim he was made a Minister of State, but declined the office
and returned home, where he died a few years later.

Shén Lin-shih yj Gk -b (T. SE jf). 5th cent. A.D. A native 1693
of Wu-k‘ang in Chehkiang, who was so poor that he was obliged
to spend all his time in weaving door-screens. He managed however
to educate himself meanwhile, and became known in the neigh-
bourhood as Ay See KK, H:. By and by he retired to a mountain
in Kiangsi, where he had several hundred disciples. He was often
summoned to Court, but he preferred a life of retirement, gathering
his own fuel and drawing his own water, in which condition he
died at the age of 86.

Shén Lun yi 47 (T. JI 4%). A-D. 909986. A native of 1694
3 i= T'ai-k‘ang in Honan, who. served as secretary to the
founder of the Sung dynasty in his early career, and on his accession
was sent on various missions. He was accused of taking bribes;
nothing however was to be found in his boxes save pictures. In
973 he had risen to be a State Councillor, and he was left in
charge- of the capital during the Emperor’s expedition to Shansi.
In 982 he was implicated in the disgrace of Lu To-hsiin, and

retired. As Minister he maintained his purity; but it is a reproach

646 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to him that he replaced the childless wife of his poverty by a
concubine who bore him a son. His personal name was originally
= AG I-lun. The Z was omitted because it formed part of the
name of the Emperor T‘ai Tsung. |

1695 Shén Nung jij #4. A legendary Emperor, said to have reigned
B.C. 2838—2698. He was born upon the river 34 Chiang, from
which he derived his surname, and was the son of a Princess
named FE An-téng, by whom he was miraculously conceived
through the influen¢e of a heavenly dragon. He received the
designations {ff 2 and Fk fe, and is also known as Fi hy
FR from the place Where he lived. He is said to have taught the
art of agriculture, to have discovered the medicinal properties of
plants, from which he is known as 44% HH, and to have established —
a system of barter. Canonised as te if.

1696 Shén Pao-chéng Vi 4 PA (T. By a and 4) FH). AD.
1819—1879. In 1854 he was a Censor at Peking, and after serving
for some time at Kiukiang where his successes against the T‘ai-
p‘ings attracted much notice, he was appointed Governor of Kiangsi
in 1862, and for two years kept up supplies to the armies before

-Nanking and in Fuhkien and Chehkiang. On the fall of Nanking
in 1864 the T‘ai-p‘ing princes entered Kiangsi, but were again
and again defeated, and Hung Fu-t‘ien, the son and successor of
the Heavenly King, was taken prisoner. In 1867 he became Director
of the Foochow Arsenal, which he started with the aid of M.
Prosper Giquel, though in the face of much opposition, the first
vessel being completed in 1869 and sent to Tientsin to be inspected.

~ In 1874 political complications with the Japanese led to his mission
to Formosa, the administration of which was greatly improved by
him. In November 1875 he was appointed Viceroy at Nanking,
where he was frequently called upon to take part in questions

involying the status and rights of foreigners, especially in the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 647

matter of the miniature railway from Woosung to Shanghai which
he finally caused to be removed (see Kuang Hsi). A successful
administrator, he gained a great name for probity, courage, and
frugality, and was popularly said not to have left a cash behind
him. A short time before his death the privilege of riding within
the Imperial precinets was conferred upon him by Decree. Canonised
tia Bea

Shén Pao-hsii FH fi, FF. 6th cent. B.C. A grandson of the
ruler of the Ch‘u State, and friend of Wu Yitian. When the latter
was burning to avenge his father’s murder, Shén proceeded to the
State of Ch‘in to obtain its powerful aid. For seven days and nights
he remained leaning against the wall of the audience-chamber,
without food or drink, pleading with tears the cause of his friend,
until at length his efforts were successful.

Shén Pu-hai FH IR . Died B.C. 837. A native of the ancient

capital in Honan, who became Minister under Prince Kf Chao of

1697

1698

the Han® State, and for fifteen years conducted affairs with such _

vigour that his master had nothing to fear from any enemy. He
was a student of “the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzi,” and devoted
much attention to criminal law and procedure. Reputed author of
a work known as BA -.

Shén Shéng HH /E. Died B.C. 654. Heir Apparent to Duke jin
Hsien of the Chin State, by whom he was put to death at the
instigation of his favourite concubine Li Chi, on a false charge of
attempting to poison his father.

Shén Té-ch‘ien yf fii 74 (T. WE Ak. A. iF 8h). A.D. 1673—
1770. A native of Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu, who distinguished himself
as a writer of didactic poetry. He did not graduate as chii jet until
his seventeenth attempt, when he was already sixty-five years of
age. In the following year he graduated as chin shih, and the Emperor,

knowing his poems, at once took him into favour. From 1747 until

1699

1700

648 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his retirement in 1749 he was tutor to the Imperial Princes. During

the rest of his long life he enjoyed a literary friendship with Ch‘ien

Lung, his own poems and his collection of the poetry of this dynasty,
the pe By ay» being honoured with Imperial prefaces. His poems

were eagerly bought by foreign nations, and a Japanese high official,

=" IK Takanori, in vain tried to become his pupil. He was included

in the Temple of Worthies until 1778, when he was convicted of

being the author of some poems in a seditious collection by a chi jen.

Canonised as AC pe . See Chang Chao.
Shén Tsung. See (Sung) Chao Hsii; (Ming) Chu I-chiin.

Shén T‘u. See Shu Yii.

1701

1702

Shén-t‘u P‘an FA KB ee (T. a HE ). 2nd cent. A.D. A native
of Sth i Wai-huang in Honan, whose father died when he was
nine years old. From that date he tasted neither wine nor meat
for over ten years, always passing three whole days without any
food at every anuiversary of his father’s death. He received. offers
of official employment from Ts‘ai Yung, but preferred to earn his
own living as a worker in lacquer, devoting all his spare time to
the study of the Canon and of astronomy. He escaped the political
dangers of his day by fleeing to the mountains, where he lived
for a time in a hollowed-out pine-tree, subsequently dying in his
home at the age of 74.

Shén Yo Vit 4] (T. 4k BL). A.D. 441—513. A native of Wu-

k‘ang in Chehkiang. He was the son of the Governor of HE ig

Huai-nan, whose execution in A.D, 453 caused him to go for a
time into hiding. Poor and studious, he is said to have spent the
night in repeating what he had learnt by day, as his mother,
anxious on account of his health, limited his supply of oil and fuel.
In the early years of the Ch‘i dynasty he entered upon an official
career under the patronage of the Heir Apparent, who afterwards

reigned as Ming Ti, and by A.D. 494 he had risen to be a Governor.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary ~ 649

Subsequently he and Fan Ytin. were the chief supporters of the
founder of the Liang dynasty, by whom he was ennobled and
appointed Lord High Chamberlain. He retired in ill-health, loaded
with honours. Personally, he was remarkable for having two pupils
to his left eye. He was a strict teetotaller, and lived most austerely.
He had a library of twenty thousand volumes. He was the author
of the histories of the Chin, Liu Sung, and Ch‘i dynasties. He is
said to have been the first to classify the four tones. In his autobiography
he writes, ‘“The poets of old, during the past thousand years, never
hit. upon this plan. I alone discovered its advantages.” The Emperor
Wu Ti one day said to him, “Come, tell me, what are these famous
four tones?” ‘They are FR F Pr whatever your Majesty pleases
to make them,” replied Shén Yo, skilfully selecting for his answer
four characters which illustrated, and in the usual order, the four
tones in question (see Chou Yung). Canonised as Ke.

Shéng Hsiian-huai x i (T. Als 5h). Born A.D. 1848. A
licentiate of Kiangsu, who came into notice as a Director of the
China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company and “of the Imperial
Chinese Telegraphs. In 1886 he was appointed Taot‘ai at Chefoo,
and in June 1892, having previously obtained the button of the
first rank for his large contributions to famine relief, he became
Customs’ Taot‘ai at Tientsin. In June 1894, on the outbreak of
war with Japan, he was nominated Director General of Army Transport
and Commissioner in Korea; and in 1895 he was again Customs’
Taot'ai at Tientsin. In 1896 he became sub-Director of the Court
of Sacrificial Worship, and of late his name has been frequently
mentioned in connection with railways and a national bank.
Shéng Tsung. See Yeh-li Lung-hst.

Shih Chao i ye (T. -F HE ). 11th cent. A.D. A native of JS Wy
Mei-shan in Sstich‘uan, whose father had been tutor to Su Shih and

his brother. He was a man of great learning, and author of the

1703

1704

1705

1706

1707

650 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

3 GE FE BC, a commentary on Ssti-ma Kuang’s Mirror of
History.

Shih Chi-lung 4 2 #ff. Died A.D. 363. Nephew of Shih Lo,
who gave him ‘a high military command and ennobled him as
Prince. In 835 he deposed Shih Hung and took his place, proclaim-
ing himself king of Chao in 337 and canonising his ancestors.
He then killed his eldest son, the Heir Apparent, because he was
dissolute, and appointed his second son to ‘that dignity. But when
the latter killed his next brother, his father cut off the murderer’s

hands and feet and roasted him to death, besides slaying his wife

‘and seven children. In 849 he assumed the Imperial title, and was

canonised by 44 34 Shih Tsun, who held the throne for 188 days
only, as A 24 if, with the temple name of Ik jil,. He was a
devout Buddhist, and under his reign people were permitted for
the first time in China to take the vows of the Buddhist priesthood.
[His personal name is also given as Re Hu, with Chi-lung as
his style].

Shih Ching-t‘ang 4 He HH. A.D. 892—942. A distinguished
general, of Turkic descent, who became son-in-law to the Emperor
Ming Ti of the Later T‘ang dynasty. Quarrelling with Li Ts‘ung-k’o,
he bribed the Kitan Tartars with a promise of half of Chihli and
Shansi to help him to the throne, and besieged the former in his
capital. When that fell in 936 he proclaimed himself first Emperor
of the Later Chin dynasty, styling himself 5p, Et iy Child-Emperor,
and his ally 4 it Father-Emperor, and paying to the Tartars

-an annual tribute of 300,000 pieces of silk. He moved his capital

to Pien-chou in Honan, dying six years later of disgust, so it was
alleged, at his subordinate position. Canonised as =a fi, . See Sang
Wei-han. | .

Shih Chou SB fe. 9th cent. B.C. The reputed inventor of the

Greater Seal character, a form of writing which remained in use

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 654

until about 200 B.C. (see Ch‘éng Miao). He was a historiographer
under king Hsiian® of the Chou dynasty; hence his name.

Shih Chung Bip CE, x IB. H. By BF and ij B and
Hei. Hi TA AL and YA fjly). 15th cent. A.D. A native of Nanking,
who did not learn to speak until he was seventeen. He was a
marvellously clever artist; and on one occasion, when calling on
a friend who was not at home, he upset the ink on a piece of
white silk so skilfully that the result was a charming landscape.
Shih Ch‘ung 4 = (T. Zi (fy. H. FR HL). Died A.D. 300.
A native of Wi Ch‘ing-chou in Shantung. Son of Shih Pao. For
his successes against the House of Wu, he was ennobled as Marquis,
and sent to command at Ching-chou in Hu-Kuang with the title
of Minister of Agriculture, and later on to Hsti-chou in Kiangsu.
He was one of the twenty-four friends of the rich and ostentatious
Chia Mi, and shared his downfall. He himself was executed, his
family exterminated, and his vast wealth, including thirty water-
mills and some eight hundred slaves, confiscated, on account of
his refusal to surrender a beautiful concubine, named Ho PR Lii
Chu, to $& FF Sun Usiu, a favourite of the powerful Prince of
Chao. Just before his arrest, the concubine in question killed herself
by jumping from an upper storey. Fond of display, he was always
striving to outshine Wang K‘ai. When the latter had his pots
polished with honey, he used wax for fuel. When the Emperor
lent Wang K‘ai a beautiful piece of coral two feet in height, he
seized an iron sceptre and smashed it to atoms, at once producing
some half dozen pieces, all of them three or four feet in height.
After this, Wang, K‘ai retired from the contest.

Shih Ch‘ung-kuei 4 Hi —y. Nephew of Shih Ching-t‘ang,
whom he succeeded in 942 as second and last Emperor of the
Later Chin dynasty. Although little more than a debauchee, he
struggled hard to throw off the Tartar yoke; but he was overpowered ,

1708

1709

1710

652 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

_ his capital taken, and he himself led into captivity with the title

1711

1712

of BR ES Fe the Recreant Marquis. Known in history as HH it

or BR =p.

Shih Héng 4 }. Died A.D. 1460. A native of 9 1 Wei-
nan in Shensi, who in 1449 by his personal prowess had risen
after twelve years’ fighting on the north-western frontier to be
second only to Yang Hung. He aided in the defence of Peking
against th, KE, Yeh-hsien, thus earning the title of Marquis. In
1450 his successful defence of Ta-t‘ung in Shansi gained him the
command of the Peking Gendarmerie, and seven years later he
aided in the restoration of the Emperor Ying Tsung. He was
ennobled as Duke, and became the Emperor’s first favourite. He
used his supreme power to enrich himself and his party, while he
set up State prosecutions against his foes, slaying even his former
patron, Yt Ch‘ien; and he replaced civilian Governors by military
men. The Emperor soon tired of his arrogance; and his nephew
having been detected in treasonable practices, he was disgraced,
together with all his party, in 1459. A year later he was sent to
prison for seditious speech, and escaped execution only by death.
Shih Huang Ti 49 © if. B.C. 259-210. The famous First
Emperor. His personal name was eX Chéng, and he is sometimes
spoken of as AS jhe. He was a son of Lii Pu-wei by a lady who
gave birth to him subsequent to her marriage with I Jen, afterwards
We aE Chuang Hsiang, ruler of the Ch'in State; consequently he
is sometimes called -4 JB. He was however duly recognised by
Chuang Hsiang as his own son; and on the latter’s death in B.C.
247, he mounted the throne of Ch‘in at the age of 13. His early
years were spent in warfare against such of the feudal States
owning allegiance to the House of Chou as had not yet been
swallowed up by his own State. At length, in B.C. 221, he found

himself master of the whole of China, from the plains of modern

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 653

Chihli and Honan to Chehkiang and the banks of the Yang-tsze, —
and from the Tung-t‘ing lake in Hunan to the shores of the Hastern
Sea. He thereupon mapped out the empire into 36 territorial divisions,
known as #f, fixed his capital at Hsien-yang in Shensi, and
proclaimed himself First Emperor, with the understanding that his
successors were to be called Second, Third, Fourth: Emperors, and
so on. Everything, including literature, was to begin from his reign;
in which sense he issued an edict for the burning of all books (see
Ii Sst), and put to death so many hundreds of the literati who
ventured to disobey that melons actually grew in winter on the
spot beneath which the bodies lay buried. His victorious arms were
carried far north to the territory of the Hsiung-nu, and the Great
Wall was built, in the hope that it would prove an impregnable
defence to the empire against Tartar raids (see Méng T'ien). He
laid out the famous [ij Jy ‘bY Pleasaunce of O-fang, near the
capital, in the lower hall of which a sixty-foot banner could be
unfurled, and in the upper hall of which 10,000 persons could be
assembled. He introduced a new copper coinage of such excellence
that the cowry began at once. to disappear from circulation. The
hair-pencil or brush used for writing was also substituted under his
reign for the old-fashioned stylus, and silk for the bamboo tablet.
He died at > FE Sha-ch‘iu in Chihli, and was buried together
with much treasure in a chamber which he had eaused to be excavated
in a mountain. Upon the floor, which had a foundation of bronze,
was a map of the empire with rivers of quicksilver; the roof was
studded with the constellations. All around were mechanical
arrangements for shooting stones and arrows immediately upon the
appearance of any intruders; while huge candles of seal’s-fat,
calculated to burn for an indefinite period, threw their light upon
the scene. When the passages leading to the chamber had been

stopped up, and before the workmen who knew the secrets had

1713

1714

1715

654 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

come forth, the great outer gate was dropped, and they were all
buried alive. The entrance was banked up with earth, and grass
and plants were sown to conceal it from view. See Hu Hai.
Shih Hung 4 5), (T. KK Fe). A-D. 314-335, The second
son and successor of Shih Lo. He was forced to abdicate in
favour of his cousin Shih Chi-lung, who ultimately put him to
death. |

Shih Hung-chao Hf 5/, BE (T. {4 7C). Died A.D. 950. A native
of a jae Jung-isé in Honan, who was a fine athletic young man
and could run as fast as a galloping horse. He attached himself to
the fortunes of Liu Chih-yiian; and when the latter became first
Emperor of the Minor Han dynasty, he was raised to high rank.
During the absence of his Majesty on campaign he remained in
charge of the capital, and prevented by his vigorous measures. any
attempt at sedition. Persons accused of spreading treasonable reports
were brought before him; the charge was read out; and then he

would make a sign with three fingers to.the executioner, who

| straightway clove the culprit in twain. Later on, he was himself

accused by his enemies of treason, and was suddenly seized and
beheaded. He was essentially a man of blood and iron. He once
expressed his contempt for civil administration and diplomatic methods
as follows: — ‘“To give peace to the empire and put down rebellion,
a great sword and a long spear are wanted; of what use is a hair
awl?” alluding to the Chinese brush-pen.

Shih I-chih Hh H4 PA (T. fA #K. H. BY A). AD. 1681—
1763. A descendant of Shih Ch‘ung, who showed marvellous literary:
talents at an early age. He graduated as chin shih in 1700, and
rose to be President of the Censorate in 1730. In the following
year he was sent to assist in the Sungar war, and until 1735 was
in charge of Shensi. He became a Grand Secretary in 1744, but

retired in 1755 on a charge of nepotism. Two years later he met

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 655

the Emperor on tour, and was re-instated. Canonised as BL Ug
and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Shih K‘o-fa 3 W] }E (T. Be ZZ). Died A.D. 1644. A native
of Ta-hsing in Chihli, whose mother, before giving birth to him,
dreamt that the great patriot, Wén T‘ien-hsiang, visited the house.
Graduating as chin shih in 1628, he soon began to take part in
the warfare which was desolating the empire; and at the head of
small bodies of troops he succeeded in inflicting several checks
upon the rebels. Short of stature, fiery in temperament, dark-
complexioned, and with flashing eyes, he gained the confidence of
his men by sharing all their toils and hardships. By 1643 he had
risen to be President of the Board of War at Nanking. The fall
of Peking in the following year caused him such grief that he put
on mourning garb. Under jij -- Prince Fu he became President
of the Board of Rites, and was entrusted with the defence of Yang-
chou, the west gate of which, being the post of danger, he allotted
to himself. As his wife had borne no children, he wrote to his
mother, appointing an heir, and asking that his bones might be
buried near the Imperial Tombs. After two days’ siege, the city
was carried by assault, and Shih K‘o-fa deliberately cut his own
throat; but he had not done the work effectually, and called upon
his lately-adopted son to finish the deed. The latter was quite unable
to do so, and while he was hesitating, the enemy’s soldiers rushed
in upon them. “I am General Shih,” he cried; “kill me!” He was
offered his life if he would sien allegiance to the Manchus; but he
spurned the offer with scorn, and was then put to death.

Shih K‘uang fifi Him. A blind musician of old, who after the
manner of Orpheus was able by his musical skill to charm super-
natural beings.

Shih Lang. fifi H38 (T. BE He. H. HK A). A.D. 1621-1696.
A native of Fuhkien, noted for his strength and courage. Originally

1716

117

1718

1719

1720

656 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

a lieutenant under Chéng Chih-lung, he submitted to the Manchus”
in 1646, and remained loyal in spite of Koxinga’s efforts to seduce
him. In 1662, as Admiral of Fuhkien, he defeated Chéng Chin
with a fleet of chartered Dutch vessels; and in 1668 he went to
Peking to urge an attack on Formosa, now left in the hands of
Chéng K‘o-shuang. His policy was not adopted until 1680; and
owing to the appearance of a comet, his fleet of 300 ships did
not set sail until June, 1683. After a desperate naval battle, Liu
Kuo-hsiian was driven from the Pescadores with the loss of almost
all his fleet, and in the following September Formosa was occupied.
He kept the Emperor from abandoning the island by suggesting
that the red-haired foreigners would probably seize it. Ennobled as
Marquis, canonised as 38 44, and in 1732 included in the Temple
of Worthies. -

Shih Lin %; #t. A.D. 1639-1702. Fourth son of Shih T'ing-
chu. A distinguished provincial administrator, who introduced many
reforms into Yiinnan.
Shih Lo 4 Hf (T. {kt WE). AD. 2783-832. A native of pt
$f) Wu-hsiang in modern Shansi, of Turkic descent, remarkable
for his physical strength and courage. After a chequered youth, in
which he was once sold as a slave, he rose in the service of the
so-called Han dynasty (see Liu Yuan) to high military command.
He took advantage of the disturbance consequent upon the death
of Liu Ts‘ung to seize the throne for himself. In 319 he assumed
the title of king of Chao, aud got possession of territory bounded
on the north by the Great Wall, on the west and on the south

by the Yellow River, on the east by the Gulf of Pechili; and in

325. he extended his rule as far as the northern banks of the Han
and the Huai. In 328 he assumed the- Imperial title. He had at
his Court an Indian Buddhist, Fo-t‘u-ch‘éng, who pretended to be

able to foretell events. He was modest in demeanour; and on one

”

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 657

occasion when Hsii Kuang was extolling his exploits above those
of the famous founder of the Han dynasty, he quietly remarked
that he was only fit to be a subordinate of that great man. “But
with the Emperor Kuang Wu,” he added, “I might possibly venture
to ride abreast.” He received the unauthorised canonisation of Hf]
EA if with the temple name of ty WH -

Shih Lu Bil TK - 3rd cent. B.C. An engineer, who flourished
under the First Emperor, and constructed a canal 60 di in length,
with 386 locks, through the mountainous country of ‘fi iB Hai-
yang in Kuangtung. It was known as the a VE, and was
subsequently lengthened and used for military purposes by the
famous general Ma Jung.

Shih Mi-yiian 34 if] 3%. Died A.D. 1233. A native of Ningpo,
and son of a distinguished official named Shih # Hao. He
graduated as chin shih in 1187, and after boldly opposing the
powerful Han T‘o-chou, rose by 1208 to be a Minister of State.
Three years later he cleared the reputation of Chao Ju-yii, and
caused Chu Hsi and other disgraced dead statesmen to be rehabili-
tated. On the death of the Emperor Ming Tsung, he set Li Tsung
upon the throne, and the grateful Emperor would never hear a
word against him. He ruled autocratically until his death, shortly
before which he was ennobled as Prince. Canonised as fink ek
Shih Miao Hy fy. 2nd cent. A.D. A Magistrate under the Han
dynasty, notorious for his meanness. On giving up office, he carried
off a calf which had recently been born in the official stables,
urging that it was not there when he took over the seals.

Shih Nai-yen fii it 7g - 13th cent. A.D. The reputed author
of the romantic novel known as the IK iat 4a . See Lo Kuan-
chung.

Shih Pao 4 ‘A, (T. 4p ¥Y). Died A.D, 272. An official under

the Wu and Chin dynasties, specially distinguished for his correct-
42

1721

1722

1723

L724

1725

1726

1727

1728

658 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

ness of demeanour. He rose to high military rank, and was ennobled
as Duke by the Emperor Wu Ti, and canonised as Tt.

Shih Pi FH apy (7. A te. H. KX F A.), also called
PE Hh) HH Toalahun. A.D. 1212-1297. A native of A¥ Li-chou
in Chibli, distinguished as a commander in the service of Kublai
Khan, whose notice he attracted in early life by his extraordinary
physical strength and skill in archery. In 1273 he had charge of
the attack on the north-east angle of Fan-ch’éng, during the 96
days of the siege. At Bayan’s passage of the Yang-tsze he was
singled out as the bravest of the brave. After a long career of
successful generalship he was chosen in 1283 for the command of
Kublai’s intended expedition against Java. In 1292, being then -
generalissimo of the forces and at the same time Governor of
Fuhkien, he set sail from wre Ch‘tian-chou with an army of 5000
men. After landing in Java he was for a time successful, owing
chiefly to the rivalries of local potentates; but the expedition was
ultimately a failure, and Shih Pi had some difficulty in getting
out of the island with a loss of more than half his troops. He
took back with him plunder in the shape of gold, gems, ivory,
rhinoceros-horn, incense-woods, manufactured cottons etc., to the
value of 5,000,000 ounces of silver. For this ill-success the Emperor
ordered him to receive 70 blows, and confiscated one-third of his
property. In 1818 he had again risen to be Minister of State, and
was ennobled as Duke.

Shih Shih-p‘iao Kit TH: pa Died A.D. 1721. Sixth son of Shih
Lang. In 1721 he recovered Formosa from the rebel ys er =I
Chu I-kuei, who pretended to be a descendant of the Mings.
Ganonised as FH Fh.

Shih Sst-ming HH JM, Wi}. Died A.D. 761. A native of Lukchak,
of Turkic descent, fierce and guileful in disposition. He received

a command under the Emperor Ming Huang, and co-operated with .

K

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 659

An Lu-shan, whose fellow-countryman he was, in his campaign

against the Kitans. After the rebellion and death of An Lu-shan, |

he remained for some time openly in opposition to his son An
Ch‘ing-hsti but secretly leaning towards the rebel side; and at length
in 759 he threw off his allegiance, put An Ch‘ing-hsii to death, and
proclaimed himself Emperor under the title of FE KR BF of
the Great Yen dynasty. He ennobled his eldest son Shih Ef] a
Chao-i as Prince, but in consequence of a severe defeat suffered by
the latter, he disinherited him in favour of his younger son Shih
Fi] ii Chao-ch‘ing. The elder son, resenting this, plotted his
destruction; and he was shot in the back when in the act of
mounting his horse. As he fell, he was seized and put to death by
strangling. His body was wrapped in a piece of felt and sent to
the capital, and Shih Chao-i reigned in his stead; but in 762 he
too was overthrown and put to death, and their four-year old
dynasty came to an end.

Shih Ta-k‘ai 4; 33% [f]. Originally a well-to-do native of the
District of =I Kuei in Kuangsi, he was driven to subscribe to
the fund collected for the T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion, and was appointed
an Assistant Prince. In 1863, when the great rebellion was practically
at an end, Shih Ta-k‘ai led a large body of his troops into Sstich‘uan;
but he was defeated in several engagements and ultimately taken
prisoner by the Imperialist forces under Lo Ping-chang, aided by
bands of Lolos who helped to surround the rebels and reduce them
to starvation. Shih Ta-k‘ai was conveyed to Ch‘éng-tu and put to
death by the lingering process.

Shih T‘ien-ni FH FE G(T. FN AP). Died A.D. 1225. Elder
brother of Shih Tien-tsé. At his birth a white vapour was seen
to permeate the house, and when he grew up he was so handsome
that a Taoist priest declared he would one day rise to the highest
honours. He was very fond of study, but in 1211 he failed to take

1729

1730

1731

1732

660 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his chin shih degree; whereupon he said with a sigh, “Is literature
then the only road to fame for a hero? Let me but hear the cock
crow at dawn, with a hundred thousand soldiers at my back, and
as for glory I should only have to stretch out my hand to grasp
it.” He attracted the attention of the veteran commander FX spe Ay
Mu-hua-li, under whom his father had served, and received a
command, subsequently following him on his campaigns and being
present at the siege of Peking in 1214. He had attracted to his
standard a large number of young and active recruits, and gave to
his army the title of ii bt if. Having destroyed a nest of bandits
who were in reality in collusion with pf jl] Wu Hsien, a general
who had given in his allegiance to the Mongols, the latter was so enraged
that he invited him to a banquet and caused him to be assassinated.
Shih T‘ien-tsé 3 FR jy (T. yA) Fy). A.D. 1202-1275. Younger .
brother of Shih Tien-ni (g. v.). Eight feet in height, with a voice
like a bell, he excelled in military exercises. He received a command
under Ogotai Khan upon his accession lin 1229, and served his
successors, Kuyak, Mangu, and Kublai Khan, with fidelity and
devotion, rising under the last-named to be a Minister of State and
materially aiding by his counsels to consolidate the Mongol rule.
It was said that for 50 years his Imperial masters had no cause
for suspicion against him and he had no cause for complaint against
them. He was forty years old before he became a student of books;
latterly, his house was a place of refuge for the homeless scholars
of the decadent House of Chin*. With his last breath he begged
Kublai Khan to restrain his soldiery from acts of rapine and outrage.
Cavonised as JH pe. | ” ter

Shih T‘ing-chu 4% #£ FF. A.D. 1599-1661. A Manchu by
descent, in 1622 he was in command of fy ay Kuang-ning. He
yielded however to the Emperor T‘ai Tsu, and was rewarded with

a title. After serving against the Mings, in 1637 he accompanied

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 661

the expedition into Korea as an artillery commander. Upon the
submission of the Korean king, he was appointed General of the left
division of Chinese Bannermen, and later on became head of a Banner
and aided in the conquest of China. In 1655 he was Controller of
the Seaboard, and was so good a ruler that the people styled him
(his surname meaning “Stone”’) 4 ff the Stone Buddha. Canonised
oo RH

Shih Tsung. See (L. Chou) Kuo Jung; (Liao) Yeh-ltii Yuan;
(Chin#) Wan-yen P‘ou; (Ming) Chu Hou-tsung.

Shih Wei-han ffi #6 RM (T. Ae FR and Aff lp). A.D. 1621—
1683. A native of Shanghai. Graduating as chin shih in 1651, he
became a Censor. His pet aversion was “‘squeezing” of any kind;
he also inveighed against officials who engaged in trade as pawnbrokers
or junk-owners. In 1679 he became Vice President of the Censgorate,
and. constantly urged reforms. So famous was he that the draft of
each of his memorials was eagerly sought for and handed round
among the literary classes. Sent as Governor to Shantung, he coped
successfully with a serious famine, and in 1682 became Viceroy of
Chehkiang. He was transferred to Fuhkien, but died on the journey
thither, leaving behind him a ‘‘fragrant name for ever and ever.”
Canonised as ia HB BA.

Shih Yen-nien 4, #E 4F (T. fpl}). AD. 994—1041. A scholar
and poet, distinguished for his wine-bibbing propensities. Though
very studious, he failed for his chin shih degree; whereupon the
Emperor Chén Tsung added some supplementary degrees and offered
him one. At first he was ashamed to accept, but ultimately did so
and entered the public service, in which he rose to be Director of
the Court of Sacrificial Worship. On one occasion when holding
office as magistrate at jf Hai-chou in Kiangsu, he went out in
a boat to meet his friend and boon-companion 8] 74 Liu Ch‘ien.
After a long bout of drinking, they found that the supply of wine

1733

1734

1735

1736

1737

662 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

was nearly at an end; but discovering a large measure full of vinegar
on board, they. poured this into the wine-jar and continued their
earouse. The Emperor Jen Tsung, who had a high opinion of Shih’s
talents, sent him a’ hint to reform. Upon this he became a
teetotaller, but died shortly afterwards from illness brought on by
deprivation of all stimulant. See Man Ch'un-jen.

Shou Yang #2 |}. 5th cent. A.D. A daughter of the first
Emperor of the Sung dynasty. She was one day sleeping in a
garden, when some plum-blooms fell around her forehead and made
her so dazzlingly beautiful as to suggest the idea of a famous
headdress which passes under her name.

Shu Hai pe ¥%. An official employed by the Great Yi, B.C.
2205, to measure the earth from north to south. See Z‘ai Chang.
Shu-ho-té 2f pf fH (T. 4H A. H. WY Be). AD. 1710-1777.
A Manchu, who rose in 1748 to be President of the Board of
Revenue. He was then dispatched against Chin-ch‘uan, which sub-
mitted in the following year. After this he proceeded up the cS
wb Chin-sha river, and made investigations into the copper-tribute

of Yiinnan, In 1752 he was sent to restore order in Ili, and served

| through the rebellion of Amursana and of the Khalkas in 1756,

In 1757 he took Aksu, and in 1758 relieved Yarkand, receiving
a title on the suppression of the rebellion in 1759. In 1761 he
returned to Peking as President of the Board of Punishments, and
in the next year he was left in charge of the government while
the Emperor went on tour. In 1768 he went as Commissioner to
Yiinnan, the Burmese having broken out into open warfare; but
he failed, and was degraded in consequence and sent to Ush, where
he received the Turguts in 1771 when they fled from Russian rule,
as described by De Quincey in his Flight of the Kalmuck Tartars.
Returning to Peking he filled various high posts, and died loaded
with honours. Canonised as 4{ BE .

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary . 663
Shu Yu es Hid or Shén Shu mh BR. The elder of two legendary

YAN
brothers (see Yu Liu) said to have power over evil demons, whom
they bound with reeds and gave as food to tigers. Their names
are posted upon the doors of Chinese houses as a safeguard against
wicked spirits. .
Shu Yu 4X ji. Younger brother of Prince i Chiéng of the
Chou dynasty, B.C. 1115. One day, the latter cut a leaf from a
Ha) t‘ung tree into the shape of the gem-token given to feudal
princes as a symbol of power, and handed it to Shu Yi. ‘‘When
will your Majesty perform the ceremony of investment?” asked
Chou Kung. “Why, I was only joking!” replied the prince. ‘‘Nay,”
said Chou Kung; ‘‘a prince never jokes. His words are written
down as history, take shape as ceremonial rites, or are set to
music and sung.” Shu Yii was accordingly invested with the fief
formerly held by Yao, with the title of ir LR.
Shuai-yen-pao ijl) $4 PR. A-D. 1651—1694. Second son of
Hsi-fu, and for many years Director General of Grain-Transport,
into the administration of which he introduced many reforms.
Shun fF. B.C. 2317-2208. A native of fit Bt Yi-mu in
Honan, whence he came to be called Ji FE. His family name
was Wk Yao. His mother died when he was quite young, and his
father Ku-sou, said to be a descendant of the Emperor Fal EA

Chuan Hsti, took a second wife, by whom he had a son named

1738.

1739

1740

‘1741

Hsiang. Gradually the father became very fond of Hsiang and

conceived a great dislike for Shun, and on several occasions attempts
were made to take his life, but he was in each case miraculously
preserved. In spite of this, he continued to exhibit such exemplary
conduct towards his father and stepmother that he has since been
enrolled among the 24 examples of filial piety. At the age of 20
he attracted the notice of the Emperor Yao, who forthwith set aside

his own unworthy son, Tan Chu, and made Shun his heir, giving

1742

1743

664 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

him his two daughters Ni Ying and O Huang in marriage. In
B.C. 2287 he was associated in the government with the Emperor,
and on the death of the latter and the expiration of the period
of three years’ mourning, he duly succeeded to the throne. He is
said to have had double pupils to his eyes, a peculiarity also ascribed
to Hsiang Chi. He. received the designation of Fir fe Ch‘ung-hua,
implying that he rivalled in virtue the Emperor Yao. Canonised
as Wp HR.

Shun Chih 5 “ea. A.D. 1638-1661. The title of the reign of
fig K& Fu-lin, who ruled over China from 1644—1661. He was
the ninth son of Tien Ts‘ung, and was left to the care of his
uncle as Regent. His reign was almost entirely occupied in con-
solidating the newly-acquired empire. His kindly character as a
man, and his magnanimity as a ruler, were extolled by his con-
temporaries. He left the Chinese in control of the civil administration ,
and treated the Catholic missionaries with favour. The Dutch and
Russian embassies to his Court in 1656 found there envoys from

the Great Mogul, the Western Tartars, and the Dalai Lama. In

1659 the raid of Koxinga up the Yang-tsze was defeated, and in

the last year of the reign the Dutch were expelled from Formosa.

Canonised as {H- il #3: 5 ifr.
Shun Ti. See (Han) Liu Pao; (E. Sung) Liu Chun.

Shun Tsung. See Li Sung.

So-ni 2s J%,. Died A.D. 1667. A trusted counsellor of the Emperors
T'ai Tsu and T‘ai Tsung of the present dynasty, whose cause his
family had espoused, and to whom his knowledge of Chinese,
Mongol, and Manchu, proved very useful. He distinguished himself
as ambassador to surrounding tribes, as a warrior against the Mings,
and as a statesman in home politics. He was degraded in 1645 for
letting the people fish in the moat round the palace and pasture

cattle on Imperial ground. When Shun Chih assumed the reins of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 665

government, So-ni was recalled to office, and was one of four
Regents appointed under his Majesty’s will. He was ennobled as
Duke by K‘ang Hsi on his accession, and canonised as Al ik.
Sotpala fii if /\ ii]. A.D. 1803—1323. Son of Ayuli Palpata, 1744
whom he succeeded in 1320 as fifth Emperor of the Yiian dynasty,
contrary to the agreement between his father and the latter’s
brother Kaisun. His mother placed ey AR YA GE Timuteer, a
favourite of hers, at the head of affairs; but after about two years

the Emperor became disgusted with his persecution of rivals under

the last reign, and dismissed him from office. Buddhism continued

to cost vast sums, one single image consisting of 500,000 catties

of bronze. In 1323 the Dynastic Institutes were drawn up, and
Sotpala was preparing to reform the administration generally, when

he was assassinated by one of his own chamberlains. Canonised as
Sst-k‘ung Shu WJ 2x |e (TT. BC FJ ). Sth cent. A.D. A native 1745
of jig 7 Kuang-p‘ing in Chihli, distinguished as a poet and
official under the T‘ang dynasty. One of the “es AV -F Ten Men

of Genius of the period A.D. 766—779.

Sst-ma Chao wy {GJ (T. -- _f). AD. 211—265. Son of 1146
Sst-ma I, and Minister to the third Emperor of the Wei dynasty
(deposed A.D. 254) who created him Prince of Chin. He was canonised

by his son Ssii-ma Yen, first Emperor of the Chin dynasty, as

Sk ill 2 2.

Sst-ma Chéng J I§ A(T. -~ JE). 8th cent. A.D. A native 1747
. of Ho-nei in Honan, who distinguished himself as an_ historical
writer. Author of the Gi ap Ex ew an exegetical work on the
Historical Record of Ssti-ma Ch‘ien, and also of the —= es =e,
dealing with the times of the three great legendary Emperors, Fu

Hsi, Shén Nung, and Huang Ti. He called himself Ay HG the

Younger Ssti-ma, in contradistinction to Ssti-ma Ch‘ien.

666 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

1748 Sst-ma Ch‘éng-chéng #] IG AK A(T. -F 7). 7th and
8th cent. A.D. A native of Lo-chou in Honan, who studied the
black art under ##} fifi J P‘an Shih-chéng, and then settled on
the FE 7G Tiien-t‘ai mountains in Chehkiang. As he began to
gain a reputation the Empress Wu Hou sent for him, but he did
not obey the summons. Later on the Emperor Jui Tsung caused
him to be brought to Court, and held a long conference with him
on the art of ruling a State. He declared that it was governed ~
precisely in the same way as one’s own body is governed, viz. by
keeping absolutely and dispassionately negative, and by falling into
a natural harmony with one’s environment. The Emperor Ming
Huang also summoned him to Court, and availed himself of Ssii-
ma’s great calligraphic skill, all the time treating him with much
distinction. He died at the age of 89, and was canonised as A
Fe Ae |

1749 Ssii-ma Chien Bi) AG @E. 8rd cent. A.D. Son of Ssii-ma Chung,
second sovereign of the EH. Chin dynasty. He was very precocious,
and when only five years of age drew back his grandfather, the
Emperor Wu Ti, who was watching a fire, into a dark corner,
for fear lest the features of the Son of Heaven should be exposed
to the public gaze. He was poisoned by the Empress Chia Hou-
and canonised as Fe bee

1450 Sst-ma Ch‘ien 4] i oe (T. -¥- fe). Born about B.C. 145,
and died between B.C. 86—74. A native of Lung-mén in modern
Shensi, and son of Ssii-ma T‘an. At the age of ten he was already
a good scholar, and at twenty set forth upon a round of travel
which carried him to all parts of the empire. Entering into the
public service, he was employed upon a mission of inspection to
the newly-conquered regions of Ssiich‘uan and Yiinnan; and not
long after his return from this, B.C. 110, his father died and he
stepped into the hereditary post of Grand Astrologer. After

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 667

devoting some time and energy to the reformation of the calendar,
he now took up the historical work which had been begun by
his father, and which was ultimately given to the world as the
Bi aU, Historical Record. It is a history of China from the
earliest ages down to about one hundred years before the Christian
era, -with biographies of the most eminent men of those days,
covering a period of nearly three thousand years. In such esteem
is this work justly held that its very words have been counted
and found to number 526,500 in all. Seven years. later Ssii-ma
Ch'ien fell into disgrace over the defeat and defection of Li Ling,
whom he tried to vindicate; and he was subjected by the angry
Emperor to the punishment of mutilation, a harshness of treatment
which the Emperor is said to have at once regretted. He was
subsequently appointed Minister of State, and held the post until
his death. From the place of his birth he is sometimes spoken of
as “Lung-mén,’”’ and from his office, as the Grand Astrologer or
He BA.

Ssti-ma Chih Fj iG Re (T. BE). AD. 2883-313. The
youngest of the twenty-five sons of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin
dynasty, and one of the three surviving after the internecine struggles
‘of the reign of the Emperor Hui Ti. He succeeded to the throne
in 806, and fought with small success against the new State of
Han, which finally took Lo-yang and destroyed the library of Wu
Ti in 811. The Emperor was carried away to Shansi, and was
forced to serve as cupbearer to Liu Tsung. until he was put to
death. Canonised as ae = ip -

Sst-ma Chung #J J5 YE (T. JE PE). AD. 259—306. Son of
Ssti-ma Yen, whom he succeeded in 290 as second sovereign of the
K. Chin dynasty. He devoted himself to sensual pleasures, leaving
the government to his wife, a daughter of Chia Ch‘ung, who used

her power to gratify private enmities and to forward selfish aims.

1751

1752

3)

3

668 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

After murdering her mother-in-law and the Heir Presumptive, she
was herself slain in 300 by Ssti-ma Lun, Prince of Chao, who for
a short time usurped the throne. The Emperor was dragged about
by contending Princes, until at last he was poisoned. Canonised as
HS.

Sst-ma Hsiang-ju wi] 1G AH An (T. fe Spy). Died B.C. 117.
A native of Ch‘éng-tu in Sstich‘uan. In his youth he was fond
of books and sword-play, and early distinguished himself as a
poet. His personal name was originally 33 -¥- Puppy, and was
changed by him to MHsiang-ju, from his admiration of the cha-
racter of Lin MHsiang-ju. After holding office for a short time
under the Kmperor Ching Ti, who reigned B.C. 156—140, he
joined the establishment of Prince ee Hsiao of Liang, but was
ere long compelled by ill-health to resign his post; and the Prince
dying about the same time, he was left almost penniless. Wandering
homewards, he reached Lin-chiung, where he was hospitably received
by the Magistrate =F a Wang Chi, and introduced to a wealthy
man, named Fi. +; Cho Wang-sun, who entertained him at
a banquet. When the wine had circulated freely, Ssti-ma began to
play and sing; by which he so captivated Cho’s daughter Bl pas
Wén-chiin, a young widow, that she left her father’s house that
very night and threw herself upon Ssti-ma’s protection. The pair
fled to Ch‘éng-tu; but having nothing to live upon, they returned
to Lin-chiung and set up a small wine-shop, in which she served
the customers while he, dressed in the short drawers of a coolie,
washed the cups. His father-in-law, unable to bear the shame of
this, gave them a large sum of money, with which they went back
again to Ch‘éng-tu and lived in affluence. Meanwhile the fame of
Ssti-ma as a poet reached the Emperor Wu Ti, who was fascinated
by his F- ia Hit. The author was summoned to Court and appointed

to high office, from which he was dismissed for receiving bribes,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 669

to be shortly afterwards re-instated. His declining years were clouded

by ill-health, in the midst of which he found time to address to

the Emperor a famous remonstrance against the folly of wasting
precious time in hunting. In addition to his poetry, he left behind

him a treatise on the great sacrifices to Heaven and Harth, as well as

a short, philological work based on the # A of Li Ssit, and
known as J, Hee

Sst-ma I #) IG S% (T. {ip 3). AD. 178—251. A native of 1754
the YH Wen District of Honan, who distinguished himself as a
bright, clever youth, and in 211 took service under the great T's‘ao
Ts‘ao. When the latter’s son came to the throne as first Emperor

of the Wei dynasty, he ennobled Ssii-ma as Marquis and placed

him in command of the army, a post which he held for many
years under three successive Emperors. He skilfully opposed even
Chu-ko Liang; and at length by constantly refusing battle, he so
irritated that famous commander that the latter contemptuously sent

him a present of a woman’s headdress. He was canonised at his
death as 4 A, but when: his grandson Ssii-ma Yen came to the
throne he canonised his grandfather as ‘eq EE if}.

Sst-mal A JG BE (T. HE #4). A.D. 342 386. Seventh sovereign 1755
of the EH. Chin dynasty. He succeeded his childless elder brother,

the Emperor Ai Ti, in 865. Huan Wén, who had suffered a disastrous
repulse in Honan in 368, but in 371 had recovered 3 Fe Shou-
ch‘un in Anhui in spite of the Ch‘in and Yen States, deposed him

in that year on a charge of grave disorders in the harem. He
became Duke of Yip PY Hai-hsi in Kiangsu, and is known in
history as it BE.

Ssii-ma Kuang #) JG 3; (1. #f EY. H.R 7K). AD. 1019— 1756
1086. A native of Hsia in Honan, who graduated as chin shih in
1088 and entered ‘upon a public career. He rose rapidly to high

office, and ultimately became a Minister of State. To the Him peror

670 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Jen Tsung he ventured to submit five rules of conduct: — Guard
your patrimony; value time; keep sedition at a distance; be cautious
over details; aim at reality. But he was a zealous opponent of
Wang An-shih and his ‘“‘innovations;” and when in 1070 the
Emperor refused to part with the latter, he resigned and went
into private life at Lo-yang. He then gave himself up entirely to
the great work of his life, the famous history of ‘China, of which
a part had already been submitted to the Throne as far back as
1064. It was completed in 1084, the period covered extending from
the 5th cent. B.C. to the 10th cent. A.D., and was published under
the title of oa “Gq 3fi GZ. In 1085 he determined to return to
public life; Bat he had not been many months in the capital,
labouring as usual for his country’s good, before he succumbed to
an illness and died, almost universally honoured and regretted.
Especially was he loved by the people of Lo-yang, who were
accustomed to speak of him with respectful familiarity as i) HG
AH A, and also as re Be He 4} the People’s Living Buddha.
In his youth he was a devoted student, and used a kind of round
wooden pillow, which roused him to wakefulness by its movement
every time he began to doze over his work. He had a large library,
and was so particular in the handling of his books that even after
many years’ use they were still as good as new. He would not
allow his disciples to turn over leaves by scratching them up with
the nails, but made them use the forefinger and second finger of
the right hand. On one occasion, in childhood, a small companion
fell into a water-kong and would have been drowned but for the
presence of mind of Sst-ma Kuang. He seized a huge stone, and
with it cracked the jar so that the water poured out. In addition
to his history, he was also the author of the KE ns $f , an historical
work covering a period from twenty-five centuries before Christ to

ten centuries after Christ; of the dictionary known as the A a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 671

based upon the Shwo Wén, and containing over 31,000 characters
arranged- under 544 radicals; and also of a large collection of
miscellaneous writings. He was canonised as BL JE, and in 1267 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Ssi-ma Lun # IG 4 (I. -F- $4). Died A.D. 301. Ninth son 1757
of Ssiti-ma I. He was ennobled as Prince of Chao by the first
Emperor of the Chin dynasty, and was much trusted by p= ja

the Empress Chia, wife of the second Emperor and virtual ruler

of the empire. In A.D. 300 he repaid her confidence by organising

a plan to assassinate her, and this was duly carried out. He then
proclaimed himself Emperor, surrounding himself by a motley Court

in which menials held important offices, jeeringly compared, in a
phrase which has become classical, to “finishing off a sable robe

with dogs’ tails.” But the Princes combined against him, and after
some show of resistance he was overwhelmed and was forced to
commit suicide. .

Sst-ma Pei w IG ® (T. =f BH). AD. 840—365. Eldest 1758
son of the Emperor Ch‘éng Ti, and sixth sovereign of the E. Chin
dynasty. He succeeded the childless Emperor Mu Ti in 361, and
though an excellent man was too weak to cope with the growing
power of Huan Wén, the result being that Honan was lost. Canonised

as HE

Ssii-ma Piao # [Gj (T. 44 fe). AD. 240-305. Eldest 1759
son of Hae Mu, Prince of f= Na Kao-yang. As a youth he was

very studious, but at the same time so fond of women and debauchery

that his father disinherited him. Thereupon he gave up his wild
habits-and stuck closely to books, ultimately rising to a high post

in the Imperial Library. He wrote a supplementary history of the

E. Han dynasty, and other works, besides publishing an edition of
Chuang Tzti with exegetical notes.

Sst-ma Shao #] §G 44 (T. 34 4%). A.D. 299—825. Eldest 1760

1761

1762

672 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

son of the Emperor Yiian Ti, and second sovereign of the EH. Chin
dynasty. He was early distinguished for intelligence, good sense,
and love for literature. He was one day sitting on his father’s
knee when a messenger arrived from Ch‘ang-an. ‘‘Which is the
farther off,” asked his father, “Ch‘ang-an or the sun?” “Oh, the
sun, of course,” replied the boy; ‘‘we have people coming from
Ch‘ang-an, but no one ever comes from the sun.” His father was
so pleased with this answer that at a banquet the next day he
gave him the same question again, when to his astonishment the
child changed his reply to Ch‘ang-an. ‘“‘How so?” said his father
angrily; ‘‘what do +you mean by this?” ‘‘Well,” replied the boy,
‘“‘we can see the sun, but we cannot see Ch‘ang-an.” Succeeding to
the throne in 322, he saw his dominions reduced on the north
and west, and in 824 Wang Tun laid siege to Nanking. The latter
was defeated by the Emperor and slain, but Shih Lo succeeded in
extending his boundaries down to the river Huai. Canonised as
ay Ss ya

Sst-ma Tan #) /65 SPY (T. 1 ji). A.D. 342—361. Son of
the Emperor K‘ang Ti, and fifth sovereign of the E. Chin dynasty.
He ascended the throne at the age of three, and by the exertions
of Huan Wén reigned not ingloriously for seventeen years. Ssiich‘uan
was regained in 847, and in 856 Yao Hsiang was driven out of
Honan, and all south of the Yellow River acknowledged the sway.
of the Chins, Canonised as BE Se fs Gl ip.

Sst-ma T‘an #J HG 3. Died B.C. 110. Father of Ssti-ma Ch'ien,
and hereditary Grand Astrologer at the Court of the Emperor Wu
Ti of the Han dynasty. An eager student of philosophy, especially
of Taoism, he also planned and collected material for the Historical
Record, which was completed by his more famous son. He accom-
panied the Emperor (see Liu Ch‘é) on his visit to Mt. T‘ai in

Shantung for the celebration of the sacrifices to Heaven and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 673

Earth, but was taken ill by the way and died at Lo-yang.
Ssii-ma Tao-tzi i] [G sf -7F. AD. 364-402. A scion of the 1763
princely house of Lang-yeh, who was a pure-minded, quiet boy,

and gained the esteem of Hsieh An. At ten years of age he became
Prince of Lang-yeh, and later on a boon-companion of the Emperor
Hsiao Wu Ti. Promoted to the Princedom of Kuei-chi, he took

the worthless Wang Kuo-pao into friendship and gradually gave

way to habits of intemperance. After the~death of the latter he

left all matters of State in the hands of his son 7U A Ytian-
hsien, who, though only 16, was an extremely astute young man.
Yiian-hsien was overcome by the forces of Huan Hsiian and put

to death, while his father was taken prisoner and subsequently
poisoned. Canonised as ‘Py.

Ssii-ma Té i] JG ffi (T. fi S4). A.D. 882-418. Son of the 1764
Emperor Hsiao Wu, and tenth sovereign of the E. Chin dynasty.

He was little better than an idiot, and was entirely in the hands

of a gang of unprincipled and incapable men who had risen to
power under his father. In 898, the year after his accession, the
Ch'in State took most of Honan. From 399 to 402, Chehkiang and
Kiangnan suffered from the attacks of Sun En, whose defeat was
entirely due to Liu Yi. Then followed the contest between Huan
Hstian and the Prince 7 fA Ytian-hsien. In 410 the capital was
again saved by Liu Yii from two rebels who had been allowed to
govern in Chehkiang and Kuangtung, while Ssiich‘uan revolted in

405 and was not recovered until 413. Liu Yti, who in 416 became
Prime Minister and Field Marshal of the whole empire, recovered

the territory up to the Yellow River, and in 417 conquered Ch'in,

most of which soon fell to Hsia. The Emperor was strangled by

his orders in the following year. Canonised as ea A if.

Ssi-ma Té-wén #] [G5 ff 47. A.D. 385--421. Younger brother 1765

of the Emperor An Ti, and eleventh and last sovereign of the E.
43:

1766

674 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Chin dynasty. He abdicated in 420 in favour of Liu Yi, after a
reign of sixteen months, receiving the title of Prince of Fs [os
pene and was put to death in the ihdeciali year. Canonised
as 7S EE Apt.

Sst-ma Yao A] [5 i (T. & WA). A.D. 362—896. Third son
of the Emperor Chien Wén Ti, and ninth sovereign of the E. Chin
dynasty. Coming to the throne in 372 as a mere boy, he was
freed by death from Huan Wén, and was fortunate enough to.
secure the services of several able men who served him loyally
during his long reign. By 378 the rivers Han and Huai once more
marked the limits of the Imperial power; and in 383 the vast
invading army of Fu Chien was utterly routed in Anhui. The north
and west were still partitioned among rebel States, but after 385
the House of Chin ruled all south of the Yellow River. He was
the first sovereign who professed the Buddhist faith, and in 381

“he built a monastery inside his palace. The successes of his reign

1767

1768

were not due to him, for he lived a life of idle pleasure amongst
his numerous women. He was smothered by a favourite, whom he
had warned that she was growing too old $i) his -taste. Canonised
as Fill Se 2 DA EE if.

Ssi-ma Yeh #] [5 34 (T. ¢ ff). A.D. 270—817. Grandson
of the Emperor Wu Ti, and fourth sovereign of the Chin dynasty.
He wrested Ch‘ang-an, which he made his capital, from the Han
State, and on the death of the Emperor Huai Ti was proclaimed
Emperor. For four years he bravely resisted the Han power, but
at last in 316, out of consideration for the sufferings of his people,
he surrendered to Liu Yao, and after enduring much ignominy,
was put to death. The north-west being now lost, the capital was
moved to Nanking, and the dynasty is called the Hastern Chin.

Canonised as ye KB, & ip.
Ssi-ma Yen #] IG 7 (1. # fib). A.D. 236—290. Eldest son

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 675

and successor of Ssti-ma Chao, who had been created Prince of Chin.
In 265 his father died, and at the end of the year he deposed the
Emperor Yiian Ti and founded the Chin dynasty, placing his capital
at Lo-yang in Honan. In 280 he deposed the ruler of Wu, and
added its territory to his dominions, which he divided into nineteen
+H provinces containing one hundred and seventy-three #4} (or [eR )
districts. He restored the custom of twenty-seven months’ mourning
for parents instead of twenty-seven days, to which it had been
reduced by the Emperor Wén Ti of the Han dynasty. He was a
patron of literature, and collected a large library. But having achieved
success, he began to abandon himself to pleasure. He allowed the
army to be so much reduced that the Turkic tribes in the north-
east encroached upon the empire. Already during the troublous times
of the Three Kingdoms they had penetrated within the Great Wall,
and now it was necessary to buy their nominal allegiance with
titles and dignities. No less than eight princedoms of important
provinces were created, which proved under the following reign to
be sources of infinite trouble. Canonised as {Hr ji at B ih

Sst-ma Yen JG 77 (T. {ht ME). A.D. 320—342. Eldest son
of the Emperor Ming Ti, and third sovereign of the E. Chin dynasty.
He succeeded at the age of five, under the Regency of his mother.
The Court was torn by factions, and in 327 Su Chiin revolted in
Anhui and seized Nanking by a rapid advance. Several officers
however came to the rescue, and he was driven back to Anhui,
and in 828 captured and beheaded, as was likewise his son in the
following year. Shih Lo, who styled himself Emperor, had now
possession of all the north, and after capturing and losing Hsiang-
yang in Hupeh, vainly proposed peace in 333. In 835 the Emperor
took the reins of government, and for seven years ruled well and

peacefully, troubled only by the hostile operations of Shih Chi-lung.
Canonised as A ee mM pI if

1769

1770

WA

676 ; A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ssti-ma Yo i] ig Fe (T. {EE | ). A.D. 822 —344. Younger brother
of the Emperor Ch‘éng Ti, and fourth sovereign of the E. Chin
dynasty. He was placed on the throne, owing to the tender age of his
nephews, in 342. His reign was occupied with burdensome preparations
against Shih Chi-lung, but only one unimportant skirmish was
fought. Canonised as We & if.

Sst-ma Yu #) 5 B (7. 1 BA). A.D. 320—872. A younger
son of the Emperor Yiian Ti, and eighth sovereign of the E. Chin
dynasty. He was placed on the throne in 371 by Huan Wén, who
thought he would resign in his fayour if called upon. He died

before the plans of Huan Wén were mature, leaving the latter

- Prime Minister. Canonised as Ik = fifj Bl Be if -

1772

Su Chang tik 3 CE: Ee Bl). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of
P‘fing-ling in Shensi, who distinguished himself as a youth by his
literary abilities and rose under the Emperor An Ti to be a Privy

Councillor. Under the Emperor Shun Ti he became Governor of

- Ping-chou in Chihli, but fell into disfavour and was cashiered. He

1V%3

then returned home and led a retired life, refusing a further ~
appointment which was offered to him. On one occasion he went
as Censor to hold an enquiry into the peculation of an old friend who
was Governor of Ch‘ing-ho in Chihli. The latter gave him a grand
feast; and the two enjoyed themselves very much, until the Governor
said, “All men have one God, while I alone have two!” — hinting
that the Censor would be merciful. But Su Chang replied, “This
feast is a private affair; tomorrow’s business is a public duty.”
And the enquiry ended in the punishment of the Governor.

Su che # Wy (Tr. py. H. BT). AD. 10389-1112.
Younger brother of Su. Shih. Graduated as chin shih in 1057, and
entered upon an official career. He incurred the resentment of
Wang ‘An-shih, whose “innovations” he opposed, and nearly got

into serious trouble, escaping however with dismissal to a minor

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 677

provincial post. In 1072 he shared the disgrace of his brother and
was banished to a post in Kiangsi, but in 1086 he was recalled
by the Emperor Ché Tsung and rose to be President of the Board
of Civil Office. About ten years later he again fell into disfavour
and was once more dismissed to the provinces. After holding various
‘posts, he died at Hsii-chou in Honan where he had built himself
a retreat. He became a devotee of Taoism, and published an edition
of the Zao Té Ching, with commentary, under the title of ra -¥-
4. He was also a poet of no mean order. Canonised as D4 jie
Su Chin tik 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A native of Lan-t'ien
in Shensi, who distinguished himself by precocity of talent, the
promise of which was amply fulfilled by the scholarship of his later
years. He graduated as chin shih in 691, and rose to be Vice
President of the Board of Revenue. After this, his career was
somewhat chequered; but at his death he was chief tutor to the
Heir Apparent. He was one of the Hight Immortals of the Wine-
cup (see Zi Po); and though an exemplary Buddhist when sober,
he was apt to become profane in his cups. —

Su Ch‘in fas 4s. Died B.C. 817. A native of Lo-yang. [For his
early life, see Chang J.] His first attempt was to join the Ch‘in

State, but he was repulsed, and had to return home in rags and

tatters and with an empty purse. ‘His wife would not spin for

him; his sister-in-law would not cook for him; and his very parents
disowned him.” He gave himself up to the study of the 2: qa KA
Yin fu sitra of the Taoists, every now and again pricking his leg
to keep himself awake; when suddenly the idea of federating the
Six States flashed upon him as a means of opposing the fast-growing
power of Ch‘in. This policy he ultimately succeeded in carrying
out, and rose to an almost unrivalled position of wealth and power.
Returning to Lo-yang, he was warmly welcomed by those who had

scorned him in his days of obscurity; and the magnanimity he

1744

17%

17%6

W707

678 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

displayed in forgetting all their former coldness gave rise to the
saying “Su Ch'in is still Su Ch'in; the clothes are changed, but
not the man.” The Ch'in State, awake to the danger which threatened,
now sent a clever official, named Ay tit Kung-sun Yen, to
the. Chi and Wei States, and succeeded in persuading them to
attack the Chao State, contrary of course to the terms of the
alliance. Su Ch‘in was in Chao at the time; and having no expla-
nation to offer to the ruler of Chao, who had ennobled him, sought
refuge in flight, and retired to Yen where he was appointed Minister.
Here he became involved in a disgraceful intrigue with the queen-
dowager, and fled to Ch‘i. He was once more Minister, but soon
afterwards fell a victim to assassination.

Su Ch‘iung tik FB (T. Y 2). 6th cent. A.D. A native of
TA i Wu-ch‘iang, who rose to be Governor of Ch‘ing-ho in
Chihli. Under his excellent rule robbery became a thing of the
past. He would take no presents; however on one occasion he felt
constrained to accept a few melons from a wealthy neighbour.
Thereupon a number of other people hastened to offer him various
kinds of fresh fruit, But when they reached his house they found
the melons hung up to a beam, untouched, and returned home in
confusion.

Su Ch‘o fim #8 (T. S fi). AD. 498-546. A native of pt
Yi Wu-kung in Shensi, noted in his youth for his love of study.
He attracted the attention of Yti-wén T‘ai and was rapidly advanced
to high office. His unceasing toil for his country brought about
premature death. In accordance with his rooted dislike to display
and extravagance, he was not canonised, and was buried in the
simplest’ manner; but many thousand mourners followed his coffin,

including his master and numerous high officials.

1778 Su Chiin fe WE (T. -F fey). Died A.D. 328. A native of the

te Yeh District in Shantung, who graduated as hsiao lien when

_A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 679

only 18 years of age. He distinguished himself during the troubles :

of 307—312 (see Ssii-ma Chih) by raising a local force, and was
subsequently advanced to high military rank by the Emperor Yiian
Ti of the E. Chin dynasty, Under the Emperor Ming Ti he became
Governor of as a Li-yang in Anhui and was ennobled as Duke.
Upon the death of Ming Ti, all power passed into the hands of
Yii Liang whom Su Chitin regarded as a mortal enemy; and on
this pretext he raised the standard of revolt. Rapidly advancing,
he vanquished the Imperial forces under Yii Liang in person and
seized the capital, modern Nanking; but he was soon driven back
into Anhui, captured, and beheaded. In 329 the same fate befell
his son, who had tried to continue the struggle.
Su Hsiao-hsiao ran Ay yp. 11th cent. A.D. A famous courtesan
of ‘Hangchow, and favourite of the poet Su Shih. She was buried
on the shore of the Western Lake near that city.

Su Hsin fe if) (T. WY 70. H. Fe A). AD. 1009-1066. A
native of }§ [[] Mei-shan in Sstich‘uan, and father of Su Shih
and Su Ché. He was 27 years old before he displayed any zeal for
learning; and after about a year’s study he went up for his degree,

but failed. He then shut himself up, and abandoning his former

attempts at composition, devoted himself to studying not only the

Confucian Canon but all the various schools of philosophy. This
soon made him a ready writer; and when in the year 1056 he
went with his two sons to the capital, Ou-yang Hsiu recommended
him for a post, and he was ultimately employed in the Imperial
Library. His style came very much into vogue and was regarded
as a model for students. See Wang An-shih.

Su Hui # Hi (T. 3 fii). 4th cent. A.D. The wife of an official
named i] Yj Tou T’ao, Su being her maiden name, -who was
banished by Fu Chien to the desert of Tartary. She beguiled the

hours by embroidering a poetical palindrome, said to be the

1779

1780

1781

_ 680 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

1782

1783

1784

1785

first of its kind, which she forwarded to her exiled husband.
Su-k‘o-sa-ha fi He fe PA. Died A.D. 1667. A distinguished
Manchu officer, appointed by Shun Chih on his deathbed to be one
of four Regents. Ao-pai, another of the Regents, resenting Su’s
opposition to his own cruel tyranny, laid a false accusation of
treason against him in 1667; and he and his eldest son were sentenced
to the ancient penalty of disembowelment, while his other six sons,
his grandson, and his two nephews were beheaded, together with
his kinsman Po-érh-ho-t‘u. His punishment was altered to strangula-
tion; and in 1669, on the fall of Ao-pai, his rank was restored.
Su-na-hai fi 4) jf. Died A.D. 1667. An able Minister of the
Emperor Shun Chih, who rose to be Grand Secretary in 1661. He
fell a victim to the hatred of the Regent Ao-pai in 1667, but his
character was publicly vindicated in 1669, when he was canonised
as 3 We.

Su-pu-t‘ai pt Of ra . A.D. 1176—1248. A Mongol, who rose to
high military rank under Genghis Khan and his son Ogotai, and
distinguished himself by his victorious campaigns against the Mussul-
mans of Central Asia, the Chinese, Georgians, Russians, and
Hungarians. He died upon the’ banks of the Danube, and was
canonised as iE ie.

Su Shih fe HX (T. -F BA. H- He He). AD. 1086—1101. Son

of Su Hsiin, and elder brother of Su Ché. In the early years of
his life he was left very much to his mother’s care, and his
education was superintended by her. In 1057 he graduated as chin
shih, coming out second at-the Palace examination, and in 1060,
after mourning for his mother, he entered the public service. Through
Ou-yang Hsiu he was brought to the notice of the Emperor Ying
Tsung, and his Majesty at once began to take an interest in his
career. Upon his father’s death he declined the money and silk

sent by the Emperor, and asked for an official post instead. Accordingly

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 681

in 1069 he received an appointment as Magistrate; but he soon
made an open enemy of Wang An-shih, whose innovations he
opposed, and applied to be sent to Hangchow. After being trans-—
‘ferred to several similar posts, a plot was formed against him by
a couple of Censors whom he had lampooned in verse, and in 1072
he was dismissed to Huang-chou. There he built himself a hut on
the Tung-p‘o “eastern slope’ of the hill, and afterwards took these
two words as his hao or fancy name. The Emperor Shén Tsung
had a great partiality for him and was often on the point of
recalling him, but his numerous enemies always found some means
of preventing this. At length, when the young Emperor Ché Tsung
mounted the throne, A.D. 1086, he was summoned to return to
Court, and subsequently filled a number of high posts, rising by
1091 to be President of the Board of Rites. The Empress Dowager
was present at his appointment to the Han-lin College; and after
telling him how the late Emperor had always admired his genius,
she caused him to be served with tea and sent home in a sedan-
chair, escorted by ladies of the palace with torches. He was obliged
however to go once more into the provinces; and in 1094 he was
accused of having spoken disrespectfully of the late Emperor, and
was banished, first to Hui-chou in Kuangtung, and afterwards to
the island of Hainan, regions which in those days were utterly
barbarous and unknown. In 1101 he was recalled by the Emperor
Hui Tsung and restored to honour, but died soon afterwards at
fy Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu. As a poet and essay-writer he stands
in the very first rank, and numerous editions of his complete works,
under the title of He HY AS 46, have been issued, from the time
of the Sung dynasty down to the present day. Iu 1235 his tablet
was placed in the Confucian Temple; and although he had never
_ advanced Confucianism in the sense necessary to merit this honour,

it was not until 1845 that the tablet was removed. He is better

1786

1787

1788

682 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

known by his fancy name, as Su Tung-p‘o. Canonised as Bl wn.
Su Shun-ch‘in Be BK (T. F FS). AD. 1008-1048. A

native of He Tzti-chou in Ssiich‘uan, of great ambition and wide

reading, who graduated as chin shih before he was 21, and entered

‘the public service. In 1040 he memorialised the Throne in reference

to an earthquake which had taken place, and attracted the notice
of Fan Chung-yen, who recommended him for promotion. He rose
to high office and married the daughter of a Minister of State; but
he became involved in political intrigues, and was dismissed to a
provincial post where he died. His poetry had great vogue; and
he was also a calligraphist in the “grass” character, of which he
would throw off splendid specimens when a little elevated with wine.
Su Tai tik AR. 3rd and 4th cent. B.C. Brother to Su Ch‘in, and
like him a politician, but of lesser eee He was one day
advising the king of Chao to put an end to his ceaseless hostilities
with the Yen State. “This morning,” said he, ‘I was crossing the
river B I, when I saw a mussel open its shell to sun itself.
Immediately an oyster-catcher thrust in its bill to eat the mussel,
but the latter promptly closed its shell and held the bird fast. ‘If
it doesn’t rain today or tomorrow,’ cried the oyster-catcher, ‘there
will be a dead mussel.’ ‘And if you don’t get out of this by today
or tomorrow, retorted the mussel, ‘there will be a dead oyster-
catcher.’ Meanwhile, up came a fisherman, and carried off both of
them. I fear lest the Ch'in State should be our fisherman.”

Su Tien-chio #k K fF (T. 44 1G). AD. 1294-1352. A
native of I %¢ Chén-ting in Chihli, who passed first at a public
examination of students of the Imperial Academy and entered upon
a public career. He filled a great variety of posts, especially
distinguishing himself by his zeal and energy as Censor. He was
finally dispatched to oppose an irruption of rebels from northern.

Honan, and died of exhaustion from the mental strain. In his later

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 683

years he became an ardent Buddhist, and was popularly known as

ie VA vit He. Author of JE Ej] , EL Eo B Notices of Eminent
Statesmen of the Ytian Dynasty, and of a small treatise on states-
manship, entitled Ve tH Si Ge . 7

Su Ting fi ALA (T. KE fA). A-D. 669-726. Son of a statesman
who had been ennobled as Duke of #7 Hsii. Graduating as chin
shih before he was 20, in 710 he came into his father’s title
and rose to be Minister of State. In concert with Sung Ching he
administered the government from 716 to 720, when their own
extreme severity, coupled with eunuch intrigues, brought about
their dismissal. Su T‘ing became President of the Board of Rites,
and went to Ssiich‘uan as Commissioner, where he succeeded in
overawing the Turfan and wild tribes of the south. He subsequently
accompanied the Emperor to Mt. T‘ai, for the performance of the
great sacrifices to Heaven and Earth. His literary fame rivalled
that of Chang Ytieh; and- the two were spoken of as }rt 3f Ke
FP. the mighty pens of Yen and Hsii, Chang Yiieh having
been ennobled as Duke of Yen. Canonised as BL oe

Su Tsung. See Li T‘ing.

Su Wei fm jx (I. iE FE). A-D. 542—629. Son of Su Ch‘o.
He was very precocious, and at 5 years of age mourned for his
father like a grown man. He attracted the notice of Yii-wén Hu,

who gave him his daughter to wife; but fearing implication in

1789

1790

political troubles, he retired to the hills, nominally to study. He :

served under the Emperor Hstian* Ti of the N. Chou dynasty, but
it was under the first Emperor of the Sui dynasty that he rose to
high office and gained a great reputation by the wisdom of his
counsels. In 607, being Senior Grand Chamberlain, he protested

against the reckless expenditure of Yang Kuang, and nine years

later he was degraded for revealing the truth as to the state of.

the country and denouncing the folly of a war with Korea. He

1791

1792

684 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

joined the usurper Yii-wén Hua-chi, and fought under Li Mi
until they were compelled to yield to the successful arms of Li
Shih-min.

Su Wei-tao tik HWA: $4. 7th cent. A.D. A native of igh Luan-
chou in Chihli, who composed well at nine years of age. Graduating
as chin shih, he was taken as secretary by P‘ei Hsing-chien on
his campaign against the Turkic tribes, and after his return was
appointed to high office. In 698 he got into trouble and was thrown
into prison; and soon after ‘re-appointment to office he was again
impeached for having encroached upon a neighbour’s graveyard at
his native place, and banished to a distant post. From this date
his career was a chequered one until his death, which probably
took place about 705. He was famous for his purposely vacillating
policy. “If you definitely take one side,” he said, “‘you may repent
it; by taking neither you may always take either.” Hence he was
called rae ta ps Vacillator Su.
Su Wu fe wt (T. -F- Hpi). 1st and 2nd cent. B.C. A native
of Tu-ling in Shensi, who was an official under the Emperor Wu
Ti of the Han dynasty. He lived at a time when the Hsiung-nu
were a source of great trouble to the empire. Several Chinese
envoys had been imprisoned and not allowed to return; and by
way of reprisal, Hsiung-nu envoys had been imprisoned in China.
But a new Khan had recently sent back all the imprisoned envoys,
and in A.D) 100 Su Wu was dispatched upon a mission of ‘peace
to return the Hsiung-nu envoys who had been detained by the
Chinese. Whilst at the Court of the Khan his fellow-envoys revolted,
and on the strength of this an attempt was made by Wei Lii to
persuade him to throw off his allegiance and enter the service of

the Hsiung-na; upon which he tried to commit suicide, and wounded

-himself so severely that he lay unconscious for some hours. He

subsequently slew ix. ie Yti Ch‘ang, a Chinese renegade, with

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 685

his own hand; and then Wei Lii, seeing that he was not to be
forced into submission, threw him into a dungeon and left him
without food for several days. He kept himself alive by sucking
snow and gnawing a felt rug; and at length the Hsiung-nu, thinking
that he was a supernatural being, sent him away north and set
him to tend sheep. Then Li Ling was ordered to try once more
by brilliant offers to shake his unswerving loyalty, but all was in
vain. In the year 86, peace was made with the Hsiung-nu, and
the Emperor Chao Ti asked for the return of Su Wu. To this the
Hsiung-nu replied that he was dead; but te A Ch‘ang Hui, who
had been assistant to Su Wu, bade the new envoy tell the Khan
that the Emperor had shot a goose with a letter tied to its leg,
from which he had learnt the whereabouts of his missing envoy,
This story so astonished the Khan that Su Wu was released, and
in B.C. 81 returned to China after a captivity of nineteen years.
‘He had gone away in the prime of life; he returned a white-haired
and broken-down old man. He was at once appointed Chancellor
of the department for controlling the affairs of dependent States;
but in the following year his son became mixed up in some treasonable
conspiracy and was beheaded. For a long time he retired from
public life, to be ultimately restored to favour, dying at the age
of over eighty years.

Su Yun-ch‘ing fk SE pp. 12th cent. A.D. A native of Jy 7H
Kuang-han in Sstich‘uan, who retired to an out-of-the-way part of
Kiangsi, and passed his time in gardening and making straw sandals
for a living. Subsisting on the rudest fare and wearing the coarsest
clothes, he gave away all his surplus money in charity; and he
was consequently much beloved by the neighbouring poor, who
named him HK HR. In youth he had been an intimate friend of
Chang Hstin, now a powerful Minister, and the latter sent him

some presents accompanied by a letter. The messengers tried to

1793

1794

1795

1796

686 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary -

persuade Su to return with them, and would take no refusal. When
however on the following day they repaired to his hut, they found
the door and window bolted inside, and the presents on the table,
but Su had disappeared.

Suleiman, The Sultan. See Tu Wén-hsiu.

Sun Ch‘ang-ju Tf fS e. A scholar of the Sung dynasty, noted
for his vast collection of books, which earned for him the sobriquet
of BE RE F% FE Library Sun. In A.D. 1015 he was made
Magistrate of iz Hstin-chou in Kuangsi, and subsequently rose
to an important office in the household of the Heir Apparent.
Sun Chii-féng JK Fy 3 (T. PR AK and Hi 7E. H. Ge AP).
A.D. 1583—1675. A native of Jung-ch‘éng in Chihli. He passed
the examination for hAsiu ts‘ai when only thirteen years of age, and
graduated as cht jen in 1600; but disgusted with the prospects of
the Ming dynasty, clouded by the development of eunuch dominion,
he devoted himself to a life of study and retirement. Often invited
to take office by Emperors both of the Ming and Ch‘ing dynasties,
he ever steadfastly declined; though in 1636 he did take part in
the successful defence of Jung-ch‘éng against Li Tzii-ch‘éng. He
is one of the most famous masters of Confucian ethics, and his
works on the Four Books etc. have been recommended to students
by Chang Chih-tung. He also wrote on Ceremonial, and published
the lives of eleven famous Confucianists. He is known as B & a
He, from having taught in the college of that name near Soochow
during the last twenty-five years of his life, and in 1828 he was-
admitted into the Confucian Temple.

Sun Chia-kan J% 54 yo (T. B A and HK 7H). A.D. 1683—
1753. A. native of T‘ai-yiian in Shansi. At the age of sixteen he
slew in prison the murderer of his elder brother, who seemed likely
to escape punishment through the aid of influential friends. He and

another brother then fled, and managed to cover about 100 miles,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 687 °

in twenty-four hours. They entered a city and purposely smashed
some ware of a crockery-seller, thereby ensuring that their presence
should be known to the officials. By this ruse they were enabled
to establish an alibi as their defence to the charge of homicide.
Sun’s family was so poor that he had to work hard all day collecting
firewood, and could only study at night. In 1713 he graduated as
chin shih and rose by 1780 to be President of the Board of Punishments,
but was degraded for disrespect in taking up the Emperor’s pencil
to write with. Ch‘ien Lung however restored him to office; and after
holding various posts, in 1741 he became Viceroy of Hu-Kuang, where

he introduced the system of subsidised chiefs, in order to keep the

aborigines under control. He got into difficulties, and was recalled —

to be President of the Censorate in 1744: In 1745 he retired, but
resumed office and rose to be President of the Board of Civil Office
in 1752, leaving behind him the reputation of a just and honest
man. Canonised as BL oe

Sun Chia-ku $% Zé SY. A native of Anhui, who graduated as
chin shih in 1856 and was a senior clerk in the Tsung-li Yamén
when appointed in 1869 to be Co-Envoy with Mr. Anson Burlingame,
then United States Minister at Peking, on a friendly mission to
foreign countries. It was as a forecast of the results of this mission
that Mr. Burlingame announced the speedy appearance of ‘‘a shining
cross on every hill” in the Middle Kingdom. In 1871 he was made
Taot‘ai at Ichang, and in 1879 Judge in Chehkiang. In 1882 he
was recalled to Peking to await employment.

Sun Chien 7% FX (T. BC EB). Died A.D. 192. A native of
7 Fr Fu-ch‘un in Chehkiang. In early youth he was a yamén
servant, but at the age of seventeen he distineuished himself in
an affray with pirates on the Ch'ien-t'ang river in Chehkiang and
was appointed to a petty official post. The rebellion of the Yellow

Turbans soon gave him an opportunity of displaying his great

1797

1798

1799

_ 1800

1801

1802

688 : A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

personal courage, and for services against the rebels at Ch‘ang-sha
he was made Governor of that district. He joined the league against
Tung Cho, but afterwards withdrew, mostly on account of disputes
over supplies. He was killed in an attack upon Liu Piao, leaving
behind him four sons and one daughter, the last of whom married
Liu Pei. His son Sun Ch'tian, who became founder of the Wu
dynasty, canonised him as pt Hi Et if - ,

Sun Chih-tsu J# <4 Wi (1. 88 2), A native of Hangchow,
who graduated as chin shih in 1766, and served as a Censor. Author
of the Bl Bid yo iE, a work on the discrepancies in the various
editions of the famous work by Hsiao T‘ung; and also of the Be
ah Hie ae a hostile criticism on the now admittedly oe
Family Sayings of Confucius.

Sun Ching $% i (T. BC FF). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of
Hsin-tu in Chihli, who was such an ardent student that at night
he always tied his hair to a beam overhead, to prevent himself
from dozing over his books. From his habit of bolting the door of
his study to keep out intruders, he was popularly known as BA
Ft A.

Sun Ch‘o 3% #4 (T. fi, AL). 4th cent. A.D. A poet of the
Chin dynasty, who distinguished himself while quite a youth by

his literary skill, and after some ten years and more spent in

wandering over the mountains and lakes of Chehkiang became
secretary to Yii Liang. He subsequently rose to high office, and
even ventured to oppose Huan Wén when the latter advocated the
removal of the capital to Lo-yang. He was considered the foremost
man of letters of his day, and had such a good opinion of his own
powers that he said if his verses were thrown down on. the
ground, they would ring like gold. He died at the age of 58.

Sun Ch'in $4 4H (7. -¥- FAl). Died A.D. 282. A native of

Chung-tu in Shansi, who when quite young wished to become a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 3 689

recluse, and said to =n my -¥- Wang Wv-tzii, “I will wash my.

mouth with the rocks, and pillow my head on the running stream,”

“How will you manage that?” enquired Wang, smiling at his slip

of the tongue. “Oh,” replied Sun, not the least taken aback, “I~

will use the rocks for tooth-powder, and the stream to cleanse my
ears.’ He had passed his fortieth year before he entered upon an
official career. Rising to high military command, he was received
at an audience by the Emperor; but he absolutely refused to kneel,
and would do no more than bow, alleging that a guardian of the
Throne should never let himself be at a disadvantage.

Sun Ch‘tan 7% ff (T. {ih ait ), A.D. 181-252. Younger son
of Sun Chien, and brother of Sun Ts‘é, to whose position and
power he~ succeeded while still quite a youth. After a long and
successful resistance to T's‘ao T's‘ao (see Chou Yu), he sent messengers

in 217 to sue for peace, and offered to swear allegiance. In 219,

upon the capture and execution of Kuan Yti, his services were

accepted by Ts‘ao Ts‘ao and he was ennobled as Marquis. When
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao died and his son Ts‘ao P‘ei assumed the Imperial title,
Sun Ch‘iian recognised him as his suzerain and was invested with
the Principality of Wu; but in 229 he threw off his allegiance and
proclaimed himself first Emperor of the Wu dynasty. Not very long
before his death he is said to have been ordered by an angel to
change the year-title, and to appoint an Empress, both of which
orders he obeyed. Canonised as K zl if - |

Sun En #4 Al (1. Be As). Died A.D. 402. A native of Lang-

1803

1804

yeh in Shantung, and a descendant of Sun Hsiu. He joined his ~

uncle 55 as Sun T‘ai, who was regarded as a magician, in
planning revolutionary measures; and when the latter was put to
death, he took the lead himself. At the head of a considerable force
he captured Kuei-chi in Chehkiang and proclaimed himself %jF He

We. Ti Generalissimo of the Hast, giving to his followers the
44

690 . A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

title of “Immortals.” After a long struggle, with alternating fortune,

1805 —

1806

he found himself without resources and committed suicide by
drowning himself in the sea.
Sun Fang f& WF (T. Er FJ). 12th cent. A.D. An Imperial
physician, who called himself py iS J AE the Hermit of Four
Stops. He explained this to mean that’ when he had taken his fill
of ites food, he stopped; when he had put on enough plain
clothes to keep himself warm, he stopped; when he had realised a
fair proportion of his wishes, he stopped; and that after growing
old, free from covetousness or envy, he would also be prepared
to stop.

Sun Fu-ting JK (i Re (T. 4H Te). A.D. 1593-1643. Gradu-
ating as chin shih in 1619, he rose in 1635 to be Governor of
Shensi, aud by active measures stamped out the existing rebel
movement. After an unsatisfactory campaign in Honan against the
rebels there, he became Viceroy of Shantung and a part of Chibli.
The fall of Chi-nan Fu in 1639 was made a pretext for imprisoning

him; however in 1642 he was appointed Vice President of the

Board of War and hastened with the garrison of Peking to relieve

K‘ai-féng Fu, long besieged by Li Tzti-ch‘éng. He was then moved
to Shensi as Viceroy, and in spite of his representation that all
the tried soldiers were dead and the new recruits not yet serviceable,
he was obliged to advance against Li who soon scattered his raw
levies. With great difficulty he raised fresh forces and again advanced.
At first successful, he reached the Bal Chia District only to find
that heavy rains had made it impossible for supplies to come forward.
He therefore fell back with two divisions, pursued by the rebels.
The inexperienced artillerymen deserted their guns and a rout
ensued, 40,000 men being lost. Li followed up his advantage, and
in November the yi T‘ung Pass was forced and Sun was killed,
fighting to the last.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 691

Sun Hao #% fH} (T. 7c ay A.D. 242—283. Grandson of ‘Sui 1807
Ch‘iian, and son of Sun Ho. Ennobled as Marquis by Sun Usiu,

and personally a youth of studious and exemplary habits, he was
raised to the throne as fourth Emperor of the Wu dynasty at the

age of 23. No sooner however was he fairly established in his new
position, having conferred the rank of Prince on the sons of the

late Emperor, than he began to give way to cruelty, drunkenness,

and debauchery, and utterly neglected the affairs of State. In A.D.

280 he was deposed by the founder of the Chin dynasty and sent

to Lo-yang, with the title of the Marquis Returned to his Allegiance.

His concubines and female attendants, to the number of 5,000,

were taken into the conqueror’s seraglio. He is mentioned in
connection with the early use of tea, which he is said to have
offered to Wei Chao instead of wine. Known in history as Ac ih

Sun Ho § Fi. (T. fF ZF). AD. 224—252. Third son of Sun 1808
Ch‘tian, who in 242, the two elder sons being dead, appointed

him Heir Apparent. But through a palace intrigue against him,

he began to lose favour with the dying Emperor and was sent to
Ch‘ang-sha in Hunan, with the title of Prince of Nan-yang. After

his father’s death, IK Wee Sun Hsiin, a son of Sun Chien, carried

off his seal and ribbon of office and then forced him to commit
suicide. When his son Sun Hao came to the throne, the latter
canonised his father as Bl =I if .

Sun Hsing-yen J% ft fj (T. ji Wn). A.D. 1752—1818. A 1809
native of Kiangsu. From 1795 to 1811 he served with distinction

in Shantung, where his honesty was often distasteful to his superiors.

He published editions of several Classics and topographies ; he wrote
many classical and antiquarian works; and he discovered the graves

of Min Sun, T‘an-t‘ai Mieh-ming, and t+ Mi Tséng Tien, three

of the disciples of Confucius, |

Sun Hsiu JR fK (T. FF Fi). Died A.D. 264. Sixth son of 1810

1811

692 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Sun Ch‘tian. Ennobled in 252 as Prince of Lang-yeh, he lived for
some years afterwards at Kuei-chi in Chehkiang, while his younger
brother, Sun Liang, was Emperor. One night he dreamt that he

soared to heaven on a dragon so huge that he could not see the

-end of its tail, and shortly afterwards Sun Liang was deposed and

he was raised to the throne as third Emperor of the Wu dynasty.
He took FR HK Sun Ch‘én as his chief adviser, but ere long
began to suspect his loyalty and caused him to be put to death.
He was very fond of reading and also of pheasant-shooting, in
which sport he would spend whole days from dawn to dusk. Canonised
os a

Sun K‘ai-hua $& [fj He (T. HA ee ). Died A.D. 1893. A military
student of Hunan, who joined Pao Ch‘ao’s army and fought
bravely against the T‘ai-p‘ings and Nien fei, receiving many wounds.
He was rapidly promoted until he became Brigade General at
Chang-chou in Fuhkien in 1866. In 1878 he saw service against
the Formosan savages, but he is best known for his repulse of the
ketal at Tamsui in 1884. For this he was made a noble of the
7th grade, and in 1886 became Commander-in-Chief in Fuhkien.
Though a military officer he was exceedingly well-read, and he

was a great favourite both with natives and foreigners. Orders

have been issued that his career is to be recorded in the history

1812

1813

of the dynasty, and memorial temples are to be erected at the scenes
of his chief exploits.

Sun K‘ang ¥f HF. 4th cent. A.D. A native of Lo-yang, who
in his youth was so poor that he could not afford a lamp to read
by. He therefore studied in winter by light reflected from the snow,
and ultimately rose to be a Censor. :

Sun Liang BEA me (B5 -¥- Hy ). Died A.D. 260. Youngest son
of Sun Ch‘tian, who after the disgrace of Sun Ho named him heir to

the throne. In 252 he became Emperor, and later on appointed

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 693

FR HH Sun Ch‘én to be his Generalissimo. But he soon began to
suspect treasonable designs on the part of the latter, and determined
to put him to death. Sun Ch‘én however got wind of the plot,
seized the Emperor’s person, and with the aid of the Ministers of
State relegated him to private life, with the title of Marquis of
Kuei-chi. Known in history as hs iit.

Sun Shan JK ily. A scholar who came out last on the list of
successful graduates. Hence the phrase “beyond Mt. Sun,” as applied
to unsuccessful candidates.

Sun Shéng f% R(T. & fe] ). 4th cent. A.D. A native of
Chung-ti in Shansi, whose father was killed by bandits while
Governor of Ying-ch‘uan in Anhui. He was then only ten years
of age, and was forced to flee for safety to the other bank of the
Yang-tsze. Entering official life, he served under “ao K‘an, Yti
. Liang, and Huan Wén, accompanying the latter into Sstich‘uan.
Appointed Governor of Ch‘ang-sha, the poverty of his family
drove him to engage secretly in trade; but although this breach of
etiquette was discovered, he was not impeached, because of the
great esteem in which he was held. He finally rose to be a
Supervising Censor, and died at the age of 72. He was an ardent
student, never to be seen without a book in his hand. Author of
the BH Kx FR BK and the 5. G HK, historical works on the
Wei and Chin dynasties, the latter of which gained for him the
title of BE Bil Faithful Historian. Huan Wén objected strongly
to the passage which described too accurately his own defeat, and
threatened Sun with his resentment if it were allowed to stand.
Sun indignantly refused to make any change, but the text was
subsequently modified without his knowledge.

Sun Shih 7% BE (Fe: — Ty). A.D. 962—1033. A native of
fi 7 Po-p'ing in Shantung, who graduated as chin shih after

nine attempts and entered the public service, rising to high office

1814

1815

1816

694 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

1817

1818 |

under the Emperor Chén Tsung. In 1008 there was a pretended
revelation from God in the form of a letter, which the Emperor
and his Court regarded with profound awe. But Sun Shih said,
“T have heard that God does not even speak (vide iq Boe ch. XIX);
how then should He write a letter?” Canonised as “Ey.
Sun Shih-i $4 + #8 (7. Fy YG. H. Hh UL). A.D. 1720-1796.
A native of ££ $f] Jen-ho in Chehkiang, who as a youth was
devoted to study and is said to have kept off drowsiness by knocking
his head against the wall. Graduating as chin shih in 1761, he was
secretary to Fu-héng during his Burmese expedition, and in 1770
had risen to be Treasurer of Kuangsi, when he was cashiered for
want of energy, and orders were given to confiscate his property.
Struck with the fact that nothing was found to confiscate, the
Kmperor re-employed him, and in 1788, as Viceroy of the Two
Kuang, he invaded Annam and replaced on the throne Fo HE mis
Li Wei-ch‘'i, who had been driven out by his Minister it A
Yiian Hui. No sooner had the Chinese withdrawn than another
revolution took place, and it was ultimately decided to leave Annam
alone. He was then sent to Ssiich‘uan to see to the supplies of the
army fighting in Tibet, into which country he advanced over terrible
mountains as far as Chamdo. In 1792, on the conclusion of the
war with Nepaul, the suppression of the White Lily rebellion occupied
his last days. His physical powers were marvellous, and he required —
hardly any sleep. He was a great collector of ancient inscriptions.
Ennobled as Duke, and canonised as Bl Dig -

Sun-shu Ao BSA AL Fi. 6th cent. B.C. A native of the Ch‘u
State, who thrice became Prime Minister without feeling joy and
thrice suffered dismissal without-feeling resentment, conscious that
his elevation was due to his own merit and his degradation to the

faults of others.

1819 Sun Shu-jan HK AL OR . 8rd cent. A.D. A native of a FE

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 695

Lo-an in modern Shantung, who distinguished himself by his works
on the Classics. He wrote the Ee Te #5 BE, and is said to have
been the first to use the J% UJ spelling system, under which the
sound of any character is indicated by taking the initial and final
- portions of two other characters, respectively. His personal name
was originally SR Yen; but as this was also the name of the first
Emperor of the Chin dynasty, he was obliged to substitute his
style, Shu-jan.

Sun Ssii-k‘o $f JA He (T. Ae GL). Died A.D. 1700. A Chinese
Bannerman, noted for his successes against the Oelots, against the
Shensi rebels in 1675—79, and against Galdan. He rose to be a
general, and was ennobled as Baron. Canonised as aE ot, and
included in the Temple of Worthies.

Sun Ssti-miao ¥% 4, pi. Died A.D. 682. A native of Hua-yiian
in Shensi, who was attracted while quite a boy by the doctrines
of Lao Tzi, and made himself so familiar with the writings of
Chuang Tzii and other authors of the kind that he was pronounced
to be ‘a divine child.” He reabiteod an offer of employment from
the Emperor Wén Ti of the Sui dynasty, which he declined, because,
as he confided to his friends, he was awaiting the arrival of a
Prophet fifty years later. The first Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty
twice summoned him to Court, but could not prevail upon him to
take office. He returned to his quiet mountain home, and passed
his time in gathering simples and performing miracles. He prepared
a potion called }% ff JPY, which if drunk on New Year's Day
would give immunity from pestilence; and he also made many
wonderful prophecies, all of which were duly fulfilled. Author of

the RE rp aU. a Taoist work, and of the +8 “G and

other medical treatises. Also known as IK i. KX:

Sun Ti $% Bil (T. fh 2S. H. pe Res aj bk). A.D. 1081-1169.

1820

1821

1822

A native of = eg Chin-ling in Kiangsu, said to have been really

1823

1824

696 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the son of Su Tung-p‘o, who gave his pregnant concubine in
marriage to one J&R a Sun Chih. He graduated as chin shih in
A.D. 1109, and rose to be President of the Boards of Civil Office.

and of Revenue. Differences with the Ministers of the Emperor

Kao Tsung forced him to retire into private life, in which condition

he amused himself by farming. A collection of his writings was
published under the title of his hao, as above.

Sun Ts‘é #§ ca CE, At GA). A.D. 175—200.- Eldest son. of
Sun Chien, whom he succeeded and whose work he carried on.
He was a handsome young man, and was greatly admired by Ytian
Shu who gave him his father’s command and advanced bim as
much as possible, They separated when the latter wished to make
himself Emperor, and Sun Ts‘é fought against him as one of the
lieutenants of Ts‘ao T's‘ao. He was appointed Governor of Wu
(modern Kiangsu and part of Chehkiang), and in 198 was invested
with the title of Marquis of Wu. He was slain at the early age
of twenty-six by the retainers of one a Hsii Kung, whom
he had put to death. On his deathbed he solemnly handed over
his territorial possessions to his brother Sun Ch‘tian, who he said
was more fitted to hold than to acquire. Sun Ch'tian was so much
affected by his death that he could do nothing but weep, until
Whe Hf Chang Chao roused him by saying that he was “opening
the door and bowing in robbers.” Sun Ts‘é married the famous
beauty, K #5 Ta-ch‘iao, daughter of # ZL Ch'iao Kung. See
Chou Yi. Canonised as fe yb oe

Sun Wén ff% 2 (T. hh @. H. 3% {l]). Known to foreigners
as ‘Sun Yat Sen,” from the Cantonese pronunciation of his hao.
Born 1866. A native of 4 [Ll] Hsiang-shan in Kuangtung, who
at the age of 13 accompanied his mother to the Hawaiian Islands

and was placed at the Jolam College in Honolulu, passing at the

- end of 8 years to the Oahu College. Shortly afterwards he returned

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 697

to China and joined Queen’s College in Hongkong. Another visit
to the Hawaiian Islands interrupted his studies, and on his return
he devoted himself to his own language until the age of 21, when
he took to the study of medicine at the Canton hospital. In the
following year he joined the College of Medicine in Hongkong and
was there for 5 years. He then became mixed up in some political
movement in the Kuangtung province, the object of which was to
overthrow the Manchu dynasty , and narrowly escaped arrest in Canton.
He fled to New York, and thence to London, where on 11 Oct. 1896
he was seized and confined in the Chinese Legation on a charge of
treason. With the assistance of a European waiter he made his
case known to the public and secured the prompt intervention of
the British Government, whereupon he was released. He subsequently
published an account of his adventure under the title Kidnapped
én London.

Sun Wu #% St or Sun Tzit JK -F-. 6th cent. B.C. A native
of the Ch'i State, and author of the Fe PE Art of War. When
he was discoursing one day with Prince Ho-lu of the Wu State,
the latter said, “I have read your book and want to know if you
could apply its principles to women.” Sun Wu replied in the
affirmative, whereupon the Prince took 180 girls out of his harem
and bade Sun Wu deal with them as with troops. Accordingly he
divided them into two companies, and at the head of each placed
‘a favourite concubine of the Prince. But when the drums sounded
for drill to begin, all the girls burst out laughing. Thereupon Sun
Wu, without a moment's delay, caused the two concubines in
command to be beheaded. This at once restored order, and ultimately
the corps was raised to a state of great icianey,

Sun Yii-t‘ing $R K fee (T. ZF [B)). A.D. 1752-1834. A native
of yi 2g Chi-ning in Shantung. He graduated as chin shih in
1775, and had risen to be Viceroy at Nanking when in 1824 a

1825 —

1826

1827

698 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

‘breach in the Yellow River embankment caused his dismissal. For

a time he was Governor of Kuangtung, where he put down the
Swatow clan-fights and tried to stop the system of bribing pirates
to submit. In 1802, as Governor of Kuangsi, he induced the Court
to recognise jig HL Fu Yang, the de facto king of Annam, and
to allow the country to be again called Pg wk Nan-ytieh. In 1816
he advised the Emperor Chia Ch‘iug to dispense with the customary
prostrations and kotowing in the case of Lord Amherst’s Mission.
At the same time he assured his Majesty that without tea the
English could not live, and that to prohibit its export from China
would soon bring England to her knees!

Sung Chi “ft HL (T. 4 FF). A-D. 918—996. A native of |B
Yu-chou in Chihli, who served in his youth under the Later Chin
dynasty until Chihli was ceded to the Kitans. Graduating as chin shih, he
drifted towards the capital and was employed, first by the Emperor
Shih Tsung of the Later Chou dynasty and afterwards by the
Emperor Tai Tsung of the Sung dynasty under whom he was
raised to be Minister of State. His flippancy and love of jest led
to his dismissal, but he was subsequently appointed President of
the Board of Civil Office. Canonised as A 2 7

Sung Chi Je Ais (T. -¥- Fi). A.D. 998—1061. Younger brother
of Sung Hsiang, and known as Ay Fe the Younger Sung. He
really beat his brother at the graduates’ examination, but was
placed tenth instead of first by Imperial command and in accordance
with the precedence of brothers. Appointed to the Imperial Academy
he presented a vigorous memorial on religious worship, and proposed
to limit the number of persons allowed to be priests and nuns.
But his career was chiefly in the western provinces, where he
distinguished himself by his scheme of frontier defence against the
Hsia State. He worked on the New History of the T'ang Dynasty
with Ou-yang Hsiu, and the biographical section is attributed to

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary ; 699

him alone. On its completion in 1060, he became President of the
Board of Works. He was also author of the i 4% SB, and of
an extensive collection of pieces in one hundred chapters; besides
which he was employed upon the compilation of the 4B BB, a
phonetic dictionary containing over 53,000 characters and intended
_ to supersede the i HA (see Ch‘én P'éng-nien). A great favourite
at Court, it is related that he was once at some Imperial festivity
when he began to feel cold. The Emperor bade one of the ladies
of the seraglio lend him a tippet, whereupon about a dozen of the
girls each offered hers. But Sung Ch‘i did not like to seem to
favour any one, and rather than offend the rest continued to sit and
shiver. In his will he begged the Emperor to appoint an heir to
his estate, and forbade his sons to employ priests at his funeral
service. He wished that no application should be made for his
canonisation, or for any epitaph or posthumous honours. Chang
Fang-p‘ing however obtained for him the epithet of 4 Nl.

Sung Chih-wén 3 2 fil] (T. HE jaf). Died A.D. 710. A
native of Fén-chou in Shansi, whose martial appearance marked
him out for a military career. He was appointed to a post by the
Empress Wu Hou, but became mixed up with Chang I-chih and
was banished. Returning without leave, he remained in concealment
at Lo-yang until he succeeded in obtaining a pardon and an
appointment as Archivist in the Court of State Ceremonial. After

a discreditable career he was again banished for corrupt practices

and forced to commit suicide. He was one of the most charming -

poets of his day, and it is said that the Emperor Chung Tsung
was on one occasion so pleased with his verses that he presented
the poet with his own Imperial robe of silk.

Sung Ching FeE8 (T. Se 7). A.D. 662—787. A native of
Fh Hsing-chou in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih and rose
to be President of the Board of Civil Office in 710. Under the

1829

1830

1831

1832

700 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Emperor. Ming Huang he was again appointed to high office,
becoming Minister of State in 729. Although inflexibly stern, his
influence was at the same time so benign that he was called a _
“walking spring.” In a preface to his collected works, P'1 Jih-hsiu
said he was astonished that such charming poetry as he found
therein could be composed by a man whose “bowels were of iron
and whose heart of stone.” Taking part against the T‘ai-p‘ing ©

Princess he was dismissed and sent to the provinces, and later on

to Canton where he induced the people to exchange their inflam-

mable huts for mud and tile buildings, Canonised as Bl A.
Sung Chin ft }4j (T. AX fF). Died A.D. 76. A native of
$i8 2p. Chén-p‘ing in Honan, who rose to be Governor of Ju YT.
Chiu-chiang, a District in modern Anhui, much infested by tigers.
There his virtuous administration caused the tigers to cross the
Yang-tsze and seek other fields; while in another case an enormous
flight of locusts no sooner reached his dominions than the insects
scattered in all directions and disappeared. In A.D. 58 he was
transferred to Tung-hai in Kiangsu, but five years later he got
into trouble and was dismissed. The people sent a deputation to
the Emperor, petitioning for his return; and ultimately he was
again employed as Governor of Ho-nei in Honan, from which post
he retired in ill-health.

Sung Hsiang ft JF (T. A FF). Died A.D. 1064. Elder brother
of Sung Ch‘i, and known as Kk 4 the Elder Sung. When quite
small children, the two brothers met a Tartar priest, who was much
astonished at the appearance of the younger and declared that he
was destined for great literary triumphs. Ten years later he met
them again, and said to the elder, ‘Ah! I now see that you too
will triumph with your brother.” The fact was that in the interim
Sung Hsiang had aided some ants to escape drowning by placing

a piece of wood to serve as a bridge for them, and had thus

' A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 704

laid up a store of merit which was shortly to stand him in
good stead. Graduating with his brother as chin shih, he rose to
the highest offices of State, and was ennobled as Duke. Canonised
as JL jek.

Sung Hung 3 Bl, (T. fp ya): Ist cent. B.C. and A.D. A
native of Ch‘ang-an, who was in the public service before Wang
Mang usurped the throne, and afterwards served him as Minister
of Public Works. He became Minister of State under the Emperor
Kuang Wu Ti, and in A.D. 26 was ennobled as Marquis. His
Majesty now wished him to put away his wife, who was a woman
of the people, and marry a Princess; to which he nobly replied,
“Sire, the partner of my porridge days shall never go down from
my hall.” Five years later he fell into disfavour, and was compelled
to retire into private life.

Sung I Ie 5. 2nd and 3rd cent. B.C.’A Minister of the Ch‘u
State, who when Hsiang Liang was too elated by his successes
against the Ch‘ins, warned him not to give way to pride. “Pride
in a commander,” said he, “begets negligence among. his troops,
and defeat follows.” His words were fulfilled at the battle of Ting-
t'ao (see Chang Han), after which Prince eet Huai appointed him
Generalissimo of the northern army, and sent him to the relief of
Chii-lu. For some unaccountable reason he delayed his troops no
less than forty-six days at An-yang, until at length Hsiang Chi,
who was second in command, remonstrated with him on such loss
of time. This not seeming to produce any effect, Hsiang Chi
proceeded next day to his tent and cut off his head, immediately
proclaiming himself Commander-in-chief in his stead. Sung I was
nicknamed by his troops the Hen -F- 5 Hi Civilian Soldier.
Sung Jo-chao ae Fe a. Died A.D. 825. A female scholar and
authoress of the T‘ang dynasty. She was one of five clever sisters,

all of whom, except herself, entered the palace of the Emperor

1833

1834

1835

1836

— 1837

1838

702 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Te Tsung. Devoting her life to study, she wrote the kk aml ate

Analects for Women and other works, and gained the title of k
. ++ Female Scholar. She was posthumously honoured with the
title of Ye fl FH A. |

Sung Lien ft Jf (T. er Pi). AD. 1810-1881. A native of
Chin-hua in Chehkiang, who declined office and led a studious
life until in 1367 he went to Nanking as tutor to the Heir Apparent.
In 1369 he was appointed to edit the History of the Ytian Dynasty,
and he was also one of the chief framers of the vik TH IE He
a dictionary arranged under 76 rhymes. Later on he became President
of the Han-lin College, and for many years enjoyed the Emperor's
confidence. In 1380 his grandson was concerned in the conspiracy
of Hu Wei-yung, and only the Empress’s entreaties saved his own
life. He died on his way to banishment in Ssiich‘uan. Canonised
as WE HE.

Sung Lo 4 MS (7. 4x fh. A. ye ee). AD. 1634—1714. A
native of Honan, who entered the Body-guard at the age of 14
and rose to be President of the Board of Civil Office. A distinguished
antiquarian, he published the fA JR {By = a series of notes on
the events of his time, and the vig Ww ae a> on the art and
history .of poetry. He edited collections of the poems of some of
his contemporaries, and re-issued, with additions and emendations,
the commentary of fj 7p Shih Yiiah upon the poetry of Su
Tung-p‘o, which had gone out of print. He also wrote the vis
Ww Ze fy, a treatise on ink, and the IME AG ee on certain
remarkable stones discovered in Hupeh.

Sung Té-i 3c fit F(T. Ay 2). AD. 1626—1687. A native
of Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in 1655.
In 1677, as President of the Censorate, he protested against the
purchase of office and the prohibition of trade with foreign countries,

and finally exhorted the Emperor not to study overmuch. Transferred

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary ° 7038

to the Board of War in 1679; he procured the union of Sstich‘uan
and Shensi under one Viceroy, so as to harmonise their conflicting
interests. In 1684 he became a Grand Secretary. It was through
his influence that the Emperor K‘ang Hsi suffered the women taken
captive during the great rebellions to be ransomed, instead of being
handed over as prizes to Bannermen. Canonised as Bl MS.
Sung Tz‘ti Tao 3e HR HA. Ath cent. A.D. A famous bibliophile,
who possessed a great many books the text of which had been
carefully verified several times. So many scholars came to live in
his neighbourhood for the convenience of borrowing important works
that house-rents went up in consequence.

Sung Wu-chi ae 4H Ee. 4th cent. B.C. A magician, who was
supposed to have learned the black art from some legendary
personage named aR FA 2 a ia Hsien-mén Tzii Kao. He is said
to have persuaded the Princes of Ch‘i and Yen to send expeditions
to search for the Isles of the Blest. See Asi, Shih.

Sung Yui 4e 3K. 4th cent. B.C. Nephew of the famous Ch‘'t
Yiian, and like his: uncle both a statesman and a poet. Is one
of the authors of the collection known as the 4 Ye Elegies
of Chiu. | .

Sung Yun je An official who in A.D. 518 was sent by
the Empress Dowager, then Regent of the Northern Wei dynasty,
to India, in company with a priest named Hui Shéng, to obtain
Buddhist books. He travelled to Kandahar, stayed two years in
~Udyana, and returned with 175 Buddhist works. See Bédhidharma.
Sung-yin 4 $4 (T. J Hf). AD. 1753-1835. A Mongol,
who began life as a bitgeshi or clerk in one of the public offices ,
and rose by 1793 to be a member of the Grand Council. At this
time, according to the Chinese record, a tribute-bearing mission
arrived from the English (7. e. Lord Macartney’s Embassy), requesting

permission to trade at the ports. of Tientsin and Ningpo, and

1839

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

104 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

asking for the grant of a small island near Chusan, and of a
small piece of ground in the ‘neighbourhood of Canton, in order
to establish mercantile residences, which proposals were rejected.
Sung-ytin had been specially commissioned to act as escort on the -
journey to Peking. No hitch of any kind occurred, and he
was commended by Decree. After serving as Resident in Tibet,
Governor General of Shén-Kan and also of the Two Kuang, Director
General of the Yellow River and Governor of Ili, with alternate
periods of honour and degradation, he was finally degraded in 1819,
in consequence of the loss of a seal from the Board of Revenue,
which had taken place under his presidency, to the rank of
lieutenant in a Manchu Banner. In 1820, on the return of the
newly-installed Emperor Tao Kuang from Jehol accompanying his
father’s coffin to Peking, as his Majesty walked along the raised
roadway between thousands of kneeling officials, he suddenly stepped
aside and sobbing aloud raised the head of Sung-yiin, whom he
had recognised among the crowd in the humble guise of a Manchu
subaltern. Sung-yiin was immediately afterwards appointed Military
Governor of Jehol; and then proceeded to submit to the Emperor
his work on Turkestan, entitled 37 9E Zi BX, which was published
by Imperial command. Until the year before his death he was
employed in various high posts. Canonised as BL ii -

df

Ta Chi 4H (3. 12th cent. B.C. The beautiful concubine of Chou
Hsin, last ruler of the Shang dynasty, captured by him during an
expedition agauls the | AR tik Yu-su tribe. The wild debauchery
and extravagance into which she led her not unwilling master
ultimately brought about the ruin of his house, and she is described
in popular language as having been the cause of the fall of the

Shang dynasty. She was said to have invented the “roasting

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 705

' punishment,” in which a criminal was fastened to a hollow pillar
of copper with a fire inside. When taken prisoner by Wu Wang,
her beauty was still so entrancing that no one could be found
willing. to deal the fatal blow. At length T‘ai Kung, the aged
counsellor of Wu Wang, stepped forward, and covering his face
with his hands, laid the enchantress low.

Ta-mo. See Bodhidharma.

Ta Nao K fe . A Minister who ‘served under the Yellow Emperor,
B.C. 2698, and arranged the sexagenary cycle.

Ta Ti. See Sun Ch‘tian.

Ta Yu K Ay. Died B.C. 2197. The Great Yi. A native of # ¥}
Shih-niu in modern Sstich‘uan. His family name was HY) (T. 7 ae),
and the name given to him at birth was Bl fii. His father was
Kun, and his mother, who bore him after 14 months’ gestation ,
was EG “ae Hsiu-chi. Among other things he is said to have had
ears with three holes in them. When his father had failed to
drain the empire from the great flood, he was appointed by the
Emperot Shun to undertake the work; and in B.C. 2286, four
days after his marriage, he started upon this task, which he
eventually accomplished after nine years’ toil. He wore the very
hair off his legs by his exertions, and never once entered his
home, though he passed by the door and heard the voice of his
infant son. For this service he was ennobled as B44 or AR B,
and in B.C. 2224 he was associated in the government with the
Emperor Shun, whom he finally succeeded in 2205 after a mourning
of three years’ duration. He became the first Emperor of the Hsia
dynasty, whence he is sometimes spoken of as BO:
T‘a-ch‘i-pu 3 9K 7p (T. AY &%). A.D. 1816—1855. A Manchu,
who after serving in the Imperial Guards was promoted to be
major for bravery shown at the defence of Ch‘ang-sha against the

T'ai-p‘ing rebels in 1852. He thus attracted the attention of Tséng
45

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

106 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Kuo-fan, and became one of his lieutenants. For a Splendid victory
at WA = Hsiang-t'an he was made a baturu and was appointed
Commander-in-chief in Hunan. He assisted in driving the rebels
from Yo-chou and from Wu-ch‘ang; and was present at the siege
of Kiukiang, before which place he died. Canonised as find Tt.
Tai Chén Sh = (T. He J and fa GB). AD. 1722-1777.
A native of 4M Hui-chou in Anhui, and author of commentaries
on Mencius and on the Great Learning, in which he opposes the
interpretations of Chu Hsi. As a mere youth he declined to accept
current literary dogmas on authority, and later on used his vast
stores of learning to test the exegesis of the school of the Sungs.
In 1744 he published a work, entitled Sf, on the use of
Napier’s Bones, a mechanical device for shortening the processes
of multiplication and division, superseded later on by logarithms.
In 1773 he entered the Imperial Library, and edited several works
on mathematics and astronomy. He also wrote essays, notes on the
Odes, treatises on Rhymes, and issued a new edition of the Fi
= ascribed to Yang Hsiung.

Tai Fu-ku #77 Wy OT. UC. H. A J). 12th and 18th
cent. A.D. A poet of the Southern Sung dynasty, who spent over
20 years in travelling about and visiting famous spots. He thus
made great strides in the art of poetry, and latterly he was con-
sidered quite equal, in point of technique, to Méng Hao-jan. He is
generally known by his style.

Tai K‘uei Bl Ze (T. 23H). Died A.D. 395. A native of
[ed Ch‘iao-kuo in Anhui, devoted to literature and music. He
studied under Fan Hstian, whose niece became his wife. Summoned
by the Prince of Wu-ling to give an exhibition of his skill as a
musician, he broke his lute in the messenger’s face, saying ‘“T'ai An-tao
(his hao) is not a Prince’s mime!’ He then retired to a distant

part of Chehkiang, and occupied himself with questions of Ceremonial.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary . 707

Tai Liang BY fl (T. Al #F). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of A

Na Shén-yang in Honan, who was an eccentric fellow and fond
of shocking public prejudices. He graduated as hsiao lien, but would
not take office; and when afterwards he received an appointment,
he fled away into the mountains. He gave his daughters only cotton
clothes and wooden shoes for their trousseaux. On being asked who
there was to be compared with himself, he replied, “Like Confucius
and the Great Yii, I walk alone.”

Tai Ping RY AG (T. R rf ). Ist cent. B.C. and A.D. A native

of P‘ing-yii in Honan, who was deeply read in the Confucian Canon,

~and rose to high office under the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti. On a

certain New Year’s Day, when the great officers of State were.

paying their respects, his Majesty bade them examine one another
in the Canon and take precedence accordingly. The result was that
Tai P‘ing passed over the heads of some fifty of his colleagues,
and his knowledge of the Sacred Books became a household-word
at the capital.
Tai Shéng ry m (T. R #f ). Ist and 2nd cent. B.C: Cousin
to Tai Té, whose work on Rites he reduced to 49 sections. It was
known as fy BY AG, and is now incorporated in the Confucian
Canon as the Book of Rites.
Tai Shu-lun BL AK te (T. 47 A). 9th cent. A.D. A native
of yj Jun-chou in Kiangsu, distinguished as a poet and official
under the T‘ang dynasty. For his successful administration of Hit
Fu-chou in Kiangsi he was ennobled as Baron. Under his rule
“agriculture yielded larger returns enety year, and the gaols were
empty of prisoners.”
Tai Té BL 7a (T. HE HE Ht). Ist and 2nd cent. B.C. A pupil of
Hou Ts‘ang, who prepared a work on Rites in 85 sections. He is
known as K RY the Elder Tai, to distinguish him from his cousin
Tai Shéng.

1851

1852

1853

1854

1855

708 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Tai Tsung. See (T'ang) Li YU; (Ming) Chu Ch‘i-yi.

1856 Tai Teung i ffi] (1. (if $8). 13th cent. AD. A native of
Yung-chia in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih in 1237 and
was appointed to an office in the Imperial Academy, after which
he became Governor of T‘ai-chou in his native province. Then the
Mongols prevailed, and Tai T’ung, unwilling to serve them, pleaded
ill-health and in 1275 retired into private life. There he occupied himself
with the composition of the >} a PX Sie Scripts, an examination
into the origin and development of writing, which according to
some was published about A.D. 1250, but according to others not
until as late as the year 1319. He was over eighty at his death.

1857 T‘ai Chang Jt =. An official employed by the Great Yi, B.C.
2205, to measure the earth from east to west. See Shu Haz.

1858 T‘ai Chiang Jt ‘fe. One of the Six Ministers of the Yellow
Emperor, B.C. 2698. He investigated the configuration of the earth.

1859 Tai Chiang Jy ZA. The virtuous wife of Tan Fu, and grand-
mother of the famous Wén Wang.

1860 T‘ai Hung JX jj. One of the Six Ministers of the Yellow
Emperor, B.C. 2698. He investigated the western region. |

1861 Tai Jen Ik 4f.. 18th cent. B.C. The mother of the great
Wén Wang.

1862 T‘ai Kung Jt A or Je A &. The popular title of a high
officer of State, named 74 fig Lit Shang (T. -¥- F), who broke
his sword and went into voluntary exile to escape the tyrannous
rule of Chou Hsin, B.C. 1122. Some time afterwards, when Wén
Wang was going out hunting, it was foretold that his quarry would
be neither a dragon, nor a black horse, nor a tiger, nor a bear,
but a great Prince’s assistant. Wén Wang met T‘ai Kung, eek
eighty years of age, engaged in fishing upon the banks of the =I
Wei, and carried him away to be his chief counsellor. He continued

in this capacity under Wu Wang, whom he assisted to overthrow

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 709

the tyrant Chou Hsin. His clan name was 56 Chiang; hence he
is sometimes spoken of as Es -¥- oS

T‘ai-p‘ing Kung-chu jk 7 A =. Died A.D. 713. One of
the two daughters of the Emperor Chung Tsung of the ‘Tang
dynasty (see An-lo Kung-chu). She joined Li Lung-chi, the future
Emperor Ming Huang, in the plot which. placed her brother, “bi
Tan, upon the throne at the cost of her mother’s life; but upon
the death of Li Phen she seems to have intrigued against the
succession of her nephew, Li Lung-chi, and as soon as he mounted
the throne he caused her to be put to death.

T‘ai Shang Yin Cho ft fF. ie 4%. The sobriquet given to
himself by a recluse of #& PZ] Chung-nan in Shensi, who flourished
as a poet under the Tang dynasty, but whose name is not known.
Ttai Sst Ik WY). Wife of Wén Wang, and mother of Wu Wang,
first ruler of the Chou dynasty.

T‘ai Tsu. See (L. Liang) Chu Wén; (lL. Chou) ae Wei:
(Liao) Yeh-lii Cho-li-chih; (Chin?) Akuta; (Sung) Chao
K‘uang-yin; (Ming) Chu Ytian-chang. |

1863

1864

1865

T‘ai Tsung. See (‘T‘ang) Li Shih-min; (Liao) Yeh-lu Té-kuang;; -

(Chin?) Wan-yen Shéng; (Sung) Chao Huang.

T‘ai Wu Ti. See Toba Tao. :

Tan J}. Died B.C. 226. Son of Prince 3 Hsi, and Heir Apparent
of the Yen State. Detained as a hostage in the Ch'in State, he
was told by the Prince, who was afterwards First Emperor, that
he would be set free when the sky rained grain, when crows had
white heads, and horses had horns. These things actually coming
to pass, the young Prince effected his escape in 230 and returned

to his country where he plotted the assassination of his enemy (see

Ching K‘o). The result was that the Ch'in State sent an expedition

1866

against the Yen State, and in order to conciliate the enemy, Prince ~

Hsi put his son to death.

1867

1868

1869

7410 _ A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Tan Chu f} 4. The unworthy son of the Emperor Yao, B.C.

2357, disinherited in order to make room for the virtuous Shun.
He was the best player of his day at wei ch‘i, a game said to have
been invented by his father. -

Tan Fu 4é , also known as HA, and as Ik -F.. Died
B.C. 1231. The father of Chi Li, and grandfather of Wén Wang,
founder of the Chou dynasty. He was ruler of | Pin in Shensi;
but in consequence of the raids of the northert barbarians he
removed his capital to If¥ Ch‘i, and changed the name of his
Principality to Chou.

T’an Ch‘iao 28 \lfj (T. $2 Ff). 10th cent. A.D. Son of an
official of: the T‘ang dynasty. He was educated for a similar career;
but the bent of his mind was towards Taoism and the black art,
and at length he devoted himself wholly to those pursuits. He wore
furs in summer and thin garments in winter, and he would often
lie about in the snow and rain, to. all appearances dead. He finally
‘attained,’ and could pass through fire and water without harm,

having also the power of rendering himself invisible. Author of

- the Aly SB, a -book on magic, which he handed over to his

1870

1871

colleague ft JE F Sung Chii-ch‘iu, or Jy #¥ FE AE, who
afterwards published it as his own.

T‘an Ch‘ien aie ae. Sth cent. A.D. A Buddhist priest, who was
the bosom friend of Fan Yeh. When the latter was executed and
every one stood aloof in fear, T‘an Ch‘ien came forward and at his
own expense provided fitting burial for the corpse. The Emperor
Hsiao Wu Ti hearing of this, turned to #2 Hsii Yiian and
said, “You, sir, are engaged upon the annals of our dynasty;
remember to give this incident a place.” |

Tan Lun #4 ¥j (T. -F HL). Died A.D. 1577. A native of
A a I-huang in Kiangsi, who graduated as chin shih in 1544

and received an appointment in the Board of War. He distinguished

a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 741

himself by driving the Japanese entirely away from the coast of
-Fuhkien and putting a final stop to their incursions. He was then
sent to Sstich‘uan to deal with a rebellion, and finally became
President of the Board of War. Canonised as BE 3X .

T‘an-t‘ai Mieh-ming jf = pu WA. (A. -- A). Born BC.
513. A native of Wu-ch‘éng in Shantung, and a disciple of Confucius,
His extreme ugliness, coupled with his great mental endowments,
elicited from the Master an utterance upon the fallibility of outward
appearances. He had a successful career as an official, being as
lenient: towards others as he was exacting towards himself; and
he was said-to exhibit no joy when honoured, and no anger when
slighted. On one occasion he was crossing the Yellow River, carrying
with him his valuable gold badge of office. The river-god being
anxious to become possessed of this valuable, sent two dragons
which held fast the ferry-boat. “You might get it from me by fair

2

means,” cried T‘an-t‘ai, “but not by foul;” and grasping the badge
in his left hand and his sword in his right, he attacked the dragons
and slew them both. Then he contemptuously flung the badge into
the river. Thrice he threw it in, and thrice it rose to the surface;

finally, he broke it up and went on his way. When his son was

1872

drowned in the Yang-tsze, his disciples wished to recover the body ~

for burial. ‘‘No,” said T‘an-t‘ai; “why should you spite the fishes
and turtles in order to befriend mole-crickets and ants?” In 739 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

T‘an Tao-chi Ej 34 fim . Died A.D. 435. A native of 4 Jf Chin-
hsiang in Shantung, who distinguished himself as a military com-

mander and statesman under the Chin and Liu Sung dynasties. On

one occasion he led an army against the Northern Weis, but had_

to retreat for want of provisions, a fact which he concealed from
the enemy by preparing bags of sand with a little rice on the top.

For these services he was loaded with. honours; he was ennobled

1873

"1874

1875

742 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

as Duke, and by 424 had earned for himself the sobriquet of 4F
At 44 i. His sons were all men of talent, and his influence
was such that he became an object of distrust to Prince ES iia
I-k‘ang, who feared that at the death of the then ailing Emperor
Wén Ti he might be tempted to throw off his allegiance. He was
arrested it was said by a forged warrant and thrown into prison,
together with several of his sons and adherents. Thereupon he flung
his.cap upon the ground and cried out ‘‘What! Would you destroy
your Great Wall?” In spite of this appeal he was put to death
with all his sons; at which the Weis oreatly rejoiced, saying, ‘‘The
Great Wall of the Sungs has fallen!”

Tang Chin %f, xf£. A.D. 929—978. A native of |G f& Ma-i
in Shansi, who served under Tu Chung-wei and later on rose to
high office under the first two Emperors of the Sung dynasty. He
was quite unlettered, and knew nothing of books. His own name
he pronounced Hui, and declined on*any account to change that
pronunciation. He could not bear to see animals kept for mere
amusement; and to a servant who objected to his releasing a hawk
belonging to the future Emperor T‘ai Tsung, he said, “‘You carefully
rear this bird, but you make light of the people’s sufferings. Such
is the usual deceit.” He himself supported from his own means the
ruined family of his first patron.

T‘ang the Completer See Ch‘éng T‘ang.

T'ang Chieh J 7} (T. -— F7). Died A.D. 1068. A native of
Chiang-ling in Hupeh, who distinguished himself by his outspokenness
as Censor. He was banished for denouncing the Minister Wén Yen-po,
who was said to have obtained his position through palace intrigues; —
but he was soon recalled, and Wén was cashiered. The rise of
Wang An-shih filled him with such grief that he developed a
carbuncle on his back, and died. Canonised as SB Fg -

1816 T‘ang Chin-ch‘ao #4 4 Gl] (T. 2 FF aud Ay x%). AD.

A Chinese Biographical. Dictionary 713

1772— 1856. A distinguished Peking official, who was tutor to the
‘Emperors Tao Kuang and Hsien Féng. He was an Assistant Grand
Secretary from 1839 until after the war with Great Britain, when
he incurred the Emperor’s iiispleastve by advising that Lin Tsé-hsii
should be sent back to Canton. Canonised as BO Wi ini -

T‘ang Ching-sung ft $y FRX. 19th cent. A.D. A native of 1877
Kuangsi, who graduated as chin shih in 1865, and rose by 1885
to be Taot‘ai in Formosa and Treasurer in 1891. In 1894, when
war had broken out with Japan, he was appointed Assistant Defence
Commissioner under Admiral #4 |f¥ # Yang Ch‘i-chén who had
previously distinguished himself in Tongking; and in October of that
year he became Acting Governor. In May 1895 the Chinese in
Formosa, refusing to be handed over to Japan, appointed him
President of the Formosan Republic, with Tcheng Ki-tong as
Minister for Foreign Affairs. Seeing however that he could not
hold the island, he fled about a month later, the @eRnas eun-
vessel Jitis silencing the Tamsui forts while a German steamer
conveyed him safely away. He proceeded to Amoy and then on to
Shanghai, and shortly afterwards was ordered to retire.

T‘ang Ch‘iung ie KA]. A chi jen of Kueichou, who kept his 1878
District in Sstich‘uan free from the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels, and by his
good administration earned the nickname - ie 7p Fi Tang the
Peace-giver. In 1883 he had risen to be Governor of Yiinnan, but
in 1885 was sentenced to death for having returned to his province
in the previous year instead of fighting the French. At the end of
1886 he was sent to assist in Ytinnan, without pay; and in 1887

he was put in charge of the Yiinnan mines, with the brevet rank

of Governor.

T‘ang Chi fF Be A famous physiognomist of old. 1879
Tang Ho Yh 9a (T. JH! Pr). A.D. 1826—1895. A native of 1880
Pre Hao-chou in Anhui, who joined Chu Yiian-chang in 1858 and

1881

714 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

fought for him with great success, reducing Fuhkien in 1368 and
Ssiich‘uan in 1871. In 1387 he was entrusted with the defence of
Chehkiang against the piratical attacks of the Japanese. A line of
fifty-nine mutually-supporting naval stations was placed along the
seaboard, one in four of the people on the coast being trained as
a soldier, and no less than 58,000 men being devoted to the defence
of the province. In 1388 he was recalled and ennobled as Duke.
His careful humility enabled him, almost alone of the Emperor’s
old Generals, to escape the charge of treason. Canonised as aE Tt.
T‘ang Hstian-lang | ‘ee fi}. 8rd and 2nd cent. B.C. One of
the py fii Four Gray-heads who retired from the world towards
the close of the reign of the First Emperor, to emerge only upon
the establishment of the Han dynasty. He took the name of Jt
[2] ZY, and his colleagues were Ts‘ui Kuang, Chou Shu, and

~ Chi Li Chi.

1882

T‘ang Pin 3 if (T. FL4A and FH) wh. A. Yj fe). A.D.
1627—1687. A native of. ff Sui-chou in Honan, who graduated
as chin shih in 1652 and was appointed to the Historiographer’s
office. In 1656 he advocated the preparation of a history of the
Ming dynasty to include notices of the various officers who had
distinguished themselves in’ resisting the Manchus. For this he was
violently attacked and dismissed to the provinces. After filling
successfully a variety of posts, he actually became chief editor of
the History of the Ming Dynasty. He was then sent as Governor
to Nanking, where he instituted a series of reforms which won
for him the affection of the people and the fear of all the officials
from the Viceroy downwards. In 1686 he became President of the
Board of Rites and proceeded to Peking, to the great grief of the
people. His rash public promise to lay their wrongs before the
Throne led to his retirement in the following year. His austerity

of life was as remarkable as his probity of character, and his frugal

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 715

table gained for him the nickname of Kg YW Bean-curd T'ang.
He wrote a Topography of Sui-chou, besides a large collection of
essays and some poetry, and also aided in compiling and editing
the Institutes of the dynasty. Canonised as 4 JF, and in 1823
admitted to the Confucian Temple.

T‘ang Sai-érh }i¥ AR Bp, . A witch of 9 G P‘u-t‘ai in Shantung.
Originally a serving-maid at an inn, in 1420 she. deluded vast
numbers into rising against the Government. Although by a pretended
offer to surrender she lulled the Imperialist General Pa Ft: Liu
Shéng into carelessness and succeeded in surprising him by night,
her followers were finally dispersed. She herself: however escaped
capture.

T‘ang T‘ing-shu a¢ Z ffi (T. 5% Al). A.D. 1822-1892.
Commonly known as Tong King-sing. He began life as an assistant
in a Hongkong auctioneer’s office, was afterwards an interpreter at
the Police Court, and then for many years in the employment of
Messrs. Jardine, Matheson and Co. After two years in Europe, he
took a part in starting the China Merchants’ Steam Navigation
Company, the K‘ai-p‘ing coal-mines, and the Tientsin railway, and
was altogether a man of enlightenment with a real desire for
progressive measures. He held the rank of expectant Taot‘ai.
Tang Yin Hit fy (T. -~ HL. A. 4 BE). AD. 1470—1528.
A scholar and artist of the Ming dynasty. Author of the Bi oh.
He BB. Elements of History, and also of some poetry of a high order.
Tao An 34 2. Died A.D. 385. A Buddhist priest of ‘Fr [I]
Ch‘ang-shan in Chehkiang, who belonged to a family of scholars
bearing the surname Wei®. He was very mean-looking, but possessed
a marvellous memory, being able to repeat any work that he had
read twice. He made his way to the capital in Honan and became
the disciple of Fo-t‘u-ch*éng; but when disorder broke out he crossed

the Yang-tsze with 400 disciples to Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, and

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888 .

1889

M6. A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

there preached and corrected the errors by which the Sacred Books.
were disfigured. He ultimately. went to the Ch'in State (see Fao
Hsing) where he died before he could meet Kumarajiva who fully
reciprocated his intense desire for friendship. —
Tao Chih or Ché ¥ Hi or YE Bh. A famous brigand of the
Robin Hood type, contemporary with Confucius.

Tao Hsin 34 {§ A.D. 580--651. The fourth of the Hastern
Patriarchs of Buddhism, surnamed i ig Ssti-ma. In 592 he
became the disciple of Séng Ts‘an, and nine years later was
appointed as his successor. In his zeal for religion he is said never
to have lain down for sixty years. In 617 he and his disciples,
by inducing the townsfolk to recite the Prajna Paramita Stra,
raised the siege of Chi-chou in Shansi, the rebels being terrified
by the appearance of immortal warriors on the battlements. In 624
he returned to iif, Ch‘i in Hupeh; where he met the fifth Patriarch ,
Hung Jen. In 648, after thrice declining Imperial invitations to
the capital, he was threatened with death if he persisted in his
refusal.. Thereupon he calmly offered his neck to the envoy; and
when this was reported to the Emperor, he was finally left in peace. -
Tao Kuang 34 3. A.D. 1781-1850. The title of the reign
of 5 (or $4) Sgt Mien-ning, second son of the Emperor Chia

Ch‘ing. He succeeded in 1820, unfitted by the secluded life he had

led to face the problems of government; and though he did his
best to purify the Court, his natural indolence stood in the way
of any real reform. In 1825 the Grand Canal was blocked and
tribute-rice was sent by sea. Risings in Kashgaria, Hainan, Formosa,
and Kuangtung, cost vast sums; and in 1834 there was a deficit
of Tis. 34,000,000. The abolition of the East India Company’s
privileges in China in 1884 led to friction between the Canton
officials and the new Superintendents of Trade; and the combined

ignorance and patriotic zeal of Lin Tsé-hsii ultimately brought on

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary -

war with England in 1840. The collapse of China forced from her
the Nanking Treaty of 1842, by which the ports of Canton, Amoy,
Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai, were opened to foreign trade.
The cost of this war and the payment of a substantial indemnity

fanned the discontent caused by official corruption; and_ secret

societies and pirates seized this favourable opportunity for doing all —

in their power to harass the Government and disturb the country.
Canonised as ‘Ej = WK A iit -

Tao Tsung. See Yeh-lii -Hung-cbi.

Tao Wu Ti. See Toba Kuei

Tao Yuan Ey [B]. A Buddhist priest of yf Ts‘ang-chou in
Chihli, who in 965 A.D. set off for India. After eighteen years he
returned to the capital, in company with an envoy from Khoten,
bearing relics and Sanscrit sétras written on palm-leaves. He
obtained a private audience and was questioned as to his journey,
receiving a purple robe and other rewards.

Tao Yun 3 iit - Ath cent. A.D. The clever niece of the famous
Hsieh An, and daughter of at 21) Hsieh I of the Chin dynasty,
who when her brother likened a snow-storm to salt sprinkled in
the air, corrected his feeble similitude by saying it was rather to
be compared with willow-catkins whirled by the wind. She married
Wang Ning-chih, but left him because he was such a fool.

T‘ao Ch‘ien |) 74 (T. 7 a. H. Fe. PW Fe AE and i fi
Ft HE). AD. 365—427. Great-grandson of T‘ao K‘an. A youth
of wide reading and great ambition, he was compelled by poverty
to become an official underling; but after a few days he resigned
and went home, where he made himself ill by overwork in the
fields. He was subsequently appointed magistrate at w jae P’éng-
tsé in Kiangsi, whence he is sometimes called T‘ao P‘éng-tsé. He
held the post however only for 83 days, objecting to receive a superior

officer with the usual ceremonial on the ground that “he could not

1890

1891

1892

718 : A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
crook the hinges of his back for five pecks of rice a day,” such

being the regulation pay of a magistrate. He then retired into

private life and occupied himself with poetry, music, and the culture

of flowers, especially chrysanthemums which are inseparably associated

1893

1894

1895

1896

with his name. In the latter pursuit he was seconded by his wife,
who worked in the back garden while he worked in the front, near
five willow-trees from which he took one of his fancy names above.
His poem on retirement, entitled “‘Home Again,” is considered one
of the mapsterpicces of the language. His personal name was originally
Wil Hj] Yitian-ming; he changed it to Ch‘ien upon the accession
of the Liu Sung dynasty in A.D. 420.

T‘ao Ching-chieh (45) Uy fill - 2nd cent. A.D. One of the 18
members of the White Lily Society. See Liu I-min.

T‘ao Chu [Mj js} (T. FF AR. H. BEY). AD. 1777-1839.
Graduated in 1802 and rose in 1823 to be Governor of Anhui,
where he improved the waterways and established granaries. In
1825 he was transferred to Kiangsu, and there succeeded in carrying
through the sea-transport of tribute-rice and placing it upon an
economical basis. In 1828 he dredged the Woosung Bar. In 1830,
as Viceroy at Nanking, he reformed the salt administration, enabling
government salt to compete with the unlicensed article. He wrote
various works, among others an account of his wanderings in
Sstich‘uan, where he was Examiner in 1810, under the title of
JF in H #0. Canonised as Bl Hee.

T‘ao Han [%45) Fy. A native of Kiangsi, distinguished as a poet
under the T’ang dynasty. Between A.D. 713 and 742 he was a
second-class secretary in the Board of Rites, but gave up his post
to devote himself exclusively to his aged mother. He was an ardent
votary of the cult of Tao.

T‘ao Hung-ching |) 5, er (T. 3H WA). AD. 451-536. A
native of pe (E Mo-ling in Kiangsu. Just before his birth his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 719

mother dreamt that a green dragon issued from her bosom, and
that two angels came to her house, holding in their hands a bronze
censer. An eccentric child from his youth upwards, at the age of

ten he got hold of the writings of Ko Hung, and forthwith began

to ‘‘pound drugs” with a view to discovering the secret of immor-_

tality. He was handsome, 7 ft. 4 in. in height, an omnivorous
reader, and an excellent performer on the lute. Before he reached
manhood he was appointed by the Emperor Kao Ti of the Ch‘
dynasty to be tutor to the Imperial princes. In A.D. 492 he resigned
his office and retired to the mountains, where he built himself a
retreat and called himself the ae Ker ++ Hermit of Hua-yang.
His abode took the form of a three-storey tower, on the top floor
of which he lived himself, lodging his disciples on the middle floor,
and visitors on the floor below. Among the former was the Emperor
Wu Ti of the Liang dynasty, before he mounted the throne; and
after his accession in 502, he offered to make Tao his Minister.
The latter however would not re-enter the world. On matters of
importance he was frequently consulted by the Emperor, from which
he acquired the sobriquet of the ily rH ae A «Minister in the
Mountains. He passed his long life in alchemistic and similar
researches, practising the peculiar system of breathing which is

supposed by the Taoists to conduce to immortality, and trying

to live without food. His chief amusement was to listen to the

breeze blowing through the pines, to which end he had his court-
yard thickly planted with those trees.-Author of the JJ $l] BK a
| treatise on the manufacture of famous swords, and also of an im-
portant work on materia medica, entitled A Be Ail BR . Canonised
a FAR.

T‘ao K‘an |My {iL (T. +: 47). A.D. 259-334. Son of a military
official stationed in Kiangsi, who died leaving the family in great

poverty. One day when Si 32& Fan K‘uei came to see them, and

1897

1898

720 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the ground was covered with snow, T‘ao K’an’s mother tore up
the sleeping-mats to provide fodder for his horse, and cut off her
own hair and sold it in order to buy some wine. He began life

as a petty clerk in a Magistrate’s yamén, advancing to the rank

of Archivist. He then took his degree and went to Lo-yang, where

he attracted the notice of Chang Hua and obtained a post. Under
the Emperor Yiian Ti he became Governor of Wu-ch‘ang and was
successful in crushing the rebel }L ¥ Tu T'ao, for which he was
highly commended by Wang Tun. He was beaten however by the
rebels a /#f# Wang Ch‘ung and Kk #4 Tu Ts‘éng; and for this
he was cashiered and reduced to the status of a private individual.
Upon Wang Tun’s representations he was restored to his rank;
and when the former. broke into open rebellion he was sent to
oppose him, after being invested with the title of AE RS K 4B.
=: From this time he was uniformly successful in his undertakings,

and was ultimately ennobled as Duke. He was an able and energetic

‘commander, and set his face against drinking and religious superstition

among his subordinates. With reference to the saying attributed to
the Great Yu, viz. that we should be careful of every inch of time
(on the sundial), he declared that it.was necessary for men of
modern times to be careful even of tenths of an inch, and not

to live without being of use to their age and die without leaving

‘a name to posterity. He made a practice of carrying a hundred

large bricks out of his study every morning, and of carrying them

back again every evening, in. order to keep up his physical activity.
Canonised as JH. |

Tao Ku |[4j 2 (T. A FA). AD. 902-970. A native of Hf
2p. Hsin-p‘ing in Shensi, whose real name was Fs T‘ang. A
precocious child, he took service in early life under the Chin dynasty.
In 946 Yeh-lii Té-kuang, second Emperor of the Liao dynasty,
wished to carry him off to the north; upon which Tao Ku hid

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary . 721

himself in a Buddhist temple and remained in seclusion until the
Emperor's decease in the following year. While there he studied
astrology and predicted that ‘“‘a prince would arise out of Han,”
and in 947 became a Supervising Censor under the new dynasty
of that name. He subsequently served under the Chou and Sung
dynasties, rising to be President of the Boards of Punishment and
Revenue. On one occasion he bade a newly-purchased waiting-maid
get some snow and make tea in honour of the Feast of Lanterns,
asking, somewhat pompously, “Was that the custom in your old
home?” “Oh no,” the girl replied; “they were a rough lot. They
just put up a gold-splashed awning, and had a little music and
some old wine.” ) ;

T‘ao Tsung-i [Mj = HG (T. Jy A). 14th cent. A.D. A native 1899
of fa Ee Huang-yen in Chehkiang, who was so disgusted by
failing at his first attempt to graduate as chin shih that he retired
into private life. There in the intervals of farming he put together

a number of miscellaneous jottings, published in 1368 under the
title of Wee AE Be. These jottings consist of notes on the overthrow

of the Mongols, and of remarks on poetry, painting, porcelain, etc.
He also wrote the [et] pint va RK, and the at BK, a collection of
extracts from all departments of literature. A man of few words
in ordinary life, he would talk for hours at a time on archeology
aud kindred topics. In fine weather he would take a kettle of wine
‘with -him into the garden, and sit there crooning over his own
poems and rubbing his hands and laughing aloud with glee. ;
Tao Ying [¥4j B8.? 6th cent. B.C. A widow of the Lu State, 1900
who refused a second husband on the ground that she could not
be less faithful than the crane, in which sense she is said to have
composed the song known as the i te BK

T‘ao Yiian-ming. See’ T‘ao Chien.

Tcheng Ki-tong [ii 3s ja] (T. A Hy). A native of Foochow, 1901
46

1902

1903

722 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

who is an Expectant Colonel and Brevet Brigade General. He was
for a long time attached to the Chinese Embassy in Paris and
acquired an extensive knowledge of the French language. He was
accused of swindling some French banks out of about 200,000 /r.,
and recalled; but it is generally believed that the charge was trumped
up. Author of Les Chinois Peints par Eua-mémes, Chin-Chin, and
other works. —

Té-léng-tiai fli Ff AS. Died A.D. 1809. A ae Bannerman,
who distinguished himself in the second Chin- ch‘uan and in the
Nepaulese wars, and also in the Formosa and Kueichou rebellions.
He aided O-lo-téng-pao to suppress the western insurrection of 1797
to 1804. He held many high offices, and shortly before his death
was ennobled as Duke. Canonised as Yt 58, and included in the
Temple of Patriots. | .
Té Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Kua; (W. Liao) Yeh-lu ‘Ta-shih.
Téng Ai Bh (T. -& HY). Died A.D. 263. A native of jor.
iB Chi-yang in Honan, who was at first prevented by an impedi-
ment in his speech from entering upon an active career, but who
afterwards did good service as a military commander by reducing
modern Ssiich‘uan (see Liu Ch‘an) and was ennobled as Marquis by
the Emperor Shao Ti of the Wei dynasty. As a youth, he is said
never to have seen a hill or a marsh without at once considering

the strategical value of the position. He was accused of treason by

‘Chung Hui and put into a cage, from which, upon Chung Hui’ s

rebellion and death, he escaped, only however to fall by the hands

of a party of soldiers sent to dispatch him. Appearing on one

occasion before the Emperor to report his successes, he was unable,

from his unfortunate trick of stammering, to pronounce his own

name other than “Ai-Ai-Ai;” at which his Majesty laughed, and

asked him if there were more ‘“‘Ai’s” than one. ‘“‘No more,” he

replied, ‘‘than there are two phenixes in the Confucian phrase

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary - 723

O pheniz! O phenix!” By this retort he scored heavily, the impli-
cation being of course that he himself was that rare and pre-eminent
creature. |

Téng Shao-liang 4 4} F(T. Br #6). A.D. 1800—1858. A 1904
successful Imperialist general, who distinguished himself during the
T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion and rose to be Commander-in-chief for Chehkiang.

He was ultimately hemmed in by the rebels, and committed suicide.
Canonised as fist Tt.

Téng T‘ing-chéng i GE fA (T. I fA). A.D. 1775—1846. A 1905
native of Nanking, who was Viceroy at Canton when the great
dispute with England on the opium-question arose. Superseded by

Lin Tsé-hsii he was transferred to Foochow, and after the war

with England was banished to Ili for a year. He rose later on to

be Governor of Shensi. Many stories are told of his acumen in
judicial matters. |

Téng T'u-tzi -& $f -|-. A high official of the Ch'u State, who 1906
offended Sung Yii, and was lampooned by him as a man of evil

life. Hence the phrase tE FZ yk a dissolute fellow, a
debauchee.

Téng Yu Of ic (T. {ff 346). Died A.D. 326. A native of 1907
Hsiang-ling in Shansi, who rose to be Governor of Ho-tung. He .
fell in 3812 into the power of Shih Lo and was forced to take
office under him. So soon however as Shih Lo crossed the river

yy Ssti, he fled. Some bandits robbed him of his horses and oxen,

and he was obliged to continue his flight on foot, carrying his own

son and his nephew on his back. At length, feeling that he could

not save them both, he tied his own child to a tree and proceeded

on his way with only his brother’s son and his wife. “For,” said

he to the latter, “‘my brother is dead; and were my nephew to
perish, there would be no one to continue my brother’s line,

whereas I may have another son.” The Emperor Yiian Ti appointed

1908

724 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

him Governor of Wu-hsing in Chehkiang, where his administration
was so mild that the people could not bear to. part with him; and
when he was promoted to be President of the Board of Civil Office,
they escorted him some hundred miles on his journey. He was
ennobled as Marquis, and is commonly known as BN FR; but
after all he left no son.

Téng Yu ah ne Gr, Arp af ). A.D. 1—58. A native of Hsin-yeh |
in Honan, who at the age of 18, while studying at Ch‘ang-an,
attached himself. to the fortunes of Liu Hsiu, and aided him to
establish the E. Han dynasty. For his numerous brilliant victories

over the forces of Wang Mang he was appointed Commander-in-

chief in A.D. 26, and was ennobled as Marquis. His portrait was

the first of the twenty-eight portraits of generals placed by order

of the Emperor Ming Ti in the 32 =%, a special gallery for those

1909

heroes by whose valour his line had been founded. Canonised
as JU-

T‘éng Yuan-fa je 7c HS (T. 332 340). 11th cent. A.D. A native
of Tung-yang in Chehkiang, whose personal name was originally
TH Fu, Yiian-fa being his style. He attached himself to the
establishment of Fan Chung-yen, but led a wild harum-scarum life,
generally coming home at night more or less drunk. On one occasion
Fan sat up reading in the library, intending to receive him with
an admonition. T‘éng however boldly entered the room, and enquired
with a low bow what book the great man might be reading. “The
History of the Han Dynasty,” replied the latter, gravely. “Ah!”
eried T‘éng; “what sort of a fellow was the old founder?” At this
Fan got up and retired in confusion, remembering that an ancestor
of his, Fan Ts‘éng, had advised the assassination of that monarch.
T‘éng graduated as chin shih and entered official life. He opposed
Wang An-shih and his reforms, and became the trusted adviser of

the Emperor Shén Tsung; and with some ups and downs, he

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary “925

continued to hold high office under the Emperor Ché Tsung. Canonised
« BR ) Spr
Ti Ch‘ing 4X 7H (T. i BL). Died A.D. 1057. A native of Pi )ay
Hsi-ho in Shansi, who entered upon a military career and between
1038 and 1042 fought no less than 25 battles against the rebels
under Chao Yiian-hao. He was eminently successful, partly owing
to his great physical courage. On one occasion, with his hair flowing
loose behind him and a copper mask over his. face, he vigorously
charged the enemy and struck consternation into their ranks. Fan
Chung-yen made a great deal of him, and gave him a copy of
Tso-ch‘iu Ming’s commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals,
after which Ti Ch‘ing devoted himself closely to books. Between
~ 1049 and 1054 he entirely suppressed the dangerous rebellion of
4p yan fen Nung Chih-kao in Kuangsi; but although the latter
was reported to have perished, Ti Ch‘ing refused to memorialise
the Throne to that effect, on the ground of mere rumour, for his
own glorification. He was always much esteemed as a general; for
he invariably shared the hardships and dangers of his men, and
was ever ready to transfer the credit of syccess from himself to
his subordinates. Canonised as pf HE

Ti Hstian. See Liu Hsian.

Ti I. See Sst-ma I.

“Ti Jen-chieh 4X {= #E (T. [Hf HL). AD. 629—700. A native
of Shansi, who became Minister under the Empress Wu Hou. While
still a schoolboy, learning his eery one of the family servants
was ‘uijared and there was a magisterial inquiry. Everybody was
called up and readily gave evidence, except Ti, who kept aloof
poring over his, books. On the Magistrate scolding him for this
- behaviour, he cried*out, “I am occupied with the ancient sages of
the Sacred Books; I have no time to waste in bandying words

with a mere official.” After holding various provincial posts, in

1910

1911

pS

1912

1913

1914

726 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
which he distinguished himself by his judicial acumen and his
energetic measures against immoral establishments, he was introduced
to the Empress Wu Hou by Lai Chiin-ch’én and soon rose to
favour. It was through his influence that the Empress appointed
Prince Jj# |g Lii-ling to be Heir Apparent, and set aside her
own favourite, Wu San-ssti; for he pointed out that aunts have
no place in the ancestral temple where mothers are enshrined for
aver. On au occasion the Empress informed him that he had been
denounced, and asked if he wished to know the name of his accuser.
“If your Majesty thinks I have erred,” he replied, “it will be my
duty to amend my conduct; if not, so much the better for me.
I have no desire to learn who has accused me.” He was a filial
son; and at his mother’s death, white birds — in the garb of
mourning! -— came and nested around her tomb. He was ennobled
as Duke, and canonised as p'4 HA.

Ti Ping. See Chao Ping.

T‘i-ying #/¢ 3. The heroic daughter of Ch'un-yi I, who when
her father was sentenced in B.C. 167 to mutilation, threw herself
at the Emperor’s feet.and pointed out that the family had no male
issue, at the same time offering to become a public bondservant
in his place. Her father was pardoned. |
Tiao Ch‘an 374 Hii. 2nd cent. A.D. A singing-girl in the establish-
ment of Wang Yiin. The latter is said to have presented her, at_
her own instigation, to Tung Cho, and then to have told Lii Pu
that she had been really intended for him but that Tung Cho had
carried her off. By this device Lit Pu was so inflamed with anger
that he readily consented to carry out the murder of Tung Cho.
Tien Mu *% ff. The Goddess of Lightning, known in Taoist
books as By Bl Ha. Hsiu Wén-ying. She holds a looking-glass in her
hand, with which she flashes a ray of light on to the intended
victim, thus enabling the God of Thunder to strike. See Lei Kung.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 727

T‘ien Cha. See Yeh-lu. Yen-hsi. :
T‘ien Ch‘ang Hy i 5th cent. B.C. A noble of the Ch‘i State, 1915
who in 481 drove Duke fifj Chien from the throne and, when

the Duke was killed by one of Tien Ch‘ang’s party, set up the
latter’s younger brother in his stead, with himself as Minister. His
grandson ff] #4] T‘ien Ho went a step farther. He dispossessed

the reigning Duke, and seated himself upon the throne.

T‘ien Chén ff] i. 6th cent. A.D. One of three brothers (fg 1916
and BR), who lived under the Sui dynasty. On their proposing to
divide the family property, a Judas-tree in the court-yard split

into three, and before evening: had withered away. They accepted

the omen and gave up their plan, whereupon the tree became
flourishing as before. . }

T‘ien Héng rh Te - 2nd and 8rd cent. B.C.. Cousin to Tien 191%
Jung. He proclaimed himself ruler of Ch‘i, but so soon as Liu“
Pang mounted the throne as first Emperor of the Han dynasty,

he fled with some 500 followers to an island. The Emperor invited

him to Couré, and he accepted the invitation, taking with him

two attendants, but committed suicide on the way. Liu Pang allowed

him to be buried with the rites due to a Prince, and his attendants
expressed their grief in a dirge (from which the custom of dirges

at funerals is said to have arisen), after which they too committed
suicide at their master’s grave. And when the news of T'ien Héng’s
death reached the main body of his retainers, they likewise, one

and all, put an end to their lives on the spot. :

T‘ien Jao [J #%. Minister to Duke §E Ai of Lu, B.C. 494—467. 1918
He said that a cock has five excellent characteristics: — Like a
civilian he wears a cap (comb); like a warrior he wears spurs; he

is brave in fight; he is kind to his hens, calling them to share.
food; and he is faithful in keeping the watches of the night.

T‘ien Jung Hf] A. 3rd cent. B.C. Cousin to Tien Tan, upon 1919

1920

728 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

whose defeat and death he collected the remains of the army, and
after a struggle succeeded in placing the latter’s sori upon the
throne of Ch‘i, with himself as Minister. His refusal to aid Hsiang
Liang against Chang Han was the indirect cause of the defeat and
death, of the former. This, coupled with his usurpation of the
Princedom of ji 4, Chi-pei, so incensed Hsiang Chi that he
organised a campaign against him. T‘ien Jung was completely
beaten and fled to P‘ing-yiian, where the people put him to death.
Tien Ling-tzi [J S Fx (T. ff Hl] ). Died A.D. 893. A eunuch
of Ssiich‘uan, originally named fff Ch‘én, who had gained the

entire confidence of the Emperor Hsi Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty

before that monarch ascended the throne, and was even accustomed
to share his sovereign’s bed. He was entrusted with the sole direction
of affairs, while the young Emperor, who playfully called him
“Daddy,” gave himself up to a life of pleasure. Knowing that he
had nothing to fear, he sold important official posts to the highest
bidder and issued commissions without waiting for the Imperial
sign-manual. He used power to gratify his personal spite , and
concealed from his master the disturbed state of the empire. At
length the approach of Huang Ch‘ao in 880 necessitated a flight
from the capital, and the Court took refuge, first of all at Hsing-
yiian in Shensi, and afterwards in Sstich‘uan. He was then appointed
Commander-in-chief and ennobled as Duke. Upon the collapse of
the rebellion, the Emperor returned. But in 885, when clamours
for vengeance against T’ien were heard on all sides, and Li K‘o-
yung was hastening up at the head of an army, the former proposed
to the Emperor again to take refuge at Hsing-yiian in Shensi. And
when the Emperor refused, T‘ien seized his person by night and
carried him off, together with the Imperial seal. The journey was
one of considerable suffering. His Majesty was for a long time

without food and was compelled to sleep by the roadside with his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 729

head on Wang Chien’s lap. Gradually however T‘ien’s enemies
prevailed, and his influence with the Emperor declined. In 887 he
was stripped of his rank and emoluments, and banished to Kuangtung.
Upon the accession of -the Emperor Chao Tsung, he was allowed
to return, chiefly through the efforts of his adopted son Li Mao-
chén, and held office as Military Superintendent in Honan. In 893
he was executed by Wang Chien for attempted conspiracy. ‘I have
been Commander-in-chief,” said he to the executioner, not without
dignity; “at least let me die as becomes my rank.” Thereupon he

tore a strip from his silk robe and showed the man how to strangle

him; and when the final act was completed, it was noticed that —

his features had undergone no change. A few years later his title
and honours were restored.

T‘ien Tan ff {f. 3rd cent. B.C. A descendant. of the old kings
of Ch'i, who revolted in B.C. 209 and set himself up as sovereign
of the kingdom of Ch'‘i. He ruled wisely for a time, and his
subjects prospered. At length he led an army to relieve the king
of Wei, who was hemmed in by the great Imperialist general
Chang Han. The latter, having gagged his soldiers to prevent them
from talking in the ranks, surprised him by a night attack, defeated
the troops of Ch‘i, and left T‘ien Tan dead upon the field.

T‘ien Tan fA] Wi. 3rd cent. B.C. A petty official at a Ka
Lin-tzi in the Ch‘i State (modern Shantung), who never showed
any particular ability until his country was attacked by the Yen

State under Yo I. He then advised his clansmen to shorten the —

‘projecting axle-trees of their carts, and cover the ends with iron;
the result being-that in the flight before the conquering army
these carts got safely away. At length only two cities, gE Li
and EI as Chi-mo, remained, in the latter of which T‘ien Tan

had taken refuge and was besieged by the forces of Yen. To raise

the siege, he contrived the following plan. Getting 1,000 oxen,

1921

1922

1923

730 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he dressed them in strips of coloured cloth, and tied sharp blades
to their horns and well-greased bundles of rushes to their tails. In
the middle of the night he lighted the rushes and drove the oxen
out of a number of holes he had pierced in the city walls, backing
them up with 5,000 armed men. The result was the complete dis-
comfiture of the enemy and the ultimate recovery of some 70 cities,
for which services T‘ien Tan was ennobled as FE 2p A.

T‘ien Ts‘ung FE HM. A.D. 1591—1643. The year-title of the
fourth son of Nurhachu, who succeeded his father in 1626, though
it was only in 1685 that he called himself Emperor of China. In
1629 he pressed Peking, repeating his incursions in 1636 and 16388.
In 1633 he was joined by LAR filit K‘ung Yu-té, the Shantung:
rebel, and from this date the commanders of captured cities began
to join the Manchus. In 1634 Chahar was subdued, and three
years later Korea was annexed. The capture of $a Chin-chou in
1642 completed the ruin of the Chinese power beyond the Great

Wall. In this samé year the Manchus offered peace, an offer which —

the Ming Emperor was prevented from accepting, partly by the

1924

1925

misdirected zeal of Censors, and partly by his own despair at the —
state of the empire. Canonised as Kk = Bl pes ih:

Tien Ts‘ung-tien Fy 7 HR (T. Ye A. BH. we ply). A.D.
1651—1728. A native of BB OK Yang-ch‘éng in Shansi, who
graduated as chin shih in 1688 and after nine years’ success as a
provincial Magistrate went to Peking as a Censor. In 1725 he
became a Grand Secretary, retiring three years later with the highest
honours and a present of Tis. 5,000. He was honoured with. a public
funeral, and by special Decree was included in the Temple of
Worthies. Canonised as 4 Wit -
T‘ien Yen-nien [fq $=: 4F (T. -F- %). 1st cent. B.C. A native
of IB [oe Yang-ling in Shensi, who attracted the notice of Ho
Kuang and was advanced to high office. He distinguished himself

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 731

by his bold action upon the death of the Emperor Chao Ti, by
which the Prince of 2] fa, Ch‘ang-i was prevented from carrying
out his design of usurpation and the Emperor Hsiian® Ti was
placed securely upon the throne. He was ennobled as Marquis and
became the confidential adviser of the new monarch. Later on he
was indicted for corruption by a powerful clique, and shut himself
up in his house, pacing up and down with his arm bared ‘and a
drawn sword in his hand; and so soon as he heard the drums é
the lictors coming to arrest him, he committed suicide.

Tiien Yu fH Re (7. 338). 2nd and 8rd cent. A.D. A native
of HE #X Yung-nu in Chihli, who attached himself to the fortunes
of Liu Pei, but afterwards served for many years under the first
two Emperors of the Wei dynasty, operating successfully against
rebels in Liao-tung and also against the Hsiung-nu. Refused leave
to retire when already an old man, he cried out that. it was like
striking the watches or making the clepsydra run when the night
was already spent. He rose to the rank of Minister of State, and
died at the age of 82.

‘Tien Yu-yen fy 3% B+. 7th cent. A.D. A native of Ch‘ang-an,
who entered official life about 652, but shortly afterwards retired
to. the mountains, together with his mother and wife who were
also of a romantic turn of mind. After a second brief spell of office
he pleaded sickness and took: up his abode on Mt. 4 Chi, near
the shrine of Hsi Yu, calling himself — ie #. There the
Emperor Kao Tsung visited him, and was received by him in his
rustic clothes but with much dignity. He was ultimately persuaded
to take up his abode at Court, and the Emperor wrote the following
notice to be affixed to his door; — “This is the abode of the
hermit T‘ien Yu-yen.” He finally returned to his old haunts on
the hills.
T‘ien Yiieh [fj [f. A.D. 750—784. Nephew of [I] AK fia) T'ien

1926

1927

1928

1929

732 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

_ Ch‘éng-ssti, liewtenant under An Lu-shan. Upon the submission of

the former he was made Viceroy of portions of Shantung and
Chihli, and at his death in 779 T‘ien Yiieh succeeded to his uncle
in what was practically an independent Principality. In 781 he
threw off his allegiance and styled himself Prince of Wei; and
although his forces were defeated by Ma Sui and he was ‘even
besieged in his capital, he managed to hold out and was left in
peace until he voluntarily returned to his allegiance in 784. He
was assassinated by his first cousin FY 44) Tien Hsii.

Timur Khan $X Ax ff. A-D. 1267—1307. Grandson of Kublai
Khan, whom he succeeded in 1294. He was an honest ruler and
energetic in promoting the welfare of his people, until falling into

ill-health he became a prey to flatterers and the Court was torn

‘asunder by rival aspirants to the throne. He laboured to improve

the administration, reforming the system of selecting officials, curbing
the tyranny of the great nobles, punishing bribery, and bringing
all land owned by wealthy proprietors or by temples under taxation ,
which he fixed in 1298 at 3.3 per cent. He sent special Commis-
sioners throughout the empire to correct abuses, and they succeeded
in 1803 in expelling 18,473 corrupt officials. Soon afterwards he
was confined to his bed, and all power was engrossed by the palace
ladies or by the high officers. Korea caused some trouble; and in
13801 Heyduk renewed his inroads, but was beaten and died. An
ill-advised expedition against a tribe in Yiinnan led to a general
rising in that province and Kueichou, which was suppressed. with
much difficulty two years later. In 1302 the favourite Ministers
were found guilty of a wholesale system of bribery, and in the
following year an-attempt was made to check the nepotism prevalent
at the capital by ordaining that metropolitan officials should after
a certain term exchange posts with provincial officials. Many super-

fluous offices were at the same time abolished. Constant scarcity

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary o 733

caused the distillation of spirits to be prohibited in 1801; as a
compensation, the rigour of the fishing and hunting laws was relaxed.
Canonised as WK at

Ting Chieh J “ (T. Tf qi} and yj) JE ). Graduated in A.D.
1781, and was the author of commentaries on the Canon of Changes
and the Book of Rites, as well as of a collection of essays.

Ting Ho-nien J #8 4E (T. 37x Ae). AD. 1335-1424. A
celebrated Mahomedan poet, whose ancestors came from. Central
Asia, his grandfather having served under Kublai Khan. His father
lived and died at Wu-ch‘ang in Hupeh; and when that city was
_ attacked in 1364 by the Mings, the son fled with his mother to
Chinkiang. There she died, and for five years he abstained from

1930

1931

regular food; hence he is sometimes spoken of as Ty ae -F Ting 7

the ‘Filial. Thence he proceeded to Chehkiang; but from dread of
Fang Kuo-chén he went on to Kiangsi, where he: remained ten years.
By this time the empire was once more at peace, and he was
invited to return to Wu-ch‘ang and take office; but amid the ruins
of his old home he could only think of the deposed dynasty his
family had served so long, and gave vent to his sorrow and his
patriotism in a collection of poems known as the ify. A 46.
Towards the close of his life he became a Pee ‘Buddhist, and
lived in a hut by his father’s grave.

Ting Hsien-chih Ty fu e. 8th cent. A.D. A native of Hf
hij} Ch‘ti-o in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih and was
distinguished as a poet and official under the T‘ang dynasty.
Ting I J & (T. VE ff). 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. A native
of P‘ei in modern Kiangsu, who was blind of one eye. His abilities
however were of a high order, and the great Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, his patron,
decided to take him as son-in-law. To this Ts‘ao P‘ei demurred,
on the ground that his sister might object; but Ts‘ao Ts‘ao roared

out that even if Ting I had no eyes at all the girl should marry

1932

1933

1934

734 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

him. Later on, when Ts‘ao T's‘ao wished to make Ts‘ao Chih his
heir, Ting I supported the idea, thus deeply offending Ts‘ao P*ei,
who on mounting the throne tried to force him to commit suicide. :
Ting I resisted; whereupon he was thrown into prison upon some
trifling charge, and executed.

Ting Jih-ch‘ang J Fl & (A. fy 4b). A.D. 1823-1882. A

native of Kuangtung, who graduated as hsiu ts‘ai and rose to be

Taot‘ai at Shanghai in 1865. In 1867 he was Lieutenant Governor,

1935

and in 1868 Governor, of Kiangsu. He was at one time Super-
intendent of the Soochow arsenal, and in 1870 he was a Commis-
sioner for the settlement of questions arising out of the Tientsin —

Massacre. In 1874 he was Naval Commissioner at Foochow, and

in 1875 he was summoned to Tientsin to assist Li Hung-chang in

the management of foreign affairs, after which he became Governor
of Fuhkien. In 1878 he was sent to Foochow to settle a serious |
missionary difficulty in connection with some building operations
upon A= Ay ily Wu-shih-shan, and on the completion of this
task he retired into private life, carrying with him a spotless
reputation.

Ting Ju-ch‘ang J ty —y (T. fy §%). Died 1895. Known to
foreigners as “Admiral Ting.” A native of Wu-hu in Anhui, who
entered the army as a private at the age of sixteen. He fought
under Li Hung-chang against the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels, and rose to be
a colonel. In 1880 he was placed in command of a small fleet of
gunboats, and is said to have soon learit as much of navigation
and seamanship as was known by his officers who had been specially
trained. In 1882 he was appointed to the rank of Brigade General,
and in 1884 was sent to England to bring out some new cruisers.
In 1888. he was made an Admiral, and in September 1894 he
fought the Japanese fleet at the mouth of the Yalu river. After a

disastrous naval action he retired with the remnant of his fleet to

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 735

Port Arthur, which he abandoned on its investment by the Japanese,
retiring to Wei-hai-wei. There he remained until it was fully
invested by the enemy, when he surrendered the place, he and
four of his officers committing suicide. ‘‘Chief among those who
_ have died for their country,” wrote Captain M‘Giffin, his brave
American colleague, ‘is Admiral Ting Ju-ch‘ang, a gallant soldier
and true gentleman. Betrayed by his countrymen, fighting against
odds, almost his last official act was to stipulate for the lives of
his officers and men. His own he scorned to save, well knowing
that his ungrateful country would prove less merciful than his
honourable foe. Bitter indeed must hae been the reflections of the
old wounded hero in that midnight hour, as he drank the poisoned
cup that was to give him rest.” From the fact that Wei-hai-wei
was surrendered before Admiral Ting committed suicide, the much-

coveted honour of canonisation has been withheld.

Ting Kung J A or Ting Ku J [fj]. Died B.C. 202. A 1936

general who served under Hsiang Chi against Liu Pang. On one
occasion he was pressing the latter closely, when Liu Pang cried
out, “Why should two worthy men imperil one another?” Thereupon,
Ting Kung retired. However when later on he went to pay his
respects to Liu Pang, the latter caused him to be beheaded as a
warning to traitors, for it was through him that Hsiang Chi had
lost the throne. |

Ting Lan J i. lst cent. A.D. A native of Ho-nei in Honan,
who on the death of his mother carved a figure of her in wood
and continued to wait upon it as though it were his mother in
the flesh. One day a neighbour came in to borrow something, and
his wife consulted the figure which shook its head; whereupon the
neighbour in a great rage struck it over the face. When Ting
Lan came in ‘he noticed an expression of grief on the figure’s

features, and on hearing what had happened at once went off and

1937

1938.

1939

1940

736 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

gave the neighbour a thrashing. This led to a charge of assault,
but when the constables came to arrest him, tears were seen
trickling down the face of the figure. Ting’s filial piety being thus
recognised by the gods, he was not only acquitted, but the Emperor
even sent an order for his portrait.

Ting Ling-wei J 4 a. 2nd cent. A.D. A native of Liao-
tung, who studied the black art on the ant ik Ling-hsii mountain.
At the expiration of a thousand years he changed himself into a
crane and flew home again, to find, as he mournfully expressed it
in verse,

City and suburb as of old,
But hearts that loved us long since-cold.

Ting Pao-chén J $f fj. Died A.D. 1886. A native of 7 }3¢
P‘ing-yiian in Kueichou, who graduated as chin shih in 18538, and
being well-to-do devoted several years to study. On the outbreak
of rebellion in his native province in 1856 he raised a force of
volunteers, but was forced for want of funds to disband them. He
then offered his services to the Imperialist commanders in Hunan,
and was made Prefect of Yo-chou, which he bravely defended
against the T‘ai-p‘ings. The city was ultimately taken, and he
narrowly escaped denunciation and death. At the end.of 1862, after

serving against the Nien fei, he became Acting Judge of Shantung,

in which province he remained for nearly a quarter of a century,
rising to be Governor in 1867. He successfully protected the French

missionaries at the dangerous crisis in 1870, sending his eldest son

‘and fifty soldiers to live with Bishop Cozi. He repaired the dykes

of the Yellow River well and economically, and desired to open up
the mineral resources of Shantung. Transferred as Viceroy to
Sstich‘uan in 1881, he governed wisely and left behind him an
honourable name. Included in the Temple of Worthies.

Ting Ta-chian J ~{ 4e (T. -¥ #4). Died A.D. 1263. A

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 737

native of Chinkiang, remarkable for his blue face. He graduated
as chin shih in 1238, and through his relationship to the favourite
concubine of the aged Emperor Li Tsung managed to obtain great
power, which he used to enrich himself and tyrannise over his
fellows. In 1258 he became Junior Minister, but his greed and
his deceit in concealing from his master the truth as to the Mongol
advance led to his degradation in 1259. In 1262 he was banished
to Kueichou. Here he was falsely accused of fomenting a rising of
the aborigines, and was transferred to Hsin-chou. A memorial was
then presented by an enemy, asking that he might be landed on
a desert island; and finally, as he was quitting his post, he was
pushed overboard and drowned.

Ting Tu J JE (T. A FE). AD. 990—1053. A native of K'ai-
féng Fu in Honan, who graduated as chin shih about 1012 and
rose by 1046 to be a Minister of State. He is especially known for
his labours on the YJ HA a phonetic dictionary by Lu Fa-yen.
He also compiled under official patronage the ee ib 4A 3a. , which
has ever since been the standard authority on rhymes, the Sat las
Fe ZR Wars of the Ch'ing-li Period (1041—1049), and other
important works. His grandfather had spent a fortune on books,
declaring that some day a scholar would arise from among his
descendants. Canonised as 4 fi

Ting Wei J #8 (T. A HF: originally 29). A.D. 969—

1941

1942

1040. A native of Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin |

shth in 992 and entered upon an official career. In early life he
distinguished himself on a campaign against the aborigines of
Sstich‘uan, and by 1017 was President of the Board of Civil Office.
It was through his agency that K‘ou Chun was for a second time sent
into banishment. K‘ou Chun had previously been his patron, and
Ting Wei had once distinguished himself by servilely wiping some

soup from the great man’s beard. He then became a Minister of

47

1943

1944

738 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

State in K‘ou Chun’s place; but his rule was oppressive, and in
consequence of the disgraceful behaviour and execution of one of
his creatures, upon the representations of Wang Ts‘éng he was
degraded. The opportunity was taken to accuse him of witchcraft,
and he was sent into banishment and passed the remaining years
of his life at provincial posts. The people used to sing some doggerel

verses calling for the restoration of K‘ou Chun, and ending thus:

If the empire’s peace you prize,
Take this Ting (= nail) out of our eyes.

Was one of the Five Devils (see Wang Ch‘in-jo). 7

To-lung-o % (%& fy (T. iG ee). A-D. 1817—1864. A Mongol,
who was associated with Séng-ko-lin-sin in repelling the T‘ai-p‘ing
advance ‘upon Peking in 1852. In 1855 he was sent to Hupeh,
and afterwards with Pao Ch‘ao besieged An-ch‘ing. On the fall of
An-ch‘ing he was appointed Tartar General at Ching-chou, and
in 1862 he was sent as Imperial Commissioner to clear the rebels
out of Shensi, When this work was on the point of accomplish-
ment, he was wounded at an assault upon a small city, and died
of the wound. He is said to have been quite unable to read
or write, though admittedly a very skilful strategist. Canonised as
8 A.

To-t‘o jit Hi (T. Fx FA). AD. 1818-1855. The son of a
prominent Mongol’ official, who received a command in the Imperial
Body-guard at an early age and in 1333 was a State Councillor
and President of the Censorate. When his uncle {f{ $M Po-yen
(see Tohan Timur) tried to obtain supreme control in the Govern-

ment, he leagued himself with the only two loyal officials left in

the Council and in 1339 brought about the banishment of Po-yen

to Honan. Two years later he became a Minister of State and
reversed his uncle’s policy, restoring the literary examinations and ©

thereby earning great popularity. In 1344 he retired in ill-health,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 739

and was ennobled as Prince. Three years afterwards he accompanied

his father into banishment at Kan-chou in Kansuh, and on the’

latter’s death he was recalled to Peking as Grand Tutor. In
13850 he again became a Minister of State, and with the help
of y= fs Chia Lu closed the long-open breach of the Yellow
River in five months. In the following year his brother failed
against the rebel 2] jifj 3 Liu Fu-t‘ung, and T‘o-t‘o punished
twelve Censors who demanded his degradation. In 1852 he defeated
the rebels and captured the stronghold of Hsii-chou in Kiangsu
by means of powerful ballistae. Owing to the machinations of a
rival his campaign against the rebel Chang Shih-ch‘éng was inter-
rupted by a Decree stripping him of all his dignities, and in 1355
he was banished to Ytinnan where he was poisoned. In 1368 his
reputation was vindicated and his rank and titles were restored.
He was chief editor of the History of the Sung Dynasty, of the
History of the Kitan Tartars, and of the History of the Chin

Tartars. The first is said to abound in error; the second was a

troublesome task owing to the destruction of all the necessary
records; only in the third is he held to have achieved success.

Toba Chiin 4; BZ. Died A.D. 466. Grandson of Toba Tao,

whom he succeeded in 452 as fourth Emperor of the Northern.

Wei dynasty. His reign was uneventful, and the country, which
had been exhausted by the foreign wars of his predecessors, regained
its prosperity. Canonised as =a = a WK tft -

Toba Ho-nu +; WK Fi 1%. Died A.D. 338. Successor to Toba
I-lu, whose throne he usurped during the confusion which prevailed
after the death of the latter in 316.
Toba Hung Hy; 3K Bl. Died A.D. 476. Son of Toba Chiin,
whom he succeeded in 466, at the age of twelve, as fifth Emperor
of the Northern Wei dynasty, under the regency of the Empress

Dowager. Five years later he abdicated in favour of his son, and

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

740 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

ten years after that he was poisoned by his Empress who wished
to keep the supreme power in her own hands. Canonised as aA
WH. Jak 3 aft. See Yin Hung-yen.
Toba I-lu 4% i 7} J. Died A.D. 316. A Khan of the ¥
BA turbaned branch of the Hsien-pi Tartars, who migrated south-
wards and settled in Shansi. In 310 he seized AR. Eh the District
of Tai, and in 815 proclaimed himself king. He was murdered in
the following year. The name T‘o-po or Toba is explained as ae
je Earth Lord, earth being the chosen element of the Yellow
Emperor from whom the House of Toba claimed descent.

Toba Kuei +4; i FE. Died A.D. 409. A fugitive from the Tai
State on its partition by Fu Chien (see Toba Shih-i-chien), who
set himself up in 886 as king of the Wei State. He ruled well,
and by 391 had annexed that part of Tai which had been given
to #8] (3) fg Liu Wei-ch'én, and had reduced the nomad tribes.
By 395 he had made himself master of portions of Shansi and

—Chihli, but the army he sent into Honan was defeated. By 397

1950

his rule extended on the south-west to the Yellow River, and
eastwards comprised about one-half of .Chihli. In 398 he proclaimed
himself Emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty. He was slain by
the son of his wife’s sister, and canonised as Ey rise ip -

Toba Shih-i-chien 4% PR {/ #e PH. A.D. 315—376. Rightful
heir to Toba I-lu. During the confusion which prevailed at his
father’s death he was saved by his mother, who carried him away
hidden in her baggy trousers; and it was held to augur well for
his future career that he did not utter a sound to betray himself
while in that trying situation. He succeeded to the throne of his
father in 338, and introduced the Chinese system of administration.
In 366 he became embroiled with 3] fj fee Liu Wei-ch'én, a
Hsiung-nu in the service of Fu Chien (2), the result being that
he declared himself a vassal of the latter. Upon his murder by

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 744

an illegitimate brother of his heir, the Tai State was divided

by Fu Chien between Liu Wei-ch‘én and his nephew ¥j Jif.

A= Liu K‘u-jen. Toba Kuei, the heir, escaped and founded the
Wei State. - .

Toba Sst Hy i fia). Died A.D. 424. Son of Toba Kuei, whom
he succeeded in 409 as second Emperor of the Northern Wei
dynasty. In 423 he built a wall some 600 miles long, from Ff.
JR Wu-yiian in Shansi to Dr HR Ch‘ih-ch‘éng in Chihli, in
order to keep out the A #R Jou-jan tribe, by whose incursions
his reign had been disturbed. Canonised as ae = Wy TU if -
Toba Tao i yg a Died A.D. 452. Son of Toba Sst, whom
he succeeded in 424 as third Emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty.
In 489 he annexed the Liang? State, and reduced the Yen State
to vassalage. Military operations were undertaken against the House
of Sung, and in 450 his forces were within measurable distance
of the Yang-tsze. At home he promoted learning and agriculture,
and improved the administration of justice. He and his chief Minister
Ts'ui Hao were both infatuated Taoists, and believed in alchemy
and the elixir of life. He was murdered by one of his own officers,
and canonised as [H qi Ax at if. |

Tohan Timur & (2 Hh WE Ag. A-D. 1320 —1870, Elder brother
of Ile Chepe, whom he succeeded in 1333.as tenth and last Emperor
of the Yiian dynasty, being recalled from Kuangsi by Tup Timur’s

1951

1952

1953

widow and placed by her upon the throne. He left the government _

entirely in the hands of his Ministers Po-yen (see T‘o-t‘o) and
tal By Sa-tun; and upon the death of the latter in 1335, the
sons of Yen Timur (see Achakpa), whose daughter he had married,

plotted together to depose him: The plot was detected and the

conspirators punished together with their sister. Po-yen became ~

more powerful than ever. He suspended the public examinations

until 1340, and devoted the money to the Imperial Body-guard.

1955

742 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Meanwhile the country was in a most disturbed condition. In 1336
the Chinese were forbidden to possess arms; and in 1337 it. was
seriously proposed to slay all who bore the five common surnames,
4s li, BI Liu, 8 Chao, ihe Chang, and - Wang. Famines
were frequent, and in 1844 the sale of office was introduced as a
means of raising funds. The Yellow. River was a constant source
of trouble; and as the rebel chieftains made headway, Peking was
often short of rice. Straitened for funds, in 1350 the Government
issued inconvertible paper-money, a step that paralysed trade and
reduced the people to barter. The Heir Apparent tried to depose
his father who was entirely in the hands of Buddhist priests and
eunuchs. In 1367 Chu Yiian-chang, who held the Yang-tsze valley,
felt strong enough to send an expedition to conquer northern China.
In 1368 Peking fell, and with it the Ytian dynasty. Canonised by
the Mongols as a = FF» but usually known as Nis it a designation
given to him by the Mings.

Tong King-sing. See Tfang T‘ing-shu.

Tou Chien-té #7 4! ##&. A.D. 573--621. A successful Shantung
rebel, who in 618 set up as king of Hsia, a title confirmed by
the Throne on his slaying Yti-wén Hua-chi. Aided by P‘ei Chi,
he organised a regular government, and by his mild rule extended
his power over most of Shantung and parts of Chihli and Honan.
He allied himself with the Turkic nation and with Wang Shih-
ch‘ung; but failing to relieve the latter, he was routed by the T‘ang
armies, captured, and beheaded. |
Tou Hou = @ Jp: (1) The Empress Tou, consort of the a
Wén Ti of the Han dynasty, B.C. 179.

(2) Also of the Emperor Chang Ti of the Han dynasty, A.D. 79.
(8) Also of the Emperor Huan Ti of the Han dynasty, A.D. 165.
(4) Also of the Emperor Kao Tsu of the T'ang dynasty, A.D. 618
(see Tou I). |

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary ~ | 743
Tou Hsien a] aa (T. 44 FE ). Died A.D. 92. A great grandson

of Tou Jung, and elder brother of the second Empress Tou (see

Tou Hou), through whose influence he received a military command. |

Upon the death of the Emperor in A.D. 88 he attempted to
assassinate a protégé of the Empress, of whom he was jealous,
and for this he was confined to the palace precincts. Fearing that
he would be put to death — his own father had been executed —
he volunteered to undertake a campaign against the Turkic tribes
to the north of Mongolia who were then giving trouble. In conjunction
with J[k 5 Kéng Ping, he inflicted a severe defeat upon the
Turkic. Khan at RS Ke [l] Chi-lo-shan. He pursued the flying
enemy for a thousand miles beyond the frontier and set up a trophy
at Fit BR thy Yen-jan-shan, where the following inscription, written
by the famous historian Pan Ku, was carved upon the vodk: a
“Our trained soldiery came hither on a campaign against barbarian
hordes. We chastised Turkic insolence and restored our supremacy
in this distant land. Across these vast plains they went back to

their northern home, while our splendid troops set up this trophy

that the achievements of our glorious Emperor should be heard of.

ten thousand generations hence.” On returning to China he was
loaded with honours and met his nephew, the young Emperor Ho
Ti, rather as an equal than as a subject. His ambitious demeanour
alarmed the youthful sovereign, a boy of barely fourteen; and he
was accordingly deprived of his command and banished with his
kinsmen to his feudal possessions, where he was so strictly watched
that at length he committed suicide.

Tou I e He (T. F PB). Died A.D. 582. A military commander
under the N. Chou dynasty, who in 561 was ennobled as Duke

and in 562 became Commander-in-chief. He had a beautiful daughter,

1956

1957

who was very fond of reading the Biographies of Famous Women.

In 581, when the first Emperor of the Sui dynasty claimed the

1958

744 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

throne, she threw herself on the ground in an agony of despair,
saying, “Why am I not a man that I could do something for his
Majesty?” She ultimately became the wife of Li Yiian, first Emperor
of the Tang dynasty.

Tou Jung ¥F fut (T. FR] ZA). B.C. 16—A.D. 62. A native of P‘ing-
ling in Shensi, and a descendant in the seventh generation from
Tou Kuang-kuo. He served under the usurper Wang Mang until
the latter’s final defeat, when he owned allegiance to Liu Hstian

and received an appointment to look after the subject nations in

the far west. Upon the fall of Liu Hsiian he sent an envoy to

1959

the new Emperor Kuang Wu Ti with a letter of submission and
a present of horses, in return for which he was made Governor
of Liang*-chou in modern Kansuh and later on bécame President of
the Board of Works. In A.D. 59, the year after the accession of
the Emperor Ming Ti, a second cousin of his was executed for

misbehaviour, and he received permission to retire into private life.

‘Canonised as Ry ,

Tou Ku & [A] (1. FF FR). Died AD. 88. Nephew of Tou
Jung. He rose to high military command under the Emperor Ming
Ti of the Han dynasty, and was entrusted with the management
of a campaign in Central Asia which the Emperor projected in

order to rival the military exploits of his predecessor on the throne.

- Tou Ku succeeded in capturing the modern Hami, from which

1960

point the expeditions of Pan Ch‘ao were organised. Canonised as 4.
Tou Kuang-kuo % (T. AY AF). 2nd cent. B.C. At
four or five years of age, in consequence of poverty, he was offered
for sale to several families and was at length bought by a charcoal-

burner at *Ff a I-yang in Honan. His master and family perishing

- in a landslip, he consulted a soothsayer who told him that some

day he would be a Marquis, and forthwith set out for Ch‘ang-an.

There he heard that’ the new Empress, consort of the Emperor

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 745

Wén Ti, had the same surname as his own; in fact she turned
out to be his sister, to whom he eventually succeeded in making
himself known. He and his brother were taken into the palace
and-—their education was properly attended to, and in 156 Tou
Kuang-kuo was ennobled as Marquis. Canonised as Er.

Tou Mo # BK (T. VA SN or FF HE). AD. 1196-1280. A
native of fj] 3fh Fei-hsiang in Chihli, who at the end of the
Chin® dynasty retired to Ta-ming and devoted himself to study,
together with Hsii Héng and Yao Shu. Kublai Khan, while still
a Prince, sent messengers to invite him, upon which he changed
his name from Pe Chieh to. Mo. He was however discovered, and
impressed on Kublai Khan the necessity of sincerity and uprightness
as the foundation of good government. He returned to Ta-ming a
State pensioner, but on the accession of Kublai he was summoned
to Court and was appointed an Expositor in the Han-lin College.

He recommended Hsii Héng and Shih T'ien-tsé, and dénounced

the self-seeking narrow policy of the Minister =F 3C ie. Wang

Wén-t‘ung. He soon retired in ill-health, but was once more called
to the capital on the fall of Wang Wén-t‘ung in 1262, when he
urged the establishment of a system of national education. He was
often likened to Chi An; and Kublai said that if the heart of Tou
Mo and the head of Yao Shu were united in one person, the
result would be a perfect man. Canonised as Bl iE.

Tou Shu-hsiang @ 4X fi] (T. 34 Pi). sth cent. A.D. A
native of + Jul, Fu-féng in Shensi, who was a poet and official
under the T‘ang dynasty. His eight sons were also poets, and their
poems were issued under the title of Bp BR 4B.

1961

1962

Tou Ts‘an “A (T. WE HA). A.D. 734—7938. A corrupt 1963

Minister under the Emperor Té Tsung of the T'ang dynasty. He
studied law in his youth, and rose to be a Supervising Censor, a

post in which his bold remonstrances gained for him great influence.

1964

746 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
*

In 789 he was called to the Council of State, where his want of
learning at once became conspicuous. He distributed posts among
his relatives and by his inquisitorial measures made himself a terror
to all. After four years of power he was impeached for corruption
and banished to a petty magistracy in Kuangtung. Lu Chih, whom
he had falsely accused, tried in vain to save him from the vengeance
of the eunuchs; but they were too strong, and he was forced to
commit suicide.

Tou Wu & zt (T. 7 7). Died A.D. 167. Great great grandson
of Tou Jung. It was said that when he was born his mother gave
birth at the dane’ time to a snake, which was set free in the woods.

At her death a snake was seen to enter the. house, knock its head

against the coffin, and after shedding tears of blood, to disappear

1965

as it had come. In 165 his eldest daughter became Empress, and
he himself was raised to high rank as Keeper of the City Gates.
When the Emperor Ling Ti came to the throne in 167 as a boy

of 12, Tou Wu’s daughter acted as Regent, and showered further

favours upon her father, ennobling him as Marquis. He then joined
in a plot against the life of the powerful eunuch ) ii Ts‘ao
Chieh; but the latter got wind of his intentions, seized the Empress
and the Imperial seal, and issued an order for the arrest of Tou
Wu, who thereupon octinntited wniedde. |

Tou Ying 4 3B (T. -F JR). Died B.C. 140. Son of a cousin
of. Tou Kuang-kuo, brother to the Empress Tou Hou (1). He served
under the Emperor Ching Ti of the Han dynasty, became Com-
mander-in-chief, and was ennobled as Marquis. He acquired great
influence, and it was due to his remonstrances that Ch‘ao Ts'o was
put to death. When the Emperor Wu Ti came to the throne the
Imperial favour was transferred to [A] Zp T'ien Fén, who was
his Majesty’s uncle, and Tou Ying found himself gradually more

and more neglected. At the same time he managed to incur the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 747

new Minister’s resentment by openly defending a colleague who
had used insulting language to him; the upshot being that he was
accused of haying forged the late Emperor’s will and was put to
death.

Tou Yi-chiin =] Ea 45) (H. Pat hy ). 10th cent. A.D. A native
of Yti-yang in Chihli, who rose to the rank of Censor. He founded
numerous public schools and advanced many poor scholars, but is
chiefly remarkable as having had five sons, all of whom took the
highest literary honours at the public examinations, and were known
as the 7. #£ Five Cassias from a line in a poem addressed to
their father by Féng Tao.

Tsai Yu 32 -— (T. -F- FR). Died B.C. 480. One of the disciples
of Confucius. He was fluent in speech and skilful in argument,
but his character fell short of the standard of virtue established by
_ the Master. Confucius said of him, ‘In choosing a man for his
gift of speech, I have failed as regards Tsai -Yi.’’ On another
occasion, finding him asleep in the daytime, Confucius observed,
“Rotten wood cannot be carved,’ — you cannot make a silk purse
out of a sow’s ear. Entering the service of the Ch‘i State he became
mixed up in the revolt of Ch‘én Héng and T‘ien Ch‘ang, and was
put to death with all his family. His tablet now stands in the
Confucian Temple. |

Ts‘ai Ch‘én Be CT. 4 EK. H. sid & and A By). A.D.
1167—1230. Son of Ts‘ai Yiian-ting. A native of Chien-yang in
Fuhkien. He accompanied his exiled father to Hunan, and on the
death of the latter in 1198 he retired to a life of seclusion and
study among the mountains. Besides teaching a large number of
disciples he found time to write the SS OK 46 ih, a commentary
upon the Canon of History, which is still the standard text-book
for students. He also composed the Wit fi BA ik Ay Fea a work
based upon the famous ¥ BE Writing of Lo, and dealing with

1966

1967

1968

1969

. 1970

1971

748 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

numbers as factors in the universe and in the life of man. He had
been a disciple, like his father, of Chu Hsi, and it was he who
soothed the dying hours of that great man. He was canonised as
4 JE, and in 1487 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Ts‘ai Ch‘ien #& ¥e. Died A.D. 1809. A notorious pirate of
Fuhkien, who for many years harried the coasts of Chehkiang,
Fuhkien, Kuangtung, and Formosa, raiding important cities and
fighting pitched battles with the Imperial Admiral Li Ch‘ang-kéng.
Owing to the traitorous supineness of the Fuhkien authorities he
obtained fine ships and ample supplies, and he was aided until
1800 by the Annamese.

Ts‘ai Ching BR OK of 45 FA Hsti-mén. 2nd cent. A.D. A man
of the people, in whose dwelling Wang Yiian took up his abode
when he wandered eastwards to seek a hermit’s life. Under Wang’s
teaching he attained to the condition of an Immortal. See Ma Ku.
Ts‘ai Ching #& Br (T. 7c fe). A.D. 1046—1126. A native of
(il) jf Hsien-yu in Fuhkien, and elder brother of Ts‘ai Pien.
Graduating as chin shih in 1070, he rose to be Prefect of K‘ai-
féng Fu. In 1085 he gained the favour of the Empress Dowager
by supporting her regency, and that of Ssti-ma Kuang by his
skilful administration of the corvée system in his Prefecture. In 1094
he became President of the Board of Revenue,. and immediately
leagued himself with his brother and Chang Tun to ruin Ssti-ma
Kuang and his party; but on the accession of the Emperor Hui
Tsung he was ordered to the provinces as Prefect, and on his
refusal to go he was degraded. However in 1101 he was again in
office and soon obtained control of the administration, being
appointed Lord High Chamberlain in 1107. He ruled harshly, filling
all posts with his own men, and making oppressive: changes in
the salt gabelle and coinage, while his aggressive frontier policy

led to expensive wars. He became Minister of Public Works, and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 749

was ennobled as Duke. He revenged himself on his opponents by
having their names, including that of Ssti-ma Kuang, engraved
upon a stone tablet as ‘‘traitors,” and by debarring their sons from
holding office near the capital. The appearance of a comet in 1106
led to the destruction of the tablet and to the nominal degradation
of Ts‘ai Ching, who returned however to power in the following
year. After a further career, varied by periods of retirement and
disgrace, in 1124 he became Minister for the fourth time. Old and
blind, he left everything to his son tf T‘ao, who so mismanaged
the finances that within a few months he was forced once more
to retire. On the accession of the Emperor Ch'in Tsung he was
denounced and degraded, dying on his way to some petty provincial
post and leaving behind him a name execrated in history as FY [bk
CFA Chief of the Six Traitors.

Ts‘ai Ch‘ing #& jy (T. JP HK. A. HR BH). A.D. 1453 —1508.
A native of Chin-chiang in Fuhkien, who graduated as chin shih
in 1484 and entered upon an official career. He rose to be Literary
Chancellor of Kiangsi in 1506, but his chief fame is derived from
his literary achievements. He is the author of the oa KA Ee Bl.
an exegetical work on the Canon of Changes, which is still recognised
as a standard text-book. He also wrote the py BE ae Bl , a similar
work on the Four Books. He was canonised as OC HE, and in
1724 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Ts‘ai Ch‘o #& H# (T. FF IE). 11th cent. A.D. A native of
Chin-chiang in Fuhkien, who was remarkable as a youth for his
high spirit and fearless disposition. Graduating as chin shih he
distinguished himself by his opposition to Wang An-shih, and
subsequently rose to high rank. In 1087 he fell into disgrace
through the misconduct of a younger brother and was banished to
Hsin-chou in Kuangtung, whither he was accompanied by his

son EL iy P‘i-pa (Guitar). They kept a very clever parrot; and

1972

1973

1974

19%

1976

750 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

whenever the father ‘struck a gong to summon his son, the bird
would imitate the servants and shriek out “Pi-pa! P'i-pa!’” But
the boy died, and the gong was no longer heard. One day some
one struck it by accident, and immediately the parrot’s cry of
“P'i-pa!” was heard resounding through the house. At this the old
man seized a pen and wrote the following lines;

The parrot calls him as of yore,

Though P‘-pa’s earthly days are o’er......

Together, to this distant shore,
We crossed, but shall return no more!

Ere long the father had followed his son; however in 1094 his
rank was restored and he was canonised as fit es

Ts‘ai Hsiang #& 38 (T. AP FA). A.D. 1011—1066. A native
of ily 34 Usien-yu in Fubkien, who distinguished himself as poet
and official under the Emperor Jen Tsung of the Sung dynasty.
He rose to be President of the Board of Rites, and was canonised

ao fk

Tea’

Ts‘ai Hsin # ¥#f (T. RW]. WH. B ). AD. 1707—1800.

A native of Chang-p‘u in Fuhkien, who graduated as chin shih in
1736 but soon retired for several years to wait upon his aged
mother. From 1783 to 1785 he was a Grand Secretary, and much
trusted by the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung. He compiled the Hy XD ER,
a digest of the teachings of famous philosophers on the cultivation
of the intellectual powers, and he also published a collection of |
poems and essays. At his death the Emperor publicly recorded the
benefit that he and his brothers had gained in their youth from
Ts‘ai Hsin’s teachings. Canonised as 4{ 7, and included in the
Temple of Worthies.

Ts‘ai Luan 7% *#. 4th and 5th cent. A.D. Daughter of Wu Méng.
She studied thexblack art under Fy YF. Hsiu Ying, daughter of
pt Sy Ting I, who taught her father. She married a man named

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary | 751

Bl Fa Wén Hsiao, and being very poor she managed to earn
money by making copies of a dictionary of rhymes, which. she
sold. At the expiration of ten years, she and her husband went
up to heaven on a pair of white tigers.

Ts‘ai Lun #8 fy (T. He if). Died A.D. 114. A native of 197%
Kuei-yang in Kueichou, who in A.D, 75 entered the Imperial
palace and in 89 became chief eunuch under the Emperor Ho Ti.
He was a clever fellow and anxious to study, and whenever he
was off duty he would shut himself up for that purpose. It was
he who first substituted silk and ink for the bamboo tablet and
stylus; and he subsequently invented paper, which he made from
bark, tow, old linen, fish-nets, etc. For his long years of service
the Empress Dowager caused him to be ennobled in 114 as Marquis,
and he was also appointed Lord High Chamberlain. He was no
favourite however with the Empress; and when his patroness, the
Empress Dowager, died, the former began to intrigue against him.
Thereupon he formally bathed, and after solemnly adjusting his
hat and robes of State he swallowed a dose of poison.

Ts‘ai Pien #& f (T. yu JE). AD: 1054—1112. Graduated 1978
with his elder brother Ts‘ai Ching, and as son-in-law to Wang
An-shih, was rapidly promoted. In 1086 he went on a mission to .
the Kitan Tartars, and rose by 1094 to be a Minister of State.
His mild humble manner concealed a vindictive hatred of all who
disagreed with him, and on the accession of the Emperor Hui
Tsung he was repeatedly denounced and degraded, but ere long
he was again in high confidential office. In 1105 he objected to
the eriphopaaivt of the eunuch T‘ung Kuan on the frontier, and
this caused him to be sent for a time to Honan; but after a few
years he was placed in command at $8 He Chén-tung, where he
died. Canonised as BO IE. | .

Ts‘ai Shih-yiian #4 {i 3 (T. A CS. B. YA HAL). 1979

1980

1981

1982

752 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
A.D. 1683—1734. The son of Bes ee Ts‘ai Pi, a noted educationalist

of Fuhkien. He was for some years private secretary to Chang Po-
hsing. In 1709 he graduated as chin shih, and devoted himself to
teaching the youth of his native province. In 1723 the Emperor |
Yung Chéng summoned him to Peking to be tutor to the young
Princes, and he discharged his duties so faithfully as to receive a
special memorial notice from the aged Emperor Ch‘ien Lung in
1795. He wrote on ethics, compiled biographies, and edited poems,
his best known works being the collection of essays entitled =.
iq Ww wl 4B, and the % Pr Bs te a3] Gi i , a biographical
collection of which Chu Shih was joint author. Canonised as p4 Hy} i
Ts‘ai Shu Tu #& 7X JE. 12th cent. B.C. Younger brother of
Wu Wang. He joined in the plot to deprive his nephew of the
throne, which was crushed by Chou Kung. See Kuan Shu Hsien.
Ts‘ai Shun Bes Ni ees a Ait ). Ist cent. A.D. A native of An-
ch‘éng in Honan, famous as one of the 24 examples of filial piety.
When he was once absent on the hills gahee firewood, his
mother happened to want him and bit her finger, upon which he
feli a pain in his heart and forthwith hurried home (see Tséng
Ts‘an). On another occasion, after her death, there was a fire in
the village and their house was threatened. Ts‘ai Shun flung himself
upon his mother’s coffin and uttered loud cries to heaven; in
consequence of which the fire skipped their house, while all the
neighbours’ dwellings were burnt to the ground. His mother had
been very much afraid of thunder, so whenever it thundered he
would rush out and weep at her grave, at which the thunder would
cease. An official post was offered to him, but he refused it, on
the ground that he could not leave his mother’s tomb.

Ts‘ai Té-chin #& fis FF (T. HE $Y). 18th cent. A.D. A scholar
who devoted his life to the study of the Book of Rites, on which

he published the if #& Ax BE, the je! i Ax BS, and the 3H

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 753

te - His own demeanour was strictly modelled upon the proprieties
as set forth in this ancient classic.

Ts‘ai Yen BEER (Ti Bl Wi). 2nd and 3rd cent. AD. A daughter
of the statesman Ts‘ai Yung, who when on her way to be married
to a man named 4 {H1 Wei Ch‘ung, was carried off to the north
by a Turkic tribe and remained in captivity for twelve years. She

was ransomed by Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, and given a second time in marriage

1983

to a captain in his army named ie yp Tung Sst. The latter

committed some crime for which he was sentenced to death, but
he was pardoned on the intercession of his wife. She was specially
noted for her skill in music.

Ts‘ai Yin BE ING. Ist cent. A.D. An envoy sent to India by
the Emperor Ming Ti of the Han dynasty in A.D. 61, to bring
back a golden image, the existence of which had been revealed to
his Majesty in a dream. He was accompanied by aS 4 Ch‘in
Ching, 4 Wang Tsun, and fifteen others, and returned in
67 with the sacred writings of the Buddhists and several native
teachers, including Kashiapmadanga.

Ts‘ai Yuan-ting # 7U fE (TT. Ze SH. H. pe Ly). AD.
1135—1198. A native of Chien-yang in Fuhkien. Declining to
enter upon a public career he spent his life over books as a friend
and fellow-worker of the great Chu Hsi. His teachings however
raised up enemies against him, and he was accused of propagating
false doctrines. He was banished to Tao-chou in Hunan and proceeded
thither on foot, accompanied only by his son Ts‘ai Ch‘én. He was
canonised as 4 fif, and in 1530 his tablet was placed in the

Confucian Temple.

1984

1985

Ts‘ai Yung #& HH (T. 44 PA). AD. 183-192. A native of 1986

Ch‘én-liu in Honan, said to have been a re-incarnation of Chang

Héng, the features of the two being so much alike. He was

distinguished as a youth for his filial piety and his love of study.
48

754 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Entering public life he rose by 170 to be a Reviser in the department of
historiography. He was employed among other things in superintending
the work of engraving the authorised text of the Five Classics,
which he wrote out on stone in red ink for the workmen to cut.
In 175 he ‘incurred the resentment of a cabal, and being accused
of magical practices was thrown into prison and condemned to

death. This punishment was commuted to that of having his hair

| pulled out, coupled with banishment to Kansuh. He reached A

1987

1988

JR Wu-yitian in Inner Mongolia; but it was represented to the
Emperor that his work on the annals of the E. Han dynasty had

been very valuable, and in the following year he was pardoned.

He then appears to have led a wandering life, mostly as a refugee

in the Wu State, until the year 189 when the Emperor Ling Ti
died and Tung Cho summoned him to take office. At first. he
declined on the ground of sickness. Tung Cho however would hear of
no refusal and forced him to accept office, rapidly promoting him
to the highest posts and transferring him from one to another in
an unprecedented manner. He had just been ennobled as Marquis
when Tung Cho himself fell, and for words of regret which he
thoughtlessly uttered he was once more thrown into prison where
he died in spite of great efforts to obtain his release. He was a
hard drinker and consumed daily an almost incredible amount of
wine, earning for himself the nickname of the Drunken Dragon.
He was an excellent musician, on one occasion fashioning a lute
out of a half-burnt firebrand, on another a flute out of a bamboo
lance-handle. See Wang Ts‘an.

Ts‘an Ts‘ung a ae. A descendant of the Yellow Emperor. He
became the first king of JE Shu, modern Ssiich‘uan.,

Tsang Li-t‘ang Jey qa ae (T. ‘Fi EE). 18th cent, A.D. A
brother of Tsang Yung, and an enthusiastic student. He wrote on

the Shuo Wén (see Hei Shén) and published a volume of examples

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary , 755

of filial piety, gaining a great reputation by his own kind treatment

of his parents whom he supported when in poverty.

Tsang Lin JEN, SBI (T. =f pt). A native of Kiangsu. who 1989
flourished towards the close of the 17th century A.D. and distinguished :
himself as a writer upon the Classics. .
Tsang Yung HEN ee (FE 4). 18th cent. A.D. Grandson of 1990
Tsang Lin, and a voluminous writer on classical subjects.
Ts‘ang Chieh # a The legendary inventor of the art of 1991
_ writing, also known as 5H El. He is said to have had four eyes

and to have taken the idea of a written language from the markings

of birds’ claws upon the sand. Previous to this, mankind had no
other system than a rude method of knotted cords for recording
events or communicating with each other at a distance. Upon the
achievement of his task the sky rained grain and evil spirits mourned

by night. He and Chii Sung are now worshipped as Bo mh the
patron saints of written characters. .

Ts‘ang Wu Wang. See Liu Yii.

Tsao Fu 3% 4¢. B.C. 1000. The charioteer of Mu Wang, whose 1992
eight steeds he drove on his master’s famous journey to the west. :
Ts‘ao Chi-hsiang }Y 4 jf. Died A.D. 1461. A eunuch of 1993
igh Luan-chou in Chihli, who rose through Wang.Chén, and in

1436 went as army inspector on campaigns against the rebels of

f3 Jil Lu-ch‘uan, JE, FS PA Uriangha, and Fubkien. In 1457

he aided Shih Héng to re-instate the Emperor Ying Tsung and so
obtained equal power with Shih. The two waged war against the

- Censors and attacked Li Hsien and his friends, which estranged

the Emperor from them. The fall of Shih Héng terrified T's‘ao into
plotting rebellion with his adopted son T's‘ao €R Ch'in. The plot

was revealed just in time, and after a night’s fighting at the palace

gates their forces deserted them. T's‘ao Ch'in committed suicide,

and his father was seized and publicly disembowelled.

1994.

756 A Chinese Biographival Dictionary
Ts‘ao Chih BY ffi (T. -F Hz). A.D. 192-232. Third son of

Ts‘ao Ts‘ao. At ten years of age he already excelled in composition ,

so much so that his father thought he must be a plagiarist; but

he settled the question by producing off-hand poems on any given

1995

theme. Hsieh Ling-ytin said in reference to him, “If all the talent
in the world were represented by 10, Ts‘ao Chih would have 8,
I should have 1, and the rest of mankind 1 between them.” There
is a story that on one occasion, at the bidding of his elder brother
Ts‘ao P‘ei who was then firsts Emperor of the Wei dynasty, he
composed an impromptu stanza while walking only seven steps;
and his name and that of T's‘ao Ts‘ao have been added by courtesy
to the list of the Seven Geniuses of the Chien-an period (see Hei
Kan). He was a great favourite with his father, until he made a
serious mistake on a campaign against Sun Ch‘tian and was
condemned to death. Under the reign of his brother he was ennobled
as Prince, but was never allowed to take any part in public affairs
and died of chagrin in consequence. Author of the py + — i,
a work on the sounds of characters. He was canonised as FA Bl,
and is sometimes known as [hi JAE. .
Ts‘ao Ching-tsung #Y $4 32 (T. FF FB). AD. 457-508. A
native of Hsin-yeh in Honan, who as a youth distinguished himself
by his boldness in the hunting-field and entered upon a military
career. After serving under the Liu Sung and Southern Ch't dynasties,
in 502 he aided Hsiao Yen to mount the throne as first Emperor
of the- Liang dynasty, and was subsequently raised to high office;
and for further brilliant services against the Northern Weis he

was ultimately ennobled as Duke. Canonised as Ah.

1996 Ts‘ao Fang $f 3 (T. fei Sif). A-D. 231-274, Adopted son

of Ts‘ao Jui, whom he succeeded in 240 as third Emperor of the
Wei dynasty. His real origin was never known, the strictest secrecy

being preserved in the palace as to his family and antecedents.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 757

On reaching manhood he sank into utter sensualism, and in 254
he was quietly deposed as unfit to rule. He then reverted to
his title of Prince of Ch‘i, which was afterwards changed to AN
[Be A. He was canonised as JM A, and is known in history
as Bt if.

Ts‘ao Fu-hsing ww Bia iit. 3rd cent. A.D. A native of the
Principality of Wu, who was reckoned the greatest painter of his
day. Commissioned by Sun Ch‘iian to paint a screen he accidentally
made a blot on it, and then turned the blot into a fly so skilfully
that Sun Ch‘tian tried to fillip it away. He painted a picture of a
red dragon which he had seen playing on the surface of a river;
and later on, during a time of drought, this dragon was brought
forth and cast into the river, the result being that rain fell immediately
in great quantities.

T's‘ao Hou ww Ia: Died A.D. 1079. The Empress Ts‘ao, wife
of the Emperor Jen Tsung of the Sung dynasty. During the
illness of the Emperor Ying Tsung, shortly after his accession,
she was appointed Regent and directed public affairs with great
wisdom, conferring with her Ministers from behind the protection
of a curtain. She struggled to retain her power too long, but
was ultimately forced to give it up by the unyielding firmness of
Han Chii.

Ts‘ao Hsien W ey 6th and 7th cent. A.D. A centenarian of
Chiang-tu in Kiangsu, who held a literary appointment under the
Sui dynasty but declined to serve in a like capacity under the
Emperor Tai Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, preferring a life of
study at home. If however the Emperor met with a difficult word
or phrase in his reading, he used to send a special messenger to
Ts‘ao Hsien in order to have it explained. He was celebrated for
his learning, especially in the antiquities of the Chinese language,

and wrote the D4 + 44 iat a treatise on etymology, and other

1997

1998

1999

758 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

works. He was also a most successful teacher, Li Shan being among
his pupils.
2000 Ts‘ao Hstieh-ch‘in wi Se Jy. 17th cent. A.D. Reputed author
of the famous novel known as The Dream of the Red Chamber.
2001 Ts‘ao Huan # 4 (T. $e WA). A.D. 245-802. Grandson of
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao. He succeeded: Ts‘ao Mao in 260 as fifth and last
Emperor of the Wei dynasty, but was displaced by Ssti-ma Yen,
founder of the Chin dynasty, who relegated him to obscurity as
Prince of Ch‘én-liu in 265. Canonised as JU it
2002 Ts‘ao Jen-hu # {= JB (T. fe WK FB. WH. 7 4g). Born AD.
| 1732. Graduated in 1761, and rose to be a Reader in the Grand
Secretariat. He died of grief for the death of his mother. Author
of the + ae as AR #, a work on the observation of natural
phenomena in connection with the seasons, and of a collection of
impromptu verses, entitled Yi] Kip FB.
2003 Ts‘ao Jui Bi ye (T. 7 if). A.D. 205-240. Son of Ts‘ao P'ei,
whom he succeeded in 227 as second Emperor of the Wei dynasty.
As a child he was dignified and intelligent, "and quite won the
heart of his famous grandfather Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, nae declared that his
line was safe for three generations. He was kind of heart; and
once when out hunting with his father they came across a hind
with its fawn, and Ts‘ao P‘ei shot the hind and bade his son shoot
the fawn, the latter burst into tears and said that he could not
bring himself to do so. He grew into a handsome man, and when
he stood up his beard touched the ground. But he stammered in
his speech and spoke little. The country prospered though he was
not fond of the duties of government. Under his reign women were
for the first time admitted to official life, and several actually rose
to high office. No women officials however have been known since
the eighth century. Canonised as WS iF.
2004 Ts‘ao Kuo-chiu @ [a] f4. 9th and 10th cent. A.D. One of the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 759

Hight Immortals of Taoism, of whom nothing is known. See Chung-li
Chitian.

Ts‘ao Mao L] = (T. EB --). A.D. 241—260. Grandson of 2005
Ts'ao Ptei. At the age of four he was created ja Bi =e B,

and in 254 he succeeded Ts‘ao Fang as fourth ae of the

Wei dynasty. Known in history by the above title, and also as

Ap th. |

Ts‘ao Mo WY yf or Ts‘ao Kuei PY pei]. 7th cent. B.C. A 2006
general under Duke 3 Chuang of the Lu State, who was defeated

in three battles by the forces of the Ch‘i State, the result being
surrender of territory in order to make peace. However at the
ratification of the treaty between the two States he succeeded in
frightening Duke Huan (see Huan Kung) into restoring the lost
"territory. . |

Ts‘ao O BY dR. 2nd cent. B.C. Daughter of a magician who 2007
was accidentally drowned, when she was only fourteen, in the river
near #4 Ie. Shao-hsing in Chehkiang. After wandering for seventeen

days on its banks, in the hope of recovering her father’s corpse,

she threw herself into the river and put an end to her existence.
Several days later her . -dead body rose to the surface, clasping in

its arms that of her beloved father.

Ts‘ao Prei EY OR (T. -F- J). A.D. 188-227. Son of Ts‘ao- 2008
['s‘ao. On his father’s death in 220 he declared himself Emperor,

and the throne was ceded to him by the imbecile monarch Hsien

Ti who died in 234. He adopted Wei as the style of his dynasty,

and set to work to organise the administration, arranging among
other things the grades of official rank. Canonised as Bl ft...

Ts‘ao Pin BW pf (T. Hf). A.D. 930—999. A native of 2009
Ling-shou in Chihli. When a year old his parents took a forecast

of his future career by placing before him a variety of articles.
With his left hand he clutched at a spear and shield, with his

760 ’ A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

right at a sacrificial vase, and shortly afterwards caught hold of an
official seal. Serving for some years under the sovereigns of the
Later Chou dynasty, he transferred his allegiance to the founder
of the Sung dynasty whose empire he materially helped to consolidate.

_ From A.D. 961 he followed the campaigns of -F 4> gt Wang

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2011

Ch‘tian-pin, accompanying him in 964 upon his expedition into
modern Sstich‘uan and distinguishing himself both by military skill
and by the zeal with which he sought for books while others were
intent upon ordinary plunder. In 975 he was sent to reduce Nanking,
then held by Li Yi; but he did not hurry on his operations, hoping
all the while that Li Yi would surrender. At length, when all
was ready for an attack, Ts‘ao Pin pretended to fall ill. His
lieutenants- were in the utmost consternation and hastened to his
tent to see what was the matter. “If only you will all promise

me,’ he said, ‘

‘not to slay any one unnecessarily in the assault
upon this city, I shall soon be well again.” The promise was
formally given; whereupon Ts‘ao Pin arose from his sick bed, and
the next day the city was taken without bloodshed. Ennobled as
Duke, and canonised as ny HA.

Ts‘ao Shan-ts‘ai =i, 7}. A famous guitar-player of the T‘ang
dynasty. ¢

Ts‘ao Shuang BY 38 (T. HY 4f). Died A.D. 249. A scion of
the Imperial House of Wei, who had been an intimate friend of
the Emperor Ming Ti while the latter was Heir Apparent, and
who was subsequently raised by his Majesty to high office. Persuaded
by his friends to seek military renown, he led an expedition against
the rival House of Shu, but was forced to beat an ignominious retreat.
After the death of Ming Ti he gave himself up to extravagance and
riotous living, even appropriating some of the concubines of the late

Kimperor. He also mixed himself up in some treasonable conspiracy, on

the discovery of which he was put to death together with all his family.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 761

Ts‘ao Ts‘an FY A (T. {fy He). Died B.C. 190. A native of 2012
Pfei in Kiangsu. After serving as a gaol official under the Ch‘in
dynasty, he joined the fortunes of his fellow-countryman, Liu Pang,
who was then Duke of P'ei. Serving with him all through his
adventurous career, he rose to the highest offices of State and was
ennobled as Marquis. On the death of Hsiao Ho he took the latter’s
place as chief Minister and continued his policy with unswerving
fidelity. He positively declined to consider any deviation from the
laws and regulations which had been sanctioned by his great
predecessor; and when any one came to deliberate in such a sense,
Ts‘ao Ts‘an would ply the visitor with wine until he was too drunk
to begin the subject. Canonised as Bx.
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao WY fi or Ts‘ao Chili HY = Ay (7. FH Pia. 2013
Baby name fii iy). A.D. 155-220. A native of P‘ei in modern
Kiangsu, whose father was the adopted son of the chief eunuch of
the palace under the Emperor Ling Ti of the Han dynasty. In his
youth he was fond of coursing and hawking, but managed by the
age of twenty to take the degree of hsiao lien. He first distinguished
rcs in a campaign undertaken A.D. 184 against the Yellow
Turban rebels. He was the prime mover in a mass gathering of
various officials who determined to raise an army of volunteers to
fight for the Right, purge the empire generally, and especially
direct their efforts towards subduing Tung Cho, then in power.
This assembly of jealous. men accomplished nothing. Step by step,
however, T's‘ao- T's‘ao overcame many chieftains, including Lit Pu,
once Tung Cho’s lieutenant, who at the instigation of Wang Yiin
had become the assassin of his master. T's‘ao T's‘ao’s longest struggle
was with. Ytian Shao and his sons Hf Tan and fis Shang, the
latter of whom fled to the Hsiung-nu and was the cause of an
expedition into the desert of Sha-mo against that race. In 208 he

was appointed Minister of State, and in 216 was ennobled as

762 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Prince. By degrees the supreme power passed into his hands; and
the Emperor Hsien Ti, who had relinquished one by one all Imperial
prerogatives, became a mere puppet in his hands. The Empress
4k = Fu Hou, who from the ranks of her own family endeavoured
to form a party against him, was treated with the utmost severity.
This. unhappy lady was cast into a dungeon, and upon her death,
which occurred soon afterwards, Ts‘ao Ts‘ao’s own daughter was
proclaimed Empress. At his death he was succeeded by his son
DPR Pei, who became the first Emperor of the dynasty of Wei,
and ruled over that portion of the empire now known as Shantung.
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao is popularly regarded as the type of a bold bad Minister,
and of a cunning unscrupulous rebel. His large armies are proverbial,
and at one time he is said to have had so many as a million of
men under arms. As an instance of the discipline which prevailed
in his camp, it is said that he once condemned himself to death
for having allowed his horse to shy into a field of grain, in
accordance with his own severe regulations against any injury to
standing crops. However in lieu of losing his head, he was persuaded
to satisfy his sense of justice by cutting off his hair. At least one
generous act is recorded of him. When he dealt the final blow to
Ytian Shao, he seized all his rival’s papers, plans, etc., including
a list of many of his own officers who were in correspondence
with the enemy. This list he burnt. Many marvellous stories are
told of this wonderful man, to be found chiefly in the History of
the Wei Dynasty and in the te Be Hr ae. In the fatal illness
which preceded his death, T's‘ao Ts‘ao is said to have called in the
famous physician Hua T‘o, who declared that his august patient
_ was suffering from wind in the brain, which he proposed to get
“gid of by opening the skull under an anesthetic. But Ts‘ao T’s‘ao
saw in this suggestion the treacherous design of some enemy. He

imprisoned the unfortunate doctor, who died in gaol within ten

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 763

days, and shortly afterwards succumbed to the disease. Canonised
as Ik mH ot ih and variously known as Hf pt, . rH 2p
i BL A, nd BEE.

Ts‘ao Ts‘éng PY # (T. 4 [L]). Ist cent. A.D. A native of 2014

Chi-yin in Shantung, who rose to be a Censor and was noted for
his filial piety. To save ancient records from perishing in a time
of disorder, he’ built a stone vault in which to peaverve them, and
this was known as w KE a 48 the book-granary of Ts‘ao, now
used in the sense of a large library. He is said to have obtained
portions of the Canon of History from Ou-yang Hsi, and to have
had a following of 3,000 disciples.

Ts‘ao Tuan PY i (T. JE K. H. A Jil). A.D. 1376-1434.
A native of yi Yb, Mien-ch‘th in Honan, who entered upon a
public career and rose to be Director of Studies at FE Ho-chou
in Shansi. Author of many commentaries upon the Classics, and
of a collection of miscellaneous writings. Also specially notable for
his knowledge of ceremonies and ancient music. In 1860 his tablet
was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Ts‘én Lun Be ABs . 8th cent. A.D. A native of $4} Téng-chou
in Honan, who rose to be a Vice President of the Grand Council
but threw up his post and went into retirement. Ultimately he
wandered away to the famous He eas Lo-fou mountain near
Canton, and was never heard of again. He was very intimate with
Li Po, and was popularly known as Ar eat a

Ts‘én Ts‘an NS HR. A native of Ho-nei, who graduated as
chin shih between A.D. 742 and 756. He was a Censor under the
Emperor Su Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, and finally rose to be
Governor of Chia-chou. He distinguished himself as a poet, and
also by his contributions to the reform in prosody which took place
about this period. Popularly known as Be. K -F-.

Ts‘én Yt-ying Ze. fit, Bi. Died A.D. 1889. A native of yy

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764 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

HR Ssti-ch‘éng in Kuangsi. He was a mere stripling when the
T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion broke out, yet he succeeded in maintaining a
force of militia for some years. In 1855 he was in temporary
charge of a small District in Yiinnan, and in 1864 he lured the
Miao-tzti of north-eastern Ytinnan to submit, only to massacre
them upon submission. By 1867 he had risen to be Treasurer for
Yiinnan. In 1872, when Ta-li Fu was reduced by A BK FL
Yang Yii-k‘o, Ts‘én demanded the life of Tu Weén-hsiu only;
but eleven days later he invited the chief men of the town to a
feast, and after putting them all to death gave the signal for a
general massacre in which 30,000 persons are said to have been
butchered. In 1874 he became Governor of Yiinnan, and in 1875
he served on the Yitinnan Commission for enquiring into the
murder of Margary, a murder which some laid at his door. In
1882 he was appointed Viceroy of Yiinnan and Kueichou. In
1884—85 he was in command on the Tongking border, and was
ennobled. At death he was included in the Temple of Worthies.
He was a bitter foe to foreigners, by whom however he was not
more detested for cruelty and unscrupulousness than by the majority
of his own fellow-countrymen.

Tséng Chi-tsé 4 $f 2 (T. £h il. H. J BR and He
and fa rea and Fa wre). A.D. 1887--1890. The eldest son of
Tséng Kuo-fan. After mourning for his father and mother for two
periods of three years each, he succeeded in 1877 to the title and
was thenceforth known to. foreigners as the ‘Marquis Tséng.”’ With
the aid of a Nuttall’s dictionary and a Murray’s grammar he had
meanwhile studied English to such advantage that although never
able to converse with fluency he could write intelligibly and even
made several attempts at. versification. Later on, an article entitled
China: The Sleep and the Awakening appeared over his signature

in an English ‘magazine; but this was of course only “inspired”

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 765

by the Marquis himself. In August 1878 he was appointed Envoy
to England and France, and he started for his post in October of
the same year. He went a great dean into society, and otherwise
showed himself to be decidedly a member of the party of progress.
In 1880 he was further appointed Ambassador to Russia and sub-
Director of the Court of Revision. In the former capacity he negotiated
the treaty by which Kuldja was restored to China, gaining great
credit on all sides for his diplomatic skill. In 1881 he became Vice
Director of the Imperial Clan Court and Vice President of the
Board of War. In 1885 he arranged the Opium Convention with
England, and was appointed Assistant Director of the new Admiralty
Board. In 1886 he returned to Peking and joined the Tsung-li
Yamén. In 1887 he was Vice President of the Board of Revenue,
with special control over the coinage department. In 1889 he became
Director of the JAy BL fii Peking College and died at the capital

in the following year, to the infinite regret of all foreigners with

whom he had ever been thrown into contact. Apart from his official
career and linguistic studies, he achieved considerable distinction as
a calligraphist, even the Emperor being anxious to secure specimens
of his skill. He was accustomed to sign himself ‘Hereditary Marquis
K. T. Gearkhan of Tséng,” the K. T. standing for the initials, in
southern Mandarin, of. his “personal name, and Gearkhan being his
“style” expressed in English sounds taken by himself from Nuttall’s
dictionary. |

Tséng Kuo-ch‘tian ‘* fej ZL (T. % Ju. A. ye Pl). A.D.
1820—1890. Younger brother of Tséng Kuo-fan, under whom he
served against the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels. Graduating as hsiw ts‘ai, he
rose to be Judge in COhehkiang in 1862, Governor of various
provinces, Viceroy of Shensi and Kansuh in 1881, acting Viceroy
‘of the Two Kuang in 1882, and in 1884 Viceroy of the Two

Kiang. For his services against the rebels, especially at the capture

020

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766 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of An-ch‘ing he was ennobled as Marquis and was honoured with
a double-eyed peacock’s feather. He was a man of unblemished
integrity, and a great number of the people of Nanking went into
mourning when he died. Canonised as ie aE , and included in
the Temples of Patriots and Worthies.

Tséng Kuo-fan # fa 36 (T. {ff FR). H. fe 4E). AD. 1811—
1872. A native of the YH 3ff Hsiang-hsiang District in Hunan,

who graduated as 38th chin shih in 1838. In 1843 he was Chief

Examiner for Sstich‘uan, and in 1849 Junior Vice President of the

‘Board of Rites. In 1851 he was Chief Examiner of military graduates.

In 1852 he was forced to go into retirement in consequence of
the death of his mother. On reaching Hunan he found the province
suffering from invasion by the T‘ai-p‘ings, who were already in
possession of Wu-ch‘ang in Hupeh and of all the cities on the
banks of the Yang-tsze. In 1853 he was ordered by special Decree
to assist the Governor of Hunan in organising a volunteer force
to act against the rebels. After building a fleet he attacked the
enemy in 1854, but was defeated. His lieutenants, however, among
whom was included P‘éng Yii-lin, drove the rebels from Ch‘ang-
sha, and destroyed their fleet. Chasing the enemy before him, -
Tséng Kuo-fan recovered Wu-ch‘ang and Han-yang, for which
services he was appointed Vice President of the Board of War. In
December of the same year, after a great victory, he laid siege to
Kiukiang. In Jan. 1855 he was made a baturu and was decorated
with the yellow riding-jacket. Meanwhile the rebels had retaken
Wu-ch‘ang and had burnt his fleet, which caused him to remain
inactive for some months; but by the end of the year he had
cleared them from the Po-yang lake and had captured Hu-k‘ou.
In 1856 Shih Ta-k‘ai ravaged Kiangsi, but was driven out in 1857
by the joint efforts of Tséng Kuo-fan and P‘éng Yii-lin. In March
1857 his father died, and he went into mourning. In June 1858

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 767

he was ordered to take the command in Chehkiang, anid to-aid in
operations against the rebels in the province of Fuhkien. The latter
tried to establish themselves in Kiangsi, but were driven in 1859
into Hunan, whence, by way of Kuangsi and Kueichou, they made
for Sstich‘uan. Tséng started in pursuit, but was stopped by orders
to clear Anhui of rebels; in consequence of which he submitted a
plan for an advance on Nanking, which was approved and ultimately
carried out. In July 1860 he became Viceroy of the Two Kiang,
_ and also Imperial War Commissioner in Kiangnan and Anhui.
After the recapture of An-ch‘ing and other places in 1861, Chehkiang
was added to the provinces under his control. He recommended for
the acting Governorships of Chehkiang and Kiangsu, respectively,
Tso Tsung-t‘ang, who had been actively engaged in the attempt
to éliews Hangchow, and Li Hung-chang, at that time in command
of the fleet on the Huai and the Yang-tsze. In Feb. 1862 he became
Assistant Grand Secretary, and then requested that no more favour
should be shown to his family until Nanking was retaken, his
younger brother T'séng Kuo-ch‘tian having been appointed Judge
for Chehkiang in 1861. With An-ch‘ing as his headquarters, siege
was forthwith laid to Nanking, and the relieving forces of AS BE
ji Li Hsiu-ch‘éng were ‘repelled. By June 1863 the Yang-tsze
was altogether in the power of the Imperialists, and by Feb. 1864
the investment of Nanking was complete. The city fell in July,
and Tséng was ennobled as Marquis, besides receiving the double-
‘ eyed peacock’s feather. In May 1865 he was sent to Shantung to
take command against the Nien fei, the Mongol general Séng-ko-
lin-sin having fallen in battle. He carried on a series of successful
operations until Aug. 1866, when on application for sick leave he
was sent back to the Viceroyalty at Nanking and his place was
taken by Li Hung-chang. In 1867 a tenth of the Shanghai Customs’

revenue was allotted to him for the purpose of building gunboats

768 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

after fie eestor pattern. In 1869 he became Viceroy of Chihli,
and devoted himself to measures of reform. In June 1870 came
the Tientsin Massacre, when he strongly ndeertet a steadfast policy
of peace with foreign nations, thereby incurring the odium of the
more fanatical of the literati. In Sept. 1870 he was transferred
back to Nanking, and in 1871 he was nominated Imperial Com-
missioner for International Trade, His writings, official and other,
have been published under the editorship of Li Hung-chang, and
are greatly admired. A faithful and energetic servant of his country,
he lived incorruptible and died poor. As stated in the memorial by
Hey. EX HR Mei Ch'i-chao, “When, his wardrobe was examined to
find some suitable garments for the last rites, nothing new could be
discovered. Every article of dress had been worn many times; and
this may be taken as an example of his rigid economy for himself
and in all the expenditure of his family.’’ Canonised as Bl IE-

Tséng Ts‘an # ZR (T. -F- FL). B.C. 505-437. A native of
Wu-ch‘éng in the Lu State; hence he is sometimes spoken of as
Lu Ts‘an. He is one of the most famous of the disciples of Confucius,
and is said to have drafted or sketched the outline of the Great
Learning (see K‘ung Chi). The Canon of Filial Piety is also ascribed

to his pen, he himself being one of the twenty-four examples of

that virtue, which he declared to consist in serving one’s parents
when alive, burying them at death, and worshipping ever afterwards
at their tombs. He further maintained that with the possession of
wife and children the earnestness of a pious son would be likely
to wane. In youth, he was weeding some melons when he acci-
dentally cut the root of a plant; upon which his father beat him
so severely that he fainted. Confucius blamed T’séng for not getting
out of the way; ‘‘for,” said the Sage, “‘by quietly submitting to a
beating like that, you might have caused your father to kill you,

and’ what unfilial conduct could have been worse than that?” Again,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 769

when he was following Confucius as a disciple, he suddenly felt
his heart throb; whereupon he at once took leave and went home.
‘Ah! cried his mother, when he told her of the heart-throb, “I
was longing to see you, so I just bit my finger.” On another
occasion, he absolutely refused to enter a village, because its name

Ie EE Better-than-a-Mother; and later on he divorced his
wife for serving up to her mother-in-law some badly-stewed pears.
Similarly, although his father had used him vilely, yet after the
death of the former he could never bear to eat a date-plum, because
his father had been fond of that fruit; neither in mature life could
he ever read that section of the Book of Rites which treats of
ceremonies for the dead without bursting into tears at the thought
of his lost parents. He did not prepare food more than once in

three days, nor did he have new clothes oftener than once in ten

years. Yet he was always happy. He spared the life of a crane

which had been wounded by a sportsman, and cured its injuries. .

The bird flew away, only however to return with its mate, each
bearing in its bill a valuable pearl, which they presented to Tséng.
In 1267 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple (see Yen
Hui), and in 1830 the epithet = HH Model Sage was conferred
upon him.
Tséng Yi @ ¥F (T. AR. Ho. Se [L]). 12th cent. A.D. A
distinguished poet and official of the Sung dynasty.
Tso-ch‘iu Ming + BB HH}. Author of the famous commentary
upon the Spring and Autumn Annals, known as the Tso Chuan.
He has been ranked among the disciples of Confucius, but nothing
is really known about him. Some maintain that his name was Tso
Ch‘iu-ming. The balance of evidence, however, seems to be in favour
of the double surname. He is popularly known as 4 = rd mi,
the Father of Prose, and in A.D. 647 his tablet was placed in the
Confucian Temple. |

49

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770 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Tso Ju te f. A man of the Chou dynasty, who interceded with
Prince Hstian?®, B.C. 827—781, on behalf of his friend KL 4 Tu
Po, condemned to imprisonment for a remonstrance he had addressed
to the Throne. Prince Hsiian® in a fit of anger ordered Tu Po to
be put to death; whereupon Tso Ju committed suicide, rather than
live under such a ruler.

Tso Sst A A(T. a Att), 8rd cent. A.D. A scholar and poet
of the Chin dynasty. He stammered, and was so ugly that when
he appeared in the streets the girls used to spit at him as he
passed. In order to produce good poetry, he had his house fitted
at every turn with tables and materials for writing; and when any
idea occurred to him, he would instantly commit it to paper. Thus
he spent ten years over a poem on the Three Kingdoms; but when
it was finished, Chang Hua said with a sigh, ‘“‘Your compositions
will hardly find favour in the present age.” However he took his
poem to Huang-fu Mi, who wrote a laudatory preface; the result
being that in a short time there was a scarcity of paper in Lo- |
yang from the number of copies required.

Tso Tsung-t'ang Ae Se Ww (T. AS jAp).-A.D. 1812—1885. A

-native of Hsiang-yin in Hunan, who graduated as chit jen in 1832

and served under Tséng Kuo-fan in Hu-Kuang, 1852—1854. At the
close of 1861 he was appointed to the command of the army in
Chehkiang, of which province he became Governor in 1862. He
fought a stubborn campaign against the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels, whom
he gradually drove out of the cities. In May 1863 he became
Viceroy of Fuhkien and Chehkiang, in addition to his Governorship.
In 1864 Hangchow was taken, and by October 1864 Chehkiang
was entirely recovered from the T‘ai-p‘ings, for which services he
was ennobled as Earl. In July 1865 Chang-chou in Fuhkien was
taken; he was further entrusted with the command in Kiangsi

and Kuangtung; and by the end of the year the T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary ' 771

was over. In 1866 he ailiaentad the establishment of an arsenal at
Pagoda Anchorage; but the Nien fei and the Mahomedan rebels
were then giving great cause for anxiety, and he was transferred
to the Viceroyalty of Shensi and Kansuh. Having driven away the
Nien fei from the neighbourhood of Hankow, he entered Shensi and
defeated them in May 1867. By August 1868 he was not far from
Tientsin, and then succeeded in utterly routing these rebels. He
followed this up by such vigorous operations against the Mahomedans
in Shensi that by the end of June 1869 that province was completely
pacified, and by April 1870 the enemy was driven beyond the Great
Wall. In 1871, in spite of difficulties for want of funds, and local
outbreaks and mutinies in his rear, he invested Su-chou in Kansuh,
and it fell in November 1873. By the end of 1874 his advance-
guard had reached Hami, and settled down to raise a crop, as
supplies were very uncertain. In 1875 he was appointed Imperial
Commissioner for the New Dominion (Turkestan) with Chin-shun
as assistant Commissioner. Difficulties in regard to money and supplies
delayed his further progress for some time, and it was not until
April 1876 that his main body advanced beyond the Great Wall.
By the middle of August Urumtsi and 3j4 AV, Ti-hua were recovered,
and Manas, the southern city of the rebel stronghold, was taken.
Winter stopped all operations, but next year his patience was
crowned with complete success, On the 20th April 1877 ed Viz
P‘i-chan was taken, and six days later, Turfan. After the harvest
had been gathered, Harashar was taken on the 10th October; ia Fe.
K‘u-chii on the 19th; Aksu and jf {{ Wu-shih by the end of
the month; and Yarkand, Yingishar, and Kashgar by the end of
the year. Khoten fell on the 2nd January 1878. After this splendid
campaign, which may be compared with the most brilliant efforts
of Western commanders and which in 8 years cost some 27 millions

of taels, Tso was ennobled as Marquis. In 1878 he started a woollen

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factory at ia Lan-chou Fu in Kansuh, but it lasted only for
some five or six years. In 1880 he suggested the introduction of the
provincial system into the New Dominion. Early in 1881 he was
appointed Chief Superintendent of the Board of War, and on reaching
Peking he joined the Grand Council and the T'sung-li Yamén. In
October 1881 he was transferred as Viceroy to Nanking, and in
1884 as chief director of military operations against the French to
Foochow, where he died in September 1885, worn out by a life
of toil and warfare. His Memorials to the Throne have been published,
and are remarkable for directness and simplicity. He was generally
considered to be very hostile towards foreigners, yet while in
Chehkiang he readily recommended the employment of foreign
officers. He was included in the Temple of Patriots and in the
Temple of Worthies, and was canonised as Bl BE

Tso Tz Ae %& (T. Jt FF )- 2nd and 8rd cent. A.D. A native
of jE YT. Lu-chiang in Anhui, who studied the black art and
became a magician. The great Ts‘ao Ts‘ao was anxious to learn his
methods, but Tso Tz‘i told him he would have to be perfectly
pure and perfectly passive before he could begin. Offended by this,
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao determined to put him to death, whereupon he straightway
disappeared through a wall. Later on he was seen in the market-
place, and 'T's‘ao Ts‘ao’s myrmidons would have seized him had he
not rapidly mingled with the crowd, every man in which suddenly
became so like him in every way that it was impossible to tell
one from another. He was once more seen on a hill-side, when he
at once changed himself into a sheep and ran among a flock, thus
escaping detection. .

Tsou. Han-hsiin #3] pa Hy (T. AX Ay). A.D. 1806—1854. A
native of Hunan, noted for his mathematical attainments. He
graduated as Asiw ts‘at in 1837, and then siete several years

travelling about and editing local topographies. At the outbreak of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 773

the T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion he was at Nanking and enrolled himself

as a volunteer, rising to the rank of sub-Prefect. He perished at .

the capture of Lu-chou. When all was lost, with a sword in one
hand and a goblet of wine in the other, he awaited the rebels;
and then rushing upon them with a wild cry succeeded in killing
several of them before he himself was cut down. He wrote notes
on several of the Classics, also essays, and a collection of poems.
Tsou Yen ff) 75. 4th cent. B.C. A native of the Ch'i State,
who took office under Prince J}? Chao of the Yen State. He is
said to have so improved the climate of a certain cold valley that
millet grew readily there ever afterwards. He wrote on cosmogony
and the five elements, and was very fond of discussing astronomical
problems; hence his sobriquet of 34 (or BR) KR 4iyz . Prince
Chao treated him with great consideration, and built for him a
palace of granite; but his successor, Prince EE Hui, listening to
envious slanderers, dismissed him from office and put him in prison.
At this, Tsou looked up to heaven and wept; whereupon, although
it. was midsummer, snow fell in large quantities.

Tsou Yi-kuei # — #E (T. JR #8. H. Dp [L). A.D. 1680—

2030

2031

1766. A native of Wu-hsi in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih —

in 1727 and rose to be a Censor. Famous as an artist, he was
also the author of a collection of essays entitled yy iy Bl 4B.
Tsu Jung jill 2&.(T. FE ZB). 6th cent. A.D. A native of Fan-
yang in Chihli, who was so precocious that at eight years of age
he knew both the Odes and the Canon of History by heart, and
people called him the H# yy 5% Little Prophet. In 528, when
the Board of Music was burnt down by the soldiery and everything
destroyed, he was appointed to superintend the construction of a
new set of instruments, a task which was completed within three
years. He was then raised to high office and ennobled as Rarl.

Tsu Ti ji BX (CT. +E FE ). 8rd and 4th cent. A.D. A native

2032

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774 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of Fan-yang in Chihli, who rose under the Emperor Yiian Ti of
the Chin dynasty to be Governor of Yii-chou. In youth he preferred
military exercises to book-learning, and became the intimate friend

of Liu Kun. He was placed in command of an expedition against

Shih Lo; and as he crossed the Yang-tsze, he struck the water

with an oar, saying, “If I come back, not having purged my country
of its foes, may I flow away like this river!” His campaign was
completely successful, Shih Lo’s troops being beaten in several
engagements. But the dissensions between Wang Tun and Liu Wei
caused him to fear that his achievements would prove fruitless, and

he fell ill from mortification and died.

20384 Tsu Yung ji $k. 8th cent. A.D. A native of Lo-yang, who

2035

graduated as chin shih about 730, and was advanced by Chang
Yiieh to be secretary in the Board of Rites. He is chiefly known
by his graceful poetry.

Tsui Hao #2 #E (T. 4ff i). Died A.D. 450. A statesman
and scholar, also noted for his feminine beauty. He served under
the Emperor T‘ai Wu of the Northern Wei dynasty, and rose by
431 to be Minister of Instruction. In 486 he was ordered, together
with Kao Ytin, to prepare the history of the dynasty; but his plain
speaking in reference to the earlier rulers involved him in serious
trouble. He was executed, and his whole family was exterminated.
Himself an infatuated Taoist, in 446 he discovered a secret store
of arms in a Buddhist temple at Ch‘ang-an; in consequence of
which the priests were put to death, their books and images destroyed,
and for a time the Buddhist religion was prohibited.

2036 Ts‘ui Hao {# 3H. A native of Pien-chou, who graduated as

chin shih about A.D. 730 and was noted for his love of wine and

_ gambling. It is related, in reference to his skill as a poet, that

the great Li T‘ai-po had intended to write an ode on the Yellow-
Crane Pagoda at Wu-ch‘ang Fu; but chancing to read the lines

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 775

on this subject by- Ts‘ui Hao, he was so touched by their beauty
_ that he at once abandoned his design.

Ts‘ui Hsin-ming 2723 tS WA . 6th and 7th cent. A.D. A native
of J-tu in Hupeh. He was born on the 5th of the 5th moon at
midday, and a strange bird sang in the courtyard at the time;
which circumstances were interpreted to mean that he would distinguish
himself in literature, but not in official life. In 618, when Tou
Chien-té set up as king of Hsia, he was magistrate of we AM
Yao-ch‘éng in Anhui and was strongly urged to give in his allegiance
to Tou; but he scornfully resented the idea that he would make
capital out of rebellion, and at once went into seclusion. In 632
he received an appointment under the Tang dynasty, and died at
his post. Having written a poem containing a very beautiful line,
of which he was extremely proud, a rival, named EN {i ie Chéng
Shih-i, asked to be allowed to see it. After reading it through,
the latter exclaimed that his expectations had been disappointed,
and threw the poem into the river and walked away.

Ts‘ui Kuang # |e. One of the Four Gray-heads (see T'ang
Hsiian-lang). He took the name of B fa 2.

Tsui Kuang #3 4% (T. #2 {£). A.D. 450-523. Son of an
official of the Liu Sung dynasty, who as a youth farmed by day
and studied by night. He. graduated in 482, and quickly gained
the esteem of the Wei Emperor Hsiao Wén, who changed his name
from AG Hsiao-po to Kuang. Besides other offices he was
charged with the preparation of the dynastic annals, and rose by
520 to be Minister of Instruction and Grand Tutor to the Heir
Apparent. Author of many poems and essays. He received a public
funeral, and was canonised as Bl a:

Ts‘ui Kuo-yin # [i [A]. Died A:D. 1894. A native of Anhui.
In June 1887 he was appointed Minister to the United States,
Spain, and Peru, and held the post until 1893, when he was

2037

2038

2039

2040

2041

2042

2043

2044

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776 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary .

impeached. In the following year he arrived in China to defend
himself, but died before his trial came on.

Ts‘ui Li-chih #2 77 (T. Wy ar). 8th and 9th cent. A.D.
A magistrate of Lan-t‘ien in Shensi, who used to spend most of
his time reciting poetry underneath some fine trees in his courtyard.
When any one came to see him, he would say, “I am engaged
on official business; please excuse me.’

Ts‘ui Lieh #2 i]. 2nd cent. A.D. A scholar and official of the

EH. Han dynasty, who having spent a large sum of money in

purchasing the post of President of the Board of Civil Office, asked
his son ## $4) Ts‘ui Chiin what people said of him. “They say,”
replied his son, “that you stink of copper.” About A.D. 190 his
son joined Ytian Shao; whereupon he was seized by Tung Cho and
thrown into prison. At the latter’s death he was released and placed
in charge of one of the gates of Ch‘ang-an, where he was slain
by the soldiery at the entry of Li Ts‘ui. See Fu Ch'ien.

Ts‘ui Lin #2 Hpk. 8th cent. A.D. An official, who rose to be
Minister of State under the Emperor Ming Huang of the T'ang
dynasty. His knowledge of affairs gave rise to the following saying:
‘About ancient times, ask = 4th 4 Kao Chung-shu (a colleague);
about the present day, enquire of Ts‘ui Lin.” His two brothers
also held high office, and the three were known as 48 Be = BX.
Ts‘ui Ning #2 7. A.D. 718—779. A descendant of a literary
family, who was attracted to a life of action and followed Li Pi
upon his campaign in Yiinnan as a mere soldier of fortune. He
ultimately rose to high office under the Emperor Tai Tsung of the
T'ang dynasty, but fell a victim to intrigue. He was accused of
treason and summoned to Court, where he was led behind a curtain
and strangled by two hired assassins.

Ts‘ui Pao #2 Zy. 4th cent. A.D. Author of the Th > Ye a

well-known work on historical antiquities.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 111

Tsui Po #2 AY (T. -F pH). 11th cent. A.D. A distinguished 2046
painter of the Sung dynasty, famous for his pictures of ducks, —
geese, flowers, and bamboos. He was summoned to Court by the
Emperor Jen Tsung; and his efforts meeting with approval, he
“was appointed to the aa 5— Academy of the day. He and Wu
Yiian-wu were the founders of a new school, opposed to that of
Huang Ch‘iian and his sons.

Ts‘ui Shu 4 jit (T. pt AK. H. Be BE). AD. 1739-1816. 2047
A native of Chihli, who in 1796 was magistrate of ¥4¢ jh Lo-ytian

in Fuhkien and afterwards in the Hangchow Customs, but fell into
official disgrace. He was the author of thirty-four works, of which

the 5 $k, a critical examination of ancient history, is the

best known. He is thought to have combined the minute investigation .

of the Han scholars with the subtle speculative genius of the Sungs.
Ts‘ui Tsung-chih #4 5 @. 8th cent. A.D. One of the Hight 2048
Immortals of the Wine-cup (see Li Po), celebrated for his great
beauty. He succeeded in 719 to the hereditary Dukedom of his father,

who had been ennobled by the Empress Wu Hou.

Ts‘ui Yen # [BN (T. Fj BA). 9th cent. A.D. A native of Wu- 2049
ch‘éng in Shantung, noted for his filial piety. He was a very handsome
young man, but held himself aloof from intimate acquaintanceship

with any one. On being apppointed in 826 to Kuo-chou in Honan,

he distinguished himself by the leniency of his rule, not a single

- eriminal being bambooed for a whole month; whereas on his transfer

to $$ O-chou in Hupeh he showed himself excessively severe. He
explained this change by saying that the soil of Kuo-chou was
unfertile and the people had hard lives, while that of O-chou was

rich and the people were inclined to be volatile. He subsequently

rose to be President of the Board of Rites. Canonised as me
Tsung Ch‘io 52 i (T. 7C HP). Died A.D. 465. Nephew of 2050

Tsung Ping, who once asked him what he would like to do when

2051

778 ? A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he grew up. “I should like,” replied the boy, ‘to ride upon the
gale and break up the waves on distant seas.” ‘You will break
up the family,” sneered his uncle, “if you do not succeed in your
official career.” Appointed Governor of Yii-chou, he complained that }
such a limited jurisdiction gave him no scope for his ability. He
subsequently rose to high military command, and led an expedition
into Cochin China. The king of that country made immense efforts
to resist him, and employed elephants with housings, to the great

dismay of his troops. Thereupon Tsung Ch‘io prepared a number

of imitation lions, which terrified the elephants and gave him an

easy victory. Enormous spoils of gold and jewels were taken, of
which Tsung appropriated not so much as “an autumn spikelet.”
He conducted several other campaigns, until in 460 he broke his
leg out hunting. Ennobled as Marquis, and canonised as Fg -

Tsung Ping = I (T. AP ZC). A.D. 375-448. A iutivesdf
Nan-yang in Honan, who was most carefully brought up by his
mother and graduated as hsiw ts‘ai, but who firmly refused many
offers of official employment. He spent his time wandering about,

playing on the guitar and enjoying fine scenery, often forgetting

' to return home. In this he was seconded by his wife, who was

2052

also of a very romantic temperament. He lived for some time in
a hut upon Mt. Héng in Hunan; but when he began to grow
old he returned to civilisation, saying, “T can no longer see the
hills; I must visit them in imagination from my couch.” His house
was hung with paintings by himself of numerous favourite haunts.
Tsung Shih-lin = {He A . 2nd and 8rd cent. A.D. A contemporary
of the great Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, for whose unscrupulousness he conceived
an abiding hatred, and with whom he steadily refused to be on
terms of intimacy. When 'Ts‘ao Ts‘ao rose to be Minister of State,
he approached Tsung Shih-lin with the remark that possibly now

he would no longer decline to be friends. But the latter merely

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 7179

replied, ‘The resistance of the fir andthe pine remains what it
ever was.’’ Hence he is spoken of as AS AA = AK -

Tsung Tsé 5 J (T. Yr FR). AD. 1059-1127. A native of 2053
I-wu in Chehkiang, whose mother, the day before his birth, dreamt
that her body was illumined by a flash of lightning. A high-spirited
youth, he graduated as chin shih in 1091 and entered upon an
official career. He objected to the plan of using the Chin® Tartars
to crush the Kitans (see Chao Chi), and declared that it would be
fraught with much trouble to the empire. He spent his life fighting
against the Chin® Tartars, defeating them in no less than 13 pitched
battles; and when the two Emperors were carried off to the north,
he devoted every energy to secure their return. Baffled however in
all his efforts, and supplanted by unworthy men in the confidence
of the Emperor Kao Tsung, he gave way to grief and despair. A
carbuncle laid him on his deathbed, but in his last hours he obtained
from his sorrowing generals a promise that they would continue to
fight in the true cause. When they had left, he recited the following

lines:

This makes the hero’s breast with weeping wet.

He made no reference to his own family affairs; and on the next

day, after shouting three times ‘‘Cross the River!” he quietly breathed

his last. Greatly feared and respected, he was popularly known as

ee @R HR. He had been the first to recognise the genius of Yo

Fei, and gave him a command which proved the foundation of a
brilliant career. Canonised as ih fifi .

Tsung Ts‘é it J (T. Ff 7%). Died A.D. 495. A native of 2054
Nan-yang, who graduated as hsiu ts‘ai, but was entirely possessed

with the idea of leading a hermit’s life and: refused several important
posts. He finally retired to Mt. yy Lu in Ssiich‘uan, and occupied

himself with the study of Taoism, living upon berries and clothing

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780 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

himself with leaves. The Marquis of Fi 48 Yii-fu took large
presents and went to pay his respects; Tsung however declined the
gifts and refused to #66 him. Later on the Marquis stole upon him
unawares, but even then he refused to open his mouth. He was a
skilled painter, especially of his own portrait. Author of the histories
of Mt. Lu and of Mt. Héng in Hunan.

Tu Chiin fi EX (T. -F¥- B). Ist cent. A.D. A man of good
family, who had only one eye. He was distinguished from a contem-
porary, Hi ¥{ Tu Yeh, who happened to have the same “style,”
as “One-eyed Tu.” Objecting to this, he caused his hats to be made
very small; after which he came to be known as “Small-hat Tu.”
He was advanced to high office by Wang Féng; but when the
latter was denounced by Wang Chang, it was he who compelled
him to confess all to the Emperor. Upon Wang Féng’s re-instatement
he retired from office and spent the rest of along life in travelling.
Tu Chung-wei KL Ft a - Died A.D. 948. Brother-in-law to
Shih Ching-t‘ang; under whom he rose to high military command.
In 946 he was forced to submit to the Kitan Tartars, and in the
following year to Liu Chih-ytian, first Emperor of the Later Han

dynasty. When the latter died Tu attempted to keep the fact a

secret; whereupon the Ministers of State, fearing his designs, caused

him to be executed.

2057 Tu Fu ft fk (T. AX FM). Died A.D.? 86. A native of Chien-

wei in Sstich‘uan. He studied under PREY Hsieh Han at YE YY
Huai-yang, and later on edited his ai 3 4a]. Afterwards he
returned home and obtained over 1,000 pupils. Between A.D. 57
and 62 he was called to the capital, and was employed by the

_Emperor Ming Ti in his Board of War and as officer in charge

of memorials. Author of the ay Te] Bl, and popularly known
as Pi 4#f 7E Tu the Commentator.

2058 Tu Fu $i FY (1. FF Fe). A.D. 712—770. One of China’s most

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 784

famous poets, ranking even with the great Li Po, the two being
jointly spoken of as the chief poets of their age. He had indeed
such a high opinion of his own poetry that he prescribed it as a
cure for malarial fever. His father was a native of Hsiang-yang
in Hupeh; but he himself was born at Tu-ling in Shensi, whence
he is often spoken of as Ap | Shao-ling or Tu Shao-ling. Of
brilliant promise in early youth, he failed to distinguish himself at
the public examinations, and took to poetry as a profession. He
soon attracted the attention of the Emperor Ming Huang, who
bestowed upon him a position at Court. There his popularity
emboldened: him to apply for an increase of salary, which was
readily granted, the first year being paid in advance. But at that
time (A.D. 755) occurred the revolution which drove Ming Huang
from his throne and Tu Fu into exile, from which he returned at
the accession of the Emperor Su Tsung to undertake the dangerous
duties of Censor. The honest fulfilment of these duties brought him
eventually into disgrace with the Emperor, and he was appointed
Governor of a town in Shensi, which was practically a sentence
of banishment. Tu Fu regarded it as such; and on arriving at his
post, formally resigned, and retired to the wilds of Sstich‘uan,
where for some time he spent a wandering life. In spite of this,
he was appointed to a post in connection with the grain supply;
and on his refusal of the same, to a more congenial post as secretary
in the Board of Works, in reference to which he is sometimes
spoken of as Ht C 7. This he held for six years, but finally went
back-to his old wandering life. He persisted in going alone to visit
certain old ruins in Hu-Kuang, where he was overtaken by an
inundation and had to seek refuge in a deserted temple, living for
some ten days on roots. From this perilous position he was saved —
by the exertions of the local magistrate, but he succumbed next

day to the effects of eating roast beef and drinking white wine to

2059

782 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

excess after so long a fast. He is known as HX Kk the Elder Tu,
to distinguish him from the poet Tu Mu.

Tu Hstin-hao KL Aaj te eT: E 2). 9th cent. A.D. Son of
the poet Tu Mu, by a concubine. Before his birth Tu Mu’s wife
turned the concubine out of doors, and the latter married an artisan
of fe A Ch‘ang-lin in Hupeh. When seven years old, some one
of the family bade him lend a hand and work; to which the child
scornfully replied that he was not a ploughman. He graduated as
chin shih about 850, and subsequently rose to be a Doctor in the
Han-lin College. He made himself famous by his poetry, and is
regarded as the founder of a distinct school. Also known as Jt
fe iy A; a sobriquet conferred by himself in memory of the

scenes of his youth.

2060 Tul ALE NM (T. GA BH). 4th cent. A.D. A type of nda beauty.

2061

He had a complexion like lard and eyes like black lacquer. He
rose to high office and was ennobled as Marquis, but died young.
Tu Ju-hui $i An He (T. He WA). Died AD. 630. A native
of Tu-ling in Shensi, distinguished as a scholar and statesman
under the Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty. When the
latter, still Prince of Ch‘in (see Zi Shih-min), was appointed Chief
Guardian of the empire, he placed Tu first among the eighteen
scholars whom he brought together to assist in promoting good
government after the troubles attending upon a change of dynasty.

In 629 he was Lord High Chamberlain, and acted as a colleague

of Fang Usiian-ling in the direction of public affairs. Fang was

2062

supposed to plan, while Tu decided as to the feasibility of each
suggestion. Hence the two are often spoken of as J tk. He was
ennobled as Duke, and canonised as’ 3E | |
Tu K‘ang }t #fé.2 4th cent. B.C. A man of the Chou dynasty,
who.was skilled at making wine. He died on a PY yu day of the month;

consequently those days have always been observed.as sacred by distillers.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 783
Tu Lité $b ir 7 (V. Yt —). AD. 1611-1691. Graduating 2063

as chin shih in 1648, he rose to be a Supervising Censor and
attracted the Emperor’s notice by declaring that the essentials of
good government were reverence for Heaven, imitation of the
ancients, and love for mankind. He rose to be President of the
Board of Punishments, and the Emperor Shun Chih said of him that

he never unlawfully took a cash from any one nor wrongfully put

a man to death. In 1669 he became a Grand Secretary, and was

the first Chinese Grand Secretary allowed to sit in the Emperor’s
presence. Canonised as Bl Wit -

Tu Lin fi pK (T. 4H [I] ). Died A.D. 47. A scholar of Mou- 2064
ling in Shensi, who was for some years kept in honourable captivity

by Wei Hsiao. In A.D. 30 he was allowed to go to the funeral of

his brother, and the assassin sent after him by Wei was so struck

by his appearance that he refused to kill him. He lived as a Censor

at the Emperor’s Court, and was treated with the respect his conduct

and learning deserved. A deep student of the ancient literature,

he obtained while in captivity a copy of the nn BL fet ES
Canon of History in the ancient script, and this he studied
with Wei Hung and other scholars. In 46 he became Minister

of Works.

Tu Mu i ie (T. Be. H. HE J). A.D. 8083-852. A native 2065
of Lo-yang, who graduated as chin shih about 830, and rose to

be a secretary in the Grand Council. As a poet he achieved considerable
distinction and is often spoken of as Ay Kk the Younger Tu, to
distinguish him from Tu Fu. .

Tu Shén-yen *L HE SF (T. WP fifj). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. 2066
A native of Hsiang-yang in Hupeh, grandfather of the famous poet

Tu Fu. Graduating as chin shih, he gained some distinction as a

poet and was appointed to a post at Lo-yang. There he got into
trouble and would probably have lost his life, but for the heroism

784 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of his son, a boy of 18, who slew the accuser. He ultimately became

an Archivist in the Imperial Academy.

2067 Tu Shou-t‘ien fi & fy (T. 2 BS). AD. 1787—1852. A native

of VA Pin-chou in Shantung, who graduated as fourth chin shih

in 1823 and served in ‘literary and educational posts until in 1836
he became tutor to the future Emperor Hsien Féng. Canonised as
BL JE, and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Tu Tsung. See Chao Ch‘i.

2068 Tu Tzi-ch'un 4k -F- ZR. 1st cent. B.C. and A.D. A native

2069

of Khe Fe Kou-shih in modern Honan. He was a distinguished
scholar, and published an edition of the Ji le Ritual of the Chou
State. In 647 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Tu Wén-hsiu Kk. BC Fx. Died A.D. 1872. Commonly known as
Sultan Suleiman of the Panthays of Yiinnan. A Mahomedan of
Ta-li Fu, who had a great reputation for ability and integrity among
the Mussulmans who formed one-third of its population. He came
to the rescue of his co-religionists when in May 1856 an attempt
was made to massacre them. Chosen as their Sultan, he sent agents
to Burmah to buy arms and munitions of war; and secure in the
natural fortress of Ta-li, he was soon master of all western Yiinnan
up to the frontier of Burmah. In 1863 he repulsed with heavy loss
two armies sent against him from the provincial capital; and five
years later, on the meeaak of Ma Hsien becoming a rout, he laid
siege to Ytinnan Fu, until famine and disease forced him to retire.
The end of the T'ai-p‘ing rebellion set free the whole resources of
the empire against him, and he remained inactive while the
Imperialists leisurely advanced westward. In 1871 he tried vainly,
by sending his son, Prince Hassan, to obtain aid from England;
and the following year saw the enemy at the gates of Ta-li. The
treacherous surrender of its Lower Barrier followed, and after many

vain sorties a promise of peace was obtained at the price of Tu’s

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 785

head and an enormous indemnity. On Jan. 15, 1873, his family
having all committed suicide, the Sultan passed for the last time
through the crowded streets of Ta-li on his way to the camp of
Ts‘én Yii-ying. He arrived there senseless, having taken poison
before setting forth. His corpse was beheaded and _ his head was
forwarded to Ytinnan Fu and thence in a jar of honey to
Peking. His dying request to the Imperialist general was ‘Spare
the people!” |

Tu Yu et th (T. At He). Died A.D. 812. A native of Wan-nien
in Shensi, who rose to be President of the Board of Works. Author
of the Fi HH, an elaborate treatise on the constitution, divided
into eight sections under Political Economy, Examinations and
Degrees, Government Offices, Rites, Music, Military Discipline,
Geography, and National Defences. Ennobled as Duke, and canonised
as HE fil.

Tu Yu vie . A descendant of the Yellow Emperor, who ruled
under the Chou dynasty over the region now known as Sstich‘uan
and was locally styled SY ih Wang Ti. His territory having been
overwhelmed by a flood, he owed the recovery of the dry land to the
exertions of a personage named Hig aR Pieh Ling, who cut a
passage through the Wu mountains and drained off the water. This
passage is now known as the famous Wu Gorge on the Yang-tsze,
and is 700 di in length. Tu Yu at once resigned the throne to his
deliverer and went into retirement, where he prosecuted his studies
with such success that he was finally changed into a goatsucker
or nightjar.

Tu Yu At FA (T. ye BL). AD. 222—284. A native éf Tu-ling
in Shensi, who inherited the title of Marquis and rose to high

2070

2071

2072

office under the first Emperor of the Chin dynasty. Yang Hu on |

‘his deathbed recommended that he should be_employed in his own

stead in the subjugation of the Wu dynasty, a task which he carried
50

786 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

out with complete success. Hence he is sometimes knows as fF
i - He was also called Ht DE fi Tu the Arsenal, as being full’
of resources and always ready. He was a deep student, especially
of Tso-ch‘iu Ming’s commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals.
On one occasion he was telling the Emperor that =F iii Wang
Chi- had the “horse disease,” and that Ho Ch‘iao had the “money

disease.” “And what disease have you?” asked the Emperor. “Oh,

I have the Tso-ch‘in’s Commentary disease,” he replied. Canonised

2073

2074

2075

as JX. |

T‘u-an Ku 4 fe e. 6th cent. B.C. A Minister under Duke
4 Ching of the Chin State, who plotted the extermination of
the family of Chao- Ts‘ui. After the slaughter of all the male
descendants had been accomplished, the wife of 18 HH Chao So,
son of Chao Tun, gave birth to a son; on hearing which T‘u-an
Ku at once sent to find the child, which had meanwhile been
carried away to a place of safety. Then a faithful servant of the
family, named AY JK #F FY Kung-sun Ch‘u-chiu, hid himself on
the hills with another child, while #@ BR Ch‘éng Ying, an accom-
plice, informed T‘u-an Ku where the supposed orphan of the house
of Chao was lying hidden. Kung-sun Ch‘u-chiu and the child were
accordingly slain, but the real heir escaped, and was named ti
jt Chao Wu; and when he grew up he avenged the wrongs of
his family by slaying T*u-an Ku and exterminating his race. Upon
this story is based the famous tragedy known as #8 Fe Wil We,
and partly translated by Julien under the title of LD’ Orphelin de
la Chine.

Tu Chi % Aff. Died B.C. 218. A general employed by the
First Emperor, and appointed first Governor of Nan-hai or modern
Kuangtung. He was killed in battle against the aborigines, who
routed his troops with great slaughter. E
T‘u-érh-ko |] fg #&. AD. 1595-1645. Highth son of O-yi-tu,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary | 787

and famed asa daring and successful warrior against the Ming
armies. Ennobled as Duke, and canonised as Ht Be.

Tu-fa Li-lu-ku FE & Fi) jf Hk. Died A.D. 401. Brother and
successor to T‘u-fa Wu-ku. He saved Tuan Yeh from Li Tsuan,
_ and routed Lii Lung whom he afterwards aided against Chii-ch‘ii
_ Méng-hsiin. |

T‘u-fa Nu-t‘an 75 54 & fel. Died A.D. 414. Brother to T'u-fa
Li-lu-ku. By tendering his allegiance to the Later Ch‘in State, he
obtained the Governorship of what had been the Later Liang? State;
and in 408, after defeating the forces of Yao Hsing, he proclaimed
himself king of the 8. Liang* State. In 411 he was himself defeated
by the N. Liang* State; and in 414 the W. Chtins, taking advantage
of a rebellion, annexed his territory and put him to death.
T'u-fa Wu-ku 7 3% Jf fl. Died A.D. 398. Chief of the
Hsien-pi, a Turkic tribe which settled in Kansuh. In 394 he was
appointed by Lii Kuang to be Viceroy of I-chou in Ssiich‘uan and
was ennobled as a Prince. In 397 he proclaimed himself king of
the S. Liang® State, with the title of Pi 7 =F, and defeated the
forces of Lii Kuang, adding new territory to his dominions.
T‘u-hai [aj yf (T. BE WN). Died A.D. 1681. A Manchu, who
rapidly rose from the position of clerk to be a Minister of State. He
was employed in revising the statutes and also in preparing the
dynastic annals. In 1672 he became President of the Board’ of
Revenue. In 1675 he aided in suppressing the Ch‘aha rebellion,
and in 1676 he succeeded in repressing an outbreak in Shensi, for
which he was ennobled as Duke. Canonised as Bl aes and in
1724 as fist 3 |

T‘u-lai #8. A.D. 1600-1646. Son of Fei-ying-tung. He was
greatly distinguished for valour in the war with the Mings and in
the invasion of China and pursuit of Li Tzii-ch‘éng. Ennobled as
Duke, and canonised as Jf} #if.

2076

2077

2079

2080

2081

2082

2083

788 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Tuan Ch‘éng-shih BY BK TK (T. A] Py). Died A.D. 863. A
scholar and official of the T‘ang dynasty. He rose to be a sub-
Director of the Court of Sacrificial Worship, and was the author
of the Py I fe 2H, a well-known miscellany on the sights and
wonders of the ancient capital Lo-yang.

Tuan Hsiu-shih fY 7 Ef (T. BX A). Died A.D. 783. A
native of yf Na Ch‘ien-yang in Shensi, who threw aside books
and adopted a military career. After successful campaigns against
An Lu-shan and later on against the Turfans he rose by 779 to
be President of the Board of Rites and was ennobled as Prince;
but in the following year his opposition to the proposal of Yang
Yen to fortify Ji Ytian-chou in Shensi caused him to be dismissed. .
In 783 Chu Tz‘t, thinking that Tuan must be disappointed and
disaffected, invited him to join in his rebellion. Tuan feigned com-
pliance, and at an interview he made an heroic attempt to brain
the rebel with a heavy ivory tablet. He was overpowered and slain.
The Emperor ieogiaeed his patriotism, and he was canonised as
A Ri

Tuan-mu Tzu je 7x W(t. -F- A). Born B.C. 520. One
of the foremost among the disciples of Confucius, to whom he
showed extreme devotion and among whose Four Friends he is
reckoned. Confucius spoke approvingly of the quickness displayed
by this disciple. in appreciating his teachings, and declared that
with such a man he could speak freely on the Odes. He was in
attendance upon the Sage at the time of his death; and at the
end of the period during which a number of the other disciples
mourned near the Master’s jor he remained for 3 years longer.
From a passage in the Analects it is inferred that he occupied
himself with trade; hence the phrase Wit I He WHE is used of a
livelihood earned in commercial pursuits. But he appears to have

held office as magistrate at 4B iB Hsin-yang; and on one occasion

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 789

undertook a diplomatic mission by which the Lu State was saved
from destruction at the hands of T‘ien Ch‘ang. Posthumously ennobled
as AW ZV. ,

Tuan-sun Shih in TR hip (T. ¥ Hie). One of the disciples

of Confucius, classed among the Four Friends of the Master.
‘Tuan Tsung. See Chao Shih.

Tuan Wén-ch‘ang $Y 3¢ A (T. 3B Sil). Died A.D. 835. A
protégé of the powerful Wei Kao, who rose to be President of the

Board of War and was ennobled as Duke. He was remarkable for

his love of good cookery, and “Hall for the Refinement of Pearls”.

was inscribed above his kitchen door. Over a hundred maid-servants
were employed in preparing his meals, nine of whom were entrusted

with general management and the secret of the recipes. He wrote

a cookery-book in fifty chapters, popularly known as gil of UN

fe i He.

Tuan Yeh Zé. Died A.D. 401. Governor of 32 EE Chien-
k’ang in Kiangsu, who in 397 founded the N. Liang® State in Kansuh,
with Chii-ch‘iti Méng-hsiin as his Chancellor. In 898 he took the
title of king, and three years later he was murdered by Méng-hsiin.
Tuan Yt-ts‘ai BY 7 RR (T. HE and fk WH). AD.
1735—1815. A native of 4» $B Chin-t‘an in Kiangsu. He graduated
as chi jen in 1760 and served as Magistrate in Kueichou and
Ssitich‘uan until 1781 when he retired on the plea of ill-health.
He was a profound scholar and a voluminous writer, but the one
work by which he is known is an edition of the Shuo Wén under
the title of Bl ff = F vel

Tung An-yi if ia Ss ge A worthy of old, wud because he was
_ of a sluggish disposition always carried about with him a bow-string,
to stimulate him towards that rapidity of action which the string
may be said to symbolise. He became involved in political troubles

and sacrificed himself for the good of his State by committing suicide.

2084

2085

2086

2087

2088

2089

790 A Chinese Biographical . Dictionary

Tung Chii-ch‘ang ff H Fy (T. 7p 34). AD. 1555-1636.
A metropolitan official under the Ming dynasty, and a celebrated
calligraphist. Inventor of the style of writing known as ip i

2090 Tung-ch‘ing-fu {% |E jij. Died A.D. 1748. Son of Tung-kuo-

2091

wei. He rose to be Viceroy of various provinces and in 1745 he

-became a Grand Secretary. He was cashiered in 1747 for falsely

reporting the defeat and death of the escaped chief of 4J ti ie
Ta-chien-lu in Ssiich‘uan, and in the following year he was ordered
to commit suicide.

Tung Cho jf i (T. {if 2A). Died A.D. 192. A native of fR
yk Lin-t‘iao in modern Kansuh. As a youth he travelled among
the Tanguts and other border tribes, where he made many friends.
Some of these following him home, in order to entertain them he

slew his farm oxen. This proof of affection so touched their hearts

‘that on their return these friends sent him a thousand head of

cattle as a present. He was skilled in military exercises and knew
something of the art of war. His first distinction was gained in an
attack on P‘ing-chou in modern Chihli. The reward for this service,
consisting of 9000 rolls of silk, he distributed among his comrades.
Later on, for failure in his operations against the Yellow Turbans,
he was disgraced; but when ie a Han Sui rebelled he was
recalled, and by his successes soon obtained restoration to favour.
He was then sent against the turbulent border tribes, whom he
overcame rather by strategy than by hard Spliias: When Ho Chin,
uncle of the Heir Apparent, together with Yiian Shao and others,
determined to interfere in the succession, they invited Tung Cho
to the capital; but before he could arrive Ho Chin had fallen a
victim to the revenge of the eunuchs, who in the confusion carried

off the youthful Emperor. Tung Cho was partly instrumental in

restoring the latter to his throne; but soon after, when mutual

jealousies had left him master of the situation, he deposed the boy-

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 791

Emperor Hsieh Ti and set up the still more youthful Prince of [si
#4 Ch‘én-liu under the style of Hsien Ti. After this, his cruelty

and arrogance exceeded all bounds. He went to Court booted and
armed; he did not use his personal name when addressing the,
Emperor; he made officers of high rank kneel to him, while he
himself did not deign to return their salutes. On one occasion he
sent his soldiers to a village at the time of the spring gathering,
slew all the men and gave the women to his soldiers. In A.D. 190.
he burnt the capital, Lo-yang, with all its palaces and temples,
and removed the Emperor to Ch‘ang-an. His tyranny was so complete
that men were terrified into silence, only. venturing to exchange
glances as they passed along the street. He destroyed the bronze
images, using the metal to coin debased cash. He built for his
clansmen the city of Abs Mei-wu, said to be an exact counterpart
of the capital. At length Wang Yiin and others succeeded in
persuading Tung Cho’s trusty lieutenant Lii Pu to join them, and
this last assassinated him in the palace. His corpse was cast out
and exposed to the worst indignities in the market-place.

Tung Chung-shu #7 () 27 (H. #£ fae). 2nd cent. B.C. A 2092
native of Kuang-chou, who was such an eager student that he
drew down his blind and for three years never looked out into the
garden. Under the Emperor Ching Ti he became a Doctor of the
Academy of Learning, and taught a large number of pupils. Under
the Emperor Wu Ti he was appointed Minister at Chiang-tu, the
modern Yang-chou in Kiangsu, to the Emperor’s brother, the
Prince of Fy I, but he did not hold the post long. He then
wrote a book on extraordinary phenomena, which was shown by
a jealous rival to the Emperor. The Emperor submitted it to a
conclave of scholars; and one of them, a disciple of Tung’s, not
knowing that the work was from his master’s pen, denounced it

as foolish. Tung was condemned to death, but was pardoned and

792 - A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
afterwards became Minister to the Prince of iB Py Chiao-hsi. His

name is associated with the Spring and Autumn Annals, to which
he devoted his life. He was the author of the yas HK ws Be and
,other works on this his favourite study. In 1330 his tablet was
placed in the Confucian Temple.
2093 Tung-fang So #t Fi HA A(T. co] fry )- Born 160 B.C. A native
of P‘ing-yiian in Shantung. In B.C. 138 an Imperial proclamation
was issued, calling for men of parts to assist in the government
of the empire, and in response thereto Tung-fang So sent in an
application which closed with the following words: — “I am now
twenty-two years of age. I am nine feet three inches in height.
My eyes are like swinging pearls, my teeth like a row of shells.
I am as brave as Méng Pén, as prompt as Ch‘ing Chi, as pure -
as Pao Shu-ya, and as devoted as Wei Shéng. I consider myself fit —
to be a high officer of State; and with my life in my hand I await
your Majesty’s reply.” He received an appointment and ere long
was promoted to be Censor, after which he was upon the most
intimate terms with the Emperor, amusing his Majesty with humorous
sallies and earning for himself the sobriquet of vey KE the Wit.
On one occasion he drank off some elixir of immortality which
belonged to the Emperor, and the latter in a rage ordered him to
be put to death. But Tung-fang So smiled and said, “If the elixir
was genuine, your Majesty can do me no harm ; if it was not,
what harm have I done?” Legend has been busy with his name.
His mother is said to have been a widow, who became pregnant
by a miraculous conception and removed from her home to give
birth to her child at a place farther to the eastward; hence the
name Tung-fang. The boy himself was said to be the incarnation
of the planet ‘Venus, and to have appeared on earth in previous
births as Féng Hou, Wu Ch‘éng Tz, Lao Tzti, and Fan Li. Besides

this he was credited with divine wisdom and supernatural powers,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 793

and is said to have thrice stolen from Hsi Wang Mu the famous

peaches of immortality which ripen only once in 3,000 years. Later
on he fell into disfavour and vented his feelings in essays on the
wilfulness of princes. He also wrote poetry; and a work on the
supernatural, entitled iif Bia RK , has been attributed to his pen.
‘Tung Féng i FR (Ty ae #E). A famous physician of old, who
would take no fees but made each rich patient whom he cured plant
five apricot-trees and each poor patient plant one. In a few years
he had a fine orchard; and when the fruit was ripe he exchanged
with his neighbours a measure of apricots against a measure of
grain, leaving it to the honour of each only to take the right
amount. One mean fellow who carried off more than his due was
at once pursued by a tiger, and spilt so many apricots on the way
that by the time he reached home he had only a fair equivalent
for his grain.

Tung Féng-ts‘ai (& JA FY (T. ER RA). Died A.D. 1677. A

distinguished provincial administrator, who re-organised Kuangsi,

2094

2095

Sstich‘uan, Honan, and’ Kueichou in the early years of Manchu °

rule. Canonised as Hy) fe. .

Tung Hu A. 6th and 7th cent. B.C. A Grand Astrologer
of the Chin State, whose fearless entries in the public annals excited
the admiration of Confucius. .

Tung-hun Hou. See Hsiao Pao-chiian.

2096

Tung Kao i ai (T. jfF ph). AD. 1738-1818. A native of 2097

yj 1} Fu-yang in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih in 1768
and soon attracted the Emperor's notice by his skill as a poet and
an artist and by his learning. In 1779 he entered the Grand Council,
and in 1790 he became a Grand Secretary. Canonised as Bl AN
and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Tung Kuo-chii (% fay 24 (T. PFE [Lp). A.D. 1620—1660. Grand

nephew of Tung Yang-hsing. He did good service in reducing

2098

2099

2100

794 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Chehkiang to order in the early days of Manchu rule, and also captured
Chéng Chih-lung and defeated his son Koxinga.
Tung-kuo-kang {% [ej iJ. Died A.D. 1690. Son of Tung-t'u-lai.
He was employed by the Emperor K‘ang Hsi to fix the boundary
between China and Russia, and in 1679 he and ee 4A aI So-o-t‘u,
a Chamberlain, met the Russian envoy ve He B ve Feodor Golovin
at Nertchinsk and agreed that the rivers Argun and Gerbitza should
form the frontier. Was killed by a gunshot in 1690, during the
expedition against Galdan, the Kalmuck chieftain. Canonised as
i A.

Tung-kuo-wei {% |e] #£. Died A.D. 1719. Brother of Tung-
kuo-kang. He revealed the conspiracy of Wu San-kuei’s son in 1674,
and in 1682 rose to be'a Minister of State. In 1689, on his daughter
becoming Empress, he was ennobled as Duke. Next year he shared
in the expedition against Galdan and was degraded for remissness ,
but subsequently recovered his position. Later on he incurred the

Emperor’s wrath by heading a joint memorial advising the substitution -

of a younger son for the Heir Apparent who was suffering from

2101

2102

mania. Canonised as jim Yl.

Tung Shih jr [E. The virtuous wife of Chia Chih-yen of the
T‘ang dynasty. When he was banished, he advised her to marry
some one else; but she bound up her hair into a knot, and swore
to him that only he should ever again unloose it. Returning after
a lapse of thirty years, he found the knot untouched.
Tung-t‘u-lai {% [a] HH. A.D. 1606-1658. A Manchu, who played
a distinguished part in the conquest’ of China. In 1648 he was
appointed Commander-in-chief in the south, and drove the Mings
out of Hunan and defeated them in Kuangsi. By special permission

his father retained his original Manchu nationality, though Tung

Yang-hsing’s branch of the family were reckoned Chinese Bannermen.

Ennobled as Viscount, and canonised as ae Hy} .

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 795
Tung Yang-chia {% 7 FA (T. ( 4H). 17th cent. A.D. Cousin

of Tung Yang-hsing. He accompanied the invading army of Manchus,
and as acting Viceroy of the Two Kuang took Canton by stratagem
and skilfully overthrew the various Ming leaders. In 1647, being

Viceroy and also Governor of Kuangtung, he successfully defended

2103

Canton with only 100 soldiers and the local volunteers against a

large pirate force, and also against a desperate attack by the
adherents of the Mings. He was subsequently slain by his lieutenant
as XK Ki Li Ch‘éng-tung, who had joined the Mings because he
was dissatisfied with his advancement.

Tung Yang-hsing {¥€ #5 #4. Died A.D. 1647. A native of
Liao-tung, who removed to Fu-shun in Shingking and became chief
_ trader and a leading man there. Imprisoned on account of his
‘Manchu leanings, he fled to the Emperor T‘ai Tsu who ennobled
him, gave him a princess to wife, and appointed him head of the
Chinese Bannermen. In 1631 he was entrusted with the forging of
cannon, and as commander of the Manchu artillery did good service
until his death. Canonised as 2] HB .

Tung Yuian-su is 7p #. Mth cent. A.D. A magician at the
Court of the Emperor Hstian® Tsung of the Tang dynasty.

Tung Yung if: 7K. 2nd cent. A.D. A native of —F- Fe Kan-
ch’éng in Hupeh and one of the 24 examples of filial piety. When
his father died, there was no money to pay for funeral expenses.
Accordingly he borrowed the necessary amount upon condition that
if he could not repay it he would become the bondsman of his
creditor. On returning from the funeral he met a young lady who
asked him to marry her, and they went together to his creditor to
arrange about the debt. The latter said he would require 800 pieces
of silk; whereupon the young lady set to work, and within a
month she had completed the tale. Then she turned to Tung Yung
and said, “I am the et He Spinning Damsel (« Lyre). God sent

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2106

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796 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

me to help you as a reward for your filial piety.” With that she
soared up to heaven and disappeared, and the name of the place
was thenceforward changed to ae J.

T‘ung Chih jal 4. A.D. 1856-1875. The title of the reign
of ay ye Tsai-shun, only son of the Emperor Hsien. Féng. He
succeeded his father in 1861, under the regency of the two Em presses
Dowager who were ably assisted by his uncle, Prince Kung. The
title at first adopted for his reign was jE; it was changed
after the successful coup d'état which seated him firmly upon the
throne (see Kung, Prince). The T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion was finally
suppressed in 1864 (see Tséng Kuo-fan). It was followed by a rising
of mounted banditti, known as Nien fei, who after doing much
mischief in more than one province of the north, and even threatening
the capital, were at length dispersed. Meanwhile the Maritime
Customs had been organised under the management of foreigners,
and had proved suecéssfal: Not so an attempt to purchase a ready-
made fleet, known as the Lay-Osborn flotilla, for which China was
quite unable to pay and which Great Britain obligingly took off her
hands. In 1868 the former sent her first mission to foreign countries.
It was headed by Mr. Burlingame, late American Minister at Peking,
and its object was to show that China would be ready at an early
date for western civilisation. As a commentary upon this text, the
year 1870 brought with it the Tientsin Massacre, in which many
Catholic sisters and other foreigners lost their lives (see Ch‘ung
Hou and Gh‘én Kuo-jui). In 1872 the Emperor was married to a
young Manchu lady, named A-lu-té. In 1873 the foreign Ministers

were received in audience, and the great Panthay rebellion in

_ Yiinnan, which had lasted eighteen years, was brought to an end

with the tragic death of Tu Wén-hsiu. In 1874 the Japanese
landed a force upon the island of Formosa, in order to punish the

savages — China having declared herself incapable of doing so —

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 797

_ for the murder of shipwrecked Japanese subjects. The force was

ultimately withdrawn, upon payment by China of an indemnity of

Tls. 500,000. During the same year the disgraceful coolie-trade

from Macao was finally stopped. The Emperor died, without issue,

on the 13th January 1875, and was shortly afterwards followed to |

the grave by his young wife, around whose fate hang not altogether
groundless suspicions of foul play. Canonised as Bs = Ae B ip -
T‘ung Kuan iff i. Died A.D. 1126. A fine-looking and crafty
eunuch, who won the favour of Ts‘ai Ching and rose in 1108 to
be Commandant at yx ‘ig. Féng-ning. After the disgrace of his
patron, with whom he had quarrelled, he was placed in supreme
command on the western frontier and was appointed Governor of
several provinces. He caused the war with Hsia, the results of
which he concealed, and later on induced his sovereign to enter
into the league with Chin® which overthrew the Liao State. In
1123, having failed to take Peking unaided, he bought it by great
_ concessions, only to find it emptied of wealth and inhabitants. In
1125 he was ennobled as Prince, and sent as envoy to the encroaching
Chins*. The utter collapse of the Imperial armies before the Tartar
hordes, and his own precipitate flight, led to his disgrace. He was
slain on the way to his place of banishment and his head was
sent to the capital. |

T‘ung Ts‘an in ZB. Born A.D. 923. A native of [if ‘ipa. Ou-
ning in Fuhkien. He was alive and vigorous when the Emperor
Jen Tsung of the Sung dynasty came to the throne im 1023, and
was appointed by his Majesty to high office as a reward for his
virtuous life. —

Tup Timur [a] hh WE fy. A-D. 1804-1832. Second son of
Kaisun, and brother to Hosila whom he succeeded in 1829 as eighth
Emperor of the “Yiian dynasty and whose death he was accused of

compassing. He reposed full confidence in Yen Timur (see Achakpa)

2108

2109

2110

2

2112

2118

2114

798 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and allowed him to put to death all rivals who ventured to cross
his path. He wasted large sums upon a new Buddhist temple at
Nanking and appointed a priest to the post of Imperial Preceptor.
In 1329: new Institutes were issued, and in 1330 the parents of
Confucius and the Sage’s chief disciples were ennobled. Aboriginal
outbreaks in Hunan and Yiinnan gave some trouble, while famines
and other national calamities were not infrequent. Canonised as BL =e
Tzu Ch‘ing -~- jp}. A famous physiognomist of old, noted for
having pronounced upon the features of Confucius.

Tzi Ku Hsien ¥ igh {ilj. The name given to a female deity,
worshipped on the 15th day of the 1st moon as the Ji Til} Goddess
of Latrines, and also at other times by young girls, of whom she
is the patron. The covéeapriy. of “inviting the presence”’ is performed
by laying a suit of girls’ clothing upon a chair and making
obeisance before it, and is occasionally practised at the present day.
Tzu Yeh. See Liu Yeh.

Tzii Ving -F- HR. Died B.C. 206. A son of Fu Su, who after
the murder of the Second Emperor at the instigation of the eunuch
Chao Kao, was proclaimed by the latter king of Ch'in, thus
relinquishing the universal dominion which had been claimed by
his grandfather. Finding out that Chao Kao had only elevated him
to the throne as a temporary measure, being all the time in cor-
respondence with Liu Pang as to the partition of the Ch'in territory
between themselves, he seized an early opportunity to have Chao
Kao assassinated, and soon afterwards tendered his own submission
to Liu Pang. A few days later he was himself murdered by Hsiang Chi.
Tz‘i1-an-tuan-yt-k‘ang-ch‘ing-chao-ho-chuang-ching
Huang Tai Hou af 2 iit @ JE BER fn HE We OK
= A.D. 1885—1881. The Eastern Empress Dowager, actual wife
of the Emperor Hsien Féng. She was associated in the Regency

with the stronger-minded Western Empress, but played no real part

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 7199

in the politics of her day. Much respected for her- womanly virtues,

she was canonised as A Be De Pe on KK re BH
i Et Ja ,

Tzu Fei #K JE. A famous warrior of the Chou dynasty.

Tz‘t-hsi-tuan-yu-k‘ang-hsi-chao-yii-chuang-ch‘éng-shou-
kung-ch‘in-hsien-ch‘ung-hsi Huang T‘ai Hou ¥& jj iit
Ati BRE WEL Hh RGRE ah BRAK Ok RE WE Se Jp. Bom
A.D. 1835. The Western Empress Dowager, mother of the Emperor
T’ung Chih, secondary wife of the Emperor Hsien Féng and aunt
by marriage of the Emperor Kuang Hsii. On the death of Hsien
Féng at Jehol in 1861, eight members of the extreme anti-foreign
party claimed to have been appointed Regents for the boy-Emperor.
She espoused the cause of Prince Kung who was in Peking negotiating
with the English and French, and with the aid of Prince Ch‘un
the reactionary leaders were seized and either put to death or
allowed to commit suicide. She and the Hastern Empress, aided by
Prince Kung, administered the government until T‘ung Chih ascended
the throne, and on his death they put Kuang Hsiti on the throne
without waiting for the birth of the posthumous child of T‘ung
Chih. In 1887 she consented to continue to advise Kuang Hsii, now
of age, and in March 1889 she relinquished the administration to
him, though she has by no means ceased to be an important factor

in State councils.
V..
Vadjramati. See Chin Kang Chih.
W.

Wan An Fi ZX (T. (ff FF). Died A.D. 1488, A native of JA
Mei-chou in Sstich‘uan, who graduated as chin shih in 1448 and
obtained rapid promotion through the friendship of the adopted son

2115
2116

2117

2118

2119

800 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

of the eunuch 7K By Ch‘éng Ch‘ang. Attaching himself to the
low-born but powerful concubine yest Wan, whose nephew he
professed to be, his influence became paramount; and when in 1471
a comet at last terrified the weak Emperor into giving audience,
he broke up the conference by crying out, ‘Long life to his
Majesty!” and: so earned the contemptuous nickname of Minister
Long-Life. His twenty years of power were disgraced by jobbery
and corruption, for which posterity has noted traces of Divine
vengeance in: the early extinction of his line by the premature
deaths of his son and only grandson. Canonised as Bl ix |
Wan Ching fi #K (T. #¥ — and Jy Hb). A.D. 1660—1743.
Son of Wan Ssii-ta. Graduated in 1703, and entered the Han-lin
College. Became Literary Chancellor in Kueichou, but was disgraced
and reduced to poverty, in which he supported himself by selling
specimens of calligraphy in the li style. He was a profound student
of metaphysics and history. He wrote the WA Bid #E {iH , a history
of China under the Mings, completed his father’s work on the
Spring and Autumn, and also. a work by his cousin, Wan Yen,
on the historical notabilia of the Ming dynasty.

Wan Erh #i be. 7th and 8th cent. A.D. Daughter of an official
named [| ' Shang-kuan. During pregnancy the mother dreamt
that a giant appeared and handed to her a large steel-yard, saying,
“With this you will weigh the empire.” A month after the child
was born she playfully said to it, “Is it you who are going to
weigh the empire?” to which the little Wan Erh replied with an
affirmative guggle. When she grew up she was found to have great
beauty, and was taken into the harem of the Emperor Chung Tsung
of the T‘ang dynasty; and in 708 she was raised to the rank of

“the Lady Ji} 4% Chao Jung, and took a considerable share in the.

administration. One evening, when feasting with the Emperor, she

decided which was the best of a number of impromptu poems

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 801

composed for her amusement, by throwing them from a lofty balcony.

All fell fluttering to the ground except two, by Sung Chih-wén

and Shén Ch‘iian-ch‘i; but after a while that by the latter poet
went to join those down below. Sung’s poem was found to end
with the two following lines;

Ah, grieve not that the moon has dimmed her light;
Her place is taken by the Pearl of Night!

alluding ‘of course to the presence of Chao Jung.

Wan Kuang-t‘ai Bi St Ae (T. Zi #9). H. HG Hb). Graduated
in A.D. 1736. Author of the Ff Fe Hi @e. a work containing
details of families mentioned in the History of the N. Wei Dynasty,
and of a collection of poems published under the title of AG if
oe

Wan Pao-ch‘ang nee = ie. 6th cent. A.D. A famous musician,
whose skill was such that after a banquet he would often delight the
guests by playing with his chopsticks upon the dishes and bowls in
. which their food had been served. Author of the Be alt

Wan Ssi-ta By if A (1. Fe GF). A.D. 1632—1683. A native
of Chehkiang, distinguished as a critic and writer on classical and
historical subjects. His edition of the Spring and Autumn Annals
was unfortunately destroyed by fire. He set to work to replace the
manuscript, and had made great progress with the work when he
died. It was completed by his son, Wan Ching.

Wan Ssi-t‘ung Bi iy fay (T. 4S HF). AD. 1642-1702. A
native of Chehkiang, of precocious talent, who devoted his energies
to the study of history, especially that of the Ming dynasty. In
1679 he was employed in Peking as a private assistant on the
historical commission. Every point was submitted to him, his
marvellous memory supplying exact references. He was the owner

of a large library, and wrote several historical and biographical

2120

2121

2122

2123

works. He was known to his pupils as the 4 Bal 3c ae;

51

2124

2125

2126

2127

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802 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and at his death they informally canonised him as j=I Bl.
Wan Yen HHS (1. A—. H. FH Ay). 18th cent. AD.
Cousin to Wan Ching. Was known from his youth upwards as a

diligent student of ancient literature. Assisted in the preparation

of the History of the Ming Dynasty.

Wan-yen Hstin = OH Ff). Died A.D. 1224. Eldest grandson
of Wan-yen P‘ou. He succeeded Wan-yen Yiin-chi in 1213 as
eighth Emperor of the Chin? dynasty. His reign was marked by
rebellion in Shantung and by Mongol attacks from the north.
Peking was several times besieged, and ultimately all the territory

north of the Yellow River from Shantung to the Passes had fallen

into the hands of the enemy. Canonised as ‘Eq ae

Wan-yen Kung 52 $4 Ee. Died A.D. 1209. Grandson of
Wan-yen P‘ou, whom he succeeded in 1190 as sixth Emperor
of the Chin? dynasty. A well-meaning youth, he soon took to
drink and loose living, and left the government to women and
eunuchs. The consequence was that the Mongols encroached upon
the north, while the House of Sung was emboldened to attack
its ancient enemy, now reduced to a policy of defence. Canonised
a eae

Wan-yen Liang > #4 3%. Died A.D. 1161. Grandson of Akuta,
and fourth Emperor of the Chin® dynasty, to the throne of which
he succeeded in 1149 upon murdering Wan-yen Tan. For twelve
years he ruled from Peking as his‘ capital, and at length in 1161
organised a great attack upon the Sung empire; but failing to cross

the Yang-tsze, he was assassinated by his own generals. Known

in history as ya [oe FE.

Wan-yen P‘ou aE A RB . Died A.D. 1190. Brother to Wan-
yen Liang, whom he succeeded in 1161 as fifth Emperor of the
Chin® dynasty. Of an exceptionally gentle disposition, his reign was

marked by a mildness which gained for him the sobriquet of ‘the |

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 803

Little Yao-and-Shun.” He was neglectful however of his frontier
defences, and thus left a legacy of much annoyance to his successors.
Canonised as {iH or -

Wan-yen Shéng ae Hi ii Died A.D. 1134. Brother of Akuta,
whom he succeeded in 1123 as second Emperor of the Chin® dynasty.
His reign was one long struggle with the House of Sung, resulting
in considerable accession of territory to the Chins*. In 1126 the
capital, now K‘ai-féng Fy in Honan, was twice besieged; on the
first occasion. for 33 days, when a heavy ransom was exacted and
some territory was ceded; on the second occasion for 40 days,
when it fell and was given up to pillage. In 1127 the Sung
Emperor Ch‘in Tsung was carried away to the north, and Chang
Pang-ch‘ang was set up. In 1129 the Emperor Kao Tsung was
forced to move his capital to Hangchow; but that too fell, all
Shantung, Honan, and Kiangnan, having been previously overrun
by the victorious Chins*. Canonised as Ik a.

Wan-yen Shou-hsti 55 $4 Tf #44. Died A.D. 1234. Third son
of Wan-yen Hsiin, whom he succeeded in 1224 as ninth Emperor
of the Chin® dynasty. Failing to negotiate peace: with the Mongols
he was besieged in the city of K‘ai-féng Fu in Honan. Escaping
from this he shut himself up in the modern ty ‘ga. Ju-ning Fu;
and there, after an heroic defence, he committed suicide. He entrusted
the Imperial regalia to AK le Ch‘éng-lin, one of his generals,
sometimes ‘called Aa =f, who was slain at the assault on the
citadel by the allied forces of Mongols and Chinese. Canonised as
Re (or BS ) esi ; |

Wan-yen Tan ae 3H Bg. Died A.D. 1149. Eldest grandson of
Akuta and third Emperor of the Chin® dynasty, to the throne of
which he succeeded in 1134. In 1137 peace negotiations eee opened
with the House of Sung, and in 1139 Shensi and Honan were

restored to the latter. The rest of his reign was marked by calamities

2129

2130

2131

2182

804 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and. rebellions, until at length he was slain by Wan-yen Liang.
Canonised as [ik *. :

Wan-yen Yiin-chi =. YA WH, 7 Son of Wan-yen P‘ou and
uncle to Wan-yen Kung, whom he succeeded in A.D. 1209 as

seventh Emperor of the Chin® dynasty. During his short reign the

. Mongols twice laid siege to Peking, and much land remained

2133

2134

untilled owing to a general feeling of insecurity. In 1213 he was
deposed by Wan-yen Hsiin, and was shortly afterwards assassinated.
Known in history as fj 4) =F.

Wang An-kuo -—F Fe le) (T. 2p. HB )- 11th cent. A.D. Younger
brother of Wang An-shih. After failing several times for his degree,
he gave up competing and spent three years mourning by his
mother’s grave. In 1068 he received a degree by an act of Imperial
grace, and was appointed Director of Studies to the Heir Apparent
at the western ‘capital. At the expiration ‘of his term of office he
wout to Court, and in consequence of his relationship to the great
Innovator he was honoured with an audience. The disparaging
remarks which he made on his brother’s policy displeased the
Emperor, who however gave him an appointment in the Imperial
Library. While at the western capital he had been a great deal
too fond of licentiousness and debauchery, in consequence of which
Wang An-shih had advised him, in the words of Confucius, to
avoid: the “music of Chéng;” to which Wang An-kuo retorted by
advising his brother to beware of “smart-tongued flatterers.”” Upon
the fall of Wang An-shih, he attached himself to the fortunes of
FA EH ii) Lii Hui-ch‘ing; but he got into trouble over the attacks
upon the government made by Hi} (4% Chéng Chieh, and was
cashiered.

Wang An-shih $F ZF (T. fy FR. He SP lp). AD. 1021—
1086. A native of Lin-ch‘uan in Kiangsi, and son of a secretary in

one of the Boards. He was a keen student, and in composition his

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 805

pen seemed to fly over the paper. Some of his early writings attracted
the attention of ee Tséng Kung, who showed them to Ou-yang
Hsiu, by whom they were highly praised. Graduating as chin shih
he was drafted into provincial employ and became Magistrate of
the #§ Yin District in Chehkiang, where he devoted himself to
improving the embankments and generally bettering the condition
of the people, for which he was recommended to the Throne by
Wén Yen-po. In 1060 he was appointed to one of the highest
offices in connection with the administration of justice, and was
subsequently invited to Court by the Emperor Ying Tsung, but did
not proceed. Ou the accession of the Emperor Shén Tsung in 1068
he became Prefect of Chiang-ning, and shortly afterwards was —
appointed Expositor in the Han-lin College. In 1069 he was
appointed State Councillor. He became at once the confidential
adviser of the Emperor, ed entered upon a series of startling
reforms, said to be based upon certain new and. more correct
interpretations of portions of the Classics, which have given him
a unique position in the annals of China. The chief of these were:
(1) ¥4 dig} PE. A system under which local produce was no longer
to be forwarded to the capital for sale on behalf of the Imperial
exchequer, possibly for much less than its market value and
consequently at a loss to the forwarding locality. (2) iW Te tR.
A system of State advances to cultivators of land on the security
of growing crops. (3) 4% FA Pe. A system of tithing for military
purposes, under which every family having more than two males
was bound to supply one to serve as a soldier. (4) 7 PE. A
system under which money payments were: substituted for the old-
fashioned forced labour. (5) Thy oa re A system under which
dépots for bartering and hypothecating goods and property were
established all. over the empire. (6) AR. As . A system for

guaranteeing a supply of cavalry-horses in case of need, every

806 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

family being compelled to keep a horse which was supplied, together
with its food, by the government. (7) Ay Jy FA 14 Ht HE. A
system under which land was remeasured and the incidence of
taxation was more equitably distributed. In addition to the above
leading measures of reform, Wang abolished all restrictions upon
the export of copper, the result being that even the common copper
cash, were melted down and made into articles for sale and exportation.
A panic ensued, which Wang met by simply doubling the value
of each cash. All through his career he had been opposed by eminent
adversaries, such as Su Hsiin and his two more famous sons, and
by Han Ch'i and Ssti-ma Kuang, by the latter of whom he was
ultimately superseded. Towards the end of Shén Tsung’s reign he
fell into disfavour and was banished to Nanking as Governor (see
Chéng Hsieh) and though re-instated ere many months had passed,
he retired into private life, shortly afterwards to die, but not
before he had seen the whole of his policy reversed. As a man,
he was distinguished by his frugality and his obstinacy. He wore
dirty clothes and did not even wash his face, for which Su Hsitin
denounced him as a beast. He was so cocksure of all his own
views that he would never admit the possibility of being wrong,
which gained for him the sobriquet of +5) AH AL the Obstinate
Minister. As a student, “I have been,” said he, “an omnivorous
reader of books of all kinds, even, for example, of ancient medical
and botanical works. I have moreover dipped into treatises on
agriculture and on needlework, all of which I have found very
profitable in aiding me to seize the great scheme of the Canon
itself.” He attempted to reform the examination system, requiring
from the candidate not so much graces of style as a wide acquaintance
with practical subjects. “Accordingly,” says one Chinese writer,
“even the pupils at village schools threw away their text-books of

rhetoric, and began to study primers of history, geography, and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 807

political economy.” He was the author of the ae af. 8 work on
the written characters, with special reference to those which are
formed by the combination of two or more, the meanings of which
taken together determine the meaning of the compound character.
In 1104 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple, but about

one hundred and forty years later it was removed. Canonised as Bl.

Wang Chang =F = (T. if Sj). Ist cent. B.C. An official of 2135

the Han dynasty, who was so poor in early life that he and his
wife had to sleep with only straw for bed-clothes. He rose to be
a Censor, and under the Emperor Ch‘éng Ti, B.C. 32—6, he became
Governor of the Metropolitan District. Although originally brought
forward by Wang Féng, he was now opposed to that statesman;
and on the occasion of an eclipse, he impeached him for malpractices

and demanded his execution. His wife remonstrated with him on

- -this ambitious step, reminding him of the days when straw had

served them for bed-clothes, but in vain. The Emperor, however,
could not part with Wang Féng. Wang Chang was denounced as a
traitor, and thrown into prison, where he died.

Wang Chiang =f jx (original personal name A Wi). Died
A.D. 939. Eldest son of Wang Lin, whom he succeeded in 985 as
fourth ruler of the [aa Min Principality. In 937 he sent tribute
to the reigning House of Chin, and in return was formally invested
as Prince of Min. In the following year he raised to share his
throne the slave-girl who had been the indirect cause of his father’s
death. He was a firm believer in Taoism, and besides appointing
[set af Jt Ch‘én Shou-ytian to the office of “Pope” (see Chang
Tao-ling), he kept a magician in constant attendance and consulted
a golden image of Lao Tzt on all important questions. A slight
to HH Fr Hast Lien Ch‘ung-yii, one of his generals, caused the
latter to set the palace on fire. Wang Ch‘ang fled with his family
and passed the night in the open, whither they were pursued by

2136

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808 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

order of his uncle and successor, Yen Hsi, and were all put to
death. Canonised as iia 2

Wang Ch‘ang =F pri (7. ff FY. H. jt AR and By At He
AE). A.D. 1724—1806. Known even in early youth as a prodigy

of learning, he graduated as chin shih in 1753 and rose by 1768

to the post of Senior Secretary in a Board. He was then cashiered

2138

for revealing official secrets and sent with O-kuei to Burmah. Up
to 1776 he served in the west as military secretary against the
rebels in Chin-ch‘uan, and gradually rose until in 1787 he came
to Peking as Vice President of the Board of Punishments, whence
he is often spoken of as -F 4% B§. Having had to sell all his
goods in order to make his accounts balance when in charge of the
copper administration in Yiinnan (on which he wrote a comprehensive
work), he lived after his retirement in 1793 upon the charity of
friends. He was said to be equally proficient in classical, critical,
and poetical scholarship, and equally skilled whether in literary
research, in military strategy, or in civil government. He was a
deep metaphysician and had a following of some two thousand
disciples.. He was employed in editing various Topographies and
Imperial compilations, besides being himself the author of many
volumes of essays, poetry, and historical studies, among which may
be mentioned the “> 44 Ze Hit a collection of inscriptions from
the earliest times down to the 18th century.

Wang Ch‘ang-ling -F BY £4 (T. AP 4ff). 8th cent. A.D. A
native of Chiang-ning, who graduated as chin shih and distinguished
himself as a poet. He was employed for some time at the capital,
but fell into disfavour, and was finally sent to He pes Lung-p‘iao
in Hunan. When An Lu-shan broke into rebellion, he returned to
his native place, where he was slain by the Censor iil Fr fee
Li Ch‘iu-hsiao. The latter, when caught by be Chang Hao,
pleaded hard that his life should be spared, on the ground that

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 809

there would be no one left to nourish his aged parents. “And who
is left,” enquired Chang Hao, sternly, ‘‘to nourish the aged parents
of Wang Ch‘ang-ling?” From the name of his birthplace he is
sometimes called Wang Chiang-ning. |

Wang Chén -— Tie - Died A.D. 1449. A native of [fF Yti-chou
in Chihli, and a pupil at the palace school for eunuchs established
by the Emperor Hsiian® Tsung in 1426. He was attached to the
person of the Heir Apparent, and when the latter succeeded to
the throne he adopted Wang’s advice to conceal his inexperience
-by being very strict with his Ministers, who were thus driven to
buy Wang’s good offices. The prohibition against eunuchs holding
“official posts (see Chu Ytian-chang) was still enforced; and so
long as the Empress Dowager and the three Yangs were active,
| Wang feared to bid for power. But in 1442 only Yang P‘u was
left in office, and he was old and worn. Wang’s ambition now
had full scope. He set the Emperor to build palaces and temples;
and being desirous of military fame he brought on the ie Ji
Lu-ch‘uan war and stirred up trouble in the south-west, his opponents
being sent to prison and even executed without confirmation of the
sentence by the Emperor, while office was openly sold or obtained
by obsequiousness to the all-powerful eunuch, whom even Princes
addressed as Bi 4¢ Venerable Father. In 1449, having worked
up a quarrel with the Oirads, he took the Emperor on an expedition
against their chief +H, ia Yeh-hsien. The whole army was
overwhelmed on: its retreat, and Wang was slain by the routed
soldiery. His vast wealth was confiscated, and his family exterminated:
In 1457 his honours were restored, and a shrine was erected to his
memory by Imperial command.

Wang Chén -F & (T. £ [IJ). A.D. 1824—1857. A famous
Imperialist leader, who started as a volunteer captain of trainbands.

He aided considerably in clearing the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels from Hunan,

21389

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810 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Hupeh, and Kiangsi, and was popularly known to the enemy as
“Tiger Wang.” Canonised ag HH TK.

Wang Ch‘eng FAK (T. KH). AD. 273-317. A native
of Shansi, who distinguished himself by his youthful talents and was
favourably noticed by Wang Yen. About the year 301. he was
driven by the prevailing anarchy to the south, but soon afterwards
became Governor of Tung-hai in Kiangsu. Resigning this post before
very long, he quietly made his way, in spite of the dangers of the
road, to the modern Nanking, where he accepted office under the
Emperor Yiian Ti and aided in consolidating the E. Chin dynasty.
See Wang Hsi-chih.

Wang Chi -F Jt (T. ff HL). Died A.D. 261. A native of
iy YR Ch‘ii-ch‘éng in Shantung, who being: left an orphan was
most carefully brought up by an uncle. He rose to high office
under T's‘ao Pei, first Emperor of the Wei dynasty, whose excessive
leanings towards Buddhism he did not hesitate to censure, pointing
out that water which enabled ships to float was also an instrument
of their destruction. He opposed the innovations of Wang Su in
the interpretation of the Canon of Changes and also in State ceremonial,
the result being that he was compelled to take a provincial post.
But he came again to the front and was ennobled as Marquis by the
Emperor Shao Ti. Author of the ARF up. ai a work on the political
needs of the day. Canonised as Er.

Wang Chi -- a or EHH (I. 4H Y). 6th and 7th cent.
A.D. A native of Lung-mén in Shansi, who as a youth was of a
wild and unconventional disposition. He objected to perform the
ordinary ceremonial of greetings, and refused to take any part in
family condolences or congratulations. He obtained an appointment
in the Imperial Library, but disliked the restraint of Court and
was moreover always getting drunk. The country too was in confusion

from the rebellion of Li Yiian, founder of the T‘ang dynasty; and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 811

when Wang Chi was impeached he retired into private life and
amused himself by keeping poultry and growing millet, from the
latter of which he produced an ardent spirit. He visited the Tung-
kao mountain, and wrote a book in which he dubbed himself cu
op -F- the Philosopher of Tung-kao. Under the T‘angs he became

Probationer in the Han-lin College, but drunkenness once more:

brought about his fall. He was also known as SS py i. +E and
as fr. =} XK, ee from his great capacity for liquor. He foretold
his own death, and wrote his own epitaph, in which he alluded
to his fondness for wine and his consequent loss of office. Author
of many beautiful poems, and of a short skit entitled pay SER avs
Note on Drunk-land.

Wang Chi -— 4%. A scholar of the Sung dynasty, to whom is
ascribed the first application of féng shui to housebuilding (see Kuo
P‘o). The theory of the interaction of the five elements has also
been credited to him.

Wang Chi -— yy. 11th cent. A.D. A native of $j T‘ung-chou
in Chihli, who wrote some famous verses on “God is going to use
Confucius as a bell to rouse mankind,” which gained for him the
sobriquet of -F AX Ze.

Wang Ch‘i -F HE (T. #f 7&). 11th cent. A.D. A native of
Ch'éng-tu in Ssiich‘uan, who graduated as chin shih and was appointed
Archivist at Chiang-tu in Kiangsu. There he distinguished himself
by a memorial to the Emperor on State affairs, and was taken
into favour. And shortly afterwards, when at a banquet his Majesty
called upon the high officials for a poem, Wang Ch‘i’s verses were
the only ones which received the Imperial approval. Sent as envoy
to the Kitan Tartars, he returned home invalided; the Emperor
however fancied he was shamming, and dismissed him to a provincial
post. He ultimately rose to be Vice President of the Board of Rites.

Is chiefly known as a poet.

z144°

2145

2146

2147

812 A Ghinese Biographical Dictionary
Wang Chia =F % (T. 7K FA). A native of Ho-chung in

Shansi, who graduated as chin shih in 890 and rose to be a secretary

in the Board of Rites. He was a distinguished poet, and gave
himself the sobriquet of os + Xe Ie

2148 Wang Ch‘iang + ie (commonly known as Jf 52a Chao Chiin).

2149

Ist cent. B.C. A lady in the seraglio of the Emperor Yiian Ti of

the Han dynasty, who was bestowed in B.C. 33 upon the Khan

-of the Hsiung-nu as a mark of Imperial regard. The following is

the popular version of this story; — The Emperor Yiian Ti had
so many concubines that he did not know them by sight. He

‘therefore commissioned a painter, named Mao Yen-shou, to paint

all their portraits; and in order to secure pleasing likenesses, the
ladies bribed the painter. Chao Chiin, however, the beauty of the |
harem, refused to do so; of course with disastrous results to her
own portrait. Later on when it became necessary to present a
bride to the great Turkic chieftain, Chao Chiin was selected as
the victim because of her ugliness! The Emperor saw her only
when it was too late, and at once fell violently in love with her,
actually sending a camel laden with gold to negotiate her repurchase.
But the Khan refused to part with his treasure. She became his
queen, with the title of fj $} Hu Ning. At her death, which
occurred a few years afterwards, he also refused to allow her body
to be taken. back to China for burial. The mound over her grave
remained always green, even when the country around was devoid
of vegetation. Another account says that the Khan invaded China
in order to possess himself of Chao Chitin, whose portrait had been
shown to him with that object, and that Chao Chiin flung herself
into the Amoor, rather than be carried farther towards the wild
barbarian steppes. |

Wang Ch‘iao =F 7. Ist cent. A.D. A native of Ho-tung in
Shansi, who became Magistrate of the BE Shé District in Honan.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 813

As he used to come regularly to Court, but had no chariot or
horses, the Emperor Ming Ti instructed the Grand Astrologer to

_ find out how he managed to travel such a long distance. The
Astrologer discovered that Wang rode upon a pair of wild-ducks,
which bore him rapidly through the air. Accordingly he lay in

wait and threw a net over the birds; but when he went to seize
them, he found only a pair of official shoes which had been presented

to Wang by the Emperor. One day Wang suddenly announced that

God had sent for him, and after duly bathing, he lay down in a -
jade coffin and died. :

Wang Chieh -F 7S (T. f# A. H. pe and HL 4%), 2150
A.D. 1724—1805. A native of Hit Jf, Han-ch‘éng in Shensi, who
graduated first at the Palace examination in 1760, and rose rapidly

to be a Minister of State and chief tutor to the Princes in 1785.

In his retirement he corresponded with the Emperor Chia Ch‘ing.
Author of two collections of essays, entitled 45 Sy a 4% and

DE fe] 24 Fit. Canonised as BC Hyp, and included in the Temple

of Worthies.

Wang Chien -— a. 2nd and 8rd cent. B.C. A famous general 2151
' who served under the First Emperor. In B.C. 236 he besieged and
captured the city of PA Hid Yw-yii in the Chao State, and by 229

he had completely reduced the whole territory of Chao. He was

then employed against the Yen State, and subsequently led 600,000

men against the Ching State, in both cases with great success.

He slew the Ching general 39 pat Hsiang Yen, father of Hsiang
Liang, and within a year took prisoner A 4H Fu Ch'u, Prince

of Ching. By the year 221 he had succeeded in subjugating the
various States, which his master consolidated into the empire of China.
Wang Chien | (@ (T. 4} FF). A.D. 452—489. A native of 2152
Lin-i in Shantung, whose father =F {per As Wang Séng-ch‘o fell

a victim to political intrigues..He was brought up by his uncle

2153

2154

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814 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
IE (7 JH Wang Séng-ch‘ien, and after taking his father’s title

of Marquis was introduced to the notice of the Emperor Ming Ti
of the Sung dynasty. The latter was much taken with him, and
gave him a princess in marriage and appointed him to office. He
subsequently served in various capacities under the first Hmperor
of the S. Ch‘i dynasty. He catalogued the Imperial Library, and
the education of the Heir Apparent and other Princes was entrusted
to him. The organisation of the civil administration of the S. Ch'i
dynasty was also his work, and he was a great authority on etiquette
and ceremony. Author of the jy AY ai AR 4B 8B, a work on
the mourning garb of ancient and modern times, and also of essays,
etc. Eninobled as Duke, and canonised as Bl ae

Wang Chien = #4! (T. (if J). 8th and 9th cent, A.D. A
native of Ying-chou in Anhui, who graduated as chin shih in A.D.»
775. Between 827 and 835 he was Governor of [fé Shén-chou in
Honan; but by his sharp criticism he offended an Imperial clansman,
and his official career was abruptly cut short. Distinguished as a
poet, he was the author of the Et Fig a ee and was on terms
of friendship with Han Yii and Chang Chi.

Wang Chien =F 34 (T. >: |). Died A.D. 918. A native of
ie js Wu-yang in Honan, who after a youth spent in smuggling

and robbery was adopted by a eunuch under the. Emperor Hsi

Tsung of the T'ang dynasty. Subsequently, as a reward for the

recapture of several places in Sstich‘uan, he was made Prince of
Shu, after which he threw off his allegiance and maintained his
independence until his death. Canonised as the Emperor my wt
HH a¢ ZF fi HA) HA oof the Earlier Shu State, with the temple
name of =) ji.

Wang Chih =F . 4th cent. A.D. A native of ##¥ Ch‘i-chou
in Chehkiang, who was one day cutting wood on the hills when

he came to a cave, within which two boys were playing at wet ch‘i.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 815

He threw down his axe and watched their game, and one of the
boys gave him something like a date-stone to eat, which prevented
him from feeling hungry or thirsty. At length one of them said,
“You have been here some time; you had better go home.” So he
stooped to pick up his axe, but the handle had mouldered into
dust; and when he got home, he found that all his friends and
kinsmen were dead, for he had been absent several hundred years.
Thereupon he-returned to the ‘hills, and lived as a Taoist recluse,
subsequently attaining to immortality.

Wang Chih FF (T. HF and $4 3Z). 10th and 11th
cent. A.D. A scholar and official of the Sung dynasty. After studying

under Yang I, he graduated as chin shih, and entered upon a.

public career. He served in various important provincial posts, and
earned a wide reputation for justice and probity. On one occasion
he rebuked the Governor of Soochow for rejoicing that he had
captured some hundred coiners of cash; “for these men,’ said he,
‘‘will be done to death. Is it in accordance with the principles of
a humane administration to rejoice over that?” When Fan Chung-
yen was banished, he alone of all the officials at Court went to
see “him off. It was pointed out to him that this was a dangerous
proceeding, and that he might fall under suspicion of being one
of Fan’s party. “Fan Chung-yen,” he replied, “is of all men in
the empire the most worthy. I dare not raise my face to his. Were
he to regard me as one of his party, I should be honoured indeed.”
To hear him discourse on antiquity was said to be like reading a
famous passage by pak ey 3C Li Tao-yiian in his commentary to
the 7K RK Water Classic, where ‘‘every drop of spittle turns
to pearls.”

Wang Chih yj jf. 15th cent. A.D. One of the #% Yao
aborigines of Kuangtung, who gained favour as a eunuch in the

household of the Imperial concubine aes Wan. In 1477 he was

2156

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816 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
placed at the head of the py ave Western Office, a department

intended to watch the. doings of the regular administration. He
behaved with such arrogance that the Emperor was ‘forced by
remonstrances to close the Office, and he returned to his palace

duties. The Office was soon re-opened under him, and his chief.

opponents were dismissed. In 1479 he went on a mission to inspect

2158

2159

2160

the frontier, and made a show of intending to lead an expedition
to the west. Two years later he was appointed Brigade General at
Ta-t‘ung in Shansi; but from this date his power declined, and

presently the Western Office was abolished and he was disgraced

‘(see Wang Yueh).
‘Wang Chin Ff 4 (T. B Hi} ). Died A.D. 781. Younger brother

of Wang Wei, and also gifted with great abilities which secured
his advancement to high office. He was a firm believer in Buddhism,
and his faith increased with age. It was he who converted the
Emperor Tai Tsung and instigated his Majesty to waste such vast
sums of money on the Buddhist priests and nuns who overran the
palace. He was however found guilty of bribery and corruption,
and sentenced to death; which punishment the Emperor, in pity
for his great age, commuted to banishment to +5 Kua-chou in
Chehkiang, where he died.
Wang Chin-pao -F 3f& # (T. BA). AD. 1625-1685.
Distinguished as a general in the repression of the rebellion of Wu
San-kuei. Canonised as He A, and included in the Temple of
Worthies. |

Wang Chiin-jo =F gk # (T. jE i). Died A.D. 1024. A
native of 37 Py Hsin-yti in Kiangsi. His grandfather was an
official at Wu-ch‘ang in Hupeh at the time of an inundation, and
the family were obliged to seek refuge in the famous Yellow-Stork
Pagoda. One night a man in Han-yang, on the opposite side of the

river, noticed a bright light hanging about the pagoda; and on that

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 817

night Wang Ch‘in-jo was born. Graduating as chin shih he entered
upon a public career, and for his services against the Kitan Tartars
in 1004 was rapidly promoted to high posts. He quarrelled with
K‘ou Chun, and succeeded in bringing about that statesman’s
downfall. He also came even to blows, and in the Emperor’s
presence, with [5 3 fi Ma Chih-chieh, who was jealous of his
influence and openly twitted him with his physical defects, For

Wang was very short of stature, and had a huge tumour on his

neck, from which he was known as the Goitre Minister. In 1005 -

he was associated with Yang I on the commission which produced
the historical encyclopedia known as the Ht Way Iu ai - He, and
Ting Wei, PK Be Lin T’é, Ch‘én P‘éng-nien, and 3] Ak FE
Liu Ch‘éng-kuei, were known as the Fy. 34 Five Devils. Canonised
as a BB. See Wang Tan.

Wang Ching -— r (T. {it 3). Died A.D. 83. Distinguished
in youth as a student, especially of the Canon of Changes, he
subsequently devoted his attention to mathematics and astronomy.
He was employed in the Public Works department, and rose in
70 to be a Censor.

Wang Ching-wén -F $¥ 3¢. Died A.D. 472. A native of Lin-i
in Shantung, who became a great favourite with the Emperor Wén
Ti of the Sung dynasty, and whose sister married his Majesty’s
eleventh son, afterwards the Emperor Ming Ti. Under the latter
he rose to high rank, and in 465 became President of the Board
of Civil Office. He was ennobled as Marquis and appointed Governor
of Yang-chou. But the Heir Apparent and his brothers were quite
small children, and the Emperor began to doubt if the succession
was secure to his family. Among others Wang Ching-wén fell
under suspicion. He at once resigned his post and soon afterwards
was taken ill, at which juncture he received orders to commit
suicide. It was evening, and he was playing chess with a friend.

52

2161

2162

2163

2164

2165

2166

gig A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

After having read the Imperial mandate, he finished his game. and
put the board away. A bowl of poison was brought to him; and
then turning to his friend he remarked jestingly, “T am afraid I
canuot ask you to join me!” and quietly drained the bowl. .
Wang Ch‘tian = 4% (T. A HM). Sth and 6th cent. A.D.
Elder brother to Wang Hsi. He was a handsome youth, and married
a daughter of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Liang dynasty. His
abilities were not equal to those of his brother, but he excelled
in filial piety; and when his mother was ill he became so emaciated
as to be unrecognisable, while at her death he wept so bitterly
that he seriously injured’ his health. He and Wang Hsi were known
as EL 4> XK the Jade Brother and the Golden Friend.
Wang Chun-chih $F 4 & (T. 7¢ #). Died AD. 433. A
great grandson of Wang Piao-chih, who rose to high office under
the first and second Emperors of the Sung dynasty. He distinguished
himself by a deep knowledge of Court ceremonial, and was said to
possess many valuable family documents on the subject, which he
kept in a famous “black box.” Although held in esteem by some
of his contemporaries, who declared that ‘with two or three such
men as Wang Chun-chih the empire would be at peace,” he never
succeeded in gaining the confidence of the public.

Wang Chung j= FH (T. ¥ FAP). AD. 1743-1794. A native
of Kiangsu, who began life as a servant in a village school. There
he picked up the beginning of an education, which he supplemented
by borrowing books from a bookseller. Although his scholarship

‘goon attracted attention, he never entered upon an official career.

‘He was the author of several classical commentaries and antiquarian

works, in the former of which he declared himself a follower of
the Han scholars. He was a strong opponent of Buddhism, Taoism,

and of all religious superstition.

Wang Ch‘ung $F ¥f, (T. 4 (4). AD. 27-97. A native of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 819

Shang-yti in Chehkiang, who studied under Pan Piao, proving
himself an apt but eccentric pupil. It is recorded that he used to
stroll about the market-place, reading the books he was too poor
to buy, his memory being so retentive that a single perusal was
sufficient to fix the contents of a volume. ‘After a short spell of
official life, he retired dissatisfied to his home and there composed
his great work, the 3 #f, in which he tilts against the errors
of the day and even criticises freely the doctrines of Confucius and
Mencius. Once more he entered upon a public career, and once
more threw up his appointment. Then a friend recommended him
to the Emperor Chang Ti; but ere he could take up the post
which was bestowed upon him, he fell ill and died. He is ranked
as a heterodox thinker. He showed that the soul could neither exist
after death as a spirit nor exercise any influence upon the living.
~ When the body decomposes, the soul, a phenomenon inseparable
from vitality, perishes with it. He further argued that if the souls
of human beings were immortal, those of animals would be immortal
likewise; and that space itself would not suffice to contain the
countless shades of the men and creatures of all time.

Wang Féng —E Jal. Died B.C. 26. Maternal uncle to the Emperor
Ch‘éng Ti of the Han dynasty. His advance to power caused oreat
discontent, and nearly led to his own overthrow (see Wang Chang
and Tu Ch'in); and his tenure of office was chiefly distinguished
_ by harshness and injustice. Canonised as figt WM:

Wang Fu £ af (z. fi 4B ). Qnd cent. A.D. A native of ie
4% Lin-ching in Kansuh, who distinguished himself in youth by
his learning and ambition, and became intimate with Ma Jung,
Chang Héng, and other celebrities of the day. He was too honest
and straightforward to take office under the existing régime, and
spent his life in seclusion. He wrote a book on the vices of the
age, which he published anonymously as 77% K aaj Essays by a

2167

2168

2169

2170

2171

820 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Hermit; and-thus he himself came to be spoken of as The Haunt
Wang Fu jE SK (T. WE A and 4 fy). 18th cent. A.D. A
contemporary of Chiang Yung, who was taught the elements of
classical learning by his: mother at the same time that poor cir-
cumstances compelled ‘him to earn his living in menial employment.
He became a profound student of philosophy, and wrote on the
Classics and on music, besides publishing volumes of poems and essays.
Wang Fu-chih —F & Z@ (T. ip GL. H. BE BH). A.D. 1627 —
1679. A native of Hunan, who fled from the invading Manchus
into Kuangsi. Returning to his native province he remained for
some time in hiding, at length settling on the hills near Héng-
yang, where he spent the remainder of his life. He wrote volumi-
nous commentaries upon the Classics, besides works on the Shuo
Wén, history, Lao Tzti, Chuang Tzti, and essays and poems. Forty
years after his death his manuscripts were shown to the high autho-
rities, and his commentaries on the Canons of History and Poetry,
and on the Spring and Autumn, were included in the Imperial
Library. His collected writings were first published in 1840, and
were republished by Tséng Kuo-ch‘tian in 1863.

Wang Ho $f ¥& (T. 4 FB). 1st and 2nd cent. B.C. A Censor
under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. Being sent to put
down brigandage in Shantung, his extreme clemency involved him
in serious trouble. A report was sent to the Throne that he had
killed and beheaded only so many thousand stones, and he was
forced to resign. In B.C. 80 he retired to FU HY Yiian-ch‘éng in
the same province, where he lived much esteemed by the people.
Duke 34£ Chien said, ‘When the Sha-lu mountain collapsed (B.C.
645), the Grand Augur predicted that 645 years later holy women
would abound in this part of the country; but now that Wang Ho
has come to live amongst us, ere the remaining 80 years have

elapsed the whole empire will abound in good women.”

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 824

Wang Hsi | # (T. A Hk). A.D. 499 —534. Brother to Wang
Ch'iian. His mother was a princess, and at seven or eight years
of age he accompanied her to the palace, where he attracted the
notice of the Emperor Wu Ti by his precocity, having already
injured his right eye by over-study. Later on he was placed upon
the establishment of the Heir Apparent, and by the time he was
24 he had risen to the highest offices of State. He then declared
that true happiness was not to be found in the gratification of
ambition, and that his honours had rather been thrust upon him
than sought by himself. He accordingly retired into private life.

Canonised as A ,

Wang Hsi fF MG (T. - HE and FF fe. H. Fe BH). AD.
1628—1703. Graduated as chin shih in 1647, and from his knowledge

of Manchu rose rapidly until in 1660 both he and his father were
Presidents of the Board of Rites. He drafted the will of the Emperor
Shun Chih, and was consulted on all questions by the four Regents
(see So-ni). In 1666 he became President of the Censorate, and
protested against the growing independence of the three Feudatories,
Wu San-kuei, Kéng Ching-chung and Shang K‘o-hsi. As President
of the Board of War in 1673, he instigated the execution of the
son of Wu San-kuei, a step which drove the father to despair. He
was the first Chinese to be admitted in 1676 to what became the
Grand Council. Canonised as Bl iy and admitted into the Temple
of Worthies. | ;

Wang Usi-chih $F 3 (T. 39 AP). AD. 321-879. A

nephew of Wang Tao (see Ch‘t Ch‘ien), whose cleverness attracted

2172

2173

2174

the notice of Chou I. In his youth he was a diligent student of ~

the Classics and of history, and rose to be a Brigade General; hence
he is often mentioned as =f A f . But it is for his marvellous
skill with the pen that he is now remembered, his writing in the

ki script being “light as floating clouds, vigorous as a startled

2175

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822 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

dragon.” He is said to have invented the modern clerkly style; and
on one occasion he made a copy of the Tao Té Ching for a Taoist
priest, receiving in return the present of a flock of rare geese. He
was the father of seven sons, two of whom, Wang Hui-chih and
Wang UHsien-chih, rose to distinction. One of his chief delights was
to play with his grandchildren, whom he used to carry about and
stuff with sweets. He and Wang Ch‘éng and Wang Yiieh were
known as the | FE =. |
Wang Hsiang -F jit (T. { BX). A.D. 185-269. A native
of Lin-i in Shantung, distinguished as one of the 24 examples of
filial piety. His stepmother was extremely fond of fresh Saks and
once when owing to a frost there was none to be got from the
pond, he went and laid himself down naked on the ice in order
to thaw a hole. The ice opened, and out jumped two beautiful
carp which he carried home in triumph. And to this day, whenever
that pond freezes, the silhouette of a man can be distinctly traced
on thé ice. He was appointed to a magistracy by -4 J Lii Chiien,
who gave him a wonderful sword which he said would lead its
owner, if deserving, to success. He ultimately rose to high office
under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty and was ennobled
as Duke. Canonised as 7.

Wang Hsien-chih -F jek @ (T. -F A). A.D. 844-388. Son
of Wang Hsi-chih, and like his father famous as a calligraphist |
and a scholar. He used to visit the great Hsieh An, who predicted
his celebrity. ‘‘Successful men are generally sparing of their words,”
he said; ‘‘and Wang Hsien-chih does not talk much.” He was a
great reader and had a large library. As he could not carry it
about with him, he had miniature copies made, which he packed in

a cloth case; hence the proverbial expression [EF FE 7 Fe i. I. :
On one occasion robbers broke into the study where he was sleeping.

?

“Gentlemen,” said he, pointing to a square of felt carpet used by

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 823

teachers, ‘that rug is an heirloom in my family. I should feel

obliged if you would leave it.”” He was employed for some time in
the department of historiography. Canonised as ae

Wang Hsiu -F (& (T. AX YF). 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. A
native of, (2% 3 Ying-ling in Shantung. At the death of his
mother, which occurred on the Mulberry and Sugar-cane Festival,
he was only seven years old; yet he wept bitterly for a whole year,
so that on the anniversary of the festival the neighbours decided to
forego the usual ceremonies. Between 190 and 193 he served under
K‘ung Jung, and on more than one occasion saved his’ life. Ytian
Shao appointed him to a magistracy; and later on he served under
Ts‘ao T's‘ao and Ts‘ao Pei, both of whom entrusted to him important
posts. At the taking of Fj J¥ Nan-p'i in 205 his house was
- broken into, but nothing was found save books. |

Wang Hsi-ling =F FH BS CT. WA Ek. A. 36 yi). AD.
1641—1725. Graduated as chin shih in 1676, and rose by 1718 to
be a Grand Secretary. On the 60th anniversary of his graduation as chi

jen, he became senior tutor to the Heir Apparent. He styled himself
mA ra + A: from a complimentary poem given to him by the

2107

2178

Emperor a year before his death. Author of a collection of essays ©

etc., entitled {Ht pat We 46. Canonised as Bl HK -

Wang Hstian FF %. 2nd cent. B.C. A scholar who retired to
the mountains and lived as a hermit, declining on two occasions
to take office. Finally, the Emperor Ching Ti visited him at his
retreat, and ennobled him as Marquis. Hence the name of ea iy
Marquis Hill. .

Wang Hstian-mo fF % zfi (1. & fii). AD. 386—467. A
native of T‘ai-ytian in Shansi, who took office under the Emperor
Wu Ti of the Sung dynasty, and fought for Liu Chiin, afterwards the
Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti, against his brother Liu Shao. His success

against the rebels won him a title, but his concealment of booty

2179

2180

2181

2182

2183

824 _ A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

led to his temporary degradation. As Governor of Yung-chou he

introduced many reforms, but his severity gave rise to the saying,
‘The eyebrows of Hsiian-mo never relax.’ He was summoned to
the capital by the Emperor, who nicknamed him He the Old
Rogue. In 466 he aided in the suppression of the southern rebellion
against the Emperor Ming Ti, who made him Governor of Chiang-
chou and loaded him with honours. Canonised as WE .

Wang Hstian-ts‘6 FE % tf. 7th cent. A.D. An official sent
in 646 on an embassy to the king of Kanyakubdja. He only arrived
however in’ the year 655, just as the king died; and being dismissed
by a usurper named fa) 4 Hf HH A-lo-na-shun he retreated into
Tibet, where he succeeded in raising an army. He then attacked
the usurper, and took him prisoner; and after capturing several
other petty kings and carrying off a vast amount of booty, he -
returned in 661 to China to lay his captives and loot at the feet
of the Emperor. He appears to have made a previous expedition
into India in 643, on which occasion he measured the abode of
Vimalakirti at Vaisali; and finding it to be ten feet square he called
it a Fr aC, a term now applied to a Buddhist abbot.

Wang Hu + jh (T. $F BC). Died A.D. 1008. A native of
Ta-ming in Chihli, whose literary compositions early attracted the
notice of Sang Wei-han. Entering the public service, he rose to be
Vice President of the Board of War. He had three sons, and before
his door he planted three Awai (Sophora japonica, L.) trees, in
token that they would all rise to be Ministers of State. Hence the
family was known as the = 4] -F Fe. See Wang Tan.

Wang Hui -F fifi or FH O(T. AF). AD. 1632—1720.
A native of Chehkiang, and a left-handed painter, popularly known
as Ar =F =F, who could place upon a fan landscape to a distance
of about 3,000 miles! He was also famous for his pictures of priests, .

and for his figures of men and animals.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 825

Wang Hui-chih =F fy 2 (T. -¥- ph). Died A.D. 388. Son
of Wang Hsi-chih the calligraphist. He lived in retirement, surrounding
himself with bamboos, for which he had a great fondness. “How
can I pass a day,” said he, “without this gentleman?” — alluding
to the bamboo, which is now often spoken of as ‘‘this gentleman.” On
one occasion he went in the snow to visit a friend, named RV 3 328
Tai Ta-k‘uei; but on reaching the door he turned round and went home
again. Being asked the explanation of this behaviour, he replied, ‘I
started full of spirits; when they were exhausted, I came back.”

Wang Hung-hsti -F ph (T. ZB KR. HW. fy SE). Died
A.D. 1728. Graduating as second chin shih in 1673, he rose to be
President of the Censorate in 1687, but in 1689 he was denounced
by Kuo MHsiu for jobbery and was dismissed. In 1694 he was
summoned to Peking for literary work, and soon rose to be President
of a Board. His share in the attempt of [ij be [iJ O-ling-o in
1709 to alter the succession to the throne caused his further dismissal;
but in 1715, on completion of his biographies for the History of
the Ming Dynasty, he was again recalled. Author of a collection of

essays etc. entitled iq = ly K 4B.

Wang Hung-hstian | % # (T. ff #2 and [ly] HB). A
famous calligraphist of the 17th cent. A.D. Author of the []] 7,

a collection of notes on miscellaneous subjects, ancient and modern.
Wang Jen-yii —F {& #§ (T. ff MH). A.D. 880—956. A native
of FR 7K T‘ien-shui in Kansuh, who as a youth amused himself
with horses and dogs, and neglected his books. Only at the age of
twenty-five did he begin to study in earnest. He dreamt that he
was cut open and his viscera washed with water from Kiangsi,
after which his literary powers were much increased and he became
distinguished as a poet. He served under several Emperors of the
Five Dynasties, finally becoming President of the Board of War
under the first Emperor of the Later Han dynasty.

R184.

2185

2186

2187

2188

2189

826 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Wang Jung FF (T. FE Hp). AD. 235-806. A native of

Lin-i in Shantung, and brother to Wang Yen. He was a clever

child, and could look at the sun without being dazzled. When only

seven years old he refused to join his companions in eating some
plums from a roadside tree. “They must be bitter,” he said scorn-
fully, ‘“‘or they would not have been left there.” At fifteen he was
on terms of friendship with Yiian Chi, although the latter was
twenty years his senior, and was ranked with him as one of the
Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove (see Hsiang Hsiu). He rose
to be President of the Board of Civil Office, and instituted a system
under which the administrative powers of men were tested before
they were actually appointed to office. Later on he got into trouble
and was cashiered, but was re~instated by the Emperor Hui Ti.
He died at a provineial post in Honan. His meanness and parsimony
were proverbial. He even caused the stones of a rare species of
plum, which he had in his orchard, to be bored through before
being sent to market for sale, lest some one might try to raise
the same kind and so spoil his monopoly. He and Ho Ch‘iao being
in mourning for: their parents at the same time, the latter wept
bitterly but still managed to perform all the proper ceremonies,
while he hiniself lay in bed and became reduced to a skeleton.
“Wang Jung;” said 2] {ft ZF Liu Chung-hsiung to the Emperor
Wu Ti, “is the one to be commiserated. Ho Ch‘iao’s is the filial
piety of life; Wang Jung’s is the filial piety of death.” Canonised
as Ft.

Wang K‘ai -F he (T. fF JE). 3rd cent. A.D. Brother-in-law
to the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin dynasty. He was a wild young
man, and yet he did good service in the field and was ennobled
as Duke. He was fond of display, and his rivalry with the powerful
Shih Ch‘ung ultimately brought him into trouble. He was impeached ,

and would have suffered but for the intervention of the Emperor.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary - 827

After this his arrogance and vile conduct knew no bounds. Canonised
as fi the Blackguard.

Wang Kuei -F ff (T. $4 3C). AD. 551-604. A native of 2190

T‘ai-yiian in Shansi, who spent his youth in roaming about, and
reached the age of 20 without learning to read. Then he set to
work, and with the aid of a powerful memory soon became a
proficient scholar and learnt in addition something of the art of
war. In 585 he vanquished a Libationer of the Imperial Academy
in an argument held before the Emperor on the Classic of Filial
Piety, and was made a Doctor of the Academy. Later on he lost
office, and was forced to serve for several years on the southern
frontier. He encouraged ai Liang, Prince of Han, in his rebellious
designs; and on the defeat of the latter by Yang Su he sought
refuge in flight, accompanied by his son. At length, driven to
extremities, he committed suicide and his body was buried in a
cave. The son, after wandering for some days without food, fell
into the hands of the enemy. His father’s body was recovered and
publicly decapitated, and the head was exhibited at the gates of
T’ai-ytian. Author of the Fr. #X K BE, a treatise on the Five
Classics, and of some miscellanies, the manuscripts of which
disappeared in the confusion of the times.

Wang Kung -F 7 (T. ae AH). 4th cent. A.D. Son of Wang
Yiin, and elder brother of ‘E = the Empress Ting, consort of
the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti. He was a very handsome and able
young man, with such a good opinion of his own talents that he
declined a secretaryship in the Grand Council on the ground that
he would be nothing less than a Minister of State. He was compared
by one to a spray of willow in spring, and attracted much attention
by roaming about in snowy weather covered -from head to foot
with a robe of swans’-down. He subsequently rose to high rank,

and was responsible for the death of Wang Kuo-pao; not long

2191

2192

2193

2194.

2195

828 . A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

after which he himself fell a victim to political intrigue and was
put to death. His character was afterwards cleared by Huan Hsiian,
and he was canonised as He fifi - :
Wang Kung-tsao -F APE (1. Bw. H. HEB Fe, HE).
A.D. 1079—1154. A native of fila i =Té-hsing in Kiangsi, who
gained considerable distinction as a poet.

Wang Kuo-pao =F [x =e. Ath cent. A.D. Son of Wang T‘an-
chih, and son-in-law to Hsieh An. He was a very wild fellow, and
a source of much anxiety to his father-in-law. A cousin of his was
concubine to Ssti-ma Tao-tzti, Prince of Kuei-chi; and this led to
a close intimacy between the two young men and to the ultimate
appointment of Wang Kuo-pao to high office, with disastrous results
to the Principality. At length Wang was impeached, nominally for
dressing in women’s clothes and other irregularities; and through
the influence of Wang Kung, then in power, he was forced to
commit suicide.

Wang Lai yF 3 (T. en BR). A distinguished mathematician of
the 18th cent. A.D., familiar with the systems both of China and
of Europe. He was also a deep student of the Classics. His (fi 7p FF.
#3, a treatise on trigonometry, was published in 1802.

Wang Lang -F Bh (T. $% WL). Died A.D. 228. A native of
Tung-hai in Kiangsu, who for his knowledge of the Classics received
an appointment as secretary to a Board, and later on attracted the
notice of the last Emperor of the Han dynasty and was invested
with high military command. He suffered however a severe defeat
at the hands of Sun Ts‘é, and finally entered the service of T's‘ao
Ts‘ao. Under the first two Emperors of the Wei dynasty he was
raised to the highest offices, and was ennobled as Marquis. He
published editions of the Spring and Autumn Annals, of the Canon
of Filial Piety, and other works. Canonised as Ji. See Chung Yu.

2196 Wang Liang +-- f~. A famous charioteer of old.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 829
Wang Lieh fF | (T. BF). A.D. 142—219. A native of

T‘ai-ytian in Shansi, who studied under Ch‘én Shih and acquired
a great reputation for probity. People came from far and near to
refer their disputes to him, and many were so affected even by
the sight of his house in the distance that they agreed to some
compromise there and then. One man, who had been caught stealing
an ox, offered to suffer any punishment so long as his digprace was
kept from the knowledge of Wang Lieh; and when the latter heard
of this, he sent the culprit a present of a piece of cloth, thereby
completing his reformation.

Wang Lin =F yt (T. “fF Hy). AD. 526-573. A native of
Shan-yang in Chehkiang, whose sisters were in the Imperial harem.
He took a prominent part in crushing Hou Ching in 552, and
was appointed Governor of Hsiang®-chou in Hunan, where he was
very popular. Wang Séng-pien, fearing he would rebel with his
10,000 ex-banditti, summoned him to Chiang-ling in Hupeh, but
his men compelled the authorities to restore him to his post. The
Emperor however soon sent him to Canton, whence he was recalled
in 554 to defend the capital against the Weis. On arriving at Ch‘ang-
sha he heard of his soveréign’s death, and in 555 he rose in Hunan
against the new Ch‘én dynasty, setting up a Prince of the Liang
House whom the Ch‘i State had released. After some successes his
fleet was badly beaten near Wuhu, owing to a sudden change of
wind, and in 560 he and his protégé took refuge in Ch‘l. He was
ennobled as Prince by that State and led its armies against Ch’én,
until in 573 he was taken, after a stubborn defence, at Pa-ling in
Hunan and put to death, the noise made by those who mourned
his fate being loud as rolling thunder. Canonised as fit TB.
Wang Lin =F $#. Died A.D. 935. Second son of Wang Shén-
chih. After the assassination of his brother Wang Yen-han, he
succeeded to the throne as third ruler of the Min Principality.

2197

2198

2199

2200

2201

830 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Before very long Wang Yen-ping rebelled, but in 931 he took him
prisoner and put him to death. He then applied to be named Minister
of State under the T‘ang dynasty; and when this was refused, he
threw off all allegiance and styled himself Emperor. Two of his
sons quarrelling over the possession of one of his slave-girls, the
elder, Wang Ch‘ang, determined to kill the other. In the confusion
which eniued upon this attempt, Wang Lin himself was mortally
wounded, and one of his own women, pitying his sufferings, put
him: out of his agony. Though a cruel and immoral man, he was
a very devout believer in Buddhism. Canonised as El B ip -
Wang Ling - [Be . Died B.C. 184.-A native of P‘ei in Kiangsu,
who, at the time of the struggle between Liu Pang and Hsiang
Chi, raised a body of troops to the number of several thousand.
Thereupon Hsiang Chi seized Wang’s mother in the hope of securing
her son’s aid; but the old lady at once solved the difficulty by
falling i sword and putting an end to her life. Wang Ling
was subsequently ennobled as Marquis and advanced to high office;
however, on the death of the Emperor Hui Ti he offended the
Empress Lii Hou. by opposing her wishes in regard to the-succession,
and retired into private life.

Wang Ling-yen -f a =. 6th and 7th cent. A.D. A famous
musician who flourished under the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui

dynasty. One day he was waked from sleep by a new tune played

‘by his son. Starting up in great alarm, he declared that the dying

2202

away of the ‘Ef kung note (= C) indicated the final departure
of his Majesty, who was in fact assassinated immediately afterwards.
Wang Lun FE fi (ES IE 3). Died A.D. 1144. A native of
the 42 Shén District in Shantung. His family was poor, and he
had no means of advancement; in consequence of which he took
to a roving life and soon acquired a swashbuckler reputation, often

breaking the law but always managing to escape the penalty. In

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary - 831 -

1126, when the capital was threatened (see Chao Chi) and the
populace in confusion, he rushed into the Emperor’s presence and
volunteered to quell the disturbance. His Majesty took a sheet of
paper, and on the spot appointed him Vice President of the Board
of War; and armed with this authority he succeeded in fulfilling
his promise. He was sent afterwards on several occasions as envoy
to the Chin® Tartars; in 11388, to bring back the remains of the
two Emperors who had been carried into captivity; and again in
1140, when the Tartars had repudiated the treaty and were violating
Chinese territory. The Chin® Emperor wished Wang Lun to take
service under him; but the latter proudly replied that he was an
envoy and not a renegade. Several efforts were made to coerce
him, and at length orders were given to have him strangled. Wang
bribed the messengers to wait awhile; and then dressing himself in
his hat and robes, he made obeisance towards the south and sub-
mitted to his fate. His body was afterwards given up to his son,
and he was canonised as fii -

Wang Mang Ff #* (T. B A). B.C. 33—A.D. 23. A nephew
of the consort of the Emperor Ytian Ty of the Han dynasty, and
commonly known as “the Usurper.’” Through the influence of his
aunt he was appointed to high office, and ennobled in B.C. 16 as
Marquis. In B.C. 6 he became President of the Board of War, but
got into trouble over the accession of the Emperor Ai Ti, and
resigned. He was soon restored to favour, and together with the
Empress Dowager arranged in A.D. 1 the succession of the Emperor
Pting Ti, who was. only nine years old. Five years later he married
his daughter to this boy, and thus raised her to the rank of Empress,
he himself being further ennobled as Duke. In A.D. 6, upon the
death of the Emperor Ping Ti, whom he is said to have poisoned,
he placed upon the throne the two-year-old great-grandson of the
Emperor Hsiian Ti, who is known in history as y= -¥- BR Ju

2203

2204

2205

832 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Tzti Ying, and he himself took the post of Regent. Three years
later he set aside this child, giving him the title of ‘EL ¥ BD,
and proclaimed himself Emperor under the style of $f =A iit 3
hence he is often spoken of as Hr E or Es Hr #. After
a prolonged contest with Liu Hsiu and other insurgents, in which
his troops were repeatedly defeated, he was at length driven from
power. The army of Kéng Shih entered Ch‘ang-an in triumph,
and Wang Mang was killed in a revolt of his own troops. His
head was cut off by a man named Ak Le Tu Wu, and forwarded
to the victor. ;

Wang Méng fF fii (T. =r BB). A.D. 325—875. A native of
Al Chi in Shantung, who was a poor basket-seller, but of a
martial disposition and fond of reading works on military subjects. |
He retired into seclusion on the Hua-yin mountains in Shensi, and
when Huan Wén passed through with his army, he visited him,
dressed in rough serge clothes; and all the time they were discussing
the affairs of the age, he sat there quietly cracking lice. Refusing
to accompany the general on his campaign, he subsequently accepted
an invitation from Fu Chien (2), who was said to have been as
overjoyed at securing his services as Liu Pei was when he secured
the aid of Chu-ko Liang. He remained for many years the trusted
adviser of the latter potentate, holding under him the highest offices
of State. When he fell sick, Fu Chien went in person to visit
him, and asked his advice as to the future. Wang Méng begged:
him, almost with his last breath, to cease from hostilities against
the House of Chin, and to the neglect of this advice has been
attributed the disastrous downfall which ensued. He was deeply
lamented by Fu Chien, who cried out in his grief, “If God wanted
me to give peace to all within the six points of the compass, why
did He rob me of Wang Méng?” Canonised as px.

Wang Ming-shéng -F HE ok (7. JAA. A. pe yb). AD.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 833

1720—1798. A native of Kiangsu, distinguished as a poet, and a
writer on classical and historical ‘subjects. He served from 1754
to 1769 in the Grand Secretariat, but then retired and spent the
rest of his life in strict seclusion at Soochow. His cyclopzdia,
entitled ~ tgp Als a may be ranked as a considerable literary
success, and his ape + Bil i] ee Criticism on the Seventeen

Dynastic Histories is also much admired. Was popularly known as .

BH HE Ft AB.

Wang Ning-chih =F ## @. 4th cent. A.D. Son of Wang
Hsi-chih, and husband of Tao Ytin. He showed some talent as
a- calligraphist, but appears to have been a worthless fellow and
was deserted by his wife. When Kuei-chi was attacked by Sun
En he refused to make any defence, and after spending some
time in prayer he declared that the gods would fight against
the rebels. The result was that the city was taken, and he was
put to death.

Wang Pa -F #y (T. {Fe {if1). 1st cent. B.C. and Ist cent. A.D.
An official under the last Emperors of the W. Han dynasty, who,
when Wang Mang usurped the throne, threw up his appointment
and retired into seclusion. In the early years of the reign of the
Emperor Kuang Wu he again entered public life, but after a short
time he pleaded sickness and resigned. He became a hermit, and
lived in a rush hut to the end of his long life.

Wang Pa =F #4 (T. 704A). Died A.D. 58. A native of #4
iB Ying-yang in Anhui, who, when Liu MUsiu passed through
the District, raised a volunteer force and joined his standard. On
one occasion, when Liu Hsiu’s army was retreating before Wang
Lang, he pretended that the river ahead of them was frozen
hard, and thus encouraged the troops to press on. Tradition has
embroidered this story by adding that the army passed over on the

ice, which became unsafe immediately after they had crossed.
53

2206

220%

2208

2209

2210

2211

2212

834 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Upon the elevation of Liu Hsiu to the throne, he received a high
military post and in 88 he was finally ennobled as Marquis. Later
on he was employed against the Hsiung-nu, with whom he fought
many bloody battles. .

Wang Pa -F 3. 6th cent. A.D. An alchemist of the Liang
dynasty, who took up his abode in modern Fuhkien. During a very
severe famine he used to make quantities of gold, with which he
bought rice for distribution amongst the poor.

Wang Pi -F iff (7. wip fig). AD. 226—249..A native of Shan-
yang in Kiangsu, contemporary with Chung Hui. He was a great
student, and wrote a commentary on the Canon of Changes and °
another on the Zao Té Ching, then known as Lao Tei. At the
early age of 24, he had risen to be secretary in a Board.

Wang Piao-chih =F j% (T. AX BE). Died A.D. 377. A loyal
statesman under the Emperor Chien Wén of the Chin dynasty, and
a steadfast opponent of the great Huan Wén. By the time he was
twenty, his beard and whiskers were white, from which he was
popularly known as -— Ff Fe. It was he who secured the accession
of the Emperor Hsiao Wu, and he acted subsequently as joint
Minister of State with Hsieh An. The latter declared that he knew
no one of equal capacity in dealing with the difficult questions of
State. Canonised as fiff.
Wang Po -F 3h (T. -F HX). AD. 648-676. A native of
Chiang*-chou in Shansi. He was a most precocious scholar, already ~
composing at the age of six, while at nine he had studied the
History of the Han Dynasty by Yen Shih-ku and had pointed out
not a few defects. At sixteen he took his degree. His talents soon
attracted the attention of the Emperor, and he was employed in
preparing the dynastic annals; but he incurred his Majesty’s
displeasure by a satire upon the cock-fighting propensities of the

Imperial princes. Dismissed from office he took refuge in Sstich‘uan,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 835

and filled up his leisure by composing many beautiful poems. He
never meditated on these beforehand, but after having prepared ‘a
quantity of ink ready for use, he would drink himself tipsy and
lie down with his face covered up. On waking he would seize his
pen and write off verses, not a word in which needed to be
changed; whence he acquired the sobriquet of |[g ie Belly-Draft,
meaning that his drafts were all done in his head. And he received
so many presents of valuable silks for writing odes ete., that it
was said ‘“‘he spun with his mind.” Later on he got into trouble
by killing a slave, and was condemned to death, but escaped
through a general pardon. He was drowned when on his way to
visit his father who had been banished to modern Cochin China
upon the disgrace of his son. Three of his brothers, two of whom
were possessed of exceptional abilities and were known with himself

as the Tree of Three Pearls, were all put to death for political

disaffection. Is ranked as one of the Four Heroes of the T‘ang

dynasty (see Yang Ch‘iung).

Wang Po - ff (T. Wi Ax). Died A.D. 831. A native of
Yang-chou in Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in 785 and rose
to be Minister of State. While still unknown to fame he went one
day to the AX Fal Mu-lan monastery. at Yang-chou, and dined in
the refectory with the priests. The latter took a dislike to him,
and as soon as they had swallowed the meal gave a signal on a
big bell, at which he was left alone. Taking a pen (see Wei Yeh),

he wrote upon the wall,

The meal is o’er; each “long robe” seeks his cell,
Fleeing the shamefaced guest at sound of bell.
Thirty years afterwards, on revisiting the monastery, he found his

verses carefully covered up, whereupon he wrote beneath,

Lines which for years through dust were scarcely seen
Are now protected by a silken screen!

2218

2214

2215

2216

836 - A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Wang Po | 7 (Tl. @ @. H. wR). AD. 1197-1274.

A native of Chehkiang. He was in youth eager for military fame;
hence the sobriquet ie which he bestowed upon himself, referring
to the low whistling of the great martial hero, Chu-ko Liang, when
he lived alone in his mountain hut. But finally he settled down to .
a literary life, and became a prolific writer of commentaries upon
icp RinsalewsnTlo: cigs Gancuincdivas BC fe, and in 1724 his tablet
was placed in the Confucian Temple. | '

Wang Pou =F ¥ (T. {i FC). 3rd cent. A.D. A man of the
Chin dynasty, whose father, Wang 1& I, was beheaded for
remonstrating with Ssti-ma Chao and attributing to him a defeat
inflicted by the troops of Wu. From that day forth Wang P‘ou
would never sit facing the west, in token of his withdrawal of
allegiance from the House of Chin. He lived in retirement, taking
pupils; and used to lean against a pine-tree near the grave to give _
vent to his grief, until his tears caused the tree to decay. His
mother was always very much afraid of thunder; accordingly, after
her death, whenever it thundered he would run out to her grave
and ery out, “I am near you!” On reading the Odes he would always
weep when he came to the passage, ‘O my father and my mother,
how toilsome was my birth to you!” His pupils always skipped the
551 By Ode, referring to the death of parents, for fear of awakening

his grief. He is ranked as one of the twenty-four examples of

filial. piety.

Wang Pu =F yh (T. i By). A.D. 922-982. A native of
Ping-chou in Chihli, who graduated as chin shih in 948 and was
appointed to the Imperial Library. He was a fine scholar and a
great collector of books, and rose to be Minister of State under
the Emperor Shih Tsung of the Later Chou dynasty. He was
subsequently promoted to high office under the first two Emperors
of the Sung dynasty, being ennobled in 976 as Duke. He was

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 837

noted for his filial ie, and would wait on his father, a petty
officer, at feasts. Canonised as BL ek.

Wang Séng-pien TE (He (T. ZEA). Died A.D. 555. The
son of a high military official, who had risen to be Prefect at 3 Be
Hsin-ts‘ai in Honan when Hou Ching revolted. Taking the field,
he stubbornly defended Pa-ling in Hunan and so broke the rebel’s
power. Honours were showered upon him, and in 554 he became
Commander-in-chief. He accepted the Prince known as Chéng-yang
Hou, to the exclusion of the Emperor Ching Ti. This vacillating
policy was disapproved of by Ch‘én Pa-hsien, who surprised and
put him to death, thus removing a dangerous rival.

‘Wang ‘Shang E Ta] (i -F¥- Fh). Ist cent. B.C. A native of
2 # Li-wu in Chihli, who inherited a Marquisate from his
father and rose to high office under the Emperor Ch‘éng Ti of
the Han dynasty. He was 8 feet in height, and of such martial
“appearance as to strike terror into the heart of the Khan of the
Hsiung-nu, who had come to Court. On one occasion there was a
wild report of a great flood which was to overwhelm the empire;
whereupon Wang Féng advised ‘the Empress Dowager and the
Emperor to get on board ship at once. But Wang Shang declared
that the story was only idle gossip, and as such turned out to be
the case, Wang Féng was put to shame. Wang Shang then became
an object of jealousy to Wang Féng, who after failing to establish
a trivial charge, seized on the occurrence of an eclipse of the sun
to impeach him for disloyalty. His seal and insignia of office were
taken from him, at which he was so chagrined that he vomited
blood for three days and died. Canonised as J.

Wang Shén-chih =F 7 Ft (T. 43 3H). A.D. 862—925. A
native of [fi] 4 Ku-shih in Honan, who in 896 succeeded his
brother, an ex-chieftain of banditti, as Governor of Fuhkien. He

was noted for his handsome appearance, his prominent nose and

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838 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

square. mouth; and he usually rode a white horse, from which he
came to be known as Ff i5 = Bh. When the T'ang dynasty
collapsed, the first Emperor of the Later Liang dynasty ennobled
him as Prince of Min, nominally as a reward for his excellent
administration, in consequence of which the -] tie Ys Kan-t‘ang
Channel is said to have been miraculously opened at the mouth
of the Min river. He continued however to send annual tribute to

Yang Hsing-mi. Canonised as fist Bs and afterwards, by his son

* Wang Lin, as fff wt a FR.

2220

2221

Wang Shih-chéng =F {Ht A(T. 70 32. H. JA PH). AD.
1526—1593. A native of hk T‘ai-ts‘ang in Kiangsu, who
graduated as chin shih in 1547 and entered the public service. He
espoused the cause of the patriot Yang Chi-shéng, sending him
medicines while in prison and burying his body after execution.
This brought him into disfavour with Yen Sung; and upon the
unsuccessful military operations of his father, --/}~ Wang Yiu,
it was at Yen Sung’s instigation that the latter was impeached and
in 1560 put to death. Through the entreaties of himself and his
brother, his father’s rank was in 1567 posthumously restored to
him; but he was disgusted with official life, and wished to have
done with it. He was however persuaded to take office, and rose
to high rank under the Emperor Shén Tsung. He was ultimately
promoted to be President of the Board of Punishments, but his
appointment was opposed on the ground that he had previously
been cashiered over some paltry bai and he retired on the
plea of ill-health.

Wang Shih-chéng =F -++ iii (T. He [. A. ie Se and ya
% tL] A). A.D. 1634-1711. Graduated as chin shih in 1658,
and by 1699 heal risen to be President of the Board of Punishments.
In 1704 he was cashiered, but in.1710 his rank was restored. He

was a great traveller, being sent several times on Imperial sacrificial

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 839

missions; and his careful observations while thus employed supplied
both subjects and local colouring for his poems, which were issued
under the title of yf (FE 3} FR. His best known work is the $j
HE BR, which was reprinted as late as 1894. His wth, AK i BR,
which is a general literary miscellany, is perhaps more interesting _
to foreigners, containing as it does references to the presentation
of tribute by western nations. Besides these, he published many
notes of travel and biography, and also an edition of the poets of
the T‘ang dynasty. In social life he was noted for his love of wine
and good company. Canonised as 4 fif].

Wang Shih-ch‘ung =F {it ¢ (UT. 4 Hj). Died A.D. 621. 2222
‘Son of a native of Turkestan, who adopted the name of his mother’s
second husband. He entered the public service through the Body-
Guard and in 605 became Vice President of the Board of Revenue.
Entrusted with the defence of the capital against Li Mi, he struggled
bravely in spite of several defeats. In 618, fearing the jealousy of
the courtiers, he seized the capital and assumed sole control of the
government, inflicting a severe defeat on Li Mi whose army was
exhausted by its pursuit of Yii-wén Hua-chi. In the following year
he compelled his sovereign to abdicate in his favour, and set up
the Principality of eK Chéng; but in 621 he was attacked by Li
Shih-min, and being unable either to resist or to obtain assistance
from Tou Chien-té, he prepared to surrender, when he was slain
by an officer whose father he had executed. :
Wang Shih-lu =F -E #& (T. -F Ji. H. DW HE). Died A.D. 2228
1672. Brother of Wang Shih-chéng. Graduated in 1659, and was
dismissed from the public service in 1663. Famous as an historical
critic and an antiquarian. He wrote the 4k AS 4B Pill, a treatise
on what women should learn, being. the appendix to a projected -
work on the writings of female authors.

Wang Shou-jen =F 4f* fe (UT. 4) HK. A. BB OWA). A.D. 2224

840 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
1472—1528. A native of Yii-yao in Chehkiang, who graduated as

chin shih in 1499 and entered upon a public career. But he soon
incurred the displeasure of the then powerful lj {it Liu Chin,
and was actually bambooed and dismissed to. a petty office in
Kueichou. There he set to work to civilise the savages until the
death of Liu Chin in 1510, when he was recalled and appointed
to several high posts. In 1519 he subdued an insurrection in Kiangsi

(see Ch‘én Hao), and in 1527 he conducted a successful campaign

against the wild tribes of Kuangsi, for which services he was made

President of the Board of War and ennobled as Earl. The envy
and malice of rivals, coupled with ill-health, caused him to resign,
but he died before he reached home. He achieved considerable
distinction as a speculative philosopher, and his literary remains, —
including poems, essays etc., have been published under the title
of FB HA EB. He was canonised as Bl Wy, and in 1584 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Wang Shu po aP. The fabled charioteer of the moon.

Wang Shu -F #8 (T. 52 HF). AD. 1416—1508. A native of
= JR San-yiian in Shensi, who graduated as chin shth in 1448
and rose to the highest offices of State. His career however was
a chequered one. His protests against the outrages of eunuch com-
missions, which were sent out to obtain flowers, animals, and
rarities for the palace, and against the favour shown to Buddhism,
coupled with his defence of innocent officials, gained him a great
name, expressed in the popular saying that ‘“‘the two capitals have

a dozen Boards but only one Wang Shu.” In 1486 the Emperor,

backed by Wang’s numerous and influential foes, ordered him to

retire; but in 1488 the new monarch Hsiao Tsung recalled him as
President of the Board of Civil Office. Liu Chi, fearing him as a
rival, secretly checked his schemes of reform; the Emperor however,

in spite of his strong remonstrance against the employment of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 841

eunuchs, kept him in office until 1493, when he was denounced

for wrongful selection of officials and rebuked for love of notoriety.

He is said to have habitually eaten enough for two men, even up
to his death, which came upon him as he was sitting alone in
his chair. He, w ay P‘éng Shao, and Ho Ch‘iao-hsin, are known
as the = Ge Three Old Men. Canonised as ie oe

Wang Su =F ff (T. -F HE). Died A.D. 256. Son of. Wang
Lang. He rose to high office under the Wei dynasty and was

distinguished as a profound scholar. Besides editing his father’s.

work on the Canon of. Changes, he wrote and published many
volumes of classical commentaries. He is also said to have found
the text of the JL -F- BE GF Family Sayings of Confucius in the
house of a descendant of the Sage, and to have published it in
A.D. 240; but the generally: received opinion among scholars is
that he wrote the work himself. Canonised as =.

Wang Su —F jf (T. 7k Bh). A.D. 464—501. A native of Lin-i
in Shantung, whose father was Chamberlain under Hsiao Tsé,
second Emperor of the Southern Ch‘'i dynasty, and was put to
death in 491. He fled to the Northern Wei Court, and the Emperor
Hsiao Wén Ti, compassionating his misfortune and finding him to
be a man of parts, appointed him to a high military command,
in which capacity he did good service, finally taking alive el uN
Hsiao I, elder brother of Hsiao Tsé, and AS A jek Li Shu-hsien,
and causing them to be executed. For these services he was ennobled
as Marquis and advanced to be Governor of Yang-chou. He is noted
for his love for koumiss, of which, he told the Emperor, tea is
‘only fit to be the slave. Canonised as ‘ep fiff. .

Wang-sun Chia FF KK Uy A native of the Ch‘i State, who
served with Prince Wy Min on his campaign against Ve 3] Nao
Ch‘ih of the Ch‘u State. When the Prince was lost, he returned

home; but his mother said, “If you went out in the morning and

224

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842 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

came back in the evening, I used to watch for you at the house-
door; and if you went out in the evening and did not return, I
used to watch for you at the village gate. But now that you do
not know where the Prince is, why do you come back?” Wang
forthwith set off in pursuit of Nao Ch‘ih, slew him, and set Prince
Min’s son on his father’s throne. 7
Wang Tan -—F A(T. -— HA). A.D. 957—1017. Son of Wang
Hu. He graduated as chin shih in 980 and rose to be a Minister
of State, though not actually a model of probity. On one occasion,
when Wang Ch'‘in-jo was urging the Emperor to perform the great
sacrifices to heaven and earth, it was very important to secure
Wang’s acquiescence. Accordingly, as soon as he had signified a
conditional approval, the Emperor invited him to a ous: and on
his departure presented him with several bottles, saying, ‘“This is
a very fine kind of wine; take it and divide it amongst your family.”
On opening the bottles, he found them full of pearls. He kept
the pearls, and made no opposition to the sacrifices. He was ennobled
as Duke, and canonised as 40 JF. :
Wang T‘an-shih -F $H @ (T. 3¢ PE). 4th cent. A.D. An
official who rose to high office under the Emperor Chien Wén of
the Chin dynasty. He served under Huan Wén; and upon the
death of the Emperor in A.D. 873 he became joint guardian,
together with Hsieh An, of the young Emperor Hsiao Wu. He

* had once occasion to reprove Hsieh An for tolerating sounds of

music and singing during the period of mourning, contrary to
Confucian principles. He himself was very fond of wei ch‘i, and is
said to have originated the phrase =F: BA “talking with the hand,”
as applied to that game. Late in life he took up with a Buddhist
priest, and had long conversations upon a future life, its rewards
and punishments. It was finally agreed between them that whoever

should die first was to return to the world and enlighten the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 843

survivor. About a year afterwards the priest suddenly appeared
before him and said, ‘‘I have-+lately died. The joys and sorrows
of the next world are realities. Hasten to repent, that you may
pass into the ranks of the blest.” With these words the priest
vanished, and ere long Wang had followed him to the es
Canonised as Jak -

Wang Tao =F 3 (T. #E BG), and [iy BE). Died A.D. 380.
A native of Lin-i in Shantung. He was a precocious youth, and
it was said of him at fourteen years of age that he was the stuff
of which leaders are made. .He attached himself to the fortunes of
the Prince of Lang-yeh, and materially aided in placing his friend
and master on the throne as the Emperor Ytian Ti of the E.

Chin dynasty. The latter made him his chief Minister, and even

invited him, in the presence of all the Court, to share the

Imperial dais, an offer which Wang Tao modestly and wisely
declined. When the empire was at peace he turned his energies
towards education of the people, and found in the Emperor a
willing coadjutor. But Liu Wei was gradually supplanting him in
the confidence of his master; and when his cousin, Wang Tun,
broke into rebellion, Liu proposed that all the Wang family
_ Should be put to death. Old friendship however prevailed, and the
Emperor actually dispatched Wang Tao to aid in chastising his
refractory ae was one of the guardians of the young
Emperor Ming Ti, who succeeded to the throne in A.D. 317 and
who always treated him with the utmost deference. His personality
was one to inspire confidence, and he was popularly known as
Ar Ae “Our father’s younger brother.” In the early days of
Yiian Ti’s reign, before his power was consolidated, }H Ben Huan
I, the father of Huan Wen, is reported to have said, ‘‘I have

just seen Kuan I-wu (meaning Wang Tao), and I have no further:

anxiety.” Hence he is sometimes spoken of as YT. 7g We ZF the

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844 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

I-wu of the Left Bank, i. ¢. of the Yang-tsze. On one occasion,
about the same date, the treasury was all but exhausted. There
was nothing in it but several thousand pieces of a very coarse
cloth. Wang Tao and a few other leading men took to wearing
clothes made of this stuff, the result being that it became very
fashionable and the treasury store was disposed of at a large profit.
Canonised as Jek-

Wang Té-yung EE filet FA . A.D. 979 — 1058. The son of a frontier
official, who served under his father and distinguished himself upon
the: battle-field at the early age of seventeen. He subsequently rose
to high military rank, and was employed against the Kitan Tartars
who stood in the greatest dread of his prowess. On one occasion,
instead of killing a Kitan spy, he held a grand review, and after
having exhibited the perfect discipline of his troops, sent the spy
back to report to the enemy who immediately sued for peace. Later
in life he became a Minister of State and senior tutor to the Heir
Apparent. He was remarkable for his black face, especially since
from his neck downwards his skin was quite fair; hence he came
to be known as Black Wang the Minister. In 1264, on the occasion
of the Emperor’s birthday, a certain BE FE fil Chien Yiian-chieh
was among the officials present. The Kitan envoy pointed towards
him and said to the interpreter, ‘“Has Black Wang the Minister
come to life again?” (see Yin Chi-lun). He was ennobled as Duke,
and canonised as pt 7\-

Wang T‘ing-chén j= #2 (T. F& ffs). Died A.D. 1828. A
native of Shan-yang in Kiangsu, who graduated as second chin shih
in 1789 and soon earned a wide reputation for uprightness. He
was one of the tutors of the Emperor Tao Kuang; and in 1822
his Majesty publicly acknowledged the vast benefit he had derived
from his teaching, appointed him an Assistant Grand Secretary, and

at his death paid his family a personal visit of condolence. Author

ae Chinese Biographical Dictionary 845

of a collection of verses and essays, entitled f eet We HE 7p at
aC 4B. Canonised as Bl Ht

Wang Ts‘an FE (T. ‘ih tee), A.D. 177—217. A native of
al ta oe Kao-p‘ing in Kiangsu, who as a mere youth was said to
have astonished Tung Cho by his powers; so ‘much so that on one
occasion the latter ran out to meet him with his shoes on the wrong
way, in his hurry to welcome the clever boy. He attracted the
notice of Ts‘ai Yung, who acknowledged his superiority , and received
an appointment in the palace, but was prevented from taking it
up by the disturbances which prevailed. He then sought refuge
with Liu Piao, and on the death of the latter prevailed upon his
son to join Ts‘ao Ts‘ao. For this Ts‘ao Ts‘ao gave him a high post
and ennobled him as Marquis. He was a man of wide learning and
ranked as one of the Seven Scholars of the Chien-an period (see
Hsii Kan). A brilliant poet, he wrote a large work on the art,
entitled 34 Hit iy ace HE. His best known poem is the X fut Hit,

which contains the fine passage,

A lovely land!.... I could not bear,
If not mine own, to linger there.

Wang Tsao /-=- ee CE. EB =) Died A.D. 1155. A native of fil
SSL Té-hsing in Kiangsi, who graduated as chin shih and distinguished
himself by his congratulatory ode on the accession to power of the
Emperor Hui Tsung. From. this time his literary reputation increased ,
and he and 74f {1 Hu Shén came to be known as the 54
Two Jewels of the east bank of the river. He held various high
appointments, and in 1131 was employed in reforming the calendar;
however in 1133 he fell a victim to political intrigue and was
cashiered.

Wang Ts‘éng Fe (T. em It ). Died A.D. 1038. A native
of I-tu in Shantung, who distinguished himself by taking the first

place at each of the public examinations. A friend was congratulating

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846 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

him, saying, “Now you are provided for;” but Wang replied,
“My ambition is not limited to food and clothing.’ When the
great Yang I saw his poetry he said, “This man will be of some
use.” By the accession of the Emperor Jen Tsung in 1023 he had
risen to be President of the Board of Rites; and he used his
influence to prevent the Empress Dowager, known as eA = from
interfering in the government, urging her to yield the direction
of affairs to her son. She became at once his bitter enemy; and
when the costly palace built by the late Emperor was burnt to
the ground and all its treasures destroyed, she took advantage of
this calamity to get him dismissed to the provinces. By 1034 he
was once more restored to high favour, and in 1035 was appointed
Lord Chamberlain and ennobled as Duke. In the winter of 1038
a meteor fell into his bedchamber. His terrified servants rushed to
tell him. ‘‘A month hence,” said he, “you will understand.” It was |
a presage of death. Canonised as 4 JF.

Wang Tun - 3% (T. FA th ). Died A.D. 324. A cousin of
Wang Tao, and son-in-law of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Chin
dynasty.. He was for a time Governor of 7} Ch‘ing-chou in
Shantung; and later on, as Governor of Yang-chou in Kiangsu,
he crushed if 12k Hua Chih and other rebels. In 317 he became

Commander-in-chief and Governor of Chiang-chou in Hupeh, after

which he aspired to be sole Minister. The Emperor Ytian Ti, fearing

his ambition, sought the help of J (8, Liu Wei; whereupon
Wang Tun, after vainly attempting to compass his rival’s assassin-
ation, threw off his allegiance and began to pillage far and wide,
holding his own with ease against the Imperial armies. On the
accession of Ming Ti in 323 he was recalled to Court, loaded with
honours, and again appointed Governor of Yang-chou. This only
made him still more: haughty and overbearing. He built a splendid

palace and increased his revenues by the illegal seizure of land.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 847

When he fell-ill the Emperor sent Wang Tao and Yi Liang to
chastise him. Too weak to take. the field in person, Wang Tun
set his elder brother at the head of 30,000 troops; but they were

. routed at 3k HR Ytieh-ch‘éng in Chehkiang, and his other forces °

were beaten before Nanking (see Wén Ch'‘iao). His own death put
an end to the struggle, for his brother and son fled at once into
Hupeh where they both met their end by drowning. His own tomb
was opened and the head was struck off the corpse. It is said of him
that whenever he got drunk he used to take an iron sceptre and beat
time upon an earthenware spittoon, singing, ‘The old stead is in the
stable, yet in spirit he is still good for a thousand Ji; the warrior’s
life is drawing to a close, yet his courage is still undaunted.” By
the time the song was finished the spittoon was in pieces.

Wang T‘ung -F 3H (T. {i} 34). A.D, 583—616. Elder brother
of Wang Chi. In his youth he was such an ardent student that
for six years he never took off his clothes. At the age of nineteen
he proposed twelve “plans to secure tranquillity” to the empire;
and when these were not accepted he retired to a retreat in the
country, whither crowds of disciples flocked to hear his teachings.
Yang Su made him an offer of official employment, but this was
proudly declined. Of his works, only the rp af, survives. Some
of his sayings are still quoted; ¢.g. that in a country where there
are no pardons the penalties must be just, and in one where the
taxes are heavy wealth is sure to decrease. He was canonised by
his followers as pe rH F-, and in 1530 his tablet was placed in
the Confucian Temple.
Wang Tzii-ch‘iao —F -F- 4. 6th cent. B.C. Eldest son of king
a Ling of the Chou dynasty. He studied the black art for 30

years under a magician named ana fF Z Fou-ch‘iiu Kung. One

day he sent a message to his family to say that on the 7th of
the 7th moon he would appear to them; and on the appointed

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2

42

848 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
day he was seen riding through the air on a white crane, with

which he ascended to heaven and became an Immortal. Also known

acre ee

Wang Wei we ('T,. fe SE OH. j|). A.D. 699—759. A
n

native of T‘ai-yiian in Shansi, who graduated as chin shih in 721.
He became famous both as a poet and a physician, and in these
capacities attracted the notice of the Emperor Hsiian Tsung, who
made him an Assistant Minister. Hence he is often spoken of as
£ Ai a. He was subsequently carried off to Lo-yang by the
rebel An Lu-shan, who declared he wished to see what sort of an
animal a poet was. There he remained, forced to act as Censor,
until the death of his captor, when he was at first imprisoned but
afterwards re-appointed by the Emperor Su T’sung. This result was
chiefly due to the influence of his brother Wang Chin, who held
high office and offered to sacrifice his own career to save his brother.
He retired however ere long into seclusion, and ended his days
weaving the exquisite poems which have immortalised him, amid
the joys of the country and the repose of a scholar’s life, and
with the consolations ' offered by the religion of Buddha in which
he was a firm believer. Losing his wife when he was only 31, he
did not marry again, but lived alone for the last thirty years; and
when his mother died, he turned his famous retreat, after which
he is sometimes called (as above), into a Buddhist monastery, and
near by he himself lies buried. |

Wang Wén-chih =F 4 Wey (T. a Spy. HH. HBA pee). ALD.
1730—1802. A native of Kiangsu, who began life as a boatman
and is said to have used a punt-pole made of iron. He graduated
as third chin shih in 1770, and served for a time as Prefect of
Lin-an. He accompanied a friend on a mission to Loochoo, and

specimens of his handwriting are said to be still treasured there.

He wrote the Be RY He GL WZ, a criticism of specimens of writing

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 849

and painting, ancient and modern. His poems also are much admired.

He was devoted to music and spent large sums upon singers.

Wang Wéen-hsiung -F 4 HE (T. Ax fifi). Died A.D. 1800.

2245

A native of > if Yii-p‘ing in Kueichou, who rose from the ..

ranks, owing to his valour in the Burmese and second Chin-ch‘uan

wars, to be Commander-in-chief in Shensi. He was engaged from

1796 until his death in fighting the insurgents of Hupeh, Sstich‘uan,
Kansuh, and Shensi. At length, surrounded by a vastly superior
force, he was overwhelmed and slain. In the following year the
rebel leader who had defeated him was himself captured, whereupon
the Emperor directed that the head of the latter should be struck
off and sent to the tomb of Wang Wén-hsiung in Kueichou, as
an expiatory offering to his loyal spirit. He was included in the
Temple of Worthies, and canonised as 4t fill . |

Wang Yao-ch‘én -F 3© Br (T. 4 Af). A.D. 1001-1056.
A statesman and scholar of the Sung dynasty, who graduated as
first chin shth and after distinguishing himself during the rebellion
of Chao Yiian-hao in 1034, rose to be President of the Board of

2244

Civil Office. Canonised as Bl Je, changed in 1080 to 54 iB, as

a reward for having supported the claims of the Emperor Ying Tsung.
Wang Yon = #j (T. #8 WF. H. JR B®). AD. 256—s11.
Brother to Wang Jung. His great abilities attracted the notice
of Shan T‘ao, and Wang Jung declared to the Emperor Wu Ti of
the Chin dynasty that only among the men of old was his peer
to be found. He was famous as a brilliant talker, especially on
Taoism; and in conversation he used to wave a yak’s tail set in a
jade handle, as it were to guide the herd. As Magistrate of FE BR
Ytian-ch‘éng in Chihli, he practised with great success the laissez-faire
policy taught by Lao Tzit. From his habit of making unauthorised
emendations in the Taoist classics, he was popularly said to have

“orpiment in his mouth,” meaning that he did not wait to smear
54

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850 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

it on the paper as usual of old when any correction had to be

- made in a written document. He was so disgusted with his wife’s

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2247

avarice that he even refused to utter the word “‘money;’” and when
she strewed cash around his bed so as to block the way, he called
out to the servant to take away ‘“‘this filthy stuff.” After rising to
be Governor of Honan, he retired on the plea of ill-health. Later
on he held high military command under the Prince of Ch‘éng-tu,
but was ultimately defeated and put to death by Shih Lo.
Wang Yen =F #p (T. 4K WR). AD. 854-925. Eleventh son
of Wang. Chien, whom he succeeded in 918 as second sovereign
of the Earlier Shu State. He had a square-shaped face, with a large
mouth; his hands hung below his knees, and his ears were enormous.
He neglected his duties, and gave himself up, together with his
Ministers, to sensual indulgence. Threatened by the army of the
Later T'ang dynasty, he surrendered, but was put to death. Known
in history as BB sone

Wang Yen-chang | 6 @ (T. -F HA). AD. 862-922. A
native of 3% [3 Shou-ch‘ang in Chehkiang, who rose under the
second Emperor of the Later Liang dynasty to be Governor of yes

T‘an-chou. He was a very powerful and courageous man. He could

“yun barefoot over brambles for a hundred paces. He could ride at

full gallop, brandishing an iron spear which another man could not
even lift; hence he received the sobriquet of =F $n ga Wang of
the Iron Spear. In the struggle for empire with the Later Chins
which now raged, the latter took T’an-chou and captured Wang’s
wife and children. They were carried away to T‘ai-ytian in Shansi
and treated with great consideration, and a messenger was dispatched
to invite Wang to join them. To this he replied by beheading the
messenger who attempted to tamper with his loyalty. Shortly afterwards
he was impeached and retired into private life. He was sent for again

in 922 when the Chins had created a panic by their successes,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 854

and promised the Emperor that in three days he would make them
“laugh the other side of their mouth,” a promise which he succeeded
in keeping. He was however defeated by the first Emperor of the
Later T‘ang dynasty, and being impeached by his second in command
for making light of the enemy, again went into retirement. From
this he was once more gimmoned to oppose the Tangs: and after
a desperate conflict, he was a second time defeated. He was severely
wounded with a lance by the T‘ang general a BS Ay Hsia Lu-
ch‘i; his horse fell under him, and he was taken prisoner. The
Emperor, admiring his bravery, sent Li Ssti-ytian, his successor on
the throne, to conciliate the fallen hero; but Wang received him
with curses and revilings, calling him by his Turkic name, whereupon
he was put to death.

Wang Yen-chéng - Aue EX . Brother to Wang Yen-hsi, whom
he succeeded in 944 as sixth and last ruler of the Min Principality.
Shortly after the accession of the latter in 939, when Governor of
Chien-chou, he had occasion to write to him and reproach him for
his cruelty and licentiousness. This caused a breach between the
two, and Wang Yen-hsi sent an army to chastise him. This army
was however put to the rout, and Wang Yen-chéng shook off his
allegiance and proclaimed himself king of put Yin. In 945 he
surrendered to Li Ching of the Southern T‘ang State, and was
sent to Nanking with the title of 7h BY -E.

Wang Yen-han fF #E ig (T. -~ 3). Died A.D. 927. Eldest
son of Wang Shén-chih, whom he succeeded in 925 as second ruler
of the Min Principality, subsequently proclaiming himself an
independent king. He was a tall young fellow, with a skin “as
white as jade,” and he had a very ugly wife. Accordingly he
selected a number of beautiful concubines, but of these no less
than 87 died in one year, evidently the victims of his jealous wife.
At length she fell ill, and was so frightened by the ghosts of the

2248

2249

2250

2251

2052

852 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

dead girls that she too died. He himself was assassinated by his
own brother Wang Lin, acting in concert with Wang Yen-ping,
an adopted son of Wang Shén-chih, who was Governor of Chien-
chou, and left his post on purpose to share in the bloody deed.
Wang Yen-hsi =f #E zg. Died A.D. 944. Youngest son of
Wang Shén-chih. In 939 he succeeded his nephew Wang Ch‘ang
as fifth ruler of the Min Principality, and sent tribute to the
House of Chin. He disgusted his subjects by his cruelty and im-
morality, and was at length assassinated by i A 3b Lien
Ch‘ung-yu (see Wang Ch‘ang), whose fears had been aroused by
the wife of Wang Yen-hsi, jealous of a favourite concubine and
anxious to get rid of her husband and set her son on the throne.
Canonised as = =v

Wang Yen-ping -E wie A, Died A.D. 931. The adopted son
of Wang Shén-chih, his real name being fi] EE BR Chou Yen-
shén. He was blind of one eye, and was familiarly known as the
One-eyed Dragon. When Governor of Chien-chou he aided Wang
Lin in getting rid of Wang Yen-han, and on his departure after
the deed was done he advised the former to behave himself and
not make it necessary for him to return. Later on he threw off
his allegiance, but was defeated and captured by stratagem, Wang
Lin’s general ‘treacherously exhibiting a white flag in token of
surrender. “You see,” said Wang Lin in mockery, “that I cannot
have been behaving myself,” and immediately ordered him off to
execution. His fate was attributed to the murder in his early days
of a harmless Buddhist priest, who had been born again into the
world under the guise of Wang Lin. Canonised as at 7
i XE. |

Wang YVin-chih -F 5] @ (T. {A HA). 18th and 19th cent.
A.D. Graduated third at the Palace Temuco of 1799, and
rose to be President of the Board of Rites. He and his father,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 853

Ff a Wang Nien-sun, are notable for having recognised the
frequent use in the Classics and ancient writings of characters
employed for others on the strength of similarity of sound, and
for having advocated recourse to the Han as well as the Sung
commentators in order to elucidate the caionical texts. Canonised
as AC fifi -

Wang Ying-lin -F Jie iE (T. 4 JB). A.D. 1223-1296. A
native of the Ningpo Prefecture in Chehkiang. At nine years of
age he possessed a good knowledge of the Classics, and in 1241
he graduated as chin shih. After holding several posts, he was
summoned by the Emperor in 1256 to examine the papers of the
candidates for the final degree. Upon completion of this task, his
Majesty, who looked over the essays, was so struck by that of the
seventh man on the list that he wished to place him first. Wang
reconsidered his décision, and readily admitted the justice of the
Emperor's suggestion; and when the name of the Senior Wrangler
was read out, it was that of Wén T‘ien-hsiang. Later on he got
into trouble from using too great freedom of speech, especially in
connection with the appearance of a comet in 1264.-He rose however
under the Emperor Tu Tsung to be President of the Board of
Rites, retiring, disheartened, in 1276. A voluminous writer, he
produced over 20 works on classical and educational subjects. The

most important of these is an extensive and valuable encyclopedia,

known as the 3 fff. The authorship of the = “4. Trimetrical

Classic, a famous primer for schoolboys, has also been attributed
to him, but this claim has been disputed. Some maintain that the
book was written by Yh Ke FF Liang Ying-shéng of the Ming
dynasty, inasmuch as. a copy was discovered bearing his name
as the author and containing a preface by qi ¥- a Fu Kuang-tsé.
In this there are 8 lines not found in other editions, and 19

dynasties instead of 17 only.

2253

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854 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Wang Yi-ch‘éng —F 3 FH (T. 7U 2). Died A.D. 1001,

The son of a miller at $B Ef Chii-yeh in Shantung. While only

2255

2256

2257

9 years of age he attracted the notice of the scholar and statesman
Ht + J Pi Shih-an, and was educated with the latter’s children.
On one occasion his patron inscribed on a vase a line for which
none of the scholars of the neighbourhood had been able to compose

a suitable antithesis, viz:

A parrot, although it talks, is not equal to a pheenix.

No sooner however did little Wang see it than he wrote underneath,

A spider, although it spins, is not equal to a silkworm.

He graduated as chin shih in 988, and subsequently filled many
high posts in which he distinguished himself by boldness and freedom
of speech.

Wang Yu-tun j= Fy 3% (T. fii @. H. Ze He). Died AD,
1758. A native of 4K fy Hsiu-ning -in Anhui, who graduated as
chin shih in 1724, and twenty years later was a Minister of the
Grand Council, drafting all the Decrees issued during the war in
Chin-ch‘uan and also copying out the Emperor’s poems. His writing
was so much admired by Ch‘ien Lung that he had specimens of
his calligraphy cut on stone tablets and published under the title
of He Hig 2S HE ith. Canonised as AC Jt, and included in the
Temple of Worthies. See Chang Chao.

Wang Yiian -f et (T. Fi FP). 2nd cent. A.D. Brother of
Ma Ku, and like his sister skilled in the black art. As an astrologer -
he gained some reputation under the Emperor Huan Ti of the
Han dynasty, and rose to high official rank. Three days after death
his corpse disappeared. See Ts‘ai Ching.

Wang Yiian yE Fm (T. 23 aC. H. SH AE). AD. 1620-1686.
A native of Kiangsu, who distinguished himself as an enthusiastic

student of ancient literature. He served in the Boards of Punishment

r Chinese Biographical Dictionary 855
and War, and was for a short time employed upon the History
_ of the Ming Dynasty. His works are entitled ae B BL ae, from
the sobriquet by which he was popularly known.

Wang Yian-chao -F 7p HR (T. gu). A painter who could
paint fans hanging upon walls, so skilfully that strangers would
often try to take them down.

Wang Yueh -F [Ht (T. f& FH). Eldest son of Wang ‘te:
whom he predeceased. He was a very clever youth, and quite a
match for the latter in wei ch't, which they used to play together.
He was carefully brought up, and the servants had orders from the
thrifty father not to let him know that even rotten fruit was ever
thrown away. Canonised as RA. See Wang Hsi-chih.

Wang Yiieh -F tk (T. fH BS). AD. 1424—1498. A native
of Honan, who graduated in 1451 and rose by 1471 to be General
Superintendent of the West, his chief care being the powerful
freebooters of Yn] 22 Ho-t‘ao. In 1474 he threw up his post in
disgust at the poor rewards bestowed on himself and his officers.
Returning to Court, he allied himself with Wang Chih, and so
obtained charge of the Board of. War. In 1480 he and his ally
were sent to repel fresh incursions on the western frontier, and
for successes in that and the next two years he was ennobled as
Earl; but in 1483 Wang Chih fell, and Wang Yiieh was cashiered
and placed under restraint. He was re-instated by the Emperor Hsiao
Tsung, but in 1494 charges of injustice compelled him to retire.
In 1497 he was placed in charge of the north-west, and updn the
fall of his eunuch ally Li Kuang, he was again denounced and
died at Kan-chou. Canonised as BE 45h .

Wang Yin -F 9 (T. -¥ fifi). Died A.D. 193. A native of
T’ai-ytian in Shansi, who attracted the notice of Kuo T‘ai, the
two becoming fast friends. At nineteen years of age he already

held a responsible official position, and in 184 became Governor of

2958

2259

2260

2261

856 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Yii-chou. He then incurred the animosity of the eunuch Chang
Jang in connection with the Yellow Turban rebels with whom
Chang was said to be in collusion, and he was forced to flee for
safety into concealment and to live under an assumed name. Upon
the accession of the Emperor Hsien Ti in 190 he returned and
was restored to high office, but disgusted with the outrageous
behaviour of Tung Cho he prevailed upon Lii Pu (see Tiao Ch‘an)
to assassinate him. The result was that Tung Cho’s party, headed
by AS HE Li Ts‘ui, broke into open rebellion, and Wang Yiin
was captured and put to death together with all his family.

2262 Wang Yin -F 44 (T. #€ 4£). AD. 330—384. An official of
the Chin dynasty, who first distinguished himself as Governor of
Wu-hsing, where during a severe famine he boldly spent public
funds in relieving the starving poor before he had received authority
to do so. “While I am waiting,” he said, “the people will perish;
and there is no discredit in being punished for a righteous act.”
For this he was promptly cashiered; however on the petition of
the gentry of the district he received another appointment. His
daughter then became consort of the Emperor Hsiao Wu Ti, and
in order to escape suspicion he insisted on being sent to a provincial
post. He had always been a hard drinker, and henceforth was very
seldom sober; yet in spite of this failing he was always extremely
popular. wr |

2263 Wei Chao # 2%. 8th cent. A.D. A scholar of the T‘ang dynasty,
who when he graduated as chin shih inscribed his name on the
We BE Goose Pagoda at ft} YI Chiii-chiang in Kuangtung, a
custom which afterwards became universal. He rose to be a secretary
in the Grand Council, but fell under the displeasure of Ytian Tsai.
Upon the death of the latter in 777 he was appointed Vice President
in the Board of Civil Office. ‘

2264 Wei Chéng Hf @ (T. Z Hi). AD. 581-643. A native of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 857
Hy 3% Ch‘ii-ch‘éng in Chihli, who was left an orphan at an early

- age and devoted himself with such zeal to literature that he soon
took a foremost place among the scholars of his day. Joining the
fortunes of Li Yiian, he greatly distinguished himself as a general;
and when the former mounted the throne as first Emperor of the
T'ang dynasty, Wei Chéng became. his trusted counsellor. On the
abdication of the father he continued in the service of the son,
who accepted his reproofs with marvellous ‘equanimity. He seemed
to possess the art of making censure seem palatable, and the Emperor
declared that his very remonstrances, savoured of flattery. In 626
he joined the Council of State. He was appointed President of the
Commission for drawing up the History of the Sui Dynasty, and
in addition to this he was a poet of no mean order. He was ennobled
as Duke, and his portrait was one of the twenty-four in the Ps
KA Ps| gallery founded by the second Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty.
At his death his widow: declined a public funeral as contrary to
his known views, and he was buried simply. The Emperor said,
“You may use copper as a mirror for the person; you may use
the past as a mirror for politics; and you may use man as a
mirror to guide one’s judgment in ordinary affairs. These three
mirrors I have always: carefully cherished; but now that Wei Chéng
is gone, Tiago Testivine of, thom, Caneniaed: as A. .
Wei Chieh ff HS (T. AL FF). A.D. 286-312. Son of Wei
Huan, and popularly known as B¥ J\ The Jewel. At the age of five
he was so beautiful that when he went to market in a goat-carriage
the people all thought he was a supernatural being. After many
times refusing to take office he at length joined the establishment
of the Heir Apparent, but during the political troubles which ensued
(see Ssié-ma Chih) he fled with his family to Nanking. The populace,
who had heard of his great beauty, crowded round him in such

numbers that he was positively ‘“‘seen to death,”

2

65

2266

2267

2268

858 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
Wei Chien 3 BX (T. -F 42). 8th cent. A.D. A native of Wan-

nien in Shensi, who married a relative of Li Lin-fu and. through
the influence of that powerful Minister rose to be President of the
Board of Punishments. Li however soon became jealous of his
influence at Court, and found means to accuse him of conspiring
to set the Heir Apparent on the throne; upon which he was first
banished, and then a Censor was sent to put him to death.

Wei-ch‘th Kung ff 3 9k (T. iy fii). AD. 585-658. A
native of [fs Shan-yang in Shansi, who -attached himself to
the fortunes of Li Shih-min, afterwards second Emperor of the
T‘ang dynasty. He aided in crushing Wang Shih-ch‘ung and other
rebels; and on one occasion saved his chief’s life by jumping on
his horse and transfixing with his lance the rebel leader Wi Kt
te Shan Hsiung-hsin, who was on the point of slaying the future
monarch. He subsequently served against the Turkic tribes, and
rose to high rank, being finally ennobled as Duke. By some he is
said to have been a blacksmith in early life, and is still worshipped
as the God of Blacksmiths. Canonised as ik TA. See Ch'in Ch'iung.
Wei Ching fj Fy (T. {iH Si). Died B.C. 106. A native of
P‘ing-yang, originally named #4} Chéng. His sister, - Je Tzi-fu,
was a singing-girl in the establishment of the Princess of P‘ing-
yang, sister to the Emperor; and it was while listening to her
singing that his Majesty was captivated by her “glossy hair and

gleaming teeth.” She was taken into the Imperial seraglio, and

_ her brother was raised in B.C. 139 to the rank of Grand Chamberlain.

2269

He was subsequently ennobled as Marquis, .and employed in high
military commands, gaining distinction in no less than seven campaigns
against the Hsiung-nu. In B.C. 119, after the suicide of Li Kuang,
he was appointed President of the Board of War, jointly with Ho
Ch'ti-ping. Canonised as #i].

Wei Chuang ra Wt . A miser of the 10th cent. A.D., who was

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 859

so stingy that he even counted the grains of rice for his dinner
and weighed the firewood for cooking them.

Wei Chung-hsien Ze He By. Died A.D. 1627. A native of 2270
a ited, Su-ning in Chihli, of profligate character, who made himself
a eunuch and changed his name to 4S 3ff Ht Li Chin-chung.
Entering the palace’ he managed by bribery to get into the service
of the mother of the future Emperor Hsi Tsung, and became the
paramour of that weak monarch’s wet-nurse, K‘o Shih. The pair
gained the Emperor’s affection to an extraordinary degree, and
Wei, an ignorant brute, was the real ruler of China during the
reign of Hsi Tsung. He always took care to present memorials and
other State papers when his Majesty was engrossed in carpentry,
and the Emperor would pretend to know all about the question
and tell Wei to deal with it: Aided by unworthy Censors, he
gradually drove all loyal men from office, and put his opponents
to cruel and ignominious deaths. He persuaded Hsi Tsung to enrol
a division of eunuch troops, ten thousand strong, armed with
muskets; while by causing the Empress to have a miscarriage, his
paramour cleared his way to the throne. Many officials espoused his
cause, and the infatuated sovereign never wearied of loading him
with favours. In 1626 temples were erected to him in all the
provinces except Fuhkien, his image received Imperial honours,
and he was styled Ju + jpg Nine Thousand Years, i.e. only one
thousand less than the Emperor himself. All successes-were ascribed
to his influence, a Grand Secretary declaring that his virtue had
actually caused the appearance of a “unicorn” in Shantung. In
1627 he was likened in a memorial to Confucius, and it was decreed
that he should be worshipped with the Sage in the Imperial Academy.
His hopes were overthrown by the death of Hsi Tsung, whose
successor promptly dismissed him. He hanged himself to escape

trial, and his corpse was disembowelled. His paramour was executed,

2241

2272,

2273

- 22704

860 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and in 1629 nearly 300 persons were convicted and sentenced to
varying penalties for being connected with his schemes.

Wei Fu-jen fF A(T. 5B fiy). Died A.D. 140. The wife
of AS Fh Li Chii, Governor of TK ea Ju-yin. She was famous
as a calligraphist in the Ji style.

Wei Hou ee Ia. Died A.D. 711. Consort of the Emperor Chung ©
Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, whom she poisoned in A.D. 710. She
made an attempt to seize the throne, but was opposed by the young
Prince who afterwards ruled as the Emperor Ming Huang. Her
forces were defeated, and she and many of her adherents were put
to death.

Wei Hsi Fi jit (T. bk AL. H. HE BH). A.D. 1624—1680. The
founder of a school of philosophy and history, known as the 2) “i
Ju i -F-, and composed of a few friends who retired'to a hill refuge-
near Ningpo during the troubles at the close of the Ming dynasty.
In 1663 he wandered along the Yang-tsze and the Huai, seeking
the acquaintance of noted scholars. In 1678 he was compelled to
take office, but was soon allowed to retire and died two years later,
his wife starving herself to death thirteen days afterwards. He wrote
the FF {iid 4K HH, a commentary on the Spring and Autumn, the
H 4, a diary, and some essays.
Wei Hsiang-shu #4 KR fh (T. Be YA or Jy BF). A.D. 1616—
1686. A native of Ef Yti-chou in Chihli, who graduated as chin
shih in 1646 -and was appointed to the Censorate. In 1654 he was
degraded with the rest of the Censors for failure to report the

_ misdeeds of the Grand Secretary [ii 4% B Ch‘én Ming-hsia, but

was shortly afterwards re-instated. In 1659 he retired to attend
upon his aged mother, and for 13 years devoted himself to the
study of philosophy.-In 1672-he returned to office and in 1678
he was appointed President of the Censorate, a post which he kept at

his own request until he retired in ill-health in 1684, after a

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 8641

life honestly spent in promoting reforms for the good of his
country. When first called to office he was loth to undertake its
responsibilities, fearing that his salary would be insufficient. His
wife’s brother allowed him one tael a day, and on that sum he
manage to live. Even in his later years of rank and power, simplicity
and economy prevailed within his house. He is ranked as the greatest
of the jf EE Upright Officials of the present dynasty. Canonised

as fx Fh.

Wei Hsiao [if a. Died A.D. 33. A native of Ch‘éng-chi in

Kansuh, who rose in A.D. 23 against the usurper Wang Mang. Ing

a short time he was at the head of a vast force, and established
himself in Shensi and Kansuh. The Emperor Kuang Wu Ti induced
him to break with Kung-sun Shu in A.D. 28; but a year later he
evaded an order to reduce Sstich‘uan, although his eldest son was
then a hostage at Court. In A.D. 30 he openly rebelled; however
meeting with small success he threw in his lot with Kung-sun Shu,
who ennobled him as Prince. In A.D. 32 the Emperor proceeded
against him in person, and he fled west to. ma ] Kung-ch‘ang
Fu where he was besieged. The Ssiich‘uan forces raised the siege,
and Wei dogged the retreat of the Han army. Soon afterwards
he died. His son Fall Ch‘un surrendered, and was carried to the
capital. In A.D. 34 he too tried to escape to the Turkic tribes,
but was captured and put to death.

Wei Huan {ij HE (T. AH FB). 8rd cent. A.D. A native of 2 f,
An-i in Shansi, who rose to high office under the Emperor Hui Ti
-of the Chin dynasty. When the latter was Heir Apparent, he was
looked upon as a young man of small promise. Wei Huan however
held a different opinion; and one day, when tipsy, he fell down
on his knees before the Prince and essayed to speak his mind. All
he could manage was to stroke the couch with his hand and say,

“It is a pity your Highness is sitting here.” The Prince saw the

2275

2276

2277

278.

2279

862 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

point, but. took no notice, merely telling Wei Huan that he was
very drunk indeed. Wei subsequently fell a victim to palace intrigues
and the wrath of the Empress 2] = Chia Hou, who hated his
probity and uprightness, and he was put to death together with
nine members of his family. Canonised as WX -

Wei Hung fj # (T. Ax fi). 1st cent. A.D. A native of Tung-
hai in Kiangsu, who became a devoted student of ancient literature,
especially of Mao Ch‘ang’s text of the Odes for which he wrote a
preface. He also composed a treatise on the ancient Han ceremonial,
and contributed generally to the revival of classical studies. He rose
to be a Privy Councillor under the Emperor Kuang Wu Ti.

Wei I-chieh Ba ST (T. Ay HE. H. A #& and pes HK ):
A.D. 16161686. A native of Chihli, who graduated as chin shih
in 1646 and served for fourteen years in the Censorate, rising in,
1660 to be President of the Board of Civil Office. He persuaded
the Emperor Shun Chih not to confine Governorships to Manchus,
and introduced many other important reforms. He planned the
strategy by which the rebels and partisans of the Ming dynasty in
Sstich‘uan and Kuangsi were reduced to submission. However shortly
after the accession of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi his enemies succeeded
in ousting him from the good graces of his Majesty, and in 1671
he retired into private life, making it a rule never to allude to
politics. He was the author of various works on government,
metaphysics, and the Classics, and edited new editions of the great
commentators. Canonised as 4C Re -

Wei Jan 3 f}-. Died B.C.? 265. A scion of the reigning
House of Ch‘u, who served the Ch‘in State and played a leading
part in the aggressive policy which culminated later on in the
triumph of the First Emperor. His policy of treachery and force
received a check in 298, but five years later he defeated Wei and

Han, and in 290 and 289 annexed much of their territory; and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 863

it was then that Prince Chao Hsiang, the son of his half-sister,
at his instigation adopted the title of PY 7p; Western Emperor.
In 278 two new provinces in Hupeh and northern Hunan were
carved out of Ch‘u, and in 275 the new capital of Wei, the modern
K‘ai-féng Fu, which was almost all it had left, was besieged. Richer
than his master, he kept all strangers out of Ch'in lest he himself
should be superseded, and he and his sister the Dowager ruled the
country. For forty years he wielded almost supreme power, but his
successful career was cut short in 266 by a decree of banishment
to FE Jang in Honan, of which he had been made Marquis in
291; and soon afterwards he died of mortification at being supplanted
by Fan Chi.

Wei Kao # Ft (T. HR pL). AD. 745-805. A native of
Wan-nien in Shensi, who distinguished himself by his resistance to
Chu Tz‘t and subsequently rose to be Commander-in-chief. In 785
he was appointed to relieve his father-in-law, hfe AE ‘Ba Chang
Yen-shang, who had previously treated him with contempt, of the
Governorship of modern Ssiich‘uan. He travelled thither under the
name of Pieaey) Han Ao, and somewhat astonished his haughty
relative when he exhibited his Imperial credentials. He ruled Sstich‘uan
with a firm hand for twenty-one years, constantly at war with the
Turfan tribes, of whom he is said to have killed in battle 480,000,

as well as 1500 generals, besides beheading over 5000 prisoners

and capturing some 20,000,000 head of cattle and sheep and 6,000,000

2280

arms and miscellaneous articles. He was ennobled as Prince, and |

canonised as ih Tt.

Wei K‘o Bi HA. 6th cent. B.C. A commander of the Chin State,
whose father had in early years besought him always to take care
of a favourite concubine. In his last moments however the dying
man begged Wei K‘o to bury the girl alive with him, a request

which his son disregarded on the ground that the first injunction

2281

2282

864 : A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

was given when his father’s intellect was clear, the second when
already dulled by approaching dissolution. Some time afterwards,
being engaged in battle with the Chins, he defeated them utterly
and took prisoner it [mH] Tu Hui, the strong man of Ch‘in, thanks
to-an old man who appeared on ‘the field and twisted the stalks
of grass in such a way as to impede the latter’s movements. This
old man afterwards appeared to Wei K‘o in a dream and said,
“T am the father of the concubine whom you saved from a dreadful
death, and thus I have rewarded you!”

Wei Ku # [fH]. A man of the-T‘ang dynasty, said to have seen
the old man of the moon sitting under a tree and turning over
the leaves of the book in which all marriages are registered at the
birth of one of the predestined couple. He also saw the bag con-
taining the invisible red silk thread by which their feet aire tied
together. The old man declared that Wei Ku would marry the ill-
favoured infant daughter of a certain woman who sold vegetables,
whereupon Wei hired an assassin to kill the child. The ruffian
missed his aim, and only succeeded in inflicting a severe blow over
the eyebrow. Fourteen years later Wei married a beautiful girl who
wore a gold plate over one eyebrow, and on making enquiries he
discovered that she was no other than the child whose union with
him had been so: strangely foretold. |
Wei Liao Bt REE Ath cent. B.C. A native of the Wei State,

who studied under Kuei-ku Tzti, and wrote a work on the art

- of war.

Wei Liao-wéng #4 4 (T. Se 2¢.H. BL). AD. 1178—
1237. A native of Jf} YI. Ptu-chiang in Sstich‘uan, whose real

name was jy Kao, which was changed to Wei upon his adoption

- by a man of that name. He graduated as chin shih in 1199, and

after a chequered career rose in 1231 to be President of the Board

of Rites, though owing to Court intrigues he was sent to serve in

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 865

Fuhkien, where he died. Famous as a teacher of the Confucianism
of Chu Hsi, he was the author of the Ht RK BB. 3, an exegetical
work on the Nine Classics. He was canonised as Bl Ug and in
1724 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.
Wei Li fey HE. Ist and 2nd cent. B.C. A clever musician, of
Turkic descent, who had been brought up in China. He secured
the protection of Li Yen-nien, and was recommended by him as a
suitable envoy to the Hsiung-nu. On his return he found that his
patron had fallen into trouble; and fearing to perish with him,
he fled to the Hsiung-nu and tendered his allegiance. The latter
received him with open arms and created him Prince of Ty aa
Ting-ling. See Su Wu.
Wei P‘o pat Fh. 2nd cent. B.C. Son of an eminent musician
under the First Emperor. Wishing to obtain an introduction to
Ts‘ao Ts‘an, he daily swept the door in front of his secretaries’
quarters, until at length one of the latter, struck by his strange
behaviour, introduced him to the great man, who at once gave
him a post. |
Wei Po-yang #j AN BB (T. Zs Ww. 2 i -F-). 2nd cent.
A.D. A Taoist philosopher and alchemist. In A.D. 121 he was
summoned to Court, but refused the invitation, being, as he described
himself, “‘a lowly man, living simply, and with no love for power
and glory.” Reputed author of the B | TL (see 2288), which is
professedly a commentary upon the Canon of Changes, but is in reality
a treatise upon the concoction of pills of immortality. He is said to
have ultimately succeeded in compounding such pills, and to have
administered one by way of experiment to a dog, which at once
fell down dead. He then swallowed one himself, with the same
resylt; whereupon his elder brother, with firm faith in the drug
and undismayed by what he saw before him, swallowed a third
pill. He too fell down dead, and this shook the confidence of the
55

2285 ©

2286

2287

866 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

younger brother who went off to make arrangements for burying
the bodies. But by the time he returned the trio had recovered,
and were straightway enrolled among the ranks of the Immortals.

2288 Wei Po-yang Hi AH A. A native of Kiangsu, who flourished
as a scholar and writer under the Sung dynasty. He was the author
of the 7H FE jea MP, a treatise on abstruse points in the Classics,
consisting mostly however of forced interpretations calculated to
promote heterodoxy, and also of the AR | 47) (see 2287). -
Wei-shao Wang. See Wan-yen Yiin-chi. :

2289 Wei Shéng Hf HF (T. B Ry). Died A.D. 1164. A native of
{4 ae Su-ch‘ien in Kiangsu, who was of a military turn of mind
and enlisted in the army as an archer. In 1161, while stationed at
Shan-yang, he raised a body of some 300 volunteers, and recaptured
the city of HE Hai-chou which had sueaulle been taken by the
Chin? Tartars. He pacified the inhabitants of the surrounding districts,
and by judiciously remitting taxes and. releasing prisoners he so
far gained public confidence that ere long he had an army of several
thousand men. With these he inflicted a severe defeat upon the
Tartars, for which he was duly rewarded by the Emperor and
appointed Governor of Hai-chou. In 1164 he resisted by force a
treacherous attempt of the Tartars to pass troops through his
territory; but his men ran short of arrows, and in the confusion
he himself was struck by a hostile shaft and killed. He is said to
have been the first general to have used gunpowder in warfare.
His powder however seems to have been nothing more than a kind
of Greek fire. Canonised as HR Yb.

2290 Wei-shéng Kao 74 +E joy or Wei Shéng /e /E. 6th cent.
B.C. A young man of the Lu State, noted for his fidelity. He
agreed to meet a girl under the H& Lan Bridge at Ch‘ang-an,
but the girl did not keep her appointment. He continued however
to wait for her in spite of the fact that the river’ was rapidly

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 867

rising; and sooner than quit his post, he finally clasped a ~
and perished in the waters.

Wei Shou Ff xe (T. 4 de and HH Hy). AD. 506—572. A
native of fff )jf Ch‘i-yang in Chibli, who is chiefly known by
his History of the Wei Dynasty and some miscellaneous writings.
As an official he was too quarrelsome, and as a man, too fond of
pleasure. Yet he ultimately rose to high honours, and is ranked
with Wén Tzii-shéng and Hsing Shao as the 4, Hy = A Three
Able Men of the Northern Dynasties. Canonised as Bl A.

Wei Shu Fi ZF (T. BF 7). Died A.D. 290. A native of (4: HR
Jen-ch‘éng in Shantung, who was brought up by his maternal aunt.
When the latter was building a house, the geomancer she employed
said, “This house will surely produce a worthy nephew.” Thereupon
Wei Shu cried out, “I will minister to the reputation of this family!”
Graduating as hsiao lien he rose to notice under the Emperor Wén
Ti of the Wei dynasty, who used to follow him with his eyes as
he left the Imperial presence and say, ‘‘Wei Shu has a dignified
bearing; he will be a leader of men.” Under the Emperor Wu Ti
of the Chin: dynasty he actually became a Minister of State, but
resigned in consequence of many portents followed by national
calamities, and was ennobled as Viscount. He had a daughter,
named ae FF. Hua-ts‘un, who studied the black art. One day she
is said to have swallowed some purifying drugs, and to have gone
straight up to heaven in broad daylight. Canonised as iz

Wei Shu ra pit . 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A native of Wan-nien
in Shensi, who graduated as chin shih and rose to be a Historiographer
under the Emperor Ming Huang ‘of the T'ang dynasty. He and his
four brothers were called by Chang Yiieh the finest trees in the
forest of humanity. When the rebellion of An Lu-shan broke out,
he fled to the mountains, carrying with him the State annals. He

‘fell however into the hands of the rebels and was compelled to

2291

2292

2293

2294

2295

868 A Ghnese Biographical Dictionary

take office under them. Later on he was seized by an Imperialist
official and thrown into prison, where he starved himself to death.
His character was subsequently cleared, and posthumous honours
were accorded to him. He revised Wu Ching’s history of the early
portion of the T‘ang dynasty, and wrote the ff yt $i 8B, a
description of the two capitals, Ch‘ang-an and Lo-yang.

Wei Tz 7% -F-. 12th cent. B.C. The Viscount of Wei. He was
a kinsman of the infamous Chou Hsin, whose cruelty and extravagance _
so disgusted him that he retired from Court and finally quitted the
kingdom.

Wei Wu-chi Fj ft . 8rd cent. B.C. Prince Wu-chi of the
Wei State, otherwise known as ti [os #. With over 3,000 retainers
at his beck and call, he was remarkable for his gentleness and
humanity. On one occasion when he had thoughtlessly allowed a
hawk to kill a pigeon which had sought refuge under his table,
he set to work and caught some 300 hawks. Then drawing his
sword he said to the birds, ‘‘Which of you is the guilty one?” The
culprit bowed its head; whereupon he at once slew it and let the
others go.

Wei Wu. See Ts‘ao Ts‘ao.

2296 Wei Yang i Hh. Died B.C. 888. An illegitimate scion of the

ruling family of the Wei* State, whose real name was AY FA Hpk
Kung-sun Yang. He entered the service of the Wei State, and
became assistant to the Minister AL #X Bf Kung-shu Tso, who
was so struck by his ability that on his deathbed he conjured king
He Hui either to appoint this young man to the place he was
about to vacate or to kill him, lest his talents might be employed
to the advantage of some other State. King Hui neglected this
advice, and about B.C. 350 Wei Yang entered the service of Duke
2 Hsiao, ruler of the Ch'in State. He began by inspiring his

new master with ambition, showing him that Imperial dignity was —

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 869

within his reach. He then set to work to reform the civil and
military administrations, as the sole means by which such dreams
of aggrandisement could be realised. He drew up a severe code of
laws, but before publishing it he resorted to the following device
in order to secure the confidence of the people. He issued a notice
that any one who could carry a certain wooden pole from the
market-place to one of the city gates would receive ten ounces of
silver. This offer was increased from ten to fifty; and at length a
man came forth and performed the feat, and to the astonishment
of all received the promised reward. Then the laws were promulgated,
and enforced with such impartiality that even the guardian and the
tutor of the Heir Apparent were both punished with branding for
failing to keep their young charge in the paths of duty and decorum.
The patriarchal system, under which sons brought their wives to
live under the parental roof, was abolished. The old agrarian
regulations, known as FF HH ee, by which every square li of
land was divided into nine portions, one of which was given to
each of eight families who joined in tilling the ninth for the public
‘treasury, are said to have been then abrogated, and the S-
SA regulations, under which individual ownership obtained, were
put in their place. The tithing system was introduced, and also
many other important reforms. The capital was transferred from
Yung to Hsien-yang. At first Wei Yang met with much opposition;
but in the end his reforms prevailed, and it was popularly said
that under his rule the people of Ch'in became so virtuous as not
even to pick up articles found lying in the streets. In B.C. 340
Wei Yang seized the opportunity of a defeat of the Wei State by
the combined forces of Han and Ch‘i to organise an expedition
against the former, now in a crippled condition. Even thus he did
not meet its forces in fair fight, but first treacherously seized JY
i yn Kung-tzti Ang, the enemy’s commander, and then let loose

870 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his soldiery upon a defenceless foe. The upshot was that king Hui:
was compelled to cede to Ch'in a large slice of territory, and Wei
Yang was ennobled as Prince of rs] Shang. Hence he is often
spoken of as Tr] a and as Shang Yang. In B.C. 338 Duke Hsiao
died, and was succeeded by that Heir Apparent whose sensibility
had been wounded by the indignities put upon his guardian and
his tutor. Wei Yang felt that he was in danger and fled to Wei,
but the people of that State would have nothing to do with him
and drove him back to Ch'in. It was on this occasion that he was
refused shelter in an inn, because, as the innkeeper pointed out,
in accordance with his own laws, he had not provided himself
with a passport. He then took refuge in his fief and offered armed
resistance; but was speedily overpowered and killed, and his whole
family exterminated. .
2297 Wei Yao i lf# (T. GJ, fm). 8rd cent. A.D. A native of Yiin-
| yang in Chehkiang, whose personal name was originally ff Chao.
In 252 he became Grand Historiographer, and was employed upon
the dynastic history, and in 264, when Sun Hao mounted the
throne, he was ennobled as Marquis, The latter wished that an
Imperial biography should be written of his father, Sun Ho; but
Wei Yao pointed out that as he had never actually sat upon the
throne, his biography must appear in the history under his name
and not under his canonisation. This led to a rupture between
them, and the Emperor soon found means to accuse Wei Yao of
disloyalty. He was thrown into prison, and in spite of the inter-
cession of friends was put to death. He was a fine scholar. He
enlarged the Jsz 4% of Liu Chén, and published an edition of the
Canon of Filial Piety. 7
2298 Wei Yeh Fi BF (7. ff 4E). Died A.D. 1019. A native of
\ Shan-chou in Honan, who became a recluse, living in a straw

hut and calling himself i JR -E. He passed his time in

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 874

singing, playing the guitar, writing and reciting poetry. The Emperor
T‘ai Tsung of the Sung dynasty summoned him to Court, but he
would not go; so his Majesty sent a painter to paint a portrait
of him with his surroundings. When however the painter’s arrival
was announced, he hastily picked up his guitar and fled out of the
back-door. On one occasion, when travelling with K‘ou Chun, the
pair of them scribbled some verses upon the wall of an inn. Stopping
once again at the same inn, he found K‘ou Chun’s verses protected
by a green gauze screen, while his own were covered with cobwebs
(see Wang Po). A courtesan stepped forward and wiped off the

dust with her red robe, whereupon he cried out,

O’er lack of screen I need not grieve,
Thus honoured by a fair one’s sleeve.

In 1008 he received an official appointment; but he again declined,
_ saying, “The place of the wild deer is not in the throng of the
audience-chamber.”

Wei Ying-wu He 1p. 8th cent. A.D. A native of Ch‘ang-an
in Shensi. In early life he was a soldier in the body-guard of the
Emperor Ming Huang; but after a course of study, he entered upon
a civil career. He filled several important posts and finally rose to
be Governor of Soochow, whence he is often styled rs an py !
A man of pure and lofty disposition, his poetry was likened to
that of T‘ao Ch‘ien, “simple in expression, pregnant with meaning,”
and the two are often spoken of together as (4) iA.

Wei Yuan Fi je (T. Ek BR). Died A.D. 1856. Served as a
magistrate in the provinces. He wrote the Hi ot 3, a descriptive
account of the military operations of this ‘dynasty, and also the
ify. [ee Ra: a record of foreign nations, founded on the notes
of Lin Tsé-hsii.

Wen Ch‘ang BL By. The God of Literature, said to have been
originally a man named 9 he Chang Ya, who lived under the

2299

2300

2301

2302

872° A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

T‘ang dynasty and took up his abode at ee Vig Tzti-t‘ung in Sstich‘uan.
He was very handsome, and a brilliant writer. He became Superintendent
of Education, and succeeded so well that he received an appointment
in the Board of Rites, but declined the office and disappeared.

Wén Chéng-ming 7 ( HA (T. @ke th. A. 7G [L]). AD.
1470—1559. A native of Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu. As a boy he
was dull-witted, but his intellect developed rapidly as he approached
manhood. He studied composition under us cI Wu K‘uan, calli-

- graphy under AS iE fii Li Ying-chéng, and painting under Shén

2303

Chou. He ultimately rose to be a member of the Han-lin College,
and was employed upon the annals of the reign of the Emperor
Wu Tsung, 1506—1522. He retired comparatively early from public
life, and died at the great age of 90, leaving a family of eight sons.
Wen Ch‘éng Ti. See Toba Chiin.

Wén Ch‘iao 7H ili (T. JX i). AD. 288-829. A native of
T'ai-ytian in Shansi, distinguished in early youth by his skill in
literary composition and by his filial piety. His uncle by marriage,
who was a general, sent him on a mission to the capital, the
present Nanking, where he attracted the notice of the leading
statesmen. After serving with success against Shih Lo, leaving part
of his sleeve in the hand of his mother who tried to stop him, he
aided in the establishment of the E. Chin dynasty and stood in
high favour with the Emperor Yiian Ti. In A.D. 318 he was
attached to the tutorial staff of the Heir Apparent. In 322 he
boldly forbade his pupil to take the field against Wang Tun, himself
exposing later on the treasonable designs of the latter and defeating
the rebel attack on Nanking in 824, for which he was ennobled
as Duke. On the Emperor's death he was appointed one of the
Regents, and in 326 he was Governor of Chiang-chou in Hupeh,.
with headquarters at Wu-ch‘ang. Two years later, in conjunction
with T‘ao K‘an, he droye Su Chiin from Nanking, which he had

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary : 873

captured by surprise the year before. He declined however to risk

entering into rivalry with Wang Tao over the central administration,

and returned to his post. Tradition says that he lighted a rhinoceros ~

horn, and by its glare succeeded in descrying the water-bogies and
other monsters in a river, shortly after which he was taken suddenly
ill and died. Canonised as fist TH.

Wen-hsiang wl ie - Died A.D. 1875. A Manchu, who in 1861
was Senior Vice President of the Board of Revenue. He was then
appointed to the newly-formed Tsung-li Yamén, a department for
the regulation of intercourse with Western nations. In 1865—66
he dealt successfully with the mounted brigands of Féng-t‘ien, and
in 1872 he became a Grand Secretary and member of the Grand
Council. He was very mild-mannered and dignified, and a great
favourite with foreigners.

Wen Hsitian Ti. See Kao Yang.

Wen Kung. See Kao Wei.

Wen Ti. See (Han) Liu Héng; (Wei) Ts‘ao P‘ei; (E. Sung)
Liu I-lung; (Ch‘én) Ch‘én Ch‘ien; (W. Wei) Yiian Pao-chut;
(Sui) Yang Chien.

Wén Ti-jen JH IE (T. £ Hi}. Died A.D. 1638. A native
of jf ff Wu-ch‘éng in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih
in 1598 and had risen to be President of the Board of Rites when
the last Ming Emperor succeeded to the throne. A deep schemer,

he so far won the suspicious Emperor’s confidence that, in spite of

frequent denunciations, he became a Grand Secretary in 1630. So

soon as he was secure of his position he ruthlessly persecuted his
enemies, always working through others and never leaving any
tangible proofs of his action. He kept his post, although unable to
suggest any mode of coping with the Manchus or rebels, contenting
himself with pressing the scheme of forced subscriptions by which

officials and rich men were mulcted. At last in 1637 the Emperor

2304

2305

874 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

discovered his duplicity through a eunuch, and allowed him to retire.
Canonised as Bl HR.

2306 Wén T‘ien-hsiang 30 JK jet (T. Fe Fig and WE FG. H. ae [L).
A.D. 1236—1283. A native of Chi-shui in Kiangsi, who graduated ©
as first chin shih in 1256 (see Wang Ying-lin) and entered upon
a public career. He attracted attention in 1260 by memorialising
the Emperor Li Tsung to behead if 4¢ Pi. Tung Sung-ch‘én,
who had advised his Majesty to leave the capital, then at Hangchow,
and flee before the advance of the victorious Mongols; and he followed
this up by denouncing Chia Ssti-tao for his cowardly advice in the
same direction. In 1275 he was at ifm Kan-chou in Kiangsi, when
orders were issued for the levy of troops to make a further attempt
to arrest the tide of invasion. His army, partly composed of aborigines
from the frontier of Kueichou, was cut to pieces; and he was ordered
to abandon Soochow, whither he had been sent in the interim, and
to repair to the capital to take measures for its defence. Thence he
was sent as envoy to Bayan, the Mongol general, who made him
prisoner and sent him off to Peking. He managed however to escape
on the way, and fled to Wénchow. Another levy of troops in Kiangsi
was followed by a crushing defeat from aS Pe Li Héng at Slt
Hsing-kuo, when almost all his family fell into the hands of the
victor, He himself got clear off and reached Kuangtung in safety.
In 1278 he was ennobled as Duke and raised another army, but
the fates were against him. An epidemic broke out amongst the
soldiers, of which his own mother and: one son died, and he was
again defeated and captured at . bY 44 Wu-p‘o-ling. On being
taken to the tent of Chang Hung-fan, his conqueror, he was
ordered to prostrate himself; but he firmly refused, and Chang met
him on terms of host and guest. He was then taken to Yai-shan,
the last retreat of the last representative of the great Sung dynasty,

but refused to write and advise capitulation. In 1279 he was conveyed

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 875

to Peking, on which journey he passed eight days without eating.
Every effort was made to induce him to own allegiance to the
Mongol Emperor, but without success. He was kept in prison for
three years. “My dungeon,” he wrote, ‘is lighted by the will-o’-
the-wisp alone: no breath of spring cheers the murky solitude in
which I dwell.” At length he was summoned into the presence -of
Kublai Khan, who said to him, ‘What is it you want?” “By the
grace of the Sung Emperor,” he replied, “I became his Majesty’s
Minister. I cannot serve two masters. I only ask to die.” Accordingly
he was executed, meeting his death with composure and making a
final obeisance southwards as though his own sovereign was still
reigning in his: own capital. He was canonised as pe JE, and
in 1843 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Wen Tsung. See Li Han.

Wén Tzi-shéng jB -F $f (7. iB Bh). AD. 495—? 550. A
native of T‘ai-ytian in Shansi, and descendant of Wén Ch'iao. In
516 he was one of twenty-four chosen to be Censors out of eight
hundred competitors, and in 588 he became-Reader and Equerry
to the Heir Apparent. About 550 he was suspected of treason by
the founder of the Northern Ch‘i dynasty and thrown into prison,
where he was kept without food until he killed himself by swallowing

a part of his bedding. He left only some essays, but is ranked as _

one of the Three Able Men of the Northern Dynasties (see Wei

Shou); and these essays are said to have been found by an envoy

2307

to the Turkic tribes at the bedside of one of the Turkic chieftains. 2308

Wén Wang 4 =F. B.C. 1231—1135. The title of canonisation
under which is known B Ch‘ang, Duke of Chou, otherwise called
PY 4 the Chief of the West, the father of Wu Wang, first
sovereign of the Chou dynasty. He was hereditary ruler of the
Principality of Mya Ch‘i in modern Shensi, and a wise and virtuous

man. He. had a face like a dragon and eyebrows like a tiger. His

2309

2310

2511

876 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

breast bore four nipples. In B.C. 1144 he was denounced by Re
Hu, the Marquis of c= Ch‘ung, to the Emperor Chou Hsin, as
dangerous to the throne; and he was seized and thrown into prison at
EN FA Yu-li in modern Honan. There he passed two years, occupying
himself upon the Canon of Changes. At length the Emperor, yielding |
to the entreaties of the people, backed up by the present of a
beautiful concubine and some fine horses, set him at liberty and
commissioned him to make war upon the frontier tribes. To his -
dying day he never ceased to remonstrate against the cruelty and
corruption of the age, and his name is still regarded as one of the
most glorious in the annals of the empire.

Wén Yen-po XN &B fi (7. HH). AD. 1006—1097. A
native of 4} {f{ Chieh-hsiu in Kiangsi, who graduated as chin shih
and entered the public service. A clever boy, he is said on one
occasion when he had dropped his ball into a well to have raised
the level of the water by throwing in a number of stones. He first
distinguished himself by the energy: with which he crushed the
rebellion of =F Kl] Wang Tsé, after which he was rapidly promoted
and ultimately became Minister of State, a position which he filled,
with some temporary checks (see T“ang Chieh), for a period of

fifty years. He was on terms of intimacy with all the leading men

‘of his*time, and formed a kind of club in which age took precedence

over rank, and to which all the notabilities of Lo-yang were eager
to belong. He was ennobled as Duke, and canonised as fist FA .
Weng Chung-ju gy Arh fe (or ye). A native of Wa Wei-chou
in Kansuh and a poor scholar under the T‘ang dynasty, who was
suddenly enriched by a rainfall of gold.

Wéng Hsin-ts‘un 47 XM FF (T. — . H. ZK Jie). AD.
1793—1862. A native of ie #it Ch‘ang-shou in Kiangsu, who
graduated as chin shih in 1822 and filled various literary and

educational posts. In 1837 he was appointed tutor to the six sons

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 877

of the Emperor Tao Kuang, but soon retired to wait upon his
aged mother. Returning to office in 1847, he rose in 1856 to be
Chancellor of the Han-lin College and a Grand Secretary. Canonised
as BL Jj, and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Wéng Méng-té 7 3 7 (T. ta gt). 18th cent. AD. A
native of 3 fe) Shou-ch‘ang in Chehkiang, who graduated as
chin shih about 1250. He then retired into private life, and occupied
himself with teaching and writing. Author of the HR BK 45 >
a work on the Spring and Autumn Annals; also of the Hit =e
the we. aa the AL , the fie Bf EA Hei and the bh BE
8 1

Wéng T‘ung-ho 4j aj @. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated
as first chin shih in 1856 and in 1872 was a secretary to the
Grand Council. He was tutor to the Emperor, and supposed to
advocate reactionary measures. Chancellor of the Han-lin College
in 1881, he joined the Grand Council in 1882, but was removed
from it with loss of rank in 1894. In November of the same year
he was directed to assist Prince Kung in organising the armies of
the Imperial Prefecture; and being already President of the Board
of Revenue, he was again admitted to the Grand Council. In 1895
he became President of the JAJ 4 fiff Peking College.

Weng I B Fy (A. fx 4). A native of pas Ze Ch‘ung-an
in Fuhkien, who flourished as a scholar under the Sung dynasty
and was a devoted adherent of the school of Chu Hsi. He was
specially learned in the Spring and Autumn Annals, and in philosophy.
Known as 7 PK JU AE-

Western Royal Mother, The. See Hsi Wang Mu.

White Emperor, The. See Kung-sun Shu.
“Wo-jen fF we A Manchu, who in 1861 was a Grand Secretary
and one of the first members of the Tsung-li Yamén. He was notorious

for his blind hatred of foreigners, declaring in a secret memorial to

9312

2318 |

2314

2315

2316

2317

878 . A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

the Throne that he longed to eat their flesh and sleep on their skins.
Wu Ch‘éng Va S(T. 4H ep OF AH Fee H. fi Jil and
¥4 HR). AD. 1247-1881. A native of 4242 Ch‘ung-jen in
Kiangsi. An eager student from his youth upwards, he failed however
to gain the chin shih degree. Later on his editions of the Classics
were brought to the notice of Kublai Khan, and he was recommended
for official employment. After filling various literary posts he rose
by 1821 to be a secretary in the Han-lin College, but in a few
years he resigned and returned to his home where he lived in a
thatched cottage. Author of the fea = SF. =e a work on the .
Canon of History, and similar studies on other portions of the
Classics; also of editions, with commentaries, of the Tao Té Ching
and Chuang Tz. He was canonised as 4 JF; and in 1443 his
tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Wu Chéng-chih J2 TE v4 (1. ff tk. HW. JB yg). AD.
1618—1691. A native of Han-yang in Hupeh, who graduated as
chin shih in 1648 and entered the public service. In 1660 he became
President of the Censorate, and earned universal gratitude by stopping
the proposed erection of barracks for Bannermen throughout China.
At the end of 1681 he was Grand Secretary, the first from Hu-

Kuang under this dynasty. He aided in the compilation of the

2318

2319

Institutes and General Topography of China. Canonised as wl fe. .
Wu Ch‘éng-ssii pt 7K fa. Died A.D. 698. The nephew and
favourite of the Empress Wu Hou, who raised him to high office
but later on took offence at his arrogance and cancelled his appoint-
ments. He subsequently intrigued to be made Heir Apparent, and
failing in his design, died of mortification.

Wu Ch‘éng Ti. See Kao Chan.

Wu Ch‘éng Tzi ¥% Hy fF. The reputed tutor of the Emperor

“Yao, B.C. 2357.

2320 Wu Chi fff —%. Died B.C. 244. Youngest son of Prince ]ff Chao

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 879

of the Wei State, and one of the py ae Four Heroes who banded
together to resist the growing. power of the Ch‘in State. In B.C.
258 he was in command of the army of Wei, under the title of
4B [oe a Prince of Hsin-ling; and proceeding to the relief of
Diwan, capital of the Chao State, which was then besieged by
the Ch‘ins, defeated their famous general =F #% Wang Ho and

raised the siege. In B.C. 247 he took command of the armies of

the five allied States and inflicted a crushing defeat upon ie ee
Méng Ao, another of the generals of Ch'in, pursuing him as far
as the [R Ay Han-ku pass. While he lived, the power of the
Ch‘ins was completely held in check, although in his later years
he retired from public life in disgust and gave himself up to wild
debauchery. He is sometimes spoken of as Hi AL a oe See Chu Hai.
Wu Ch‘i Ue tL. Died B.C. 3881. A native of the Wei* State,
who in early life was a pupil under Tséng Ts‘an, but the philosopher
_ conceived a dislike for him and banished him from his presence.
Proceeding to the Lu «State he studied the art of war, and soon
gained great proficiency therein; and when hostilities broke out
between Lu and Ch‘i, he was anxious to take command of the
army of the former State. The prince however hesitated to appoint
him, because his wife was a native of Ch‘i; whereupon Wu Ch'‘i
at once put her to death in token of his loyalty, and entered upon
what proved to be a most successful campaign. Later on he entered
the service of the Wei State, and for some time enjoyed the favour
of the Marquis #{ Wu. On one occasion, while navigating the
West River, the latter remarked upon the splendid natural defences
of that region; to which Wu Chit replied that the virtue of its
‘ruler is a still greater safeguard to a State than a frontier of
inaccessible cliffs. Finally, in B.C. 387, having fallen into disfavour
aud believing his life to be in danger, he entered the service of

the Ch‘u State, where he became Chancellor, and occupied himself

2321

2322

2323

2324.

880 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in organising the administration. By the unsparing severity with
which he abolished all abuses, he made himself many foes among
the chief families. A conspiracy was formed against him, and he
was killed. Although pitilessly severe, he gained the affections of his
troops by sharing every hardship with them. He was the author of a
treatise on the military art, which is still highly esteemed, and in
reference to which he is also known as Le oa In popular pictures he
is represented holding in one hand by the hair a bleeding female head.
Wu Chii-chiin Yi Hy (T. Wj BF. Ho FEE Fe). Died
A.D. 1846. A native of fal 4 Ku-shih in Honan, who graduated
as chin shih in 1817 and rose to high office, being Governor of
Shansi just previous to his death. Chiefly known as an eminent
botanist and author of the AG, Py ys =I lal ye many of the
best drawings in which were by his own hand.

Wu Chiang-hsien Ua RE {il}. The lovely favourite of the Emperor
Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty, A.D. 605—617, who declared that her .
beauty could even satisfy hunger.

Wu Chieh Ja ¥ (T. > SiN). A.D. 1093--1139. A famous
military commander under the Sung dynasty. As a youth he showed
great determination combined with much ambition; and entering
the military service, he soon distinguished himself by his exploits
against the Hsia and Chin* Tartars. On one occasion he is said to
have ridden 100 miles-in a single night, hastening to the relief of
a threatened town; and on arrival he first sent a basket of oranges
to the Tartar commander, with his compliments, and then fell upon

the enemy and routed them utterly. He entirely frustrated all attempts ~

. on the part of the Chins* to gain possession of modern Sstich‘uan,

2325

and was himself ultimately appointed Governor of that territory,
but died on the way thither. Canonised as 3X Fe. |

Wu Chih 52 ¥6 (T. ee Fi )- 18th cent. A.D. A famous artist
in Indian ink, pupil of Chao Méng-chien.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 881

Wu Chih-i 42 x HF (T. 44: Ei). A noted scholar, who flourished
about A.D. 1679. He devoted himself chiefly to chronology, and
superintended that department in the compilation of the History
of the Ming Dynasty. He wrote a history of the ten small Principalities
which existed between the end of the T‘ang and the beginning of
the Sung dynasties, besides various other classical and _ historical

works.

‘Wu Ching us PA: Died A.D. 742. A native of Pien-chou in-

Honan, who distinguished himself as a Censor and also by strict
adherence to truth in his history of the early portion of the T‘ang
dynasty, so that he was called the modern Tung Hu. His boldness
got him into trouble, and he was banished; but before his death
he was once more filling a high post. Author of the A fal neg we,
“a work on the principles of government.
Wu Fan Ja fi (T. al Fil] ). Died A.D. 226. A native of Shang-yii
‘in Chehkiang, who studied mathematics and became known in his

District as a good weather-prophet. From this he went on to prophesy

about things in general, and finally attached himself to the staff

of Sun Ch‘iian, who at first treated him with great consideration
but quarrelled with him because he would not foretell the date of
his (Sun Ch'‘iian’s) death. He made some vague prophecy about
there being “a princely vapour to the south of the river,” and
when Sun Ch‘iian was proclaimed Prince of Wu, he declared that
this was the fulfilment of his words. He was soon afterwards ennobled
as Marquis, but again fell into disfavour, chiefly because he was
unable to flatter the pride and ambition of his master.

Wu Hai $2 Hp (T. Bi +). 14th cent. A.D, A native of Foochow,
who distinguished himself as a scholar at the close of the Yiian
dynasty, but owing to the disturbed state of the country refrained
from entering official life. He was employed under the Mings in
the department of Historiography, and attracted much attention by

56

2326

2328

2329

2330

23351

ssa A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his opposition to Buddhism and all heterodox doctrines. He declared
that the people at large should not be allowed to possess, or
booksellers to sell, any works other than those in the Confucian
Canon. His own writings were published under the title of Fa
1B 3K SR. |

Wu Han Le past (T. > $A). Died A.D. 44. A native of Nan-
yang in: Honan, who began life as a village beadle and subsequently
became a horse-dealer. He attached himself to the fortunes of Liu
Hsiu; and when the latter mounted the throne as first Emperor
of the Eastern Han dynasty, he received a high appointment. At
the head of well-organised armies he aided the Emperor in putting
down rebellion on all sides. He was employed against Wei Hsiao;
and in 87, together with NS w Ts‘én P‘éng, who was assassinated ,
he brought about the downfall of the White Emperor (see Kung- |
sun Shu). @perittions against the Hsiung-nu and against rebels in

Ssiich‘uan kept him busy almost to the very close of his life.

Canonised as jg -

Wu Hou xt = A.D. 625—705. The Empress Wu. Her name
was pt Ze (or ff¥) Wu Chao, and she sprang from humble
parents, but at the age of twelve she was taken into the harem
of Li Shih-min, second Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty. Upon his
Majesty’s death in 649 she retired to a Buddhist nunnery and took
the vows, Thence she was brought back to the palace by the
Empress Consort of Li Chih, son of Li Shih-min, who had herself
been supplanted in her husband’s affections by a concubine named
el sl Hsiao Shu. Wu Chao was to undermine the favourite’s
influence; and this she easily succeeded in doing, being a very
clever as well as a very beautiful woman. Raised in 654 to the
rank of Jif 4% Chao I, she then set to work to get rid of the
Empress. By strangling her own baby girl and laying the blame
on the Empress, she so worked upon the Emperor that in 655

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 883

the Empress was deposed and she was put in her place. Finding

however that the Emperor still visited the ex-Empress in her
: seclusion, she caused the latter’s hands and feet to be cut off; and
the speedy death of her victim released her from any further anxiety
on that score. From that time she gained a complete ascendency
over the Emperor and was always present, behind a curtain, at
councils and audiences. In 674 she called herself Ks the Divine -
Empress, and in 675 the Emperor Kao Tsung was very near
abdicating in her favour. In 684, shortly after his Majesty’s death,
she displaced his successor and really ruled the empire, the nominal
monarch whom she set up being relegated to a separate palace,
with the title of Prince of Lu-ling. In a few months she openly
assumed control of the government, and for a time was very harsh
and despotic. In 688 two of the Princes rebelled, and this gave
her an excuse for putting many of the Imperial kindred to death.
In 690 she changed the dynastic’ title to Chou, styling herself HB
mi =e God Almighty, and appointing the deposed Emperor’s
brother her heir, with the surname Wu instead of AS Li. Gradually
she fell under the influence of favourites, such as the priest Huai
I, whose place was afterwards filled by Yi ez] By Shén Nan-ch‘iu,
Chang I-chih, and Chang Ch‘ang-tsung. The treasonable designs
of the last two led to a conspiracy, and in 705, as the Empress
lay ill, she was forced to abdicate in favour of Li Hsien, whom
she had deposed some twenty years before. She retired with the
title of Fl) KR K Hn EA 4, from which she is often spoken of
as Wu Tsé T*ien. In her later years she had become more than
ever arrogant and overbearing. No one was allowed to say that
the Empress was fair as a lily or lovely as a rose, but that the
lily was fair or the rose lovely as her Majesty. She tried to spread
the belief that she was the Supreme Being by forcing flowers arti-

ficially and then in the presence of her courtiers ordering them to

884. A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

bloom. On one occasion she ordered some peonies to bloom; and
when they did not instantly obey, she caused every peony in the
capital to be pulled up and burnt, and prohibited the ‘cultivation
of peonies ever afterwards. In spite of this side of her character
she ruled with a firm hand, securing peace at home and overawing

the troublesome frontier tribes; and in the confusion of the ensuing

reign her once dreaded name. was often mentioned with regret.

2332 Wu Hsi-ch'i Je 35) pitt (T. Ht Gy). A native of Chehkiang,

who flourished as a poet during the 18th cent. A.D. His works

are contained in the Ua. ay NM 46.

2333 Wu Hsiung-kuang J% 94 3% (T. && Ei and #7). A.D.

1750—1833. A native of Jf 3 Chao-wén in Kiangsu, who began
his career as a chi jen, and under the protection of the Grand
Secretary O-kuei got on so well that in 1797 he was for six months
a Minister of the Grand Council. After this he held high offices

in various provinces until in 1808 he was banished for a year to

Thi for letting three English men-of-war under Admiral Drury lie

at Whampoa for three months. The rest of his life was spent in
retirement, where he produced three works entitled Ft VT. fil BR,

Pe HA ate BK, and $F ye = BK recording many miscellaneous

items of interesting information.

Wu Hsiti. See Ng Choy.
2334 Wu Huo ie He . A strong man or ‘‘Samson,” who lived in

2335

the feudal age. He died of a broken arm, caused by lifting a
sacrificial tripod.

Wul xt Z. A Prince of the B% Yin State, who is said to
have made an effigy which he called FR mh God, and which,
whenever fortune went against him in battle, he used to flog and
treat with every indignity. He was subsequently struck by lightning
and died.

2336 Wu I-ho th se} Ful. A.D. 1769—1848. A native of Amoy, who

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 885

went to Canton in his youth and rose to be senior member of the
“hong merchants” or intermediaries under the old system between
the Chinese officials and foreign traders. He amassed a fortune
estimated at about £ 4,000,000; and this in spite of large sums
contributed to Government enterprises, such as the war in Turkestan
and the repair of the public dikes around Canton. He was much
esteemed by all foreigners, to whom he was popularly known as
‘‘Howqua.” His house and grounds still form one of the sights well
worth the attention of the tourist, and his personal name. survives
in E-wo, the Chinese style of Messrs. Jardine Matheson’s hong..
Wu Kang 52 fi]. A magician of old, who for some offence against
the gods was banished to the moon and condemned to hew down
the cassia which grows there. But this is an impossible task, as
every cut closes up again at once.

Wu K‘ung #% 28. Born A.D. 730. A Buddhist priest, whose
name in the world had been HA. FE Ei Ch‘é Féng-ch‘ao. He was
born .at 2 = Hsiang-i in Shensi, and in 751 he was attached
to the retinue of the eunuch fe Fr} y- Chang T’ao-kuang, who
was accredited to the Court of the king of Alaa Chi-pin, in
response to an invitation from the latter to the Emperor of China
to enter into friendly alliance. He proceeded as far as Gandhara,
where is the eastern capital of Chi-pin and the summer residence
of the king; and there, when the object of the embassy was
accomplished , he fell ill and was unable to return home. As soon
as his health began to improve, he made a vow to dedicate his
life to Buddha; and subsequently took the vows, and received the
- religious ‘tees of BE 3 FEK i Dharmadatu, translated into Chinese
by te A. He then spent no less than forty years wandering
through the countries of Central Asia and India, learning Sanskrit
and collecting books and relics. At length he returned to China,
‘by-land as he had gone, to find the trees at his parents’ grave

2337

2338

2339

886 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

already grown to maturity; and he spent the rest of his life
translating the sdtras he had brought back with him and adyancing
the cause of the religion of Buddha.

Wu Lin Ls if (T. JF HA). Died A.D. 1167. Younger brother of.
Wu Chieh, whose exploits against the Chin® Tartars he rivalled if
not eclipsed, defeating the enemy in many bloody battles. He was

“ ennobled as Prince, and canonised as A )IIA.

2340

2341

2342

Wu Méng $2. *. 4th and 5th cent. A.D. A native of Yii-chang
in Kiangsu, and one of the 24 examples of filial piety. In summer
he would never drive away the mosquitoes from himself, lest they
should go and bite his parents. At the age of 40 he studied the
black art under Ting I (see Ts‘ai Luan), and was able to cross a
river without a boat by simply waving a white feather fan over it.
The Governor of Chiang-chou falling ill, he sent for Wu Méng to
consult him about his health; but the latter declared that his powers
were exhausted, and set to work to get his own coffin ready. Within
ten days he died. For Nepio time his body retained a life-like appearance,
and then vanished. Canonised as ji! I] in A.

Wu P‘éng AK #. A physician in the service of the Emperor
Yao, B.C. 2857.

Wu San-kuei 4 = #€ (T. fe FA). Died AD. 1678. A
native of the province. of Liao-tung, employed during the closing
years of the Ming dynasty as a commander of the forces engaged
in resisting the invasions of the Manchu Tartars. In A.D. 1643,
whilst at the head of his troops at a point near the frontier,
he received intelligence of the capture of Peking by the rebel Li
Tzti-ch‘éng, and of the suicide of the Emperor. The next thing
he heard was that Li Taii-ch‘éng had put to death his father 5a
ae Wu Hsiang and taken possession of his favourite concubine.
Then Wu San-kuei tendered his allegiance to the Manchu sovereign

upon the four following conditions: — (1) No Chinese women

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 887

were to be taken into the Imperial seraglio. (2) The chuang ytian
or triennial “Senior Wrangler” was never to be a Manchu. (8)
The Chinese were to adopt the Manchu dress, queue ete., for life
only, but were to be allowed to be buried in Ming costume. (4)
Chinese women were not to adopt the Manchu dress nor to cease
to compress their feet. The result of this move was the recapture
of Peking and’ the establishment of the present dynasty of Manchu
Tartars. Wu San-kuei himself was loaded with honours, and was
~ decorated .with a triple-eyed peacock-feather (see Li Hung-chang).
In 1653 the Emperor Shun Chih gave his sister, the fourteenth
daughter of T‘ai Tsung, in marriage to uA. fe Ae Wu Ying-hsiung,
a son of Wu San-kuei. In 1659 he was appointed one of the = 3 =F
Three Feudatory Princes, with the title of 2f. Py Pacificator of
the West, his rule extending over Ytinnan and Sstich‘uan. After
many years of this semi-independent vassalage, during which period
he reduced the whole of western China to submission and carried
his arms even across the Burmese frontier, Wu San-kuei showed
signs of an intention to establish a wholly independent sovereignty.
In 1674 he threw off his allegiance (see Kan Wén-hun), and at
the same time incited to rebellion the other Feudatory Princes in
Kuangtung and Fuhkien. His resources however were unequal to
the struggle, the issue of which was soon determined, partly by
his death in 1678 and partly by-the powerful artillery manufactured
for the Imperial forces by the Jesuit missionaries, who were then
in high favour at Court. The city of Yiinnan Fu was taken by
assault in 1681, and Wu tH EB Shih-fan, a son of Wu San-kuei,
perished by his own hand. His corpse was mutilated and taken to
Peking , by Imperial order. The chief adviser of the rebels, AS YK EF
Li Kuang-shén, was executed, together with many others.

Wu San-ssti ze = JA. Died A.D. 707. Nephew of the Empress

Wu Hou, whose favour he obtained by his quickness in catching

2343

888 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

every hint of her wishes. He was ultimately ennobled as Prince,
and but for the opposition of Ti Jen-chieh, would have been named |
Heir Apparent. When the Emperor Chung Tsung regained the
throne in 705, he was made Minister of Justice through the
influence of the Empress ee Wei, whose paramour he was; and
he soon became all-powerful, even contriving the death of the five
loyal men to whom the Emperor owed his re-instatement. At last
the Heir Apparent, fearing to be displaced, slew him and his son.
en

He was canonised as ‘fq, but the Emperor Jui Tsung caused

his tomb to be opened and his corpse to be flung out.

2344 Wu Shih-yu 42 -- FE (T. FA) [L). Died A.D. 1733. Editor

2345

2346

of the poetry of the four dynasties, Sung, Chin, Yiian, and Ming,

and famous for his immense learning. He took his degree in 1676,

and rose to be President of the Board of Rites. Canonised as Bl MS.

Wu Shu 52 7X (T. YE 4g). AD. 947-1002. A native of J}
Nea Tan-yang in Kiangsu, who distinguished -himself while quite
a youth by his literary ability and attracted the notice of Han
Hsi-tsai. For a long time he was unable to secure a post in the
public service, and endured great poverty; but at length he was

placed upon the commissions which produced the famous encyclopedia

Tk 7p fi) 3 and the Bl v0 Fi fe . He also published the es

KA rok which formed the basis of the well-known and more modern

repertory the i KA Hint. and was employed upon the annals
of the reign of T‘ai Tsung, second Emperor of the Sung dynasty.

Wu-sun Kung Chu 3 J#% A =. 1st and 2nd cent. B.C. The
Princess of Wu-sun, whose personal name was #] #{. She was
related to the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty, and was bestowed
in marriage upon [L ia K‘un-mo, the aged Prince of Wu-sun,
a Turkic State in Central Asia, as the price of his alliance with
China against the Hsiung-nu. After her husband’s death she was
taken in marriage by his grandson. At length in B.C. 51 she was

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 889

allowed to return to China, that she might lay her bones in her

native land. She is said to have introduced the four-stringed ‘balloon”

guitar, known as the $f fa pi pa.

Wu Ta-ch‘éng Ye Pk (T. HF SH. H. A BH). Born 1833, 2347
A native of Soochow in. Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in
1868 and became a member of the Han-lin College. In 1877 he

was sent to assist Yen Ching-ming in relieving the famine-stricken
parts of Shansi. In 1878 he joined Tso Tsung-t‘ang and served in

the north-west, returning later on to Peking. In 1884 he went to
Korea as Commissioner, upon the occasion of the revolution at’
Séul. After serving as Governor of Kuangtung he became Director

- General of the Yellow River, and by 1889 succeeded in closing the
great breach of eK Chéng-chou. He was then apeciaied Governor

of Hunan, and tried to introduce the telegraph but in vain. In
1894 he was ordered to Tientsin to assist Li Hung-chang against

the Japanese; his efforts however were not rewarded with success,

and he has since been living in retirement. He is said to be an
enlightened man and well-disposed towards Europeans. -

Wu T‘ai-po Ua I 44 . 18th cent. B.C. Eldest son of Tan Fu, 2348
Duke of Chou. He and his second brother Arh HE Chung Yung
being set aside by their father, who wished to make the third son,

Chi Li, his heir, the two departed into the wilderness rather than
interfere with the plans of their sire. They settled at Aig. A
Mei-li in modern Kiangsu, and there their descendants were found
some two centuries later by Wu Wang, the founder of the Chou
dynasty.

Wu Tao-ytian us Sey FU CE. ey S 8th cent. A.D. One of 2349
the most famous artists of China, and founder of the Japanese school

of painting. He was named Ff AR ae HM the Prince of Painters

of all generations. The Emperor Hsiian Tsung raised him from a -

petty post in Shantung to a place near his person, and appointed

2350

2351

2352

890 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

him to be Imperial Artist-in-chief. His style was original, and he
drew figures of men and animals, spirits and demons, houses and
foliage, with equal success.

Wu Ti. See (Han) Liu Ch‘é; (Chin) Sst-ma Yen; (E. Sung)
Liu Yu; (Chi) Hsiao Tsé; (Liang) Hsiao Yen; (Ch‘én) Ch‘én
Pa-hsien; (N. Chou) Yii-wén Yung.

Wu Tien 4.5Ih (T. 44] FE). Died A.D. 1705. A native of
Shansi, who graduated as chin shih in 1659 and rose by 1694 to
be Viceroy of Hu-Kuang. His successful administration was rewarded
with the Presidency of the Censorate in 1696 and in 1698 he
became a Grand Secretary, because, as the Emperor K‘ang Hsi
remarked, even those whom he had denounced praised his purity
and thoroughness. He was a master of precedent and routine, and
very useful to the Emperor. His most famous saying was that however
provincial posts might vary in climate and quality, the love of wealth
and the love of life. were found in the people of all alike, and to
act in sympathy with these instincts constituted a good officer.
Canonised as 4 Wht» and included in the Temple of Worthies.
Wu Ting Ue A (T. Pa FF). Graduated as chii jen in 1744,
and served in the Grand Secretariat. He wrote chiefly on the Canon
of Changes, publishing the Fy iil zane BB. and the at BY He 4p
aft, the latter being a collection of the views of ten scholars of the
Sung, Yiian, and Ming dynasties.

Wu T‘ing-fang. See Ng Choy.

Wu Tsung. See (T'ang) Li Yen; (Ming) Chu Hou-chao.
Wu Tsung-yiian “pt 52 7U (TT. AA). 10th cent. A.D. A
native of FJ WJ Po-p‘o in Honan, who rose to great distinction
as a painter. He was however an extremely slow worker, and on
one occasion when he carried a completed picture to a purchaser
who had ordered it, he found that the latter had already been dead

for some time.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 891

Wu Wang xt fF. B.C. 1169—1116. The title under which $i
Fa, son of Wén Wang and first sovereign of the Chou dynasty,
was canonised and is known in history. Carrying on the operations
of his father, in B.C. 1122 he assembled a vast army and utterly
routed the forces of Chou Hsin at FF yt Méng-chin in Honan.
The dynasty of Shang was thus brought to a close, and the conqueror
placed himself upon the throne. 3

Wu Wén-jung $s 2¢ 9X (T. BH AY. H. EE Hl and 77 FR).
A.D. 1791-1854. A native of 4% (% I-chéng in Kiangsu, who
in 1841 was member of a Commission entrusted with the defence
of Fuhkien against the British. In 1851 he was Viceroy in Yiinnan
and put the province into a state of defence against the T‘ai-p‘ings,
maintaining good order until transferred in 1853 to Wu-ch‘ang.
There, after successfully standing a siege, through the intrigues of
the Governor, whom he had prevented from fleeing, he received
orders from Peking to recapture Huang-chou; and he was actually
driven by the taunts of the.Governor to attempt to do so with only
some 7000 ill-equipped troops. He was surrounded by overwhelming
numbers of the rebels, and committed suicide. Canonised as
se fi |

Wu Yang AK BB . A famous physician of antiquity, said to have
been able to raise the dead.
Wu Yu Je pf (T. ZS FL). Qnd cent. A.D. Son of a Governor
of Nan-hai in Kuangtung. When twelve years of age his father
wished to prepare an edition of the Classics, but he pointed out the
risk of meddling in matters outside official duties; whereupon the
former patted him on the head and said, “Our family is not likely
to suffer for want of brains.” At twenty he was left penniless;
_however he would accept no aid, and supported himself by minding
pigs. By and by he graduated and entered upon an official career,

distinguishing’ himself by his justice and integrity. He served under

~

2353

2354

2355

2356

2357

2358

892 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Liang Chi, but lost his favour by warmly espousing the cause of
Li Ku. Upon being dismissed to an unimportant post, he retired
from office and died at the age of ninety-eight.

Wu Vii 4 AR (T. AH). Died A.D. 1155. A native of Chien-an
in Fuhkien, who graduated as chin shih in 1124 and entered the
public service. He was the author of the aa ah St , an exegetical
work on the Analects of Confucius; of the 6 3 4H FF) 2 treatise |
on the sounds and orthography of the Odes; and also of the Gf aH :
in which he attempted to restore the original sounds to the characters
in ancient poetry. The latter was adopted by Chu Hsi as guide to
the sounds of rhyming characters in his edition of the Qdes.

Wu Yiian or Wu Yiin {#% & (T. -F- $7). 5th and 6th cent.
B.C. A native of the Ch‘u State, whose father and elder brother
were put to death by 2p. “f— Prince P‘ing. He himself fled to the
Wu State. On his way thither he stopped by a river to drink and
asked a maiden for something to eat. She gave him food and then
disappeared in the water. Later on, when he had made a position
for himself, Wu Yiian came back and threw some gold pieces into

the river as payment to his mysterious benefactress. Reaching the

Wu State he took service under Prince fit Liao, whom he urged

to an expedition against Ch‘u. Meanwhile the young Prince >};
Kuang slew Prince Liao, and took the throne, under the title of
Prince Ho-lu (see Chuan Chu). He and Wu Yiian proceeded to
attack Ch‘u and drove into exile the then reigning Prince Ha
Chao, who had succeeded Wu Yiian’s old enemy, Prince P‘ing.
The latter’s grave was opened and his corpse ‘was publicly flogged.
The Ch‘in State then came to the rescue. and the army of Wu
retired. The next step was to attack the Yiieh State; but Prince
Ho-lu’s troops were badly beaten at the battle of igh fig Ku-su,
and he himself was wounded in the finger, of which wound he

died. He was succeeded by Fu Ch‘ai who became somewhat estranged .

*

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 893

from Wu Yiian; but when his new favourite denounced the old
Minister, he sent the latter a handsomely-carved sword. With this
weapon Wu Yiian committed suicide. Fu Ch‘ai was exceedingly
angry, and caused his body to be put in a leathern sack and thrown
into the river, by the banks of which the people raised a shrine
to his memory. |

Wu Yian-yir $2 7p Hy CT. AY BB). 11th cent. A.D. An artist
and colourist of the Sung dynasty, pupil of Ts‘ui Po. He excelled in
flowers, birds, and landscape. Late in life he used to sign pictures

by his pupils, and pass them off as his own.
RAR

Yakoob (Mahomed) [xj 7h 447. A.D. 1820—1877. Commonly
known as Yakoob Beg. The nom de guerre of FE 4p ME An Chi-yen,
son of the Kazi of Kurama in Khokand. He called himself Fa] #4
AH Hi. and was also known ‘as K A B. He began life as a
lieutenant of Buzurg Khan, son of the famous Jehangir, Kojeh of
Khokand, and he held Ak Musjid: from 1847 until 1853 when he
was driven out by the Russians. In 1860 he was appointed Governor
of Kurama, but had to flee for a time to Bokhara, owing to a
conspiracy against the ruler of Khokand in which he engaged. At
the end of 1864 he was sent as Commander-in-chief with Buzurg
Khan to attempt to recover the sovereignty of Kashgar, which had
thrown off the Chinese yoke. Buzurg proved to be a worthless
debauchee and was deposed in 1866, and in spite of the opposition
of the Dunganis and Kirghiz, Yakoob became rulet of Kashgar,
of which country he proclaimed himself Khan in 1874. He professed
himself the champion of Islam, and received from the Ameer of
Bokhara the title of Atalik Ghazi, or Champion Father. His strict
enforcement of the Koran and the heavy taxes which he was compelled

to levy made him unpopular, although himself an example of strict

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894 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

frugality. He entered into treaties of commerce with Great Britain
and Russia, but failed to obtain their support against China. He
died, or was murdered, while vainly trying to repel the advance of
Tso Tsung-t‘ang’s lieutenants. His son, Ap F Fiz, known as sy
i] 32 or Kuli Beg, and Buzurg Khan’s son, both claimed the
throne. The latter being defeated at Aksu fled into Russian territory,

while the former had goon to take refuge in Tashkend. Four of

Yakoob’s sons and two of his grandsons fell into the hands of the
Chinese. One son was beheaded, one grandson died, and the rest
were sentenced to be castrated and sent as slaves to the salmon
on the Amoor.

Yang Ch‘ang-chitin a By 4. A licentiate of Hunan, who
fought against the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels and had risen in 1874 to be

Governor of Chehkiang but was dismissed in 1877 for making an

improper recommendation. In the following year he was sent to

assist Tso ‘T'sung-t‘ang in the north-west, and gradually rose again
to high office. In 1884 he was sent to assist in the defence of
Fuhkien, succeeding Tso Tsung-t‘ang as Viceroy at Foochow in
1885. Three years later he was transferred to Kansuh, and in
November 1895 he was ordered to retire on account of the Mahomedan
rising.

Yang Chén #74 2 (T. 44 dU). Died A.D. 124. A native of
Hua-yin in Shensi, who taught as many as a thousand disciples, -
and came to be called the Confucius of the West. On one occasion
when a stork had flown past with three eels in its beak, a disciple
said to him, “That, sir, is a presage of your rise to a high post.”
Yielding to repedted requests, he came forth from his retirement
at the age of 50 and entered upon a public career. Appointed to
be Governor of }ff 3 Tung-lai in Shantung, he passed through
‘a fa, Ch‘ang-i, where an old friend named - # Wang Mi,

about to become his subordinate, was then Magistrate. Wang called

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 895

upon him in the evening, with the usual present of money to a superior.
“Surely,” said Yang Chén, ‘though your old friend has not forgotten
you, you have forgotten your old friend.” “It is dark,” replied Wang,
‘and no one will know.” “Not know?” cried Yang Chén; “why,
Heaven will know, Earth will know, you will know, and I shall know.”
And from that circumstance the ancestral hall of the Yang family
is to this day called the Hall of the Four Knows. In A.D. 120 he
was placed at the head of the Civil Office. In 121 the Empress
%} Téng died, and his influence began to wane. The fostermother,
-— HE Wang Shéng by name, of the Emperor An Ti, and her
licentious daughter AW 2 Po Jung, indulged in such unseemly
behaviour that Yang Chén felt himself compelled to interfere, thereby
incurring ‘the bitter hatred of the palace eunuchs. This feeling was
intensified by a memorial from Yang Chén, presented in consequence
of an earthquake, which of course he regarded as a Divine warning.
The climax was reached when a former disciple of Yang Chén
submitted an open condemnation of the doings at Court. He was
at once thrown into prison, and Yang Chén, who tried to save
him, was himself deprived of his seals of office and told to return
to his provincial post. He went only as far as the little kiosque to
the west of the city, known as Evening Rays, and there he drank
off a cup of poison and brought his career to a close. He would
receive no bribes. He laid up no store for his descendants. When
a friend Sains with him on leaving nothing to his sons and
grandsons, he replied , “Tf posterity shall speak of me as an incorrupt
official, will that be nothing?” |

Yang Ch‘éng WA i (T. rey WA). 2nd cent. B.C. A Governor of 2363
Tao-chou in Hunan under the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty.
The Emperor having a fancy for a certain race of dwarfsefound
in the Tao-chou region, several hundreds of their youths were required

every year as tribute. Parents and children were thus separated and

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much misery ensued, until Yang addressed a touching remonstrance
to the Emperor and the practice was discontinued. The people of
Tao-chou erected temples in honour of their benefactor, and in
later times his effigy came to be worshipped all over the empire
as the jf JK IY God of Happiness and Prosperity.

Yang Ch‘éng | OR (T. Jt — A.D. 735—805. A native of
Al 7 Pei-p‘ing in Chihli, who obtained a place as underling in
a college where he was able to read the books by stealth. In six
years he was an accomplished scholar, and then graduating as chin

shih he retired with his brother to the mountains, where they appear

to have had only one suit of clothes between them. They also both

made a vow never to marry. After some time the fame of Yang
Ch‘éng’s ‘teachings reached the ears of Li Pi, who recommended
him to the Emperor. He was appointed Censor, and filled the post
for eight years without giving the slightest cause for displeasure.
He then incurred the hatred of the powerful favourite P‘ei Yen-

ling by espousing the cause of some of his victims, and would have

fallen himself but for the intercession of the Heir Apparent. At

the same time he prevented the appointment of P‘ei as Minister of
State by declaring openly that he would appear at Court weeping
and dressed in mourning clothes. Shortly afterwards he fell into
disfavour, and was sent as Governor to Tao-chou in Hunan. While
there,.a famine occurred and no taxes were forthcoming. The
authorities pressed Yang Ch‘éng for remittances, but he refused to
press the people. He even threw himself into prison and slept on
a plank bed; and when a Commissioner was sent down to look into
the matter, he had disappeared.

Yang Chi #3 Jt (T. a HY). 14th cent. A.D. A native of
Kiangsu, who held various appointments in the public service, and
at length, after a chequered career, rose to be Treasurer in Shansi.

There he was impeached on some trivial pretext and condemned

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 897

to penal servitude. His poetry attracted the notice of Yang Wei-
chéng, and is considered to be of the highest order. He himself
was ranked with cea RX Kao Ch‘i, ie Wy Chang Yii, and RE B
Hsii Pén, as one of the Four Heroes of Kiangsu. Author of the
af

Yang Chi-shéng 47 48 Jk (T. {if ZF). A.D. 1516—1556. A
native of Jung-ch‘éng in Chihli, who was set by his mother to
herd cattle, and only at the age of 13 began to attend school. He
graduated as chin shih in 1547 and was attached to a Board at
Nanking. For his bold opposition to the dangerous if not treacherous
policy of Ch‘ou Luan, who wished to establish a horse-market at
the frontier, by which China was to be supplied with a fine breed
of Tartar horses, he was degraded to be Gaol Warden at AK ey
Ti-tao in Kansuh. On the fall of Ch‘ou Luan he was again promoted;

but his denunciation of Yen Sung brought him to prison, and after

three years to execution. His wife addressed to the Throne a powerful

memorial, asking for his pardon, which was withheld from the
Emperor by Rena Seung “But if,” she added, ‘‘my husband’s crime
‘is of too deep a dye, I humbly beg that my head may pay the
penalty, and that I may be permitted to die for him. Then, from
the far-off land of spirits, myself brandishing spear and shield, I
will lead forth an army of fierce hobgoblins to do battle in your
Majesty’s. behalf, and thus make some return for this act of Imperial
grace.” Canonised as ail Fee.
Yang Chien #3 BX (T. I} 4 HE). A.D. 540-605. A descendant
of the famous Yang Chén. His father, Yang isd Chung, who
died in 568, rose under the Wei and Chou dynasties to be
Duke of Sui. In’ 576 Yang Chien began to be an object of
suspicion to the Emperor Wu Ti, and lay for a while in hiding.
The next Emperor, Hsiian Ti, a mere debauchee, appointed him
Minister; and on his death in 580, Yang styled himself Chancellor
57

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898 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and established himself in the Heir Apparent’s palace. Through
his daughter, who had married the Emperor Hsiian Ti, he
managed to persuade the youthful sovereign, Ching Ti, to resign
the throne to him, and proclaimed himself first Emperor of the Sui
dynasty. In 589 he annexed the Ch‘én territory, taking care to
employ its existing officials. In 600, acting upon the counsels of
the Empress and Yang Su, he set aside his eldest son, who was Heir
Apparent, and nominated his second son to succeed him. The latter is
said to have slain the rightful heir forthwith, in order to prevent
his re-instatement. In spite of wholesale slaughter of the House
of Chou and treacherous behaviour to relatives and friends, he was
not altogether a bad ruler. He lightened the burden of taxes, codified
the criminal law, instituted the tithing system, opened public libraries,
and set an example of simplicity and economy in food and dress.
During his reign the population is said to have doubled, reaching
a total of nearly nine millions. Canonised as Bl it with the
temple name of JE jill.

Yang Chien #5 fifj (T. A {. H. gh BS). 12th and 18th
cent. A.D. A poet and official of the Sung dynasty, some time a
disciple of Lu Chiu-yiian. At the recommendation of Chu Hsi he
was appointed magistrate at 4% 7P Lo-p‘ing; and when summoned
thence to the Imperial Academy, the people escorted him on the
way, calling him A AE Father Yang. He rose to be a secretary
in the Board of Works, retiring in 1225.

Yang Ch‘iung we KA]. 7th cent. A.D. A native of Hua-yin in

the province of Shensi. Entering the public service, he rose to be
a Director of the department charged with the tuition of the Heir
Apparent. But be was mixed up in the rebellion of Hsti Ching-yeh,
and degraded to a petty post. He afterwards became magistrate at
44 Jil Ying-ch‘uan in Chehkiang, where he distinguished himself
by his cruelty. Was famous as a poet, and together with Wang Po,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 899

Lo Pin-wang, and Lu Chao-lin, formed the band known as the
py He Four Heroes of the T‘ang dynasty.

Yang Chu wy RR. Ath cent. B.C. A philosopher mentioned by
Mencius and Chuang Tzt. He founded a school of ethical egoism,
as opposed to the extreme altruism of Mo Ti. According to Mencius
he would not have parted with one hair of his body to save the
whole world, whore Mo Ti under such circumstances would have
sacrificed all. Book VII of the spurious work known as Ij -F-
(see Lieh Yti-k‘ou) is devoted to his sayings, and he is even represented
as holding a conversation with Lao Tzt. He has been confused
with another personage, also mentioned by Chuang Tzti, named
Na FX Yang Jung, whose style was -¥- Fi Tzii-chii, and who
was contemporary with Lao Tzi.

Yang Chi-yuan #3 JR (T. $4 [Lf). Sth and 9th cent.
A.D. A native of i] P‘u-chou in Shansi, who graduated as chin
shih about A.D. 790 and in 830 was Superintendent of Instruc-
tion at Ho-chung in Shansi. He gained considerable reputation as
a poet.

Yang Chung-no #3 Ht ay (T. ti AX). 17th and 18th cent.
A.D. Son of Yang Yung-chien, and author of the collection of poems
called fe 4% 4B.

Yang Hsi-fu #4 BA xK (T. Fy HK- HBG My). AD. 1701—

1769. Graduated as chin shih in 1727, and rose by 1757 to be
Director General of the Grain-Transport, a post which he filled
with conspicuous success until his death. Author of the vi Sif AE ae
a book on the grain-transport system; of a commentary on the
Four Books; of a record of virtuous wives; and of a collection of
essays. Canonised as ig} je.

Yang Hsiang BB AR. One of the 24 examples. of filial piety,
said to have lived under the Han dynasty. When he was only

fourteen years of age his father was attacked by a tiger, whereupon

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900 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he at once flung himself upon the beast and by the sacrifice of his
own life enabled his father to escape.
Yang Hsin 2¢ yk (T. fH 7C). Died A.D. 482. A native of

Nan-ch‘éng in Shantung, who served at intervals under the Chin

and Sung dynasties and rose to be Governor of Hsin-an. He was

remarkable for his skill as a calligraphist; and in the aft li style
he was declared by Shén Yo to surpass even Wang Hsien-chih.

Yang Hsing-mi #5 47 9H (T. 44 i). Died A.D. 907. An
official of the Tang dynasty, who for his ‘services against the rebel
St fii @2 Pi Shih-to received in 902 the title of Prince of Wu.

He never actually established his independence, but was canonised

as pA JH, first sovereign of the Wu State.

Yang Hsiu #3 6 (tT. #ilt iH]. 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. Great
great grandson of Yang Chén, and a very precocious boy. On one
occasion, when 9 years of age, a gentleman named K‘ung (= Peacock)
came to call on his father who happened to be out. Seeing some
arbutus-fruit (= Yang) lying on the table, the visitor jokingly
remarked, “I presume that is a member of your family;” to which
the boy at once replied, “I never heard that the peacock was a
member of your family!’ He subsequently became secretary to the
great Ts‘ao T's‘ao, who grew suspicious of his talents and caused
him to be put to death. It was to him that 9 #4 Chang Sung,
when sent by J ia Liu Chang to Ts‘ao Ts‘ao and asked how
many men like himself there were in Shu, made his memorable
reply. “Of men like me,” cried Chang Sung, ‘“‘there are cartloads

and peck-measurefuls innumerable!”

Yang Hsiu-ch‘ing A BY Tig - One of the leading spirits of the
T‘ai-p‘ing rebellion, to whose military genius much of the early
success of the movement was due. Known as the piu —E Eastern
Prince, he professed to be the mouth-piece of FE 4 God the

Father, and often rebuked Hung Hsiu-ch‘tian and sometimes even

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 904

beat him. After the capture of Nanking by the T'ai-p‘ings he
established himself in the Viceroy’s yamén and lived in great. state.
In August 1856 he was detected in a seditious movement against
the Heavenly King and was slain, and his body is said to have
been eaten.

Yang Hsiung # Xf (T. -— 32). B.C. 53—A.D. 18. A native
of Ch‘éng-tu in Sstich‘uan, who as a child was fond of learning
but given to straying from the beaten track and reading whatever
he could lay his hands upon. He stammered in his speech, and
consequently gave much time to meditation. In poetry he made
- Ssti-ma Hsiang-ju his model, and ere long was considered to be quite
the equal. of his master. He attracted the notice of the Emperor
3 Ch'éng Ti, and received a post at Court, from which he is sometimes
spoken of as i wt BY Later on he accepted office under Wang
Mang, the Usurper, for which he is severely blamed in history,
Chu Hsi stigmatising him as “‘Mang’s Minister.” On one occasion
he nearly lost his life by throwing himself out of window to escape

arrest on a charge for which a son of Liu Hsin, who had been a

2379

pupil of his, was put to death. He propounded an ethical criterion —

occupying a middle place between those insisted upon by Mencius
and Hsiin K‘uang, teaching that the nature of man at birth is
neither good nor evil, but a mixture of both, and that development
in either direction depends wholly upon environment. In glorification
of the Canon i f Changes he wrote the Ik FE. RK, and to emphasise
the value of the Confucian Analects he produced the 7 7 » both

‘between A.D. 1 and 6. On conipletion of this last, his most famous .

work, a wealthy merchant: of the province was so struck by its
excellence that he offered to give 100,000 cash if his name should
- merely be mentioned in it. But Yang answered with scorn that a
stag in a pen or an ox in a cage would not be more out of place

than the name of a man, with nothing but money to recommend

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902 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

him, in the sacred pages of a book. Liu Hsin however sneeringly
suggested that posterity would use it to cover pickle-jars. Yang.
also wrote the #)]] e., a philological work; the J% By, a poem
in imitation of Ch‘ii Ytian’s well-known elegy; and also treatises
on acupuncture and music. The Kr 3 a comparative vocabulary
of words and phrases used in different parts of the empire, has —
been attributed to him, but on very insufficient, if not actually
mistaken grounds. See Hung Mai.

Yang Hsti re feo (T. Wel jf). 2nd cent. A.D. A native of
P‘ing-yang in Shansi, who received an official appointment in
recognition of the services of his forefathers for seven generations.
He rose to be a General, but got into trouble over some palace
intrigue, and was thrown into prison. Ten years later he was
again in office, and on the rebellion of jf ¥& Chao Tz‘t in 186
he became Governor of Nan-yang. Before taking up his appoint-
ment, he visited the city in the disguise of a poor scholar, with
only one attendant, and familiarised himself with the feelings of
the people. He then proceeded to dismiss all corrupt officials and
generally reform the administration; and ere long, in conjunction
with the Governor of Ching-chou, he had captured and beheaded
Chao Tz'‘ti. He dressed in ragged clothes, ate coarse food, and used
a miserable equipage. On one occasion some one brought him a
present of fresh fish, which he accepted and hung up; and later
on, when a further supply was offered, he caused the previous lot
to be produced, to show that he was not in want of any more.
In 189 the Emperor Ling Ti would have appointed him to a high
post, but when the official came to collect the usual fees, Yang
Hsii brought out one wadded robe, which he said was all the
property he owned. The Emperor took umbrage at this, and
nominated him to an inferior position. Just then however he died,
aged 48. |

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 903

Yang Hstian-kan #5 % J. Died A.D. 613. Son of Yang Su.
He was one of the first to revolt against the Emperor Yang Ti,
but his attempt at insurrection. was quickly suppressed and he perished

wito the defeat of his forces.
Yang Hu Na R.. 6th cent. B.C. Charioteer to ZS fj Chi Huan,

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2382

the chief of one of the three leading families in the Lu State. In |

505 he rebelled against his master, and for some time held him
prisoner. Confucius refused to see him; but they afterwards met
accidentally, and Confucius was persuaded by him to take office.
He failed in his ambitious designs and was ultimately compelled to
flee to the Chin State. .

Yang Hu =F jp (T. Ax -F-). Died A.D. 278. A native of Nan-
ch‘éng in Shantung, grandson of Ts‘ai Yung and twin brother to
the Empress Consort of the founder of the Chin dynasty. At the
age of five he bade his wet-nurse go and fetch a bracelet from
the mulberry-orchard of a neighbouring Mrs. Li: “That bracelet,”
cried Mrs. Li, “was lost by my dead son!” From which it was
inferred that Yang had been her son in a previous birth. He rose
to high office, first of all undér Ssti-ma Chao, and afterwards under
Ssti-ma Yen. When on a great campaign against the Wu kingdom,
he used to go about with a loose girdle and ees in light furs,
attended by only a very small body-guard; hence he received the
sobriquet of the iy al af 4% Gentlemanly General. For his immense
services he was ennobled as Marquis, and when he died all the
shops were closed and the sounds of lamentation were heard in the
neighbouring kingdom of Wu. The people of Ching-chou put up a
memorial stone on Mt. if Hsien, at the sight of which so many
persons wept that Tu Yii called it the Wr ype 7H Tablet of Tears.
Yang Hui-chih $3 4% 2 (T. {if ph). A.D. 921-1000. A
native of P‘u-ch‘éng in Shensi, who graduated as chin shih in 958

and rose under the first two Emperors of the Sung dynasty to the

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904 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

highest offices of State. He was intensely fond of poetry, and would
recite to his friends for hours together; and at his death he left
behind him a small collection of verses of his own composition.
Yang Hung #7 pk (T. 42 37). Died A.D. 1451. A native of
K F& Liu-ho in Kiangsu, who distinguished himself as a military
commander and in 1448 was ennobled as Harl. He then fell into
disgrace over the capture of the Emperor (see Chu Ch'i-chén) and
was thrown into prison. From this he was released to defend the
capital, and after an overwhelming victory over the rebels he
was restored to favour and ennobled as Marquis. Canonised as
st BE.

Yang I $326 (7. $4 Ph. H. 3 B). oth cent, AD. A native
of =] Tou-chou in Kuangsi, employed as an official astronomer
and geomancer under the Emperor Hsi Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty.
In 880, when Huang Ch‘ao attacked the Court, he stole the secret
cabbala inscribed on tablets of jade which belonged to the Imperial
Treasury, and made off with them, leading thereafter a wandering
life. He was the founder of the Kiangsi school of geomancy, and
is said to have marked 15 days in the year, known as wh A EB,
as exceptionally unlucky.

Yang I WE fez Cr. K AF ). A.D. 974—1030. A native of P‘u-
ch’éng in Shensi. Just before his birth his father dreamt that a
Taoist priest, named Bee +# iy ca came to make a call; and
when the little boy was born, he was found to be covered with
hair over a foot long, which however disappeared within a month.
For some years he could not speak; until at length being one day
carried up to the top of a pagoda, he burst out with the following
well-known lines:

Upon this tall pagoda’s peak
My hands can nigh the stars enclose;
I dare not raise my voice to speak,
For fear of startling God’s repose.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 905

At seven years of age he was highly skilled in composition, and
able to converse upon serious subjects. At eleven, the Emperor
‘ sent for him to Court. He graduated as chin shih, and ultimately
‘rose to be a sub-Chancellor of the Han-lin College and was employed
in preparing the dynastic annals. But he fell into disfavour for
refusing to draft a Decree setting up the new Empress of the Emperor
Chén Tsung; and his rivals, Ch‘én P‘éng-nien and Wang Ch‘in-jo
secured his dismissal. By 1018 he had again risen to be Vice President
of the Board of Works. Foreseeing an early death, he sought to
escape the inevitable by giving himself the cognomen above, which
means length of years. His numerous miscellaneous writings are
mostly to be found in the two collections entitled PY Les and all
4B, 4. Canonised as BBY. See Ktow Chun.
Yang I-ch‘ing $3 — jf (T- JAE tpt). Died A.D. 1530. A native
of Pa-ling in Hunan, who graduated as chin shih in 1472 and rose
by 1502 to be Vice President of the Censorate. Appointed Governor
of Shensi, he defended the frontier so well that in 1507 he received
supreme command of the Kansuh and Shensi armies. His plan of
an additional wall, and of fortifying certain points, was approved,
and funds were issued; but the hostility of Liu Chin forced him
to retire, and he was prosecuted for wasting public money and
thrown into prison. Three years later, while in command against
the rebel Prince of FE AV, An-hua, he conspired with the eunuch
We 7K Chang Yung, and the two effected Liu Chin’s overthrow.
He ultimately rose to be President of the Board of Civil Office,
but his opposition to Chang Ts‘ung brought about his downfall,
and he was degraded for accepting money from the younger
brother of Chang Yung in return for writing the epitaph of the
latter who had been dead for some years. Shame and mortification
developed an abscess in his back, and he died declaring in his last

memorial that his name had been so defiled that he could not rest

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906 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

even in the tomb. In a few years his rank was réstored, ‘and he
was ultimately canonised as BL BE

Yang Ju #5 {#%. A Chinese Bannerman, who was a Taot‘ai in
Kiangsu in 1888, at Wénchow in 1891, and the following year
at Wuhu, whence he was sent as Minister to Washington in 1898.
He was Director of the Court of Sacrificial Worship in 1895, and
is now Vice President of the Imperial Clan Court.

Yang Ju-shih #h th -- (T. Fe Hi). 9th cent. A.D. An
official of the T‘ang dynasty, who in his youth succeeded in car-
rying off the prize at a poetical competition against the famous
poets Ytian Chén and Po Chii-i. After graduating as chin shih,
he rose by 836 to be Vice President in the Board of War, and
was President of the Board of Punishments at his death.

Yang Jung #3 2% (T. HH 42). A.D. 1871—1440. A native of
Chien-an in Fuhkien, who graduated as chin shih in 1400, and
gained great reputation as a scholar and official. His personal name
was originally -F- Be Tzti-jung, and he is known as He th

Eastern Yang (see Y ang Pu). He stopped the Emperor Yung Lo

upon his entry into Nanking in 1402, and persuaded him to begin

with a visit to his father’s grave. He occupied a position of consi-

derable confidence under that monarch, whom he accompanied upon

his last expedition and whose death he concealed until his successor
was seated upon the throne. He continued to enjoy the Imperial
favour until the rise of the eunuch Wang Chén deprived him of
all real power. Canonised as BL IK.

Yang-ku-li #4 yy FA). A.D. 1578—1644. The son of a chieftain
of the Si Bg W% K‘u-érh-k‘o tribe, whose murder he avenged
when only fourteen years of age by killing the murderer with his
own hand. He entered upon a military career, and fought against
the troops of the Mings with signal success. In 1627 he went on

the campaign against Korea; and again in 1644, when he was

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 907

killed by a gunshot wound while pursuing the flying enemy into
the mountains. He had married’ an Imperial princess, and was
posthumously ennobled as PX a) f.

Yang Kuang #4 J (T. [i BS). A.D. 580—618. Second son
of Yang Chien, first Emperor of the Sui dynasty, whom he is said
to have assassinated, as well as his elder brother. Succeeding to
the throne in 605, he forthwith gave himself up to extravagance
and debauchery, spending vast sums over his palace and pleasure-
grounds at the new capital, Chiang-tu or modern Yang-chou. For
his progress thither he levied from all officials above a certain rank
a quota of ornamental “dragon-boats,” the whole forming a line
of vessels nearly one hundred miles in length. The trees in his.
park were supplied in winter with silken leaves and flowers, and
birds were almost exterminated to provide a sufficient supply of
down for his cushions. He is said to have prohibited women from
wearing veils in public, substitutiig a turban for the more modest
custom hitherto in vogue. In 607 he visited the northern frontier,
and held an assembly of the chiefs of Central Asia, building at
frightful sacrifice of life another Great Wall from fj Pk Yi-lin
Fu in Shensi to the Y Tzt river in Ta-t‘ung Fu, Shansi. He
entered into trading relations with the Turkic tribes, and spent
large sums upon embassies. In 608 he built a new palace at Fén-
chou in Shansi, ind in 609 made an unsuccessful campaign against
the Turkic tribes. From 611 to 614 he indulged in unsuccessful
invasions of Korea; and the consequent pressure upon the people
led to risings in Shantung, Chihli, Honan, and other provinces. In
615, while on _ progress, he was besieged at Ke FA Yen-mén
in Shansi for no less than a month by the Turkic Khan. In 617
as many as seven usurpers had established themselves at various
points; yet all the time the Emperor was content to live in shameless

debauchery at his capital. The future founder of the T'ang dynasty

2393

2394

908 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
set up fff Yu, Prince of Tai, (known in history as iN if “iz )

a grandson of Yang Chien, in Shansi, axid carried all before him.
Hsiao Hsien became undisputed master from the East River to the
western borders of Kuangtung, and of Hupeh, and the Yellow
River defile, and from Han-yang in Hupeh to Cochin China. In

618 Yang Kuang. was assassinated by Yii-wén Hua-chi, and was

succeeded by his grandson {fjj] T‘ung, Prince of Yiieh (known in
history as Fk it {la]), a mere puppet in the hands of Wang Shih-

ch‘ung, by whom he was poisoned in the following year. The

Prince of Tai abdicated at the same time in favour of Li Yiian,

and died soon after. In spite of his otherwise disreputable character,
Yang Kuang prided hiriself upon his literary attainments.: He set
one hundred scholars to work editing a collection of classical,
medical, and other treatises; and it was under his reign, in A.D. 606,
that the examination for chin shih was instituted. Canonised as MA if.
Yang Kuei-fei #34 £7 Hf. Died A.D. 756. The daughter of an
official named #4 VEER Yang Ustian-yen (T. JH), who had been
President of the Board of War under the Emperor Jui Tsung, and
had been ennobled as Duke. Her personal name was He Yi-
huan. In 735 she became concubine to Prince = Shou, eighteenth
son of the Emperor Ming Huang; and three years later, upon the
death of the reigning favourite, she passed into the harem of the
father. She was surpassingly lovely, and specially noted as being
the only fat lady among China’s historical beauties. Her influence
soon became paramount. She herself received the title of Ik iB ,
whence she is often spoken of as Ik ix AB or iB HB; her second
cousin, Yang Kuo-chung, a drunken gambler, was raised to high
office and ennobled with the title of his father; and her three

sisters, who were also taken into the Imperial harem, received the

- titles of the Ladies ie [at] Han Kuo, He -Kuo Kuo, and Zs

Ch'in Kuo, respectively. In 745 she was raised to the rank of

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 909

Kuei-fei, and it is under this title that she is usually known. After

an unparalleled career of luxury and extravagance, she fled with

the Court in 756 at the approach of the rebel An Lu-shan. But

on reaching iB oe Ma-wei the soldiery rose in revolt, and
demanded vengeance on the family of Yang. The Emperor was
forced to order the eunuch Kao Li-shih to strangle his idolised
concubine (some say she was hanged on a pear-tree), while her
cousin, Yang Kuo-chung, and her sister, the Lady Ch‘in Kuo,
perished at the hands of the troops.

Yang Kung-i #4 75 S& (T. 3U Ff). AD. 1225-1294. A 2395
native of FR JU Féng-ytian in Shensi, who was obliged to toil —
for his living, with only spare moments for education. He succeeded
however in acquiring a profound knowledge of the Canon of Changes
and Book of Rites. In 1270 he and Hsti Héng were summoned to
Court, but he excused himself on the score of illness until the
Heir Apparent began his studies. In 1275 he carried a measure by
which only men of good character and well-read in the Classics
were allowed to be nominated for the public examinations. In 1279
he was transferred to the Historical Department and was ordered
to report on the calendar. |

Yang Kuo-chung #4 Hi. Died A.D. 756. Cousin to Yang 2396
Kuei-fei. His youth was spent in riotous living; but after his cousin’s

rise to power he managed to secure a share of the Imperial favour,

and was for a long time a person of great influence at Court. He

was of course an object of flattery to all the courtiers, except to

one, be Chang Huan, who said, “Men lean on Yang Kuo--
chung as though he were Mt. T‘ai, but I regard him as a mountain

of ice.” After rising to high office and being ennobled as Duke,

he ‘was slain at the general massacre of the Yang family. His name

was originally Yang $i) Chao; the designation “‘Kuo-chung” was

bestowed upon him by the Emperor.

2397

910 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Yang of Lu, Duke g a 2x. A personage mentioned by Huai

‘Nan Tzti. Being engaged in a: bloody battle with the army of the

Han* State, and fearing lest evening should close in and interfere
with his victory, he raised his spear and shook it at the declining
sun, which: straightway went backwards in the sky to the extent

of three zodiacal signs. [A similar story is told of one }§& ZY.]

2398 Yang Lung-yen #3 I yi. Died A.D. 920. Brother to Yang

Wu, and his successor in 908 as third sovereign of the Wu
State, the territories of which he. increased by the annexation of

Kiangsi.

2399 Yang Ming-shih #3 % wy (T. @ FF and HE yh). AD.

1660—1736. A native of Kiangsu, who graduated as chin shih in
1691 and rose by 1726 to be Viceroy of Yiin-Kuei. In 1728 he
was impeached and sentenced to death, but was pardoned lest the
people, who loved him, should rebel. At the end of his life he
was recalled to Peking as tutor to the Imperial Princes. He wrote
on the Canon of Changes and on the Odes. Canonised as BL te,
and included in the Temple of Worthies.

2400 Yang Pao #4 ##. ist cent. B.C. and A.D. Father of Yang Chén.

He lived in retirement and occupied himself with teaching, and
when in A.D. 7 he was summoned to take office he fled away and
hid himself. Later on, the Emperor Kuang Wu would gladly have
made use of his services. He died however of old age before he
could start for the post to which he had been appointed. He was
a man of an eminently humane disposition. On one occasion he
rescued a wounded bird which was attacked by ants, and after
nursing it to recovery allowed it to fly away. The same evening
the bird returned, and taking the form of a youth in yellow garments,.
presented him with four jade bracelets, saying, ‘“Take care of these;
they will cause four generations of your descendants to be pure

and spotless as themselves.’ This prophecy was fulfilled in the

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 914

lives of Yang Chén, Yang 5 Ping, Yang HA Tz‘i, and Yang
BB Piao.
Yang P‘o BE Ai (T. $250). 10th cent» A.D. A native of
* YR Kuan-ch‘éng in Honan, who distinguished himself as a
poet and received an offer of a post from the Emperor T‘ai Tsung
of the Sung dynasty. He declined this however, and lived in retire-
‘ment with wine and books until summoned to Court by the Emperor
Chén Tsung in 998. ‘Did any one give you any verses at parting?”
asked his Majesty. “My wife,” replied Yang, ‘‘gave me the following
stanza: “

_ Don’t liquor too deep, and, what is worse,
Don’t fuddle your brains with making verse;
For now you're to be a Mandarin
"Tis the last I shall see of my old man’s skin!

At. this the Emperor laughed and gave him a handsome present.
He used to ride about upon an ox, and called himself }ff Fl
HY Bb. His works were published under the title of Hy FA 1
WF 4B.

Yang Pu A yA Brother to Yang Lung-yen and his successor
in A.D. 920 as fourth and last sovereign of the Wu State. In
927 he assumed the Imperial title, but in 936 he abdicated in
favour of Hsti Chih-kao.

2401

24.02

Yang Pu #5 yh (T. Gl fe). AD. 1872-1446. A native of 2403

Ay r=] Shih-shou in Hupeh. Graduating as chin shih, he was for
some time attached to the establishment of the Heir Apparent,
until forced to go into mourning for his father. In 1414 he got
into serious trouble by failing to meet.the Emperor at an appointed
time, and was thrown into prison. There he remained for ten
years, all of which he passed in close application to literary studies;
at length, upon the accession of the Emperor Jen Tsung, he was
released and appointed to the Han-lin College. He ultimately rose

to high office and. was much respected, especially for his calm and

912 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

dignified demeanour. Aj the same time he was so humble that
when entering the palace he would creep along by the wall, not
deeming himself worthy to occupy the middle of the road. With
the rise however of the eunuch Wang Chén in 1440, his influence
began to wane. He was known as PZ] wi Southern Yang, to
distinguish him from Yang Jung and Yang Yii, who are together
known as the Three Yangs. Canonised as BL iF.

2404 Yang Shén #3 ta (T. Al (6: H. Ff AE). AD. 1488—1529.

2405

Son of Yang T‘ing-ho, and a native of Hsin-tu in Ssiich‘uan. He
graduated first on the list at the Palace examination an 1511, and
was appointed to the Han-lin College. His official career was somewhat
chequered. In 1524 he strenuously opposed the appointment of Kuei O
and Chang Ts‘ung to the Han-lin College, and when the Emperor
would not listen to him, he wept and howled so loudly that he
was heard all over the palace. For this he was thrown into prison, —
and eventually banished to 7K B Yung-ch‘ang in Yitinnan where
he died. He was an accomplished scholar and author, his best known
works heing the J} $f Atal BK , a collection of miscellaneous writings,
which is really a compressed edition of a much more extensive
production; and the iii 7: 7p FF 22, a philological treatise. At
ten he had composed verses, and at eleven had projected a work
on ancient battle-fields. He was especially versed in astronomy,
ceremonial, and history. During his later years he led a life of
apparent dissipation, in order to avert the Hmperor’s suspicions.
Canonised as 4C ae ‘a

Yang Shih #3 Wy (T. Aare. A. fff ply). A.D. 1053—1135.
A native of 4% 44 Chiang-lo in Fuhkien. He graduated as chin
shih in 1077, but declined to take office and enrolled himself as a
disciple under Ch‘éng Hao, who was then at A 5 Ying-ch‘ang
in Honan. On the death of the latter, he joined the still more

famous brother, Ch‘éng I, at Lo-yang, and remained with him until

A Chistes Biographical Dictionary 913
1087, behaving towards him with the utmost deference. On one
occasion, when the Master had dozed off, Yang Shih would not
wake him, but remained standing at the door so long that a
foot (some say three feet) of snow fell in the interval before the

sleeper awaked. After that he held several appointments as Magistrate,

and his administration was uniformly successful. He was an opponent

of Wang An-shih, and it was through his denunciation that Wang’s
tablet was removed from the Confucian Temple. The peace arranged
with the China Tartars in 1126 caused him to resign the important
| posts to which he had been appointed, and he retired into private
life to continue awhile the course of study and teaching which had
always been his chief solace and enjoyment. Canonised as BL ip
in 1495 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple.

Yang Shou-chih wh i Fn (T. FR th, ). 18th cent. A.D. Grandson
of Yang Yung-chien, and author of the collection of poems styled
Bh Hit IB. |

Yang Ssi-ch‘ang #5 faa] By (T. 3C Hy). AD. 1588—1641.
Graduating in 1610, he came into notice when Peking was besieged
in 1629, and rose to be President of the Board of War in 1637. He
promptly set about reforming the military administration, suggesting
an elaborate and expensive plan of campaign against the rebels.
Unfortunately, he put complete trust in He ME Hsiung Wén-
ts‘an, Governor of Fuhkien, who had done much towards suppressing
“piracy, and he urged peace with the Manchus. The repeated ill-
success of Hsiung Wén-ts‘an roused the Emperor’s suspicion, and
Yang had to take the field in person. Finding the Emperor deaf
to his defence of Hsiung, Yang appointed 77 8 7 Tso Liang-
yii to be Commander-in-chief, and in 1640 Chang Hsien-chung was
driven into Ssitich‘uan and reduced to great straits. But the Imperialist
generals proved incompetent, and he was allowed to break out and

ravage Ssiich‘uan at will, posting in Chungking a counter proclamation
58

24.06

24.07

914 | A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to Yang’s offer of a reward for his head. In 1641 Yang collected
a fleet at Ytin-yang to cut off his retreat eastward, but Chang”
evaded him and by treachery succeeded in entering his headquarters —
at Hsiang-yang in Hupeh. Before Yang had got farther than vb th
Sha-shih, Lo-yang had fallen, and out of sheer mortification he
starved himself to death. No penalty was recorded against him, but

Chang Hsien-chung, on taking Wu-ling, burnt his coffin.

2408 Yang Su A + (T. iid 38 ). Died A.D. 606. Son of a Magistrate

2409

of Fén-chou in Shansi under the Northern Chou dynasty. In 571
he earned the approval of the Emperor Wu Ti by a skilfully written

draft for a proclamation. His Majesty remarked that with diligence

he would compass both wealth and fame; to which Yang Su replied
that he desired neither. He rose to take a prominent part in the
political and military movements which placed Yang Chien upon
the throne, and in his service conducted numerous campaigns against
frontier. kingdoms and internal opponents, for which he was ennobled
as Duke. When the latter lay upon his death-bed, Yang Su ingratiated
himself with the son, Yang Kuang, by a timely hint respecting
his father’s condition, and was rewarded on that prince’s accession
to the throne by continuance of his high functions. His influence
however with the new Emperor was of short duration; and finding
himself neglected and in danger of degradation, he pined to death
in the following year. He was distinguished by scholarly attainments
and a love of study; yet according to the historians he made his
way by scheming and truckling, and shares in the disgrace of
placing such a monarch as Yang Kuang upon the throne. See Lo-
ch‘ang Kung Chu.

Yang Su-yiin #3 3 44 (T. $4 YA and 3B 4p). A.D. 1629—
1689. Graduated as chin shih in 1652, and went as Magistrate to
Ye WA Tung-ming in Shantung, a district lately laid waste by
the Yellow River. In three years he restored it to prosperity, and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 915

also gained over a notable bandit who had been doing much mischief.
For his services he was made an Inspecting Censor for Ssiich‘uan,
‘whereupon he foretold in a memorial the rebellion of Wu San-kuei.
No action was taken, however, and Wu San-kuei even succeeded
in getting his appointment as Taot‘ai in Sstich‘uan cancelled. On
this he retired.to his home in disgust for ten years. He then became
Taot‘ai of the Jal) 38. Yiiu-hsiang Circuit in Hupeh, and earned
fresh fame by opening to navigation a stream near ay BR Ku-
ch‘éng, and so enabling the grain-junks to avoid the revolted
districts of Shantung while relieving the people of his ow Circuit
from the burden of carrying the rice overland. As Governor of
Anhui in 1687 he saved many lives during a famine by throwing

open the public granaries before the Emperor’s assent had reached
hia Transferred to Hupeh, then in a state of constant alarm on
account of rebel bands, he calmed the public mind by leaving the
gates of the provincial city, wide open on the night of the Feast
of Lanterns. On his death-bed he indited a last memorial in behalf

of some overtaxed districts.

Yang Ta-hung #3 KK we (T. ac HB). A native of FE [Ly

Ying-shan in Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih in 1607 and.

distinguished himself by his impeachment of the eunuch Wei
Chung-hsien.

Yang Ti. See Yang Kuang.

Yang T‘ing-ho #4 Z FN (T. 7p #). AD. 1459-1529. A
native of Hsin-tu in Ssiich‘uan, who graduated as chin shih in 1478,
before his own father. He rose by 1507 to be a Minister of State,
and tried hard to induce the Emperor to give up his hunting tours
and attend to duty. Failing to check the power of the eunuchs,
he repeatedly applied to retire, but was not allowed to go until
1519 when he refused to draft the Emperor’s appointment of himself
as Commander-in-Chief against the rebel Je ie Chén Hao (see

2410

2411

2412

916 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Chiang Pin). In the following year, having been summoned by the
dying monarch, he secured the succession of the Emperor Shih
Tsung, being for forty days in charge of the government pending.
the new sovereign’s arrival. He promptly disbanded the useless
armies, dismissed a host of priests, packed off a Portuguese envoy,
and introduced the strictest economy. His opposition to the new

Emperor’s desire to bestow undue honours on his parents lost him

‘the Imperial favour, although by persistence he carried his point.

In 1524 he retired because he could not stop the appointment of
eunuch superintendents to silk factories, and in 1528 he was cashiered.
In 1567 his honours were restored, and he was canonised as wl A.
Yang Ts‘un-chung #3 77 FH (T. JE Fy). Died A.D. 1166.
A native of the we. Kuo District-in Shansi, whose personal name
was originally Yr rH I-chung. He was very precocious, and
possessed of unusual physical strength, which perhaps decided him to
devote his talents to the art of war. In 1125 he gathered together
a considerable force and did good service against various rebels
who were just then giving a great deal of trouble. For this he
was promoted to high rank; and when in 1140 he- succeeded in

inflicting a severe defeat upon the Chin® Tartars, who had broken

their treaty, he was further loaded with honours, being ultimately

2413

2414

ennobled in 1161 as Prince. Canonised as pt 7j\-
Yang Tsungjen #3 22 {£ (1. FE ff). AD. 1659-1725.
Entering the public service as a student of the Imperial Academy,
he rose by 1722 to be Viceroy of Hu-Kuang. Here he introduced
many reforms, and also established a system of relief for the poor.
He encouraged agriculture by unofficial tours during which he
distributed rewards out of his own pocket. Canonised as ia Wit»
and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Vang Wan-li #1 Bi (1. Ze FH). AD. 1124-1206. A

native of Chi-shui in Shansi, who graduated as chin shih in 1154,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 917

and rose to be keeper of the Imperial Library. He lost favour at
Court by opposing an’ issue of iron cash in Kiangnan, and was
relegated for a time to a provincial post. He was a poet of repute,
and also wrote the #4 {ii , a commentary on the Canon of Changes.
He was known as iW 7p 3c, HE, from a term applied to him by
the Emperor Kuang Tsung. Canonised as Bl fill -

Yang Wei-chéng #4 #F JA (T. fife Je). 14th cent. A.D. A
native of Kuei-chi in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih in
1327 and served for a short time as magistrate. His disposition
was unsuited however to a public career, and he retired to Shanghai
where he built himself a “hanging garden” and amused himself by
entertaining friends and playing upon an iron flute. His poetry,
mostly composed under the inspiration of deep potations, was much
esteemed. In 1369 the Emperor Hung Wu summoned him to Court.
“What!” cried he, “should an old woman of 80 get ready a second
trousseau?’? He was kindly treated, and after 120 days was allowed
to return home.

Yang Wu We. Died A.D. 908. Eldest son of Yang Hsing-mi,
and his successor in 907 as second sovereign of the Wu State. He
soon gave himself up to a life of debauchery, in consequence of
which the Minister (an ie Hsti Wén caused him to be assassinated,
and placed his brother upon the throne.
Yang Yen #3 # (T. AL FH). Died A.D. 781. A native of
RK T‘ien-hsing in Shensi, whose father #7 7 Yang Po had
been an official, popularly known as JL a Ae, AE. He was noted
for his splendid beard and eyebrows, as well as for a spirited
disposition; and after the death of his father he received an appoint-
ment in the public service. Becoming a protégé of Yiian Tsai, when
‘the latter fell he was banished to a petty post in Hunan, from
which he was recalled at the accession of the Emperor Té Tsung

in 779, and rose to share with Lu Ch‘i the full control of the

2415

2416

R417:

2418

2419

918 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

administration. The latter became jealous of his superior abilities
and influence, and at length found his opportunity in the exposure
of Yang Yen’s son for bribery and corruption. Yang Yen was
banished to Kuangtung, but before he reached his destination he
was allowed to commit suicide. During his short term of office he
attempted, but without success, to introduce a new system of providing
revenues for the State. The old-fashioned land-tax, and payment in
kind upon produce, together with the corvée system of forced labour,
were to be done away with, and a half-yearly money-tax was to
be substituted in lieu of all these. Some time after death his honours
were restored to him, and he was canonised as 2p. JB.

Yang Yin #3 }F (T. 4 B). AD. 511-560. A native of
Hua-yin in Shensi, who showed great signs of ability even before
he could speak, and was playfully known as the ‘‘Prince of Ch‘in.”
At six years of age he read-history; at eleven he knew the Odes .
and the Canon of Changes, and could enjoy the Tso Chuan. “This
child,” cried an elder cousin, “thas not shed his colt’s teeth, yet
he is already the Bucephalus of our family!” At fifteen he was -
ennobled as Baron for military services, and at eighteen he was
holding a high post. From this time his career was chequered with
the ups and downs of political life. At one moment he was hiding
for fear of his life in a Buddhist monastery, whither he had gone
under an assumed name, after leaving his hat and clothes by the
bank of a river. He rose under the first Emperor of the Northern
Ch‘i dynasty to be Minister of State and President of the Board of
Civil Office, and in 559 he was ennobled as Prince. He was put
to death by the Emperor Hsiao Chao Ti.

Yang Ving-chi. #} Jf HE. Died A.D. 1766. A high official
under the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung, who after successfully filling many
important posts and rising to be Grand Secretary in 1764, in

consequence of his failure against the rebels in Ytinnan, was cashiered ,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 919

had all his property confiscated, and was ordered to commit suicide.
Yang Yui $3 Be (T. + 7. H. We HA). A.D. 1365-1444.
A native of T‘ai-ho in Kiangsi, whence he is sometimes spoken of
as pu wh Western Yang (see Yang P‘u), who received through
interest an appointment as Compiler in the Han-lin College. Subse-
quently, when the Board of Civil Office held an examination of
scholars, he came out at the head of the list. He rose to high office
in the State, and it was solely through his firmness that the boy-
Emperor Ying Tsung came peaceably to the throne. He was employed
upon the annals of several reigns, and also upon the commission
which produced the as AR ed pi ZS ae a collection of memorials
by famous Ministers of all ages. He compiled the Bl Hid Fs] aS Et,
a catalogue of the Imperial Library, and was generally known as
one of the greatest scholars of his age. His last years were clouded
by the misbehaviour of his son, who was finally impeached and
dismissed the public service. He is better known by his style, as
Yang Shih-ch‘i. Canonised as Bl A.

Yang Yu-chi Fes Hy Fi. A Minister of the Ch‘u State, who
_ was so skilful at archery that he could pierce a willow-leaf from
a distance of 100 paces and do it 100 times in succession. There
was a great ape in Ch'u, and the prince ordered Yang to shoot it.
Scarcely had he bent his bow ere the ape clung to the tree howling.
Yang Yi-ch‘un #3 58) #. (T. We ZF). A.D. 1760-1838. A
native of Chungking in Ssiich‘uan, who for various military services
was appointed Commander-in-chief of Kansuh. In 1805 he was
_ banished to Ili for his too lenient treatment of the Bd ily Nan-
shan mutineers, who had been driven to revolt by having their
rations of salt and rice reduced to maize. Three years later he was
restored to office as Brigade-General in Kansuh; and in 1827, after
the irruption of Jehangir into Turkestan, he received the title of

Marquis and was appointed Viceroy of Shen-Kan, as a special

2420

2421

ZAR

2423

2424

R425

920 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

exception to the rule which forbids the transfer of Chinese as opposed
to Manchus from high military to high civil rank. Of extraordinary
valour, he was never wounded. In private life he was austere, and
to his sons severe, thrashing his eldest for loose living when the
latter was already a Prefect. Canonised as fist TA, and included
in the Temple of Worthies.
Yang Yun A Mi (T. -F $77). 1st cent. B.C. An official who
received high office for having given the first warning of the rebellious
intrigues of the Ho family (see Ho Kuang). He was however unfitted
for public life, and was soon dismissed from his post. He then
took to luxurious living, and made such a display of his wealth
that on the occasion of an eclipse of the sun he was denounced
for extravagance and pride, and was put to death as a disorderly
character. i

Yang Yung-chien #3 $f 342 (T. FR pH and JY We). AD.
1631—1704, A native of Hangchow, who graduated as chin shih
in 1655 and rose to be Vice President of the Censorate and of the
Board ‘of War. After four years’ retirement to wait on his aged
mother, he was sent to the Yellow River, whence he retired ill
from his labours. He was also for a time Governor of Kueichou,
where he did much to restore orderly government. He published
two collections of memorials, and one of miscellanies.

Yang Yung-po Na (or vee) HE 144. 2nd cent. A.D. A man
of the EH. Han dynasty. Impelled by charitable motives he supplied

‘gruel for nothing to all thirsty travellers who had to cross a steep

mountain near his home. He carried on this practice for 3 years,
when one day a stranger who had been drinking gave him a pint

measure full of cabbage-seed, telling him to plant it in his field,

whereby he would obtain some fine jade and a good wife. After

having done this, Yang was desirous of taking to wife a renowned
beauty, whose mother, RR FR UHsii Shih, demanded as the price

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 921

of her consent two bracelets of white jade. Yang went and dug
in his field, and was. rewarded by ‘the discovery of five such pairs.
His union was thereupon happily accomplished. Hence comes the
phrase Ai FY “‘to cultivate a jade field,” figuratively used of
a happy marriage, and from this legend the District of F FY
Yii-t‘ien in Chihli is said to take its name.. The same story is told
of a man named Lin, from whom the illustrious Lin Tsé-hsii is
said to have traced his descent, with unimportant differences of
detail. The field is. said to have been an indigo-field, and the
District named after the story is H& Ff Lan-t‘ien in Shensi.
Yao ES Died B.C. 2258. The famous legendary Emperor, whose
name, coupled with that of Shun, is suggestive of China’s Golden
Age. His surname was Hh Chi, and his personal name Fi ey)
Fang-hstin. He is said by some to have been the son of the Emperor
if? Sh Ti K‘u, who invested him with the Principality of [J
T‘ao, whence he subsequently moved to jae T'ang, from which
two localities he obtained the name of [¥J 4F fe. Another account
makes him the son of a virgin, who produced him according to
the prophecy of a red dragon after a gestation of fourteen months,
with eyebrows of eight different colours. He ascended the throne
in B.C. 2357, and after a glorious reign, variously estimated at
70 and 98 years, he set aside his worthless son Tan Chu and
abdicated in favour of Shun. He was canonised as Fz it zz, and
is also known as ft pr and +t 2G

Yao Ch‘a Hk # (T. {ff A). A.D. 583--606. A native of Wu-
k‘ang in Chehkiang. Distinguished in youth by filial piety, he rose
to eminence as a scholar and undertook to write the History of
the Liang Dynasty, A.D. 502—557. This work was completed by
hhis.son, Yao Chien, with some slight help from Wei Chéng, as
also was his History of the Ch‘'én Dynasty, A.D. 557—589, towards

which he had done little more than collect materials. He served as

2426

2427

2428

24:29

922 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Magistrate of his native place under the Liang dynasty, and rose
to be Vice President of the Council under the Ch‘én dynasty; and
in 589 the founder of the Sui dynasty gave him a post in which
he could work upon the histories above mentioned, declaring before
all the Court that there was no other such scholar in the empire.
In 593 his father died, and he inherited the title of Duke. He
thereupon retired to a Buddhist temple at $ifi thy Chung-shan in
Kuangsi, where as a boy he had taken the vows. In his will he
openly confessed his belief in the Buddhist faith. He had always lived
on priestly fare, and his body had become extraordinarily emaciated.
Yao Ch‘ang Hk EF (T. ee Be )- A.D. 330—893. Twenty-fourth
son of Yao I-chung. On the death of Yao Hsiang, he submitted
to Fu Chien (2) and served as Governor of various Districts. He
led the Liang-chou division when Fu Chien raided Chin, and being
defeated by Mu-jung Hung after the rout of Fu Chien, fled to
HG 4 Ma-mu in Kansuh. Chosen by the Pi Hsi-chou people
to be head of their league, he assumed in 384 the titles of Gene-
ralissimo and Khan. Two years later he took Ch‘ang-an, and set
up the Later Ch‘in dynasty. Canonised as Ik TH wt HG SB iit -
Yao Chii-shéng Hk PX HE (T. BE SG and $& fie). A.D.
1623—1683. A native of Chehkiang, who after a stormy youth
enlisted in the Bordered Red Chinese Banner and in 1663 passed
first at the first chi jen examination of Bannermen. He was: sent
as Magistrate to 4p ly. Hsiang-shan in Kuangtung. His seven
predecessors all lay in the prison for failure to collect the full quota
of revenue. He coolly took them out, feasted them royally, and
sent them home, reporting that the Tls. 170,000 due had been
paid, and so getting the reputation of being a millionaire. Before
his fraud was discovered, he was denounced for having secret dealings
with the pirate Zé 4/4) i Ho Lii-ch‘éng, whom he had captured
by stratagem, and only saved his head through the aid of Shang

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 923

K‘o-hsi. His traducers, the Viceroy and the Governor, committed
suicide; but he too was turned adrift at the age of fifty. The
rebellion of the Feudatories enabled him to renew his career, and
having visited all alone and unarmed the wavering Kéng Ching-
chung and induced him to surrender, he was for this and many
acts of valour appointed Viceroy of Fuhkien in 1678, to oppose
the invasion of Chéng Chin. Besieged with only 5,000 men in
Chang-chou, he beat off his 100,000 assailants by a sudden sortie
during a thick fog, and steadily advancing, drove the Formosans
to their island in 1680. For this he was ennobled and appointed
President of the Board of War. In 1682 the death of Chéng Chin,
who left a boy-successor, offered an opportunity to recover Formosa;
but disputes with Shih Lang delayed operations until 1683 when
Chéng K‘o-shuang submitted, his brave general Liu Kuo-hsiian
having been alienated from him by the wiles of Yao Ch‘i-shéng.
The latter is said to have been seven feet in height, and to have
possessed enormous strength. He married his wife on account of
her great muscularity, and their one son was strong enough to
stop a runaway horse! Author of a collection of essays, etc. entitled
Be FSP EL AR.

Yao Chien Wk fifj (T. JH ff). Died A.D. 643. A native of 2480
Wan-nien in Shensi, and son of Yao Ch‘a.. He served under
the Prince of Kuei-chi; and subsequently, under the Sui dynasty,
as Reader to the Prince of Tai, he alone .of the staff remained
in attendance when the capital was stormed by the army of the
T’angs. He was one of the eighteen men of learning gathered
around him by the Prince of Ch‘in in A.D. 621 (see Li Shih-min).
He afterwards held the post of Chamberlain, and was entrusted
with the completion of the histories of the Liang and Ch‘én dynasties
begun by his father. Ennobled as Baron, and canonised as fit.
He is better known by his style, as Yao Ssii-lien.

2431

924 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Yao Ch‘ung #k 2. A.D. 650—721. A native of [fe ff] Shén-
chou in Honan, who was somewhat boisterous as a youth but gradually
settled down to regular study. Entering the public service he attracted

the notice of the Empress Wu Hou by his vigorous resistance to

the Kitan Tartars, and was soon raised to high office. He became |

2432

2433.

2434

however an object of dislike to Chang I-chih, who maligned him
to the Empress; and he was dismissed to the provinces until Chang
and his brother had been executed. When ordered to return to the
capital, the people clung weeping around his horse’s head, cut off
his stirrups, and took away his whip, in order to prevent his
departure. He subsequently rose to be President of the Board of
War under the Emperor Ming Huang. Canonised as Bl ee
Yao Hsiang Wk 38 (7. + [el). A.D. 331-3857. Fifth son and
successor of Yao I-chung. At seventeen he was 8/¢. 57m. in height,
and his hands hung below his knees. His military bearing and
mental qualifications endeared him to the people, at whose instance
he assumed the titles of Generalissimo and Khan, and in 855 occupied
a By Usti-ch‘ang in Honan. He was defeated by Huan Wén (see
Yin Hao), and in 356 was driven to 4 }Ai Pei-ch‘i in Shansi.
Moving westward, he was slain by Fu Chien (2) at the battle of
= Ji San-ytian in Shensi. Canonised by Yao Ch‘ang as PH TE.
Yao Hsing Wk Hh (T. -F BK). A.D. 366-416. Eldest son of
Yao Ch‘ang, to whom he fled from the Court of Fu Chien. He
assumed the title of Emperor of the Later Chiin dynasty in 394,
but in 399 reduced himself to fF king, on account of eclipses
and calamities. He ruled well and wisely for 21 years, adding all
north of the Han and the Huai, Western Ch‘in until 407, and the
three Liang? States to his territory. Canonised as ta MeL Bl Ie
am.

Yao Hung Wk yi (T. 7U -F-). A.D. 388-417. Eldest son of
Yao Hsing, of excellent disposition but with no political ability.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 925

In 416 he mounted the throne as third Emperor of the Later Ch‘in
dynasty, but submitted soon after to the army of the Chin Emperor
under Liu Yi. His death at the hands of the executioner brought
his line to an end.

Yao I-chung #k -& (if. A.D. 280-352. A member of a Tibetan
tribe in eastern Kansuh, and son of the Warden of the Barbarian
Marches of the Wei kingdom. In 312 he moved with his tribe from
Kansuh to 4#y Yti-mei in Ssiich'uan, and took the title of
Superintendent of his tribe. For services against the rebels 4 #9
Liang Tu and FR fe] Jan Min, he was made Superintendent of

2435

the Six Barbarian Tribes, and received the military command of ©

the YT. 4 Chiang-huai region in Honan. He was ennobled as
Khan and also as Duke. Yao Ch‘ang, one of his forty-two sons,
on seers the Later Ch‘in dynasty canonised him as 4A Wie Ee
Yao Bien Dk ZA (T. Wy SH). AD. 1835-1418.
A native of Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu, who at the age of fourteen
became a Buddhist priest, his name in religion being ey 4i7 Tao
Yen. An eager student, he worked for a time under a Taoist magician
and learnt how to render himself invisible and pass unscathed
through fire. When during ‘the reign of the Emperor Hung Wu a
call was made for learned priests. to be attached to the Board of

Rites, Tao Yen refused to go. He occupied himself with writing

2436

poetry, somewhat to the scandal of his abbot who pointed out to

him that this was not Buddhism. At the death of the Empress
Kao, the Emperor ordered that each of the princes, together with
an* eminent priest, should say masses for the repose of her soul.
Thus Tao Yen was introduced to Prince Yen, whom he afterwards
persuaded to throw off his allegiance and mount the throne as the
Emperor Yung Lo. As a result he was of course promoted to high

office, and Yung Lo wished him to let his hair grow; but he refused

926 ; A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to do this, neither would he live in the palace assigned to him,
continuing in private the life of a Buddhist priest. In 1406 he
became Junior Preceptor to the Heir Apparent, and during the
Emperor’s absence from the capital he was entrusted with the entire
guardianship of the young prince. He resumed his lay surname
Yao, and the Emperor bestowed upon him the personal name of

Kuang-hsiao, by which he is now known. He was on the commission

of scholars who produced the gigantic encyclopedia of the Ming

2437

2438

2439

dynasty (see Chu Ti). At his death the Emperor was so deeply
affected that for two days he could transact no public business.
His son, adopted by a whim as the writer of an elegant sign hanging
outside a wine-shop, was provided with a good post, and he himself
was canonised as ZK Lig - |
Yao Nai Wk ii (T. Wi fH and 2S). A.D. 1730—1815.
Graduated in 1763, and served in the Peking Boards until 1774.
He passed the rest of his life as head of various colleges, and
earned a great reputation as a teacher. He was a vigorous defender
of Ch‘éng I and of Chu Hsi, and bitterly opposed to the rage for
mathematical and scientific studies. He published editions of Lao
Tzti and of Chuang Tzt, and collections of ancient writings and
poetry. He was himself the author of commentaries on the Nine
Classics, of essays, of poems, and of the YT. igt Jif RA Topography
of Kiang-ning.

Yao Niang $f 4. 10th cent. A.D. The beautiful concubine of
Li Ya. She is said to have worn shoes which made her feet look
like the new moon, and to this has been traced the custom of
cramping women’s feet. | .
Yao Shu Wk fin (T. AL FE). A.D. 1204—1280. A native of
RON YX Liu-ch‘éng in Kuangsi, who was captured by the Mongols
in 1233 at the surrender of K‘ai-féng Fu, and deserting the cause
of the Chin® Tartars, won the favour of Ogotai Khan. In 1235 he

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 927

accompanied the Mongol army of invasion, and captured Chao
Fu, from whom he learnt the doctrines of the Sung scholars. Placed
as secretary to the Governor of Peking in 1241, he soon retired
in disgust at official corruption. In his home at the a FA Su-
mén hill in Honan he built a temple to Confucius and to the six
Sung philosophers, printed the Classics, and encouraged learning.
On the accession of Mangu in 1251 Kublai Khan, who was then
Viceroy of the territory south of Gobi, invited him to his Court
and treated him with honour. In 1252 he accompanied Kublai on
his expedition against the independent kingdom of Ta-li (modern
Ytinnan), and took occasion to point, out how merciful had been
the victories of T's‘ao Pin. “What Ts‘ao Pin did,” cried Kublai,
“T can do!” The result was that banners inscribed with the words
No Slaughter were distributed among the troops, and public confi-
dence was restored. In 1263 he became Minister of State, and in
1273 he procured the appointment of Fe ff An-t‘ung and Bayan
to command the armies invading Sung. In 1274 he caused whipping,
branding, and other excessive punishments to be abolished, showing
much mercy to the defeated Chinese. Canonised as B4 ie

Yao Wén-jan Wk 4v HK (T. HH RR). Died A.D. 1678. Graduated
as chin shih in 1648, and in 1646 became a Supervising Censor.
He successfully advocated many reforms, and could address remon-
strances to the Emperor with a freedom allowed to no other officer.
By 1676 he had risen to be President of the Board of Punishments,
at which post he died of overwork. Author of a treatise on law,
and of a collection of poems and essays. characterised by simplicity
and earnestness. Canonised as it Me, and in 1730 admitted into
the Temple of Worthies. '

Yao Wén-ttien Wk av fy (T. AK BE). AD. 1757-1827. A
native of fit Fe Kuei-an in Chehkiang, who gained the first

place at the Palace Examination in 1799 and was rapidly promoted

2440

2441

928 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to be President of the Board of Rites. As an official, he urged the
inconvenience of frequent changes in the high provincial posts, the
need for giving adequate salaries to magistrates, and the hardships
of criminal procedure. As an author, he produced the BA ii. a
work on the Canon of Changes, the #e FK AL A #, a chronology
of the ies and Autumn, the 4 ay is % and the # BL

Ss ¥E, two works on the Shuo Wén, and a collection of essays 7
entitled 33¢ TE ee BC 4A. As an astrologer, he foretold the Aft
Tt Lin-ch‘ing rebellion and the war of 1842. Canonised as 4 {#%.

2442 Yeh Fa-hsi #2 $E =. 8th cent. A.D. A native of JR Ch‘u-
chou in Chehkiang, who acquired great reputation as a magician
under the Emperor Ming Huang, and is said to have personally
conducted his Majesty to the moon. Not to be confounded with
Yeh Fa- 3€ shan, another magician who was patronised by the
Emperor Kao Tsung some fifty years previously. ate .

2443 Yeh Fang-ai #2 7 ai (7. -- H.W. Hl AE). Died AD..
1682. Graduated as third chin ‘shih in 1659, and attracted the
Emperor’s notice by his honest representations on public affairs. —
He rose to be Vice President of the Board of Rites in 1680.
Canonised as Bl FER -

2444 Yeh Hsiang-kao BE jij jy (T. 36 py). AD. 1558—1627.
Graduating as chin shih in 1583, he rose by 1607 to be Minister
of State. He failed to rouse the Emperor Shén Tsung to a proper
sense of his duties, but succeeded in driving to his fief the Prince
of jfifg Fu, son of the favourite concubine Pj Chéng, and so
preventing any risk of a disputed succession. Retiring in 1614, he
was forced to resume the post in 1621; and though he was able.
for a time to save many good men from the vengeance of Wei
Chung-hsien, he was finally driven from office by the eunuchs in
1624. Canonised as Bl Hh.

2445 Yeh-lii Cho-li-chih Hf At GW AA A. Died A.D. 926. A chieftain

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary : 929
of the Kitan Tartars, who was known as [Ay ff #% O-pao-chi.

Towards the close of the 9th century he succeeded in uniting the
k j=I Nii-chén and other Tartar tribes of the north and south;
and in 907, emboldened by the taalee between Chu Wén and Li |
K‘o-yung, he proclaimed himself Emperor under the title fs de.
Canonised as Ik jiH., founder of the Liao dynasty.

Yeh-lui Ch‘u-ts‘ai Hi @t #E A(T. FS. A. Ye yp FE: 2446
-F). A.D. 1190-1244. A descendant in eighth generation of
a prince of the House of Liao. His father, who held office under
__the Chin* Tartars, died when he was three years old, and he was
brought up by his mother, reading widely in all branches of
literature, especially in astronomy and mathematics. In 1214 he
was Governor of Peking, and when that city was taken by the
forces of Genghis Khan, he was summoned into the presence of
the conqueror. He. was 8 ft. in height, with a splendid beard and
a voice like thunder. “You are a Kitan,” said Genghis; “I sent my
generals to take vengeance upon your enemies, ihe. Chins*.” “My
father and I,” replied he, “have both served the Chins®; how can
they be my enemies?” He was thereupon attached to the staff of
Genghis, who conferred upon him the sobriquet of Wurtusahala =
Long-Beard. In 1219 he accompanied his master into western Asia
on his successful campaign against Persia, an account of which he
published under the title of Pt 3H¥ 4. In 1220 he reformed the
calendar, and in 1224 he set out with Genghis to conquer India.
At a pass on the Karatag mountains they fell in with a strange
green animal like a deer, with a single horn and a horse’s tail,
) and able to speak several languages. “This,” said Yeh-lii, “‘is the
44; ie chio tuan. It is sent by God to warn us to retire;” and
Genghis retired forthwith. Upon the latter’s death he secured the
accession of Ogotai, and became his trusted counsellor, venturing

even to remonstrate with him upon his indulgence in drink. When
alee

2447

930 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

paper-money was issued in 1236, it was due to his wise advice that
the issue was limited to 100,000 ounces of silver. He encouraged
literature, and caused the representative of Confucius in the 51st
generation to be sought out and ennobled. His influence was always
on the side of mercy, and he did his best to prevent excessive
bloodshed. After the death of Ogotai (q.v.) he did not hesitate to
censure the Empress to her face for her abuse of power, eventually
dying, some said, of a broken heart. Posthumously ennobled as
Prince, and canonised as Ml iE.

Yeh-li Hsi-liang Hh 4t 4 36 (T. WA Ap). A.D. 1247— 1327.
Grandson of Yeh-lii Ch‘u-ts‘ai. At the age of 9 he could compose |
poetry, and when only 12 accompanied his father Yeh-li $=} Chu
into modern Sstich‘uan on an expedition with the Emperor Mangu.
At the death of the latter, father and son proceeded to Shensi;
and when Arik-buga (see Kublai Khan) revolted, the father fled

to offer his services to the elder brother. Yeh-lii Hsi-liang and his

mother were promptly seized by je #]$ fff Kondukai, and carried
off to Kan-chou in Kansuh. When Kondukai was killed in battle,
he fell into the power of PA fii) AK 4%, Karabpka, who released
him; and then he made his way, through great hardships, to Urumtsi,
and on to Manass and Emil. After wide wanderings in Central Asia
he at length joined Kublai Khan at Xanadu, and rose to be President
of the Board of Civil Office. In 1281 he was compelled by a disease
of the foot to retire into private life. In 1310 he was appointed
Doctor in the Han-lin College. The family property had all disappeared
during his long absence, nothing remaining but the portraits of
his famous grandfather and father. He himself was a martyr to
ill-health; and yet he remained a close student. almost to ‘his last
days. His miscellaneous writings, including an account of his travels,
were published under the title of ES iy 4B.

2448 Yeh-lii Hsien Hj i PB. A.D. 948—983. Son of Yeh-lii Yiian,

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary : 931

_ and cousin once removed to Yeh-lti Kung, whom he succeeded in 968 —

as fifth Emperor of the Liao dynasty. In 974 he sent a mission of
congratulation to the House of Sung, but in 979 and 980 armed
raids were made upon the Sung territory. Canonised as Er ees
Yeh-lii Hung-chi Hl} qt we JL. Died A.D. 1101. Son of Yeh-lii
Tsung-chén, whom he succeeded in 1055 as eighth Emperor of the
Liao dynasty. He cultivated friendship with the House of Sung,
and received a portrait of the Emperor Jen Tsung. In 1066 the
dynastic style of Liao was resumed (see (Yeh-lai Lung-hsi). Canonised
as if 222.

Yeh-lii Kung Bf} 4t¥B. Died A.D. 968. Son of Yeh-li Té-
kuang and cousin to Yeh-lii Yiian, whom he succeeded in 951 as
fourth Emperor of the Liao dynasty. He was killed, while drunk,
by his cook. Canonised as #3

‘Yeh-lii Lung-hsti Hl} #t (& 4h. A-D. 972 —1081. Son of Yeh-lii
Hsien, whom he succeeded in 983 as sixth Emperor of the Liao
dynasty. Being only 12 at his accession he left the government in
the hands of his mother, who restored the term ‘Kitan” as the
dynastic title and, by an unsuccessful raid into Sung territory lost
some 30,000 tents. In 986 Ts‘ao Pin invaded the Liao country,
but pushed on too far from his base and was severely beaten. The
war continued with varying success until 1005, when trading marts
were opened and a subsidy promised by the Sung Emperor. In
1008 the young Emperor canonised his five predecessors, and in
1009 he took over the reins of government from his mother, who
died a month afterwards. He was a weak monarch, and in 1012

lost half his army in an attack upon northern Korea. Canonised

as Hn Se.

Yeh-lu Ta-shih Hf #t Ac G or Yeh-lu 33 ff (7. Hr fia).

A.D. 1098—1135. A member of the Imperial family of the Liao
dynasty. He graduated in 1114, and is sometimes called Yeh-lii

2449

2450 -

2451

2452

2453

2454

2455

932 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

iN FF Lin-ya, from the Liao name of the Han-lin College. He
followed Yeh-li Yen-hsi after the collapse of the Liao dynasty,
but fearing for his life, at the hands of that monarch he fled by
night with 200 horsemen. Making his way westward he gathered
a large force at cil By K‘o-tun, passed through the Ouigour
country and fought his way to Samarcand, where he won a great
battle. After resting there 90 days he pushed on to Kirman, and
assuming the Imperial title built his capital at JE JA Ret We
Hu-ssti-han-to. Canonised as /#4 52, first Emperor of the Western
Liao dynasty. | |
Yeh-li Té-kuang Hf} At 7 3K. Died A.D. 947. Second son of
Yeh-lii Cho-li-chih, whom he succeeded in 926. In 937 he proclaimed
himself Emperor of the Liao dynasty. He attacked the Later Chins
when they tried to throw off the Tartar yoke (see Shih Ch‘ung-kuei),
and took their capital, but was ultimately forced by Liu Chih-yiian
to retreat. Canonised as I —-

Yeh-lii Tsung-chén Hf ft 52 i. A.D. 10183-1055. Eighth
son of Yeh-liti Lung-hsiti, whom he succeeded in 1031 as seventh
Emperor of the Liao dynasty. Though a weak debauchee, he was
a devout Buddhist and appointed priests to the highest offices of .
State. In 1042, upon the revolt of Chao Ytian-hao, the annual
subsidy agreed to in 1005 was increased; and in 1049—50 the
the Kitan Tartars fought with some success on behalf of the Sung
dynasty. Canonised as Hal eee

Yeh-li Yen-hsi Hf} 4t GE jee. Died A.D. 1125. Grandson of
Yeh-lii Hung-chi, whom he succeeded in 1101 as ninth and last
Emperor of the Liao dynasty. He was a wild youth, with a great
fondness for the chase. In 1122 he was driven from Peking by
the kk A Nii-chén Tartars, who had been encouraged by the
House of Sung in their revolt (see Akuta), and took refuge with

his sons in the mountains on his northern frontier. An attempt

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 933

was made to keep the dynasty from collapse; but in 1125 Yeh-lii
Yen-hsi was captured and sent off, with the title of ya A =
to the fiz A ily Ever- White Mountain, where he died. A number
of the Kitans, known as ay KS migrated westward and founded
the Western Liao dynasty (see Yeh-li Ta-shih). Known in history
aK iif |
Yeh-li Yiian Hii @t ye. Died A.D. 951. Nephew of Yeh-lii
Té-kuang, whom he succeeded in 947 as third Emperor of the
Liao dynasty. His reign was spent in hostility with the rulers of
China, and in aiding the establishment of the Northern Han State.
After a short period of power he was murdered to make way for
his cousin. Canonised as {H —e

- Yeh Lung-li #2 (% 7H (A. yf AK). 18th cent. A.D. A native
of Chia-hsing in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih in 1247
and rose to be a Privy Councillor. He was the author of the $2 F}
[et m History of the Kitan Tartars, which though greatly founded
on hearsay is still of considerable value. See Ya-wén Mou-chao.
Yeh Ming-shén #: 4% 9 (T. ff fH). A.D. 1807-1860. A

native of Han-yang in Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih in

1835 and after three years’ service in the Han-lin College went as

Prefect to Shensi. In 1841 he was Judge in Yiinnan, and in 1842
distinguished himself by keeping the Hapehirehels under Chung
Jen-chieh out of Kiangsi. By 1846 he had risen to be Treasurer
at Canton, and Governor in 1848. There he earned considerable
notoriety by his stringent measures against the ‘Tai-p‘ing rebels,
of whom he” is said to have put to death, first and last, no fewer
than seventy thousand. He threw every possible obstacle in the
way of foreign trade, refusing to meet the British representatives
at Hongkong, until at length the affair of the lorcha Arrow brought
matters to a crisis and resulted in the bombardment and capture

of Canton in December 1857. The Viceroy, known to foreigners

2456

2457

2458

2459

2460

934 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

as “Commissioner Yeh,” made an attempt to éscape in disguise;
but his flight was somewhat hindered by his gross and bulky form,
and he was ignominiously captured by a blue-jacket who held on
stoutly to the great man’s queue. He was then placed on board
H. M. S. Inflewible and sent away to Calcutta, attended by Mr.
(now Sir Chaloner) Alabaster as interpreter. There he led a listless
life until his death, not caring even to read; for as he himself
explained, he “already knew by heart all that there was worth
reading.” It is interesting to note that Li Yiian-tu has omitted ‘his
name from his collection of eminent men of the present dynasty.
Yeh Shih #2 ij (T. IE Bij and ier xe. H. Fx %). A.D.
1150—1223. A native of Yung-chia in Chehkiang, who graduated
second on the list of chin shih and soon distinguished himself
by defending Chu Hsi on his impeachment by iN HR Lin Piao.
In 1194 he took part in the plot to supersede the Emperor Kuang
Tsung, and upon the accession of Ning Tsung in 1195 he was
associated with 8 th jen Chao Ju-yii in the government. In 1206
and following years he succeeded in checking the invading forces
of the Chin* Tartars; and by a system of military settlements in
the valleys of the Yang-tsze and Huai rivers, the latter of which
he fortified with a chain of towers 100. miles long, he restored
confidence and induced the people to return to their homes. His
connection with Han Ni-chou caused him, on the murder of the
latter in 1207, to be impeached and dismissed from office. Canonised
as fist ie

Yellow Emperor, The. See Huang Ti. ' !
Yen An-chih fg & i. 8th cent. A.D. A Magistrate under
the T‘ang dynasty, noted for his severity. On one occasion the
Emperor was giving a grand banquet, to last three days. The
people however swarmed around in such crowds, and made such

a noise, that the musicians could not play. Constables rained’ blows

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 935

upon them in vain; at length the eunuch Kao Li-shih suggested
Yen An-chih. When the latter appeared, he simply made a mark
on the ground with his hand, saying that any one who overstepped

that mark during three days would be put to death. This had the ~
U .

desired effect.

Yen Chén-ch‘ing #4 i Sf (T. #7 BL). AD. 709-785. A-

native of Wan-nien in Shensi, and descendant of Yen Shih-ku,
who graduated as chin shih about 730. He soon rose to high office,
although much disliked by the powerful Yang Kuo-chung; and he

distinguished himself, when Governor of P‘ing-yiian in Shantung,

by joining his cousin Yen Kao-ch‘ing in opposing the progress of

the rebel An Lu-shan. After a chequered career, in which he was
now President of a Board, now banished to some petty post, and
anon ennobled as Duke, he was finally sent in his old age by Lu
Chi, who owed him a grudge, to win over the recalcitrant Li
Hsi-lieh.. While on this mission, Li Hsi-lieh’s brother was put to
death for his association with Chu Tz‘u’s. revolt; and this act,
coupled with the approach of the Imperial troops, so enraged Li
Usi-liech that he forthwith caused Yen to be strangled by his
eunuchs. One of Yen’s sons carried back his father’s body; and the
Emperor, overwhelmed with sorrow, not only appointed the dead
man to high posthumous rank, but even suspended all Court functions
for five days. Yen’s character was firm and uncompromising. “Save
in the interests of truth and justice, no thought ever budded within
his mind.” A story is told that when acting as Censor in Shansi
he set at liberty a number of persons who had been unjustly
confined; whereupon rain, which had been long prayed for in vain,
fell upon the parched fields. He was the author of the HA ey Gis,
VE. and was also celebrated as a calligraphist. Canonised as pe hind i
Yen Chi pat He 5th cent. B.C. A concubine of Duke Wén of
the Chéng State, who dreamt that an angel gave her an epidendrum

2462

2463

2464

2465

936 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

flower (signifying rule) which was to be her son. Shortly afterwards
the Duke himself gave her such a flower, and she bore him a child
who became Duke BB Mu and was named Fal Hpidendrum from
the circumstance. 4

Yen Chih-t‘ui #4 @ HE (T. 47). A.D. 531—595. A native
of Lin-i in Shantung, who rose to high office under the first Emperor
of the Northern Ch‘i dynasty and continued in active service until
the early years of the Sui dynasty. He published a collection of essays,
a work on the education of a family entitled BH K Be alls and
also the sa HA and the ae (6 Bh a ae two philological treatises ;
besides aiding Lu Fa-yen in the preparation of his great work.
Yen Ching-ming [al fpr $f, . A.D. 1816—1892. A native of the ©
ify Chao District in Shensi, who graduated as chin shih in 1851
and entered the Han-lin College. He rose to be Governor of Shantung,
and in 1877 was appointed Imperial Commissioner to visit the
famine-stricken districts of Shansi. In 1882 he became President of
the Board of Revenue, and exposed the scandalous jobbery connected
with the supply of copper from Yiinnan. Two years later he joined
the Tsung-li Yamén, and in January 1886 he was appointed Grand
Secretary. His health breaking down he was forced to retire in 1888,
receiving the title of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent,
Yen Hui 4 |p] (T. -F- i) B.C. 514-483. The favourite
disciple of Confucius, and the son of 3 4k ae Yen Wu-yu who
had also sat under the Master. He used to listen with what appeared
to be stolid indifference to the teachings of Confucius, but then he

would go away and strive to put into practice the principles he

had learnt. The historian, Ssti-ma- Ch‘ien, attributes his splendid
reputation chiefly to his close connection with the Sage, likening
him quaintly to a fly which travels far and fast by clinging to the

tail of a courser. At twenty-nine his hair turned grey. Under the

T'ang dynasty he was ennobled as =r AX, and in 1830 he

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 937
received the title of %{ H2, by which he is still known. His tablet

stands in the Confucian Temple along with those of Mencius, Tséng
Ts‘an, and K‘ung Chi, the Four Associates of the Master. |

Yen Jo-chii [2] #PEE (T. Ay AF. H. F¥ 4p). AD. 1636—

1704. A native of T‘ai-yiian in Shansi, who distinguished himself

as a bold critic of the Sung school of Confucian interpretation. He
also devoted considerable time and labour to impugning the authenticity
of much in the Canon of History. He wrote on the topography and
biography of the Classics, poems, an appendix to the Fl EK
of Ku Chiang, and other critical works. He never held office, but
at the close of his life he was invited to Court and was received
with great honours.

Yen Kao-ch‘ing fj Je sy (‘T. Py Hil). A.D. 692-756. A-native
of Wan-nien in Shensi, who in consequence of his father’s services
received an official post. Upon the recommendation of An Lu-shan
he was appointed Governor of ‘4 [L] Ch‘ang-shan in Chihli, and
when his patron rebelled he was pressed to join in the rising. But
-he devoted all his energies to the Imperial cause, and in concert
with his cousin Yen Chén-ch‘ing inflicted severe losses upon the
rebel troops. At length he was besieged by An Lu-shan’s lieutenant,
Shih Ssti-ming, and when food and water failed he was compelled
to surrender. Yet although a little son was butchered before his
eyes, he refused to give up his allegiance; and when he was taken
before An Lu-shan he retorted the charge of ingratitude, and asked
who it was that had raised his captor from the position of a Turkic
shepherd to rank and power. In his fury An Lu-shan caused him
to be tied to a post and pieces of his flesh to be cut off and thrust
into his mouth. Still he would not yield, continuing to curse the
rebels until finally they cut out his tongue. Canonised as fist fill .
Yen Kuang lig SE. (T. -¥- [Si ). A friend in youth of the Emperor
Kuang Wu of the Han dynasty. When the latter came to the throne

24.66

24.67

2468

2469

2470

2471

R472

938 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in A.D. 25, he sent to summon Yen Kuang to Court; but Yen
Kuang preferred a life in the country, devoted to fishing and agriculture.
On one occasion when the old friends met, the Emperor insisted
on their sleeping together; and during the night Yen Kuang put
his foot on his Majesty’s stomach. Next morning the Grand Astrologer
reported that a strange star had been seen occupying the Imperial _
place; at which the Emperor laughed and said, ‘It’s only my old
friend Yen Tzt-ling, with whom I was sleeping last night.”

Yen Li-pén [4] a AN. 7th cent. A.D. A native of Ch‘ang-an,
who rose to be President of the Board of Works. He is chiefly
known as a painter, having been employed by the second Emperor
of the T’ang dynasty to paint the portraits of the eighteen scholars
who founded the college popularly known as vial yy Abode of the
Blest. Canonised as Bl A.

Yen Po 4 14. Son of the legendary Emperor known as ia
2% FE Kao Hsin Shih, B.C. 2436, and Minister of Fire under
the Emperor Yao.

Yen Shih (% ff. 10th cent. B.C. An artificer who was presented
to Mu Wang of the Chou dynasty when that Prince was on a tour
of inspection, and offered to give an exhibition of his skill. On
the following day he arrived, followed by an automaton which could
sing and dance. During the performance the automaton began to
wink at the ladies of the harem, whereupon Mu Wang would have
put Yen Shih to death; but the latter immediately cut open the
figure, and showed that it was made of nothing but wood, paint, etc.
Yen Shih-ku $j fifi 7 (0. #%). A.D. 579-645. A native of
Wan-nien in Shensi, who distinguished himself in early youth by
his devotion to books, and on the recommendation of AS a Li Kang
received an appointment in the public service. His compositions
soon attracted the notice of Hsieh Tao-héng, who had been a friend

of his grandfather, Yen Chih-t‘ui; and the former used to go over

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 939

them with him, making suggestions for improvement. But in the
collapse of the Sui dynasty he lost his post, and was forced to
return to Ch‘ang-an and support himself by teaching. He received
however a fresh appointment under the first Emperor of the T'ang
dynasty, and under the second was promoted to high office and
ennobled as Baron. He was then employed upon a recension of the
Classics, and also upon a new and annotated edition of the History
of the Han Dynasty, for which purpose he was installed as keeper
of the Imperial Library; but his exegesis in the former case caused
dissatisfaction, and he was ordered to a provincial post.- Although
nominally re-instated before this degradation took effect, his ambition
was so far wounded that he ceased to be the same man. He lived
henceforth a retired and simple life, his patent of nobility being
raised to Viscount. In 645 he accompanied a military expedition
against the Liao Tartars, and died on the road. Canonised as BL.
Yen Shu # x (T. jal AL). A.D. 984—1046. A native of Lin-
ch‘uan in Kiangsi, who at seven years of age was already able to
compose. In 1004 he was reported to the Throne as a “Divine Boy,”
and his Majesty caused him to compete against over a thousand
chin shih. He came out of the ordeal triumphantly, and received
an honorary degree. After a somewhat chequered career in the
public service he died as President of the Board of War and Grand
Secretary. Author of some fine poetry. Canonised as JU Jak. .
Yen Shu Tzii #4 $i FF. 4th cent. B.C. A man of the Lu
State, who lived alone. One night, a neighbour’s house was blown
down, and a girl took refuge with him. Accordingly he sat up
until dawn, holding a lighted candle in his hand.

Yen Sung fi BF (T. YE FH). Died A.D. 1568. A native of
Ay ‘Hf Fén-i in Kiangsi, who graduated as chin shih in 1505 and
rose by 1528 to be President of the Boards of Rites and Civil
Office at Nanking. He quarrelled with Hsia Yen over the revision

2473

2474

2475

2476

2477

940 A Ghinese Biographical Dictionary

of the Hisines of the Sung Dynasty, and soon succeeded in displacing
him. Later on Hsia Yen was restored to favour and made use of
his position to bring grave charges against 73 {it ES Yen Shih-fan,
the one-eyed, bull-necked son of his rival, subsequently executed
and commonly known as pi fe 3 Father and son saved themselves
by an abject appeal for mercy, and before very long, through the
machinations of the former, Hsia Yen perished at the hands of the
executioner. Then followed a period of power, the scandalous abuse

of which caused Yen Sung to be known as the chief of the Six

‘Wicked Ministers of the Ming dynasty. Finally even the Emperor

wearied of him, and, in-1562, at the instance of Hsii Chieh, he
was dismissed and his property confiscated. It was popularly asserted
that the Emperor sent him a handsome silver bowl with which to
go about and collect alms, but that no one would either give him
anything or venture to purchase the bowl, so that he died of
starvation while still in the possession of wealth.

Yen Tsun fi a. GB. Af 2). Ist cent. B.C. and A.D. A native
of Lin-chiung in Sstich‘uan, who followed the trade of astrologer
and fortune-teller at Ch'éng-tu. As soon as he had taken 400 cash he
would shut up shop and devote himself to the Canon of Changes. For
a time the celebrated philosopher Yang Hsiung studied under him. A
wealthy man of the neighbourhood offered him money with a view
to an official career; but Yen Tsun declined, saying, ‘Material wealth
means intellectual poverty; for my soul to live, my body must die.”
Yen Tun-fu 3 3% 7H (T. $4 #7J).*Died AD. 1140. Great
grandson of Yen Shu. He graduated as chin shih, and rose to be
a Supervising Censor. He. was a bitter opponent of the peace
proposals of Ch'in Kuei. The latter sent a hint to him that he

would do well to be less virulent; but Yen replied, ‘Ginger and

cinnamon get hotter with age.” However ultimately he found him-

self obliged to apply for a provincial post.

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary ‘ 944

Yen Tz Zi = oe One of the 24 examples of filial piety, said to
have lived under the Chou dynasty. When his parents wished for
some doe’s milk, he clothed himself in a deerskin, and’ was thus
enabled to mix with a herd of deer and obtain the desired draught.
“Yen Wu fi at (T. 4 Jf). AD. 726—765. A native of Hua-
yin in Shensi, who as a child of eight killed his father’s favourite
concubine by hitting her on the head with a heavy hammer while
asleep. His father thought he did it in play; but Yen Wu declared
that ‘“‘a high official ought not to show favour to a concubine and
put to shame the mother of his son.” In 756 he accompanied the
Emperor Hstian Tsung in his flight to Sstich‘uan, and subsequently
held many high posts. For making a road to the Imperial mausolea,
while acting as Governor. in the capital, he was ennobled as Duke.
He acted as patron to Tu Fu, the poet, whom from pure eccen-
tricity of character he several times threatened to kill; and he was
also on terms of great intimacy with Yiéan Tsai.

Yen Yen 3 Ae: ce: -¥- Wf). Born about B.C. 510. One of the

2478

2479

2480

disciples of Confucius. He entered public life and became Governor.

of Wu-ch‘éng in modern Shantung, where he tried to re-organise
society by instructing the people in music and ceremonial. Under
the T‘ang dynasty he was ennobled as Uh BR, and under the
Sung dynasty as J} A. His tablet stands in the Confucian
Temple among the “Twelve Wise Men.” |

Yen Yen-chih $4 #£ & (T. HE AF). AD. 384—456. A native

of Lin-i in modern Shantung. Left an orphan in early youth, with

2481

scant means of subsistence, he devoted himself to study and soon.

gained considerable reputation as an essay-writer and a poet (see
Hsieh Ling-yiin). He held various high appointments under the first
four Emperors of the Sung dynasty, but his sharp tongue-and an
over-fondness for wine were always landing him in trouble. Hurt

at the promotion of others over his head, he conducted himself in

2482

949 , A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

such a way that he was ordered to Yung-chia in Chehkiang as
Governor; whereupon he predueodas famous lampoon, entitled 7.
pas =k. This was bitterly resented by the persons attacked ; however
the Emperor Wén Ti shielded him from any serious consequences.
This Emperor was always sending for Yen to come to Court, but.
he was generally too drunk to attend. On one occasion, when he
was sufficiently sober, his Majesty was questioning him as to the
talents of his four sons. ‘‘The eldest, named ye Ch‘iian ,” he
replied, ‘thas inherited my handwriting; “the second, iA) Ts‘é, my
style; the third, AL Huan, my sense of duty; and the fourth,
He Yao, my love for wine.” “And which of them,” enquired the
Emperor, ‘thas got your wildness?” “Ah,” replied Yen, ‘‘not one
of them equals me in that.” He was actually known as $8 iB
Wild Yen, chiefly from his habit of speaking too unguardedly on
all subjects. In 454 he became a Director of the Imperial Banqueting
Court, and at his death was canonised as = = ie '

Yen Yen-nien jag HE AF (T. 3K Sp). Died B.C. 58. A native
of fh 2 Usia-p‘ei in Kiangsu, and son of a Minister of State.
He studied law, and became a Censor. On the accession of the
Emperor Hsiian® Ti in B.C. 73 he denounced the treasonable designs
of the Minister T‘ien Yen-nien, and when his complaint was dismissed
he placarded the palace gates. For this he was condemned to death,
but fled and lay in hiding until a general pardon. He was then
appointed Magistrate at P‘ing-ling in Shensi, but was cashiered for
putting innocent people to death. After serving with success against
the Tibetan tribes of the west he was appointed Governor of VOR #
Cho-chiin in Chihli, and then of Honan, where his short stature and
ferocious disposition gained him the nickname of KB AW the Butcher.
It was said that the blood which flowed from his prison reached to a
distance of several Ji. He was ultimately executed on the accusation

of an official who committed suicide to call attention to his wrongs.

' A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 943

Ven Ying 88 (7. JP (ih). Died B.C. 493. An official of 2483

the Chi State, noted for his thrifty habits of life. At meals, he
would not eat of two kinds of meat, neither would he allow ‘his
womenfolk to wear silk. A small shoulder of pork sufficed for his
ancestral sacrifices, and one fox-skin robe lasted him for thirty
years. He is credited with the following ruse, by which he got rid
of the three rival Ministers who stood most in the way of his own
advancement. He persuaded the Duke of Ch‘i to offer two peaches
to those of his counsellors: who should show that they had the best
claims. At first only two of the rivals came forward, and each
received and ate one of the coveted peaches. Then the third rival
presented himself and soon proved that his merits were really greater,
whereupon the two slew themselves from mortification. The survivor,
indignant that such men should have been sacrificed for the sake
of peaches, promptly committed suicide.

Yesun Timur +h, 3% $h A Fa. AD. 1293-1828. Nephew of
Timur Khan. He was placed upon the throne in 1323, by the
conspirators who slew Sotpala, as the sixth Emperor of the Ytian
dynasty; but directly he felt his position secure he put to death
the ringleaders and banished others to the frontier. His reign was
marked by famine, earthquakes, inundations, and constant plagues
: of locusts. He was as ardent a Buddhist as his predecessors, and
gave grants of land to temples; however he forbade Central Asian
priests to use the courier-horses, a practice which had caused much
injury to the administration and hardship to the people. He was
not canonised, but is known in history from his year-title as as
sit a. |
Yin Chi-fu a oH. 9th cent. B.C. A military commander
under king Hstian*® of the Chou dynasty.. Having married a second
wife, at her instigation he turned his son Yin {ff iy Po-ch‘i out

of doors. The son wandered about the mountains, giving vent to

2484.

2485

2486

2487 ©

944 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

his sorrow in a poem called ‘Over the Hoar-frost,’”’ until one day
his lamentations reached the ear of the king who was out hunt-
ing with Yin Chi-fu. “That is the lament of some filial heart,”
said the monarch; but when Yin Chi-fu sent to recall his
son, the latter had already been changed into a goatsucker. There-
upon he put the wife to death. Two of the Odes are attributed
to his pen. |
Yin Chi-lun Ft 4 {f7. A.D. 946-996. A native of (28 4%
Ling-i in Honan, who rose under the Emperor T‘ai Tsung of the ©
Sung dynasty to high military command. He inflicted a great defeat
on the Kitan Tartars at the Hsti river, and was much dreaded by
them, being known from his dark complexion as the fp TN K
“FE Black-faced Prince (see Wang Té-yung). In 994, when Li
Chi-lung was sent to punish the wild tribes of Kansuh, he was
appointed Commander-in-chief in Ho-hsi. Two years later he was
recalled to the capital, but died on the way.

Vin-chi-shan Ft #@ 3@ (T. 7p fe. H. SY [Ly). A.D. 1696—
1771. A Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner, who graduated ©
as chin shih in 1723 and held office for one term as Viceroy of

Yiin-Kuei, for three terms as Viceroy of Shen-Kan, and for four

-terms as Viceroy at Nanking. He ‘effected several important ad-

ministrative changes, such as stationing a Taot‘ai at Shanghai and
the Judge at Soochow in 1729, uniting Kuangsi under one Viceroyalty
with Kuangtung in 1733, and giving Sstich‘uan a separate Viceroy
in 1749. His power of work was prodigious, and he was always
entrusted with cases which had puzzled all other Ministers. In the
Two Kiang, where he spent some thirty years altogether, he was
immensely popular, owing in great measure to his habit of consulting
his subordinates on all local questions, and to his care in judicial
matters. From 1764 he was a Grand Secretary, besides holding
other high posts. He was ranked by the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 945

among his Ff, yee fi Five Administrators. Canonised as Bl it
and included in the Temple of Worthies.

Yin Chu # Yk (T. fi #). AD. 1001-1046. A native of 2488

Honan, famous like his brother Yin jf Yiian (T. -F- jit), for
profound classical learning. He graduated as chin shih, and after
some service in the provinces was called to the Supervisorate of
Instruction. His defence of Fan Chung-yen involved him in disgrace,
and he shared later in the failure of Han Ch‘i against Chao Ytian-
hao. He was disgraced in 1045 for misapplication of public moneys.
Yin Hao BR PE (T. xe ie). Died A.D. 356. A native of fe fp
Ch‘ang-p‘ing in Honan, who rose to high military command. He
became however an object of distrust to Huan Wén; and when he
failed to grapple with the rebellion of Yao Hsiang, Huan Wén
impeached him for incompetence, and he was cashiered. He took
his punishment without complaint, except that he spent his days
in writing with his finger in the air the four words th nk pee
Oh! Oh! strange business! Later on he received from Huan Wén
the offer of an appointment, which at first he was inclined to
accept; however after much shilly-shallying he finally sent back a
blank envelope, and thus put an end to his official career. See
Ku Yiieh-chih.

Yin Hsi A m.. An official at the [Ry is Han-ku pass in Honan,
who one day noticed the approach of a purple vapour. He immediately
recognised the advent of some divine being; and shortly afterwards
Lao Tzt arrived on his way to the west, and handed to him the
text of the Tao Té Ching. Sometimes called [4a] FF ae

Yin Hsien # Ja - Ist cent. B.C. An official of the Han dynasty,
who rose under the Emperor Ch‘éng Ti to be Grand Historiographer.
He assisted Liu Hsin in revising the Classics, especially the Spring
and Autumn Annals and Tso-ch‘iu ‘Ming’s commentary. He also
classified the books which the Emperor caused to be brought together

60

2489

2490

2491

946 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

from all parts of the empire. Is said to have been also distinguished

as a physician.

2492 Yin Hsien pit 3G (T. Pk Ay). 3rd and 4th cent. A.D. Father —

of Yin Hao, and Governor of Yii-chang in Kiangsi. He used to
throw all the letters he wrote into the river, saying, “I must take
my chance whether they sink or swim. It is not my place to be

a postman.”

2498 Yin Hua-hsing pe 4b FF (T. BE Wn). Died A.D. 1710. A

military officer during the reign of the Emperor K‘ang Hsi, who
distinguished himself in the relief of, the great Kansuh and Shensi
famine of 1687—1692, and in the war against the Oelots, 1696—7.

2494 Yin Hui-i #t @ — (T. 7U F. HO iE ). A.D. 1690—1748.

2495

A native of {fi H8f Po-yeh in Chihli, who graduated in 1723 and
rose by 1744 to be Governor of Honan. He was appointed Vice
President of a Board, but died before the news reached him. He
wrote the Topography of Yang-chou, and the A ge Fi Sy: -F-
pe k Gk Mirrors for Sovereigns, Ministers, Scholars, and Women,

besides various works on the Classics, a collection of poems, and

a biography of his mother. He was especially distinguished for his

zeal in advancing the teachings of Chu Hsi and in furthering the
progress of education.

Yin Shun APE (T. EB] and PH Fo. H. Fal By). A.D.
1071—1142. A native of Lo-yang in Honan. He studied under
Ch'éng I, but declined to compete for the chi jen degree because
the subject chosen for essay had reference to the slaughter of offi-
cials during the period 1086—1094. He therefore devoted his life
to study and teaching, in spite of an Imperial summons to the
capital in 1126. In 1127 the Tartars took Lo-yang; his wife and
one child were killed, and he himself escaped with difficulty. He
is actually said to have been killed and to have come to life

again. On being pressed to take service with Liu Yi he fled to

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 947

Sstich‘uan where he remained until 1186, at length consenting to
lend his aid to the Imperial government. But he was dissatisfied

with the conduct of public affairs by Ch‘in Kuei and practically

took very little part in the administration, retiring altogether in -

1140. He was the author of the amt ae , an exegetical work
on the Analects of Confucius, and of other miscellaneous writings.
He was canonised as Fg and in 1724 his tablet was placed in
the Confucian Temple. ,

Yin Ti. See Liu Chih-yiian.

Yin Tzi-ch‘un [2 -F 4p (T. 44 HC). Died A.D. 5B1. A native
of th HEN Ku-tsang in Kansuh, who rose to high office under the
Emperor Wu Ti of the Liang dynasty. He was extremely dirty,
and would only wash his feet once every few years, declaring that

he could not afford the loss of so much property. Dispatched to

2496

oppose Hou Ching, he suffered a severe defeat, which he attributed

to having twice washed his feet not long before. -

Ying Pu i 7fj. Died B.C. 196. A military adventurer, who in
early life had been branded upon the face for some crime, and
was known in consequence as Pr 4fj Ch‘ing Pu. He was sent
with other criminals to work at the mausoleum of the First Emperor,
where he made friends with all the bold spirits of the place, and
in B.C. 209 managed to effect his escape. He then turned bandit
and joined Ch‘én Shéng, whose daughter he married, and afterwards
served under Hsiang Liang and Hsiang Chi,. the latter of whom
ennobled him as Prince. Later on, he transferred his allegiance to
the House of Han; but ere long he became involved in seditious

movements, and was put to death.

R497

Ying Shao /f— Hf (T. {Hf je). Died A-D.? 195, A native of 2498

(7&5)

Ju-nan in Honan, who distinguished himself by his learning and
was appointed in 189 to be Governor of AR iy T‘ai-shan in
Shantung. There he got into trouble over the murder of a high

2499

2500

948 _ A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

official within his territory, and fled to Yiian Shao who readily
gave him an appointment. He devoted himself chiefly to regulating
popular manners and customs, arranging the ceremonial of Court
functions, and fixing the grades of official rank. Author of the
Ja 18 3h 3, in which he treats of the above subjects.

Ying Tsung. See (Sung) Chao Shu; (Ming) Chu Ch‘i-chén.
Ying Yang ff $3 (T. fii Bil). Died A.D. 236. A native of
Ju-nan, who distinguished himself as.a poet and became a Minister
under Ts‘ao Ts‘ao. His advancement in life had been checked by
the rebellion of Tung Cho, a theme which he dwelt upon in his
poem entitled By, which may be interpreted as “regret that a
Bucephalus should stand idle.’”’ See Hsti Kan.

Ying-yang Wang. See Liu I-fu.

Yo Chung-ch'i gf HE (T. Ht SS. H. AE BH). A.D. 1686—
1754. A native of Ke Jk Lin-t‘ao in Kansuh, who was a soldier
from his early youth. In 1719—20 he distinguished himself in the
expedition into Tibet, ‘and from that time to 1732 was almost
always engaged in warfare, first as Commander-in-chief in Ssiich‘uan
and in Kansuh, and later on as Viceroy of the two western provinces.
In 1724 he was ennobled as Duke for his expedition to Turkestan,
on which occasion he penetrated as far as the 3% [EX Sang-lo Sea.
In 1732 he was stripped of his rank and sentenced to death for mis-
management, and was actually imprisoned until 1737, when he retired
and lived the life of a country gentleman near Ch‘éng-tu in Ssiich'uan.
A serious rising in Chin-ch‘uan in 1748 led to his re-appointment
as Commander-in-chief in Ssiich‘uan, and on its suppression he
received many marks of favour, his portrait being painted by a -

foreign artist at the Court of Ch‘ien Lung. After three more

_ years of border warfare, he died while on his way to fight the

rebels of 3 YJ. Tien-chiang in Ssiich‘uan. Author of two collec-
tions of songs, entitled 3 4 and Bu WA 46. Canonised

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 949

as aE ¥}, and included in the Temple of Worthies. See Chao-hui.
Yo Fei 4; Ak (T. jiK HA). AD. 1103-1141. A native of
en T’ang-yin in Honan. At his birth a huge bird flew over the
house and screamed; hence his personal name. His father went
without food in order to feed the hungry; and if any one encroached
upon his land, he’ would cut off the piece and present it to
him. Yo Fei himself was a quiet lad, of few words; he divided the
hours of his youth between practising athletic exercises and reading
the Tso Chuan and Sun Wu's Art of War. He studied archery under
J&] Ja] Chou Tung, and could draw a bow of three hundred catties
and a crossbow of eight piculs. In the early days of the Tartar
troubles, he raised a troop of five hundred horsemen, and defeated a
force of more than one hundred thousand under the JL wt Wu-shu
(chieftain), explained by some to be the Heir Apparent of the Tartars.
He then served as lieutenant under ¥ Chang Chiin, and for
' his services in inducing a formidable leader of brigands to submit
to Imperial authority was raised to the rank-of general. In the
following years he recovered a large extent of territory from the

hands of various insurgent leaders, and in 1136 sought permission

2501.

to make an attempt upon the Chinese provinces then held by the —

Tartar invaders, but at the advice of Ch'in Kuei the Imperial sanction
was withheld. Finding Yo Fei’s patriotic devotion an avn ieesle
obstacle to the peace negotiations upon which he was bent, Ch'in
Kuei at length procured his degradation, and shortly afterwards
concocted an accusation of treasonable intentions against him and
his son Yo = Ytin. In spite of the fact that Yo Fei bared his
back and showed the eHatnctene gt ih ¥R [E Loyal to the last
imprinted thereon, both were committed to prison. They had not
been two months in confinement when Ch'in Kuei resolved to rid
himself of his enemy. He wrote out with his own hand an order

for the execution of Yo Fei, which was forthwith carried into

950 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

effect; whereupon he immediately reported that Yo Fei had died
in prison. This act has been attended by the undying execration
of historians and of the Chinese people, by whom the name of
Ch'in Kuei is now popularly used for a spittoon. Yo Fei was. a
filial son, and for three days after the death of his mother would
neither eat nor drink. He kept no concubines. To some one who
asked him when peace would prevail in the empire, he replied,
‘When civil officials are no longer greedy of money, and military
officials no longer fear death.” His soldiers were so well disciplined
that even if taken by surprise there was never the slightest panic.
Hence the saying: ‘Tis easy to move a mountain, but difficult to
move the soldiers of Yo Fei.” In 1162 the Emperor Hsiao Tsung
restored his honours, and gave proper burial to his remains. A

shrine was put up to his memory, and he was designated © ih FA

_ the Loyal Hero. In 1179 he was canonised as ne om

2502

2503

Yor 4 I - 8rd cent. B.C. An official of the Wei State, who
on being sent on a mission to the Yen State entered into the
service of the latter, and by organising a confederacy of several
other States, enabled the Yen State to inflict a crushing defeat
upon the Ch'‘i State. For this he was ennobled as Prince; but on
the death of the Prince of Yen, fearing the enmity of the late
Heir Apparent, he fled to the Chao State where he was also ennobled
as Prince and where he ultimately died.

Yo Kuang #% i (T. & iff). Died A.D. 304. A native of
v8 js Yii-yang, who was left an orphan at an early age. Patronised
by Wang Jung and Chia Ch‘ung he entered upon an official career,
and by 297 he had risen to be Governor pi Honan. He subsequently
became President of the Board of Civil Office and Lord High
Chamberlain, but died of mortification , in consequence of a slanderous
report concerning his daughter, a concubine of the Prince of Ch‘éng-tu.

A good scholar, he was remarkable for complete freedom from

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 05% .

superstition, being under the conviction that all strange phenomena
. were open to simple and natural explanations. On one occasion he
had a bow hanging up in the room where he was giving a banquet
to some friends. A guest, who saw the reflection of the bow in
his wine, thought he had swallowed a snake, and on his return
home became seriously ill. Yo Kuang invited him to come again
to the house, and showed him that his snake was an illusion caused
by the bow; whereupon he straightway recovered.

Yo Yang 4% oer Father of Yo I. When travelling as a student
he felt a longing to see his wife, and returned home. His wife
took a knife and approached the web at which she had been working,

and pointed out how. the cloth grew from single threads to inches,

and from inches to yards. ‘“‘And if you,” she added, “halt in the.

career of study which is to perfect you as a man, ‘tis the same
as if I were to cut the unfinished web from this loom.’”’ Thereupon
he went back to his studies and stayed away for seven. years, while
his wife supported her mother-in-law by spinning.

Yu Chan ti }ifj. 8rd cent. B.C. A dwarf and jester, who flourished
at the Courts of the First and Second Emperors.

Yu Chu. See Achakpa.

Yu Jo A # (7. -F # and FF A). Born about B.C. 520.
One of the disciples of Confucius. Upon the death of the Master,
his likeness to Confucius caused all the disciples, except Tséng Ts‘an,
to make him their chief. But shortly afterwards, being unable to
explain how it was that Confucius could predict the birth of five
sons to a certain childless old man, he was compelled to resign
the position. He was killed in battle during an invasion of his
native State of Lu by the forces of the Wu State about B.C. 450.
Under the T‘ang dynasty he was ennobled as “¥ AW], and under
the Sung dynasty as 7f> [2 44; and in A.D. 730 his tablet was
placed in the Confucian Temple.

2504

2505

2506

2507

2508

952 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Yu Mou Jt 3 (T. ME Z). Died A.D. 1190. A native of
Wu-hsi in modern Kiangsu. He graduated as chin shih in 1148,
and rose to be a Supervising Censor under the Emperor Kuang
Tsung. But cares of office were too much for him, and brought
on a disease of which he died. He was noted as the possessor of

one of the most extensive private libraries ever known in China.

Canonised as Bl fifj .
Yu Tung Az {iJ Gh. | ARS changed to iz mK and tn As )

A.D. 1618—1704. A native of Ch‘ang-chou in Kiangsu, who entered

upon an official career, but was soon cashiered for having caused

_a Bannerman to be bambooed. His plays attracted the attention of

2509

2910

the Emperor, who had them set to music for the Imperial troupe;
and in 1678 he was recalled and employed in the historical depart-
ment, Three years later he retired, and devoted himself to literature.
He was the author of miscellaneous writings, especially poems,
among which may be mentioned the Sp [Bl 77 AY Ga}, embodying
what was then known of foreign nations. He wrote under the nom
de guerre of & Jak, and was also popularly known as PW WY Je AR.
Yu Ch‘ang-ch‘éng 4% fe HR (T. Hal Jil). A native of Cheh-
kiang, who graduated in A.D. 1712. He was the compiler of the
i Bh , a collection of one hundred and twenty writers on the
arts; and also of the Ay 1& We Bl 46, a literary miscellany.

Yu Ch‘éng-lung -F kK FE (1. qk jt). A.D. 1617-1684. A
native of 7x ‘ga. Yung-ning in Shansi. After seven years as magistrate
at 4 YR Lo-ch‘éng in Kuangsi, ‘a pestilential spot which he
transformed by good government, bringing even the #%; Yao bar-
barians to live on friendly terms with the people, he was trans-
ferred in 1674 to Huang-chou in Hupeh. Hupeh was at this time
overrun by bands of rebels; and Yi found himself, with no troops

at hand, menaced from three different quarters at once. Enrolling

a few thousand volunteers he put himself on the offensive, and by

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 953

reckless bravery, aided by the devotion of his people, succeeded in
gaining a great victory. His reputation won over many of the
rebels, especially as he burnt without looking at it their list of
names which fell into his hands. In 1678 he. was appointed Judge
in Fuhkien, and induced the provincial authorities to pardon the
beaten followers of Kéng Ching-chung. In 1680 he became Governor,
and distinguished himself by ransoming women and children enslaved
by the Manchu soldiers during the conquest of Chehkiang. In 1681
he was appointed Viceroy of Chihli, and forthwith devoted all his

energies to improving the condition of the people. Rain fell in

answer to his prayers, and triple ears grew upon the stalks of |

grain. In 1682 he was appointed Viceroy at Nanking, where his
arrival soon put all the officials on their best behaviour. Indeed,
as he was known to go about in disguise, every strange greybeard
was treated with extra respect. He worked day and night, and
though extremely fond of wine, was almost a total abstainer. He
founded the ir {#5 College at Nanking. Accused by the Vice
President of the Censorate of being in his dotage and under the
influence of his servants, he was retained at his post by special
Decree, and in 1684 was appointed acting Viceroy of Kiangsu and

Anhui in addition to his own duties. On the Ist of June he passed

_ quietly away as he was sitting upright in his chair. He did not.

allow his family to live in his yamén, and the officials who took

an inventory of his effects found only a few cotton quilts and a

little rice and salt. In times of scarcity he lived on bran porridge,

which he shared with his subordinates; and.on one occasion he is
said to have punished his son for daring to buy him a fowl.
Canonised as ii it -

Yu Chi ji Hi. 8rd cent. B.C. Wife of the famous Hsiang Chi.
Seeing that her husband neglected his chances and ran great risks

for her sake, she committed suicide. Ever afterwards Hsiang Chi

2511

2512

2513

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954 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

carried about her skull with him, fixed to the saddle on which
he rode.

Yu Ch‘iien -F gt (T. FE ZB). A.D. 1898—1457. A native of
Ch‘ien-t‘ang in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih in 1421 and
rose to be President of the Board of War and Commander-in-chief
under the Emperor Tai Tsung of the Ming dynasty. He was the
only official who. kept his wits about him in the panic which. ensued
upon the capture of the Emperor Ying Tsung by the Mongols (see
Chu Ch‘i-chén), and he finally drove the enemy beyond the Great }
Wall. Satisfied with the existing state of affairs, he refused to
take active steps to recover the lost Emperor. Consequently, upon
the restoration of the latter, his enemies, headed by (aa AR A
Hsii Yu-chén, took occasion to impeach him and he was condemned
to die by the lingering process as a traitor. Subsequently canonised
as hil Fg -

Vii Chiien-lou jij #432 (T. -~ fA). 5th and 6th cent. A.D.
A native of Hsin-yeh in Honan, who was one of the 24 examples
of filial piety. Only ton days after his appointment to an official
post he threw it up in order to return home and tend his sick
father. His devotion was unbounded, and he used to turn nightly
towards the north and pray that he might be allowed to die in
his father’s stead. He subsequently rose to high rank in the public
service.

Yu Chih-ning -F xf ig (T. {th BS). A.D. 588—665. A native
of i [Be Kao-ling in Shensi, who was a magistrate in Shantuig
at the close of the Sui dynasty. Throwing up his appointment he
joined the standard of Li Yiian, and rose to high office under him
and his son the second Emperor of the T‘ang dynasty. The Heir
Apparent of the latter, having conceived a dislike to him in conse-
quence of his remonstrances, employed two assassins to take his

life; but the two ruffians, on beholding their wise and virtuous

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 955

victim peacefully sleeping in his humble abode, were unable to
execute their task. He fell into disfavour over the elevation of the
Empress Wu Hou (see Ch‘u Sui-liang), and was dismissed to the
provinces where he died. He was a member of the Imperial Hall
of Study (see Yu Shih-nan), and had a large share in the na section
of the History of the Sui Dynasty. Ennobled as Duke, and canonised
da if:

Yu Ch‘ing iss He . 3rd cent. B.C. The title of a politician at
the Court of Prince cm Ji Hsiao Ch'éng of the Chao State, who
for his services was invested with the fief of Yti. Author of a
political work entitled Jat FO $e AK.

Yu Ch'tt Wa [im . An astronomer under the Yellow Emperor,
B.C. 2698.

Yu Chiteh ¢& Fal (T. FE ND or FOND). AD. 1302-1357.
A native of pt a Wu-wei in Kansuh, who was left an orphan
and supported his mother by taking pupils. He graduated as chin
shih in 1333, and held office as a sub-Prefect and Compiler in the
Han-lin College. In 1853 he was placed in charge of An-ch‘ing,
which he defended against the various rebel hordes until 1357,
enclosing arable land within a strong rampart protected by a moat
filled from the river. In that year a combined assault at last overcame
his heroic defence, and when all was lost he committed suicide,
his. wife and children having thrown themselves into a well. The
rebels accorded his body a public funeral, and he was canonised as
Ah eg.

Yu Fan jk # (T. {rh $f). A.D. 164-238. A native of Yu-
yao in Chehkiang. He was serving under Wang Lang when Sun
Ts‘é was campaigning in Chehkiang and advised the former to
yield; but his advice was not listened to, and Wang Lang suffered
a severe defeat. Yii Fan escorted him to a place of safety, and

then returned and was re-instated in office by Sun Ts‘é. He continued

2515

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2517

2518

2519

2520

2521

2522

956 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

to serve under Sun Ch'iian, but offended him both by his over-
free remonstrances and by his drunken habits; and on one occasion,
when tipsy, he was so offensive that Sun Ch‘tian laid his hand on his
sword and but for the interposition of 2] J Liu Chi would have
slain him on the spot. About 223 he was banished to AE Chiao-
chou in modern Kuangtung, and there he remained until his death,
occupying himself chiefly with literary pursuits. Besides classical
commentaries, he wrote the +e -¥- ii ae Commandments of Lao -
Tzt%, and published an edition of the Canon of Filial Piety. |
Yu Hsiao-k‘o Zz ft A(T. fh ph and py ES). A man of
the people, who lived at the close of the 18th cent. A.D., and
devoted his life to study. His field of work. covered the Classics,
Buddhism, Taoism, and ancient records generally. At length his
sight failed, and he was compelled to pass a whole year in a dark
room. He visited Peking and became acquainted with the leading
scholars of the day. Later on, when he had altogether lost his sight,
he gained his living by oral teaching. He was a voluminous writer
on the Classics and on history.

Yu Hsin Ki fH (T. -F- [l). 6th cent. A.D. A native of Hsin-
yeh in Honan. Author of the 44 Rit Fit, much admired by Tu
Fu, who speaks of his poetry as “pure and fresh.” He held a high
military appointment as commander of cavalry.

Yu Hsiung aa fig . 13th cent. B.C. A philosopher who flourished
under Wén Wang, and is said to have written a work on government,
now known as pa +.

Yu Hsti KF (T. ini Died A.D. 186. A native of Wu-
ping in Honan, noted in youth for his devotion towards his grand-
mother. In 110 he distinguished himself by his spirited advice for
opposing the Tibetan tribes, who were then causing much trouble,
and ere long he became Magistrate at Fi] a Chao-ko. There he

dealt most successfully with the enemy, and was transferred to be

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 957

Governor of Wu-tu in Shensi. Being besieged in that city by an
overwhelming force, he adopted’ the following well-known stage
device. He caused his army to file out of the eastern gate and
return by the western gate, where they rapidly effected a change
of clothes, and continuing to pass out by the eastern gate produced
the effect of a large army. The. enemy drew off, and with the aid
of an ambush were subsequently defeated with great slaughter. He
afterwards rose to high office, but in 126 he got into trouble
with the eunuch Hf Wi Chang Fang, whose corrupt practices he
opposed; and at length he presented himself at Court in chains,
saying that he could no longer serve with such a colleague. The
latter went in tears to the Emperor, and Yi Hsti was dismissed,
‘but on the petition of friends he was shortly afterwards re-instated.
Yu Huang Shang Ti — @ ft if The chief member of the
Trinity of modern Taoism (see Lao Tzu and Lin Ling-su). He was
originally a magician, named Chang, who raced another magician,
named Liu, up to heaven, both mounted on dragons, and won.
Sometimes spoken of as HR ih -

Wut Ji ie (T. FH AF). Died A.D. 345. Brother to Yii Liang,
who employed him, though not an official, to lead a body of men
armed with stones against the rebel Su Chitin. Upon the defeat
which ensued, the two fled together. He subsequently rose to high
military command under the Emperor K‘ang Ti. He gained some
reputation as a calligraphist, although contemporary with the famous
Wang Hsi-chih, and was very angry because the latter’s style was
preferred to his own, declaring that the chicken was neglected for
the duck. Canonised as j3§. |

Yu Jang jf #8. 5th and 6th cent. B.C. A man of the Chin State,
in the service of Earl 4 Chih. When Viscount aE Hsiang of
the Chao State slew his master, and having lacquered his skull

used it as a goblet, Yii Jang vowed revenge. Changing his name,

2523

2524

2525

2526

958 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

he gained admission to the palace and made an attempt to assassinate
the Viscount, but was caught in the act. The Viscount generously
forgave him; whereupon he blackened himself until he was unrecog-
nisable even by his wife, swallowed charcoal to make himself vomit,
and disguised as a beggar again lay in wait for his victim in the
market-place. Again he was caught, and this time he implored the
Viscount to let him ease his conscience by at any rate passing his
sword through the Viscount’s coat. The latter assented. A coat was
handed to him, through which he ran his dagger; and then turning
the point upon himself, he put an end to his life.

Yu Liang fi 5% (T. 7U Hi). Died A.D. 340. A man of the
Chin dynasty, who rose to high office under the Emperor Yiian
Ti (see Niz Jui), and whose sister was married to the Heir Apparent,
afterwards the Hmperor Ming Ti. When the latter came to the
throne, and the rebellion of Wang Tun broke out, Yii Liang was
placed in command of a division of the Imperial. army, and aided
in restoring peace. He always showed great devotion to the Emperor's
person, and was associated with Wang Tao in the. government.
When under the next reign Su Chiin rebelled, he failed to lead
his army to victory, and was beaten before Nanking and forced to

flee from the field. The Emperor pardoned him, and appointed him

- Governor of Yii-chou; and before long he had succeeded, in con-

2527
2528

junction with T‘ao K‘an, in suppressing the insurrection of Bi EAN
Kuo Mo. Canonised as 40 ft.

Yu-lin Wang. See Hsiao Chao-yeh.

Yu Li 4 GH. Younger brother of Shu Yii (1).

Yu Shih-chi /& {i #E (T. jE fit). Died A.D. 618. Elder
brother of Yii Shih-nan. Possessed of great learning and ability,
and skilled in writing the i and “grass” scripts, he rose to high
office under the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty. Finding his

counsels disregarded by that monarch, and fearing to lose his life

A Chinese Biographical Bisons 959
like other advisers of unpleasant reforms, he turned flatterer and
concealed the impending ruin from his sovereign. He at once became
first favourite, and amassed vast sums by the sale of office, until
at length he perished with his master at the hands of Yti-wén
Hua-chi and his fellow-conspirators.

Yt Shih-nan /@ {i By (T. 44 fii). A-D. 558—638. A native
of Yii-yao in Chehkiang, who served under the Ch'én dynasty and
afterwards under the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty. His
sense of honour prevented him from obtaining the same share of
favour as his brother, Yi Shih-chi, with whom he had studied for
10 years under Ku Yeh-wang. Failing to save his brother’s life,
he was then forced to serve for a time under Tou Chien-té, and
ultimately joined the Emperor T‘ai Tsung, who was then Prince
of Ch'in, and became his-trusted adviser. He was appointed President
of the Imperial Hall of Study, a kind of Academy of the most

brilliant literati of the day, nomination to which was familiarly

spoken of as ‘‘joining the Immortals.” It is recorded that on one_

occasion, when desired by his Majesty to transcribe the text of the
BN Ae {8 Biographies of Eminent Women upon a screen, having
no copy of the work at hand, he wrote the whole off from memory
without a single mistake. On another occasion when the Emperor
was about to start on a tour of inspection, some official submitted
that it would be well to pack up the Imperial Library. “Oh no!”
cried his Majesty, ‘“Yti Shih-nan is my walking note-book!” The
Emperor was accustomed to declare that he possessed five surpassing
qualifications: virtuous conduct, loyalty and straightforwardness,
profound learning, a polished style, and an elegant handwriting.
Canonised as Bl Oe

Yu Ta-yu 4% 7 pik (T. dh if). Died A.D. 1573. A native
of Chin-chiang in Fuhkien, who in youth was fond of study but

more so of sword-exercise. His family was poor, and he began life

2529

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960 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

as a petty military official. In 1535 he ventured to address some

2531

2532

. 2533

remarks on piracy to his commanding officer, who caused him to
be bambooed and deprived of his post. In 1542, through the influence
of + AW iii Mao Po-wén, he managed to obtain another post,
and soon distinguished himself by his bravery in numerous engage-
ments with pirates. In 1552, and for many years afterwards, his
hands were fully occupied with the raids of the Japanese upon the
coast of Chehkiang. Sometimes he would win a brilliant victory
and be loaded with honours. Anon he would suffer a repulse, and
all his honours would be taken from him. He seems to have achieved
his greatest successes about 1561, by means of a 484 ie FA single-
wheel chariot, an engine of some kind which destroyed the enemy
wholesale. He died at his post, and was canonised as pt HE.

Yu Ting-kuo -F 7 fb (T. # {7} ). 1st cent. B.C. A native.
of Tung-hai in Kiangsu, who studied law under his father and
rose to high magisterial office. He distinguished himself by his great
leniency, always giving the benefit of the doubt, and by the minute
care with which he investigated each case. In B.C. 51 he became
Minister of State, and in 48 was ennobled as Marquis. National
calamities ensued, and in 43 the crops failed; whereupon, fearing
impeachment, he resigned his office and his Marquisate and retired

into private life, dying a few years later at an advanced age.

Canonised as Xe.

Yu Tung i He (T. fe 4): 4th cent. A.D. Nephew to Yi
Liang, and a military official under the Chin dynasty. Having lost
his son, he dreamt that he was dividing a pear with somebody.
He interpreted this to mean separation (division) from his son;
but a friend explained that you must divide a pear to find the -¥-
seeds (or son), and shortly afterwards he recovered the missing lad.
Yu-wén Chiio + 30 #}. A.D. 542—557. Third son of Yi-
wén T'ai, and first Emperor of the Northern Chou dynasty (see

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 964

Yiian Pao-chii). He was soon removed by the Regent Vii-wén Hu,
and Yii-wén Yi was put in his place. Canonised as 2 Pa if -
Yi-wén Hu “7 3 HE (1. PE Ph). AD. 514-567. Nephew
of Yii-wén T‘ai, whom he served faithfully for some years and by
~ whom he was in 557 appointed Regent and guardian of his young
sons. After putting two of the latter to death (see Yd-wén Chiio
and Yu-wén Yu), he established Yti-wén. Yung as third Emperor
of the Northern Chou dynasty. All power fell into his hands, and
he had a way of giving his decision first and hearing the arguments
afterwards. His sons were greedy, and indulged in all kinds of
peculation. His house was more closely guarded than even the
palace itself. At length, his yoke becoming intolerable, the young
Emperor summoned him, and asked him to reprove the Empress
Dowager for her habits of drinking, producing at the same time
some wine as proof of her delinquencies. This Yti-wén Hu at once
proceeded to do; and while he was occupied in lecturing her Majesty,
the Emperor suddenly hit him a heavy blow from behind with a
jade sceptre and felled him to the ground. His body was carried
out and decapitated , and his sons were put to death.

Yi-wén Hua-chi 4 3¢ {4 BK. Died A.D. 618. A worthless
favourite of the Emperor Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty, who plotted

against his master and caused him to be assassinated in 618,

. together with many Ministers and members of the Imperial family. |

He then set out from Yang-chou for Shansi, the native province
of the soldiers of the Bodyguard, taking with him much treasure,
and many women. His men soon wearied of the long land journey;
but he crushed their incipient mutiny, and though pursuéd and
several times defeated by Li Mi, succeeded in reaching the district
of Wei in modern Chihli with 20,000 men. Here he set himself
up as Emperor of #f Hsii, and stood a siege by the troops of

the new T'ang dynasty. A robber chief, covetous of his vast
61

2534.

2535

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962 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

treasures, betrayed the city to Tou Chien-té, and he was captured
and executed with his two sons.

Yu-wén Mou-chao + Bl 7 Hg 13th cent. A.D. A Tartar,
who. according to the preface of the K > RA History of the
Chin Tartars was the author of that work, which he presented to
the Throne in 1234, having joined the Southern Sungs and obtained
an official post. Judging from internal evidence, it is more probable

that the book is really from the hand of Yeh Lung-li.

25387 Yu-wén Tai 4 4¢ Ae (T. BA Fifi). AD. 506—557. A native

2538

of pet JI] Wu-ch‘uan in Shansi, and descendant of the chieftain
of a Turkic tribe who called himself Yii-wén (explained as RK Hf )
Sovereign by Divine Right; hence the surname. He rose to high
office under the Emperor Hsiao Wu of the Northern Wei dynasty
(see Ydan Hsiu), upon whose death he founded the Western Wei
dynasty (see Yiian Pao-chii), followed by the Northern Chou dynasty,
of which his own son Yti-wén Chtio was first Emperor. Canonised
as Kk il 3 |

Yi-wén Yu 4 3¢ fff. Died A.D. 560. Eldest half-brother to

Yii-wén Chiio, whom he succeeded in 557 as second Emperor of

the Northern Chou dynasty. After a brief reign he fell a victim

to the fears of the Regent Yti-wén Hu, who inserted poison in his

food; and another brother, Yii-wén Yung, took his place. Canonised

as HHL $2 WY Sa

2539 Yu-wén Yung 4 3¢ fi. A.D. 542-578. Brother to Yii-wén

Yii, whom he succeeded in 560 as third Emperor of the Northern
Chou dynasty. He concealed his intentions until 567, when he slew
the Regent Yii-wén Hu, who had killed his two brothers and
predecessors, and assumed the reins of government. In 574 he
suppressed both Buddhism and Taoism. In 577 he annexed the
Northern Ch‘i State (see Kao Chan), and extended his empire from

Shensi eastward to the sea, and southward to the Yang-tsze. He

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 963
was succeeded by his son, known in history as ‘Ey it who after
about a year of cruelty and debauchery abdicated in favour of his
own son; and the latter, known in history as inf ip resigned
the throne in 581 to Yang Chien, founder of the Sui dynasty.
Yii-wén Yung was canonised as ay WH ok P-

Yu Yin-wén [fe 7 2c (T. PY Fy). AD. 1110—1174. A

2540

native of {= = Jen-shou in Ssiich‘uan, who graduated as chin |

shih in 1153 and entered the public service. As long as Ch‘in Kuei
was alive no Ssiich‘uan man had much chance of advancement,
but after his death Yii received a post in the Imperial Library,
from which he was transferred to the Board of Rites. There he
warned the Emperor that the Chin® Tartars were about to violate
their treaty, and recommended a general council to concert measures
of defence. In 1160 he took the field and inflicted a severe defeat
upon the enemy at Ts‘ai-shih in Anhui, after which he managed
to hold them in check until, under the Emperor Hsiao Tsung,
his advice was set aside and a new policy adopted. He became
President of the Board of War, and finally Viceroy of Sstich‘uan.
Ennobled as Duke, and canonised as ih Fg -

Vuian An 3% 4 (T. A A). Died A.D. 92. A native of Ju-
yang in Honan. In A.D. 71 he became Governor of 4 #} Ch‘u-
chiin, and signalised his entry into office by releasing some four
hundred innocent persons who had been imprisoned the year before
on account of the treason of i=h Mo, Prince of Ch‘u. From 72
to 83 he was Governor of Honan; and in 85, as Governor of TH
a Wu-wei in Kansuh, he succeeded in keeping at peace with
the aboriginal tribes. Rising to high office he led the opposition
against Tou Hsien, brother to the Empress, but his wise counsels
were set aside for those of the eunuch Chéng Chung.

‘Yuan Chan [yc §& (T. =F Ff ). 8rd and 4th cent. A.D. A great-

nephew of Yiian Chi. He was exceedingly pure and simple-minded,

2541

254-2

2543

2544

964. A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

and found his chief pleasure in playing the guitar. About the year
310 he was secretary in the establishment of the Heir Apparent.
He held the belief that there are no such things as bogies, and
was one day arguing the point rather warmly with a stranger, when
the latter jumped up in a rage and cried out “I am a bogy myself!”
The stranger then assumed a hideous shape, and finally vanished.
Ytian Chan was greatly upset by this, and died within the year.
Yuan Chén 7p fa (T. 7 Z). A.D. 779-831. A native of
Ho-nan Fu, who was able to compose at nine years of age, and
at fifteen was already holding an official post. In 806 he came
out first at a public competition, and received the post of Super-
vising Censor. After some ups and downs, including dismissal to
a petty post for having come to blows with a personal enemy, he
was appointed secretary in the Imperial Banqueting Court. His
beautiful poetry had gained him the friendship of Po. Chii-i and
other influential persons who interested themselves in his behalf. It
was known as the 7 Fil ae Yiian Ho style, Ytian Ho being
the year-title from 806 to 821; and under the Emperor Mu Tsung
the ladies of fhe Imperial seraglio were never weary of repeating
the poems which had gained for their writer the distinction of a
special school. Yiian Chén rose to the highest offices of State, dying,
at the close of a career chequered by failure and disgrace, as Governor
of Wu-ch‘ang in Hupeh. Among other works he was author of the
¢r i. 40, a story which furnished the groundwork of the py .
ya AB.

Yuan Chi [jp 4% (T. fia) Go). A.D. 210—263. A native of fit
Fe Yi-shih in Honan. His youth was a strange mixture of wild-
ness and hard study. Sometimes he would wander away on the
hills and forget to return, and at length come back crying bitterly;
at other times he would shut himself up with his books and see

no one for months. The age was unsuited for steadiness and

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 965

perseverance, and accordingly he gave himself up to drinking and
revelry. He rose to high military office under the Emperor Wén
Ti of the Wei dynasty, and then exchanged his post for one where
he had heard there was a better cook! He was a model of filial
piety, and when his mother died he wept so violently that he
brought up several pints of blood. Yet when KE x Chi Hsi went
to condole with him, he showed only the whites of his eyes (¢. ¢.
paid no attention to him); while Chi Hsi’s brother, who carried
along with him a jar of wine and a guitar, was welcomed with
the pupils. A neighbouring tavern-keeper had a pretty wife, and
Yiian Chi would go there and drink until he fell down insensible
on the floor. He was a skilled poet, though much of his work was
_ too hastily done. He is specially known for his ak ee 3S, a
poem dealing with the calamities of his day. He also wrote the
vie AE K A, ®j. a work composed after an interview with the
hermit $f SF Sun Téng. He was a fine musician, and made the
best a chéng (a kind of harpsichord), his instruments being the

“Strads” of China. He was one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo ©

Grove (see Hsiang Hsiu).

Yiian Chuang. See Hstian Tsang.

Yuan Fu fp (T. #6 4B). AD. 278-326. Son of Yiian
Hsien. He was “very poor as a youth, but always kept a single
cash in his purse to guard against being wholly put to shame as
a pauper. His mother was a Turkic woman, and he himself began
life as a cavalry-soldier. Twice he was ieepeatied for drunkenness,
and twice the Emperor Yiian Ti pardoned him. He rose to be
President of the Board of Civil Office, and was ennobled as Marquis.
In 826 he thought it advisable to leave the capital, anticipating
trouble from the family of the Empress Dowager, then in power.
He was appointed to high military command in the provinces, but
died on the way thither.

2545 —

2546

2547

2548

966 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Yuan Hsieh ¥a J (T. Fn AX. H. PA PR). ? A.D. 1150—1220.
A native of the Yin District in Chehkiang. As a child he was
quiet and sedate, and would gaze all day into a basin of water
placed near him by his wet-nurse. At night he would lie awake
for hours. He graduated as. chin shih, and entered upon an official
career as Magistrate at 7T. [& Chiang-yin in Kiangsu. He ultimately
rose to be Vice President of the Board of Rites; but got into
trouble by opposing the’ peace-policy of Shih Mi-yiian, and retired
into private life. He was the author of the 6 -as AK RE BE 3,
an exegetical work on the Odes, and of a-collection of miscellaneous
writings. He was canonised as jF ie and in 1868 his tablet was
placed in the Confucian Temple. |

Yuan Hsien JR Se (T. -— FA). Born B.C. 516. A native of
the Sung State, and one of the disciples of Confucius, under whom
he held office in the Lu State. Upon the death of the Master he
went into retirement and lived like a hermit, amusing himself with

study and playing upon the guitar. On one occasion his former

‘colleague, Tuan-mu Tz‘t, came with.a chariot and four horses to

call. Yiian Hsien went to receive him, wearing -a mulberry-bark
hat, leaning on a thorn staff, out at elbow, and in an old pair
of shoes; so that Tuan-mu cried out, ‘‘What is the matter? Are
you ill?” “To have no money is to be poor,” replied Yiian; ‘‘to
learn what is right and not to do it, that is to be ill. I am poor,
not ill.” Whereupon Tuan-mu retired in confusion.

Yuan Hsien [ft ay (T. fit A). Brd cent. A.D. Nephew of
Ytian Chi, and also one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
(see Hsiang Hsiu). In his youth he was a wild harum-scarum fellow,
nobody knowing what would be his next escapade. He and his
uncle, both poverty-stricken, lived on one side of the road, while
a wealthier branch of the family lived on the other side. On the
7th of the 7th moon the latter put out all their grand fur robes

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 967

and fine clothes to air, as is customary on that day; whereupon
Ytian Hsien on his side forked up a pair of the short breeches,
called calf-nose drawers, worn by the common coolies, explaining
to a friend that he was a victim to the tyranny of custom. He
was a fine performer on the guitar, and understood the theory of
music. He found fault with Hsiin Hsii’s arrangement of the octave,
declaring that the intervals were incorrect; for which Hstin Hsti
avenged himself by getting Yiian Hsien sent away as Governor of
We 2p. Shih-p‘ing in Shensi. The discovery shortly afterwards of
the measurements of the Chou dynasty showed that Yiian Hsien
was right, the length of each of Hsiin Hsii’s pitch-pipes being out
by a millet-grain.

Ytan Hsiu j7U Ay - Died A.D. 584. A grandson of Ytian Tzi-yu,
set upon the throne in 532 as tenth Emperor of the Northern Wei
dynasty by Kao Huan,- who had vanquished the Ba AR Be Erh
Chu-jung party and had poisoned their puppet sovereign. In 534

Yii-wén T‘ai, Governor of Yung-chou in modern Shensi, persuaded

2549

the Emperor to move to Ch‘ang-an; whereupon Kao Huan rebelled, .

and established the Eastern Wei dynasty. Yiian Hsiu was soon
poisoned by Yii-wén T‘ai, who then set up Yiian Pao-chii as first
sovereign of the Western Wei dynasty. Canonised as Ee TA ifr -
Ytian Hung 5 FAI AU B Fy). 2nd cent. A.D. A recluse,
who in his youth had practised mortification of the body, and on
his father’s death nearly killed himself by the hardships he under-

2550

went alongside of the grave. He firmly declined to take office, and —

in 166, when “associations of friends” began to give trouble to
the government, he shut himself up in a mud hut where he remained
without seeing any one for 18 years. His sons used to come and
bow to him through the closed door.

Yiian Hung #% 42 (7. EB 4f}). AD. 328-376. A scholar
and official under the Chin dynasty. He was left an orphan in

2551

2552

2553

968 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

straitened circumstances, and had to support himself in a humble
capacity. His literary abilities however soon attracted attention, and
he. was placed upon the establishment of Huan Wén. There he
nearly involved himself in serious trouble by alluding in his poetry
to the policy and acts of his patron in terms which sayoured of
censure. Tao K‘an too fell under his lash, for which he was called
to account by the latter’s son. Hsieh An was warmly attached to
him, and a great admirer of his genius. He rose to be Vice
President of the Board of Rites and Governor of Tung-yang in
Chehkiang, and was regarded as one of the foremost men of
letters of the day. Author of the 8 pan A ails of the Hastern
Han Dynasty. He is sometimes called Yiian Je Hu, the latter
word having apparently been his “style” in youth.

Yuan Hung-yen 7p ¥ #i£. Died A.D. 499. Son of Toba Hung,
whom he succeeded in 471 as sixth Emperor of the Northern Wei
dynasty. He changed his family name to Ytian, tried to introduce
the Chinese language and dress, forbade marriage between persons
of the same surname, reformed the systems of land-tenure and civil
administration, and removed the capital from 2P PR Pting-ch‘éng
in Shansi to Lo-yang in-Honan. A man of learning and an ardent
Confucianist, he ennobled the Sage in 495 as 5 HE AL. He died |
of mortification after a crushing defeat by the Southern Ch‘i dynasty
(see Hsiao Tao-ch'éng), leaving instructions for the Empress to
kill herself. Canonised as (=a mie. Hy Bl ir.

Yuan I 7p yf. Died A.D. 528. Son of Yiian K‘o, whom he
succeeded in 515 as eighth Emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty.
His mother acted as Regent for the youthful monarch until 520,
when a paramour of hers was slain and she herself was imprisoned
by the Chamberlain 7G “{ Ytian I. Meanwhile the people were
discontented with the imposition of a poll-tax of one cash on every |

person going to market, and territory was slipping away. In 525

“A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 969

the Empress came back to power; and three years later, finding
that her son was growing impatient under restraint, she caused

him to be poisoned, and set up $l Chao, the three-year-old Prince

of fi Yk Lin-t‘ao, together with whom she was shortly afterwards |

- drowned. Canonised as Fa = HE Hy] if.
Yiian K‘o 7U %. Died A.D. 515. Son of Yiian Hung-yen,

whom he succeeded in 499 as seventh Emperor of the Northern
Wei dynasty. He was a mere youth when he came to the throne,
and left all power to favourites, especially to his father-in-law ‘=A I
Kao Chao, who abused his confidence. Famines and floods marked
his reign, notwithstanding which his military operations were
successful and learning flourished. He patronised Buddhism, and
there were no less than 13,000 temples within. the boundaries of
his empire. Canonised as {H- = a if -

Yiian Ku iis [G]. 2nd and 8rd cent. B.C. A native of modern
Shantung, whose edition of the Odes, now lost, brought him to the
notice of the Emperor Ching Ti. The Empress Dowager was very
fond of the alleged writings of Lao Tzti, and consulted him on the
subject. “How can your Majesty like such stuff as that?” cried
Yiian Ku; whereupon the Empress Dowager was extremely angry,
and ordered him to be put into a sty and lashed to a pig. The
Emperor disapproved and secretly supplied Yiian Ku with a knife
with which he struck the pig to the heart, to the great conster-
nation of the Empress Dowager. He was subsequently raised to an
honourable post, and lived to over 90 years of age. |
Yuan Kung #7 HE (T. @ FE. H. Py HE). AD. 1335-1410.
‘A famous physiognomist, whose work on the science, jill AH 4>
aie is still widely read. See Liw Chuang. :

Yuan Mei 3 4K (T. F A. A. ffi Wi). A.D. 1715—1797.
A native of Ch‘ien-t‘ang in Chehkiang, who at the age of nine

was inspired with a great love for poetry and soon became an

2554

2555

2556

2557

2558

| 2559

970 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary |

adept at the art. Graduating in 1739, he was shortly afterwards
sent to Kiangnan, and presently became magistrate at Nanking,
where he greatly distinguished himself by the vigour and justice
of his administration. A serious illness kept him for some time
unemployed; and when on recovery he was sent into Shansi, he
managed to quarrel with the Viceroy. At the early age of 40 he
retired from the official arena and led a life of lettered ease in his
beautiful garden at Nanking, from which he obtained the sobriquet
of bs Ke HE. His poems are still much read and admired. His
letters, which have been published under the title of Ay 4 FF:

are extremely witty and amusing and are also models of style. He

composed a famous cookery-book, known as bes al B FA, which
amply entitles him to be regarded as the Brillat-Savarin of China.
Yuan Ming-shan 7c WH 2 (T. 7H FJ). Died A.D. 1821. A
native of Ch‘ing-ho in Chihli, descended from the old Toba family. Of
exceptional precocity as a child, he distinguished himself both with
his sword and pen, and rose to be a Doctor in the Han-lin College
and President of the Board of Rites. He was employed upon the
biographies of several of the Emperors, and was also known as a
writer of essays. Canonised as Bl FR.

Yuan Pao-chit 7p ## 4H. Died A.D. 551. A grandson of Yiian
Hung-yen. He was set up by Yti-wén T‘ai in 585 as first Emperor
of the Western Wei dynasty (see Yuan Hsiu), and remained a
mere puppet in the hands of his Minister, who really tried to rule

the country well. He was succeeded by his son, known in history

as ks ih or ip ER, but the latter was deposed after a brief

reign by Yii-wén T‘ai, who in 558 set up Bp Kuo, Prince of
Ch'i, known in history as Zt ff. The latter resumed the sur-
name of Toba. In 557 he abdicated in favour of Yii-wén Chiio,
son of Yii-wén T‘ai, founder of the Northern Chou dynasty. Yiian
Pao-chii was canonised as 4 if -

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 971

Yiian Shan-chien 7; 4 Fl. A.D. 524—551. A grandson of 2560

Yiian Hung-yen, set up by Kao Huan as Emperor of the Hastern
Wei dynasty after the flight of Ytian Hsiu. He married a daughter
of the Imperial House of Liang, and fixed his capital at the modern
K‘ai-féng Fu in Honan. He remained a mere puppet in the hands
of Kao Huan until the latter’s’ death in 547, and then fell under
the dominion of Kao Huan’s son, ie] Ye Kao Ch‘éng, who was
assassinated in 549. In 550 he abdicated in favour of another of
Kao Huan’s sons, Kao Yang, who founded the Northern Ch'‘i dynasty.
~Canonised as BP if.

Ytian Shao ¥5 44 (T. AN #1). Died A.D. 202. A native of
Ju-yang in Honan, of good family and a fine handsome fellow
with a great capacity for making friends. In his youth he was very
intimate with Ts‘ao P‘ei, the son of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao who ultimately
succeeded to his father’s power and is known under the title of Wén
Ti. He was appointed by Ho Chin to a military command, and in
190 engaged in the unsuccessful plot against the eunuchs, in which
Ho Chin lost his life. After this he retired to ia Chi-chou, and
was elected President of the League against Tung Cho. Peace was
however made between them, and Ytian was appointed Governor
of 3] fj. Po-hai in Shantung. There he called himself General,
and in A.D. 200, after a period of doubtful friendship, openly
declared himself against T's‘ao Ts‘ao. In the Aatiigelé which ensued
Ts‘ao T's‘ao easily vanquished, and sometimes captured, the lieu-
tenants sent against him; until-at length Yiian Shao, almost at the
end of his resources, was taken ill and died. He had entertained
the most ambitious designs, to further which he sent his sons to
various posts; but his indecision prevented any scheme from pros-
pering. He is said to have been calm and dignified, but suspicious
and revengeful. His last years were further embittered by the quarrels

of his three sons, due to an unwise attempt to set aside the elder

2561

2562

972 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

in favour of the second. The family was finally exterminated by

Ts‘ao Ts‘ao. See Chang Jang.

Yuan Shih-k‘ai ee Tit BL (T. Fret zs). From A.D. 1884 until
1893 Chinese Resident at Sdul, where he gained some distinction
by his energetic action during the disturbances which occurred. He
was then placed at the head of the -Tientsin foreign-drilled force, and
in 1894 was appointed Chief of the Military Secretariat in Manchuria.

After the war with Japan, he lived in retirement in Honan until

- 1895, when he was again sent to Tientsin and appointed Civil Com-

2563

mandant of the forces organised under German drill-instructors.
Yutan Shu Fe ig (T. ZL #%). Died A.D. 199. Younger brother
of Ytian Shao. In his youth he gained a reputation by his bold
spirit, and after graduating as hsiao lien was appointed to high
military command by Tung Cho. Fearing however for his life he
fled and was joined by Sun Chien, who had just slain the Governor
of Nan-yang; and through the influence of Liu Piao he. was
appointed to this post. Then began a ‘series of political intrigues
with his brother, which ended in a rupture between them. Mean-
while his administration went from bad to worse. Robbery and
corruption prevailed, and the people suffered severely. In 197 he
threw off his allegiance, and dispatched an envoy to Lti Pu asking
for the latter’s daughter in marriage for his-son. Lti Pu seized the
envoy, whereupon Yitan Shu sent troops to chastise him. At this,
Ts‘ao Ts‘ao took the field against him, and Yitian Shu found him-
self unable to resist. He abdicated in favour of his brother Shao,
and attempted to flee northwards, but he was intercepted by Liu
Pei acting under Ts‘ao Ts‘ao’s orders. Flinging himself upon a
couch, he cried out in despair, ‘Have I come to this pass?” and
forthwith broke a blood-vessel and ‘died. |

2564 Yiian Shu yo 9x (T. [fb YR). AD. 408-453. A native of

iB B Yang-hsia in Honan, who held various important offices

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 973
and whose Memorials on public affairs attracted much attention.
His undoubted ability was marred by a fondness for boasting. He
was slain by the Heir Apparent, for whom he acted as Master of
the Horse, while vainly trying to keep him from assassinating the
Emperor Wén Ti. Canonised as pid nae

rere)

Yuan Tan jt if (T. 47 ip ). 7th and 8th cent. A.D. A native

2565

of ‘Er [lf Ch‘ang-shan in Chehkiang, who graduated as chin shih .

and distinguished himself by his scholarship, attracting the notice
of Ti Jen-chieh. For his BH wi Annals of the House of Toba he
received the offer of a provincial Governorship, but excused himself
‘on the ground that he was a mere student. His disinclination for
legal studies also prevented him from accepting a post in the Grand
Court of Revision. He accordingly became tutor to the Heir Apparent
and was ennobled as Duke. He assisted the Emperor Ming Huang
in editing the Classic of Filial Piety and aided in preparing the
dynastic annals, dying at the age of 77. He is better known by
his style, as Ytian Hsing-ch‘ung.

Yuan Té-hsiu 7p fi 7 (T. AH 3). Died A.D. 754. A native
of Honan, whose father died when he was a child. Devoted to his
mother he would not leave her even to compete for his degree, but
carried her with him to the capital on his back. He refused to
marry while his mother was alive; and when his brother’s wife died
and there were no funds to provide a wet-nurse for her baby boy,
he took the child and suckled it himself until it was able to swallow
artificial food. After graduating as chin shih and filling some minor
‘posts, he became magistrate at B iy ‘Lu-shan in Honan. He
was much loved by the people for his simple habits. He had no
walls around his property, and used no bolts nor keys. In a time
of famine, he would go whole days without eating, solacing himself
by playing on his lute. At his death he left nothing behind him

but his wooden pillow, his sandals, a bamboo basket, and a gourd.

2566

2567

974 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

“Merely to gaze upon his countenance,” said Jy ff Fang Kuan,
‘is enough to put an end to all longings for wealth and fame.”
He was canonised by his friends as 4¢ 77 Jt AE.

Ytian Ti. See (Han) Liu Shih; (Wei) Ts‘ao Huan; (Chin)
Niu Jui; (Liang) Hsiao I.

Yiian T‘ien-kang ¥¢ SE fj. Died A.D. 627. A native of
Ch‘éng-tu in Sstich‘uan, who was employed under the Sui dynasty
in the Salt Department. After the establishment of the T'ang
dynasty. he found his way to Lo-yang, and attracted much attention
by his powers as a physiognomist and prophet. In 627 he was:
summoned to Court, and is said to have seen the mother of the
future Empress Wu Hou and to have predicted for her a remarkable
child. A nurse then brought in a baby which she said was a boy.
“Ah!” cried Yiian, “this child has the eyes of a dragon and the
neck of a phcenix. If it was a girl, she would mount the Imperial
throne.” It was the future Empress Wu Hou herself. He was then
asked to take office, but declined on the plea that his span of life

_ would soon be over. To him, in conjunction with AS ve. Jal Li

Shun-féng the Grand Astrologer, is attributed the popular and
spurious work on prophecy, known as +f co lal - He is said to
have drawn the pictures while Li provided the letterpress, neither
seeing the work of the other. His son Ytian Ze bil K‘o-shih

. inherited his skill. When the Emperor placed a rat in a box and

2568

bade his magicians guess what was inside, all said it was a rat.
‘Say rather rats,” cried he; “for though one went in, four will
come out.” On opening the box it was found that the original rat
had given birth to three little ones.

Yuan Tsai 7p Hf (T. AQ iff). Died A.D. 777. A native of
Hv jl] Ch‘i-shan in Shensi. His surname was originally Er Ching;
it was changed by his father to that of a favourite concubine of
the Prince of i Ts‘ao. Left an orphan he devoted himself to

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 975

study; and when in 742 the candidates at the public examination
were tested in their knowledge of Taoist: philosophers, he came out
high in the list and entered upon a public career. He was advanced
in office by OS 5 Miao Chin-ch‘ing, chiefly on account of
his intimate acquaintance with the philosophy of Lao Tzti and
Chuang Tzt. This gave great offence to Li K‘uei, who said
contemptuously that Yiian had the head of a civet and the
eyes of a rat. He ultimately got mixed up in political intrigues,
and was compelled to commit suicide; but in 784 his rank was
restored, and he was canonised as WX - He is said to have possessed
a curious purple curtain, made of some silken material obtained
by divers from the south seas. Any one inside the curtain felt quite
warm in winter and quite cool in summer. |

Yuan Tzi-yu 7p -}- ae Died A.D. 530. A grandson of Toba

Hung, set upon the throne in 528 as ninth Emperor of the Northern

g)
Wei dynasty by the Tartar Be Ke Be Erh Chu-jung in opposition
to the nominee of the Empress Dowager (see Yiian J). He married
the daughter of Erh Chu-jung, she having been a concubine of his
predecessor, and after a brief and troubled reign was strangled by
his wife’s eae who vainly tried to establish a successor. Canonised
as EAE.

Yuan Wéng-chung 7 B A 8rd cent. B.C. A famous warrior
under the “First Emperor.” At his death, a statue of him was
erected beside his grave; hence stone statues at graves have been
called Wéng-chung.

Yiian Yang 3¢ #& (T. #K). Died B.C. 148. A native of the
Ch‘u State, whose father had been a bandit. He attracted the notice
of the Emperor Wén Ti of the Han dynasty, and was soon admitted
to terms of great familiarity. His remonstrances however made
permanent residence at Court impossible for him, and he was sent

to be Minister to the feudal Prince of Wu. His opposition to Ch‘ao

2569

2570

2571

2572

25

3

976 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

Ts'o caused him to be much hated by the latter; and when the
Emperor Ching Ti came to the throne, and Ch‘ao Ts‘o was appointed
Censor, he caused Yiian Yang to be accused of receiving bribes
from the Prince of Wu. Yiian Yang was cashiered; but upon the
revolt of the feudal States, which took place in 155, he obtained

an audience of the Emperor and declared that the whole blame

rested with Ch‘ao Ts‘o and that if he was beheaded the soldiers of
Wu would lay down their arms. As soon as Ch‘ao Ts‘o had been
put to death he returned to Wu, but declining to accede to the
wishes of the Prince he found his own life in danger and fled.
Later on he incurred the enmity of the Prince of Liang, who wished
to be nominated heir to the throne, and perished by the hand of

an assassin. : )
Yuan Yu [cE (T. 7U Hy). Died A.D. 212. A native of Ch'én-
liu in Honan, who studied under Ts‘ai Yung and subsequently
filled high office under Ts‘ao T's‘ao, most of whose public documents
were drafted by him. He was also widely known as a poet, and
is classed among the seven scholars of the Chien-an period (see
Hsii Kan).

Yuan Vian [jt 7G (T. 44 5c. H. SE BB). AD. 1764—1849.
An official of high distinction, and a generous and enlightened
patron of literature. He graduated as chin shih in 1789, and took
a high place in the Han-lin competition. The Emperor Ch‘ien Lung
was so struck with. his talents that he exclaimed, ‘‘Who would
have thought that after passing my 80th year I should find another
such man as this one?” He then held many high offices in succession,
including the post of Governor of Chehkiang, in which he operated
vigorously against the Annamese pirates and Tss‘ai Ch‘ien, established

the tithing system, colleges, schools, soup-kitchens, etc., besides

‘devoting himself to the preservation of ancient monuments. In 1807,

after a period of mourning, he returned to Chehkiang and by great

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 977

exertions quelled the pirates who had been successful at Foochow
and in Formosa. In 1809 he was degraded to the mere rank of
Han-lin scholar because he failed to detect abuses on the part of the
Literary Chancellor. In 1812 he was appointed Director General of the
Grain-Transport, and in this capacity he suppressed an attempt
at revolt headed by one ys =E {Hi Chu Mao-li, who falsely gave
himself out as a descendant of the Ming Emperors. In 1814 he |
became Governor of Kiangsi, and there managed to cope successfully
with the dreaded secret association known as the Heaven and Harth
Society. In 1816 he was promoted to be Viceroy of the Two Kuang,
and carried out many important schemes. He built the forts at the
Macao Passage and at Tiger Island, and fortified the approaches to
the West River, besides rebuilding several of the gate-towers of
Canton. He was also much occupied with questions relating to
foreign trade. He drew attention to the wily and treacherous character
of the English, proposed stringent measures against the use of
opium, and recommended that a tight hand should be kept over
the Hong-merchants and the Barbarian merchants alike. A case of
homicide having occurred on board the foreign ships at Whampoa,
he insisted that the Hong-merchants should produce the guilty
person, which. led to the merchant responsible cutting his throat
in despair. In 1822 the English man-of-war which acted as convoy
to trading-ships ae the death of two Chinese. Yiian called upon
the “head soldier” to deliver up the culprits, which only resulted
in the general suspension of trade. Protests ensued on the part of
native merchants; and these, coupled with loss of revenue, finally
induced Ytian to accede to the prayer of the “head soldier’ to be
allowed to re-open communications. In 1827 he became Governor
General of Yiinnan, and distinguished himself in his dealings with
the frontier tribes. In 1838 he retired , and in 1846 he celebrated

the 60th anniversary of his chi jen degree. He was a voluminous
62

2574

2575

2576

2077

978 A Chinese Biographical Dictionary

writer on the Classics, astronomy, archeology, etc., and various
important collections were produced under his patronage. Among
these may be mentioned the OE oe containing upwards
of 180 separate works, and the fies de {iii , a biographical dictionary
of famous mathematician’ of all ages, including Euclid, Newton,

and Ricci the Jesuit Father. He also published a Topography of

. Kuangtung, specimens of the compositions of more than 5000 poets —

‘of Kiangsi, a list of some 60 works omitted from the Catalogue of

the Imperial Library (see Ch'ien Lung), and a large collection of
inscriptions on bells and vases, entitled Ai ns 7k Sa il FA oe
FR Ay. Canonised as 4 334.

Yueh ff or Fu Yuéh {aE FA. 14th cent. B.C. A sage of antiquity,
who was so poor that when the roads had been destroyed by a flood
and a gang of convicts was set to repair them, he actually hired |
himself out to work in their stead so as to earn his daily food.
His existence was revealed in a dream to the Emperor TH y
Wu Ting of the Yin dynasty, and that monarch circulated a portrait
of him throughout the empire. He was ultimately discovered among
the convicts, and raised to the post of Prime Minister.

Yun Hua Fu-jen ae fe FE K.. A daughter of Hsi Wang Mu.
She is said to haunt the peaks of the Wu mountains in Sstich‘uan ,
and to have appeared to the Great Yii while he was engaged in
draining the empire.

Yun Shou-p‘ing [i 32 2p (T. JE #%). A.D. 1633-1690. A
celebrated landscape painter, native of Chehkiang. He was also
known as a minor poet. Is often spoken of as By FH 7.
Yung Chéng $f jE. A.D. 1677—1735. The title of the reign
of JAL Yin or mV mile Yiin-chén, the fourth-son of the Emperor
K‘ang Hsi, whom he succeeded in 1722. His first act was to render
harmless by degradation or confinement such of his brothers as

had contended for the succession. The fact that some of his opponents

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 979

were Christians turned him against that religion, and all Catholic
missionaries were thenceforward obliged to live either at Peking or
at Macao. In 1782 he thought of expelling them, but finding that
they inculcated filial obedience he left them alone, merely prohibiting
fresh recruits from coming to China. Terrible floods and a great
earthquake in Peking in 17380 were met by liberal relief measures,
and the Emperor proved just and public-spirited and anxious for
his people’s welfare. He was averse to war, and did not carry on
his father’s vigorous policy in Central Asia; nevertheless by 1730
the Chinese rule extended to the Laos border, and the Shan States
paid tribute. He was a man of letters, and completed some of his
father’s undertakings. Canonised as {iH = ms aA if

Yung Ch‘ih ¥ Pj. 2nd and 8rd cent. B.C. A general who
served under Liu Pang and helped to place him on the throne.
He iets became discontented and seditious, in common with
other generals who fancied themselves neglected by the new Emperor.
Accordingly, by the advice of Chang Liang, as being the most
dangerous of all he was ennobled as Marquis, and the discontent
was at once allayed.

Yung Lo. See Chu Ti.

Yung Ts‘un HE F¥-. 11th Ben A.D. A native of By Hin Ch‘iian-
chiao in Anhui, who distinguished himself by his scholarship, but

declined to enter official life. He lived in the southern suburb of
the capital, and hence -acquired the name of P2] Bi Fee.

2578

2579

IN DEX

TO LITERARY NAMES, SOBRIQUETS, CANONISATIONS, AND PERSONS WHOSE
NAMES ARE ONLY MENTIONED IN THE BODY OF THE WORK.

Mees. (Seb i768 BS 949
bay 4 AG 1012 » Ay 724 » Hf 242
» JH OR Bp 1012 | ,, 3 50, 1850 » 4K 1909
» BE 2232 » EF 1695 ble Hit Hie 86
» fy 1172; 2018 | ,, <F 827 » HG 1828
» EE 2393 » Hy 2489 » AK SE 578
» E14 ie Dr HE» Ji 269 » BE ih 27
1666 fa) BE 1685 » BEAR 125
» I BF 2 44) A AL 2134 | » Ju Ey 89
RL A 1918 Fix WT 944 1» He 2396
HE 2531 : » PE 2501
, 4B HE 2360 . » Ah RE 97
, HH 2141 HE Aly 646 » Dy 2522
fifi 2070 WA i 1176 , 2 ie 122
1» SPM 247 SX FF 1 A 1108 | ,, $B 2188
» es 11 | | 5h Se et 1066 , ZA BE 388
1» YR 102 ri ay 248 » FA fifj 254
AEN618 YH SR fe rE 2446" | ,, A 74
» a isis fa] 329 » #K Ry 189.
» 44 Fe AE 1683 | fe BK 2508 » Et Ap 86

ape ep ORR 780 , A 994

982 Chang—Chén

He Ye 36 fe 7f 155 til 5% 146

PK 533 » Ey 2342 > Sf 189

» $f 36 » ae FF 396 » Fy fii 151

» FR 1660 , Vb ta FF 1823, FA 158

» Ax WA 1181 » OR 824 » ‘By 490

» IK BR 26 ,» AE 600 » {ny PE 148

1» WA 1233 “4 FR 2259 » Ue Bh 190, 446,
Fe Fae ee EL 641 628, 2459

» AA 2377 » Ya 1180, 1390 | ,, py Rj 162

ny FP 79 i fay 1468 » je 155

» $B} 286 » Ha 1792 » Be fap) 145

» WEL 59 Pie oe CLE , Wy 1308

» KR if 2528 Be =E 1925 1» Be 1652

» WET JE 2338 », Ae 632 » 7S FE 144

, RE 118 , Bf 1766 WB 2078

» [al fie 499 Hy Bhi 1895 it BA 195

» Ap 2801 » Upp 1560 » file 44) 1670

» Ae xe 119 , oF 2148 1 Se Ep eek

» QE FR 2280 » Sh 2080 | » 2K 2380.

» Se 78 » BS Fe AB 194 «| BE 2078

1» A 2365 » Be 2381 - | BY Ge 666, 2329

» JK 2888 » 4p 2119 Si Be FF 200
fe 7 1182 ,, Dy 1048 St gk 204

, $1753, 2805 | ,, Boo -F- 717 | HB A 1094

» ey TSS » AH 2011 ee

» ‘Wpy 2214 » 4 Fe AB 202 | fH HK 2120

» 42 286, 443, 608] ,, “F 207,1698,2030,| Jer AK 2097

» {2 2039, 2532 2320, 2358 Hi Fx Hi 2338

» HE 989 » Bt & 1359 Fi 1399, 2172, 2259

» Dy 1494 1» Be 210 » Hp 791

BE HK 578 WR ip 558 » fii Fe AR 588

Chén—Chéng 983

FA fff] 1571 BR HE 1994 HE AL WS A 1878
» fe ie 1175 |, fa & 376 » He 4S FR 1804
» 38 1481 » fy HA 229 {5X FF 859, 1795
3 219A » Iii 801 » AH 2302

» —4Ae AE 1748 | ,, He 1046 i» BR 1490

» ¥E 1688 » Hp 824 » FE 1053

» fa] 194 y DE Fae260 » 4H] 1490

» 4c 4b 1996 |, Ae EF 260 HE Jie 1384

1» Hq 722 » Je 408 Ha |G a, 276

a BC 2igs » JU 33 1859 » J HA 264

» TA 1102 JE 280 » PR 2138

» By FR 236, 723 | ,, Fy 2412 » ¥K 268

1» te 2278 > HK 2015 » Je, Fi 326

IY Z 1776 » jek 1449, 2546 | ,, JRF AC 266

I. pp 131 |, 34 551. » 4 1170

» Af 2394 HA 1459 » fH Al 267
ope BBBDS. 6. Ree ee 84s » {HE #@ 2037
$i HE 843 » WL 1933 1 TE 267.

5 jie 424 » fy 767 1» WC 1395

aii FG 2354 » 2 1568 1» AS 249

f= Ye 1000 ,, AX 280, 2576 » JU AM 1134

Pr 3 1904 » A 1591 hi 16, 126, 521, 806,
hii BF 4s 256 + 630 | 1457, 2072,2195,
» 4 -F 252 » 3. 2202 2276, 2568 —
1 #4 617, 702 , Hi) 2459 » YR 90

ly Hp 1133 1 fe 1952 » Dy 2082

» 7H A 182 » BC 828 Dy HL 984

1» BA 65 = 198 , Hf 1662

a oh ope 200k iE pA HY HE 8386 |, HR TE 297

1» 44 2 1569, 2274| ,, Fp 2072 > OE gee

» af IE 2136 » BK AS A 1897 DR BE 2280

984

AM BE 2368, 2414
ER 1325
» '% 330

» Fe 103

7K 4K 1061

» Ey 2117

1 He 2180

» AE 245

» jh 148

Fee, EF 428

» AC HR 730

» BA 2078

» JU pe 1075
2 18, 105, 13834

» Se 271

» ‘Be 254, 1477
» fe 1475

‘i 643

408

243

809

2382
2027

251

1709
1030

174

295, 1985
1440

188
1502 .

BE SS Re GK at S SS Eb Ot el Sp oe

Ch'éng—Chiang

ZS BF 498, 2123
,, ME 446

» Ht 2356

» JG& 54, 2479
» Be 2185
25 [ipl 1826
4X HE 518

PR ET, 1885

» 4 48

Wht {8 2437

5 ane Oa

» B 418

fee fe 1120

PE tif 109

» Bd 2544
FH 4 381

» iE 2107

i NSS

» BS 1868
at ih 4k F 69
#R Hg} 1829

‘ap fi] 2019
ie, AA, 13638

Be Fy 1738
pg {Ly 1246
PX BA 1686

is AE 988

» AS 1795
-& FR 511

x 664

WYK A, 1442

RE Hy 1375, 1709

» oF 1710

» Ay 2216

, =F 1496

» tp 991

4, th HEAR 807

ge iC 1270

tt FY 499

» Be 1360

Hy, Ll 1360

I. FE 2401

1% te GB AE 736

PR WF 871

» WEE J aE 750

Be 1428

4g 1609

EA. 34. 302

8 Jeg 65, 1209,1757,
2276

» $f 1944

» pe 199

» Hie 814

TE YE 265

58 ZS JT. 335

1» fit fe 835

» Ap Fy 841

» fF Hip 844

» 3 FF 1862

1» JR 664

ae -F- 334

i 7k 2170

7T. foe 152

9

vB He A, 1420
dpi (1 1091

Z, 154

AE OR, 2232

HT 964

Hb ou

4 AR 4286
», HA 398

AEB AK L

EA ft 145

iB By AE 2092

9

HE E630

AE BF 127

afé

Fiji

Wk 1375

Fay 553

» 2 1823

» By 1371

» Sf 470

Ee 718

ay AP 1248

fil 567

» Fe 621, 628

» 4B 2168
Fy 2463

» Fe 2B, 1972, 2441

» FR 2134

9

-F- HE 353°

1B HR 2546

fifj 641, 2214

1» Fp 2557

Chiang—Chih

fifi BA 745

» DY 1915

» Fy 784
Be: 2958
Ret FA 1204

9 Dy 274
of 767

» MC xf 488
» Be 578

fat Jig 765

» BR 2494
Ja & 1690

Ba Fx 255

FE EIR 357

=f FA 958, 2542
1» pe 1758
BE BL {ix 865
Re Bh 1644

HC, Foie 261

» Jt ff 2233
at HA 131

WA Fe 1320

» He 1882
7a Hl 2530

» 34 575

He fie Fe, AR 1693

» de 2106
[. EL. 2274
» Sit 862
» Be 563
5 — 489

Et AE 530

ces

Be 204, 1422
» HS 1847

»» Fa 714

HE JI| 978, 1363
1 par 1500

» aE 610
» Ay 2524
» FF 893
IL = 790
Per {ily 1708

» Hii HL A, 1708

Ay
fy 1708

19

Sa Fa Be 540

‘FFA 337
1» Fy 1875
AY LL 487

2 YE 1978

i HF

» JA 536

4 EF 100

» $a 1654

986

& HE AE 134
ste yy 2440

ie # 670

» Dy 1224

» TH Py Re 624
ie GL. 758, 1820

te TE TF 1364

1» Spi) 849, 1163, 2324,
2446

» fay 442

ty Ff 495

GE RE 2255

BH Dy 529

. hyp YB 1357

Git 264

4 18

As 34 1712

er 1984

sy FM 1242

» HS BE 634

EK Z 603

iy 4 2095
» Ha 2104
» PS 312

» Re 2373

» FX 876
8 Hee 1250,

Jw
Er 96,1574, 1960, 2142,

2227

AiG 709

1» FR 19

Chin—Ching

Er 203

HI] 1805, 2477

Th, 998

Fiz 208

Hi, 302, 2195

FL 1884

aye 45

fH 645

=E 969

AR 26, 919, 1001,
2073

2432

Hie 1836

jig 894

We 2204

HF] 2001:

FE. 1551, 2428

A] 323, 892

[I] 213, 782, 2374

F}- 1339, 1869

AX 2182

4h 1069

ft 436

Se 2250

JC 1828, 2156, 2190

TA 4112
a 718

fg 895

AE fj 1670

A 4937
FE 208

Er git, 2312

FF Ay 1659

FH] if 1882

» ep Be 1564

» BF 1084

LL 2344 .

FF [GF 1440
fi 218

KE BA 28 :
ER FR ob 1564
Age 382, 810, 828
» Wik 552, 814

» Sy 2167

iy ee

5, fi 1977, 2277,2368
» PR 19

1» HEP 785

, Wn 1901

» BES

» Rl a

» 34 837

, fii 2267

4. e238

> FB 2054

» BR 1529

., £EL 1406

JE 2375
(it BY 1715

ig 4618 © ,
» fil Fe As 1892
it i 1421 |

» Se Bh + 120
7) WB
» FR
3 SHE 1184
4s ofy O78
ira Ei. 863, 2461
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1» SPM 2347
» Bie 1518
» de 616
» Je 176, 186, 1493
» HA 1733
1» 3 2459
1» FY 3
Me 98, 264

» wht FE -b 625

1 Digg 239, 591, 2413,

2510

Sn F sed, HEL 1894
UF] BE 858 -

Mt fy 2497

$4 He As 23
Wh FE 1487

Be 1648

4a =F 240

» See 965

Tu jig 1899

Ching—Ch°u

Tu -F- BR 2270

» 1968

» a2 FE Ab 1869
ig Sy ELE ORS S
1 eb 2118

» PY 103

Tu FH 408

BK ipl 1647

» A 149

Pe 2444

» JK 509

» SH 1277

yy SAY 1562

He 4 2386

Fe HE 237

BL Ry A 46
348 EX 303

| A 108

FE HR 1753

Mie 1245

1, Se 1700
Jie] ZL 1958

» BIS 428

1 ype 552

» IBF I 426
» BE
» Ja 2501

» Fr 425

1» BE YR 2251
{fH 2472

ip 2189

987

TE Ape 358

»» oh 497, 1377

dk $j 971

Aty FE 485, 588

» PK FE AR 2314

1» PR 2854

1S) 366.

» Le 43

AR Je Pee 836, 2411
» JK Dy 264

» Bi BE 486

3 hie 890

» Ar HE 475
1» 7 1635
» 52, 475

— fF 1727
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» = {Hi 2573
» Vey 1094
, #HE 488

4 a 444,

YS 473
» Wy Of Fe 1564
» Ke ee AT
PR iF 1586
ae BA 287
4K E [al 922
dill B 22
1» AF 449

| J BR 406

1 Fi 2238

988

J SEL 2408
Bs Bh HE 1074
FE > 762

AM fpf 1503

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_ ‘J [Ly 209

Fx AP 2203

» AE 1124

» [Ll 1106

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site

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~

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Jai Hi @t 283
» 2 503

HH 7. A 38
» Bi R240
fe SH 1741

i

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HE 450, 1995

» if 2243

» At 700, 1902
» TA 2140
“HE 2180

, HE 905, 1712
1 YS 462

1» Dy 2006

» FE 813

» AB 509

i) a 508

yy op 531

Ch°u—Chung

WE pe 1483

5 Ey 920
lig] 4B. 1226
We HY 545

FF sq 840
» IL 304

» Fal 584

» FA AE 807

1 Je 1620
At HA 1411
» FR 202
1 SPM) 4897, 2070
» if 1984

» Jie 669

1» Fe 2189

» Fi 1258
PE, 2094

» Bh 186

HA 398

1 Ba 1974

54 1027

2P- 619, 2476
» [Ly 844

EF 730, 1413,
1756

» AX 1003
5 ae eee
» fe 1726
» WA 1138
det

» RK 2146

a
a Jil 700

1» Ap 2188

FH ar 1632, 2405
Wj 557

fi Hf, 760
Spi) 2135, 2268
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» HL 40, 217

» AJ 2153

, ZF 2366

» AE 1455

4. Fal 927

1 SEIS 450
1» Hf 2518
» Ae, 2298
1» “EA. 2235
» 359
» Hf) 1610

., d¥8 1908

Hf 446, 1343
ZG 1822

» F& 2166

» $e 879

FE 1725, 2548
1 pe 1422

, ZB 1090

» Fy 243, 18
» Ap 2519

wh 514

» HA] 937

Chung—Erh 989

Arp BR 1968 HE i 685 1192, 1539, 1731,
1 GA 588, 1294, 1803 | ,, ie 64 1847, 1904, 2198,
» JR, 1043 » 4k 1099,1354,2289 9967, 2280, 2303,
» PE 2152 », BB 249, 1138, 1201, 9492
» 2p 772 2020 HE BA 1655,1732,1943,
» Be 407 » 2 RY BE ZA 753 2099, 2159
» Ff 1598 » Jer 178, 369, 392, Be Athy 1047
1» Ali, 1157 610, 1722 XR Tr 514
» Be 1394 ee a $i HX 517
1» 3a@ 1055,1617,1754,| ,, Bp AE 1672 » [BB 754
1856 yy) "ER 889, 1356, 2517) ,, 4ff 516
» uj 1920 , [1973 FE 1798
» TE 1144 , Ha 1974 Et Jax 594
» iH 2164 1 oe 135, 588, 1094,) ,, EP 1088
» 1833 1586 »» Spe 1744
» BC 359 », ‘Bem 365, 2219 » SK 1236
» Ye 2239 | » Be 2075 » FH 1182
» BH 2094 - 7 | yy Bh 987 w| 9 Fil 2459
» Fak 1393 » Fi 52, 331, 2082, 28 $y 1384
» PK 2384 2309, 2501 » 4H 1018
» FR 811 yy FP 750 BH A 2552
» pe 2498 » FS 985 » BA SA JB 524
» ¥fE 2348 1» FE 2366 Ft, ae 2122
}E 8, 1039, 2330 5 PB 297 a
» FA 529 Fy 2512, 2540 i
» JE 944 1 3 2079 BA ie 452 1273
» JM 42, 1490 » RE 136, 269, 357,) Fb Pr 2458
» iff 1393, 2467 1153, 1784, 2459 | bl, EA Rs 1706
» FP 607 » Al 109 If) 2k 2170
» ffl] 185, 2053, 2191) | Be 143, 459, 625, Bd Fe A& 2549, 2569
» [H 900 883, 1075, a4 » $i, 1362

990
at Ae

,, Be 1679

F.

te ZF 340
» FL 2338
) SE ANG
BS 2353

Ji, 322 1897
JA, 104
1» Pf 538

» ¥fE 535 —

fe TE 1677

Be Jy] 2065

Hf 4178

Fi BE 2373
% 2256.
gape

» LL 254
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He Hy 1489
FFF 2218

, Fp 2566
» AE 2061
JES fp 241
Jal 823
Fk GL 267
ogy Fe 572
» Ey 735
1» 4AF 288
4S Wf 1638
FS Fe, 1454

|

Erh—Hai

FR SE UA
el Ey 486
» [Ll 1248
» je 1754
WHE 3k 655
» B 655
» By 655
1 Bey 855
» We 1552

» hh 1670

Jnl, @% 2245

1 Jil 572
» Hip 572
JAA BER 2205

Jon fh] 2220

1 ls 1618

4 Ey 2291

#4. 4687 ©

7

» Ba ge 151
» BC 3H 994
» JA TE 973

» Bie 3 AH 724

ih pya 1412
> fia) 2240
» fii SE 1676
{ii Hy 1674
» OE SG 2253
» Fy 2574
Hid Fee 292
<i ZZ 136

» 49] 1000, 2558

, Ht 2465

JI BE 2212

th ei 599

1» Spy 2018

» WE We Fe 1426,

1490

1» fed 599
» AB 899
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Be te F257

W949
Ry kf 578
1 Pa 579

| it BE 874

FB 5 299
fli SE 142

» <f. 799, 899, 1716,
24d

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FA BY 2151

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ih 1488

Af BS 1431

H (see Ka).
Bf Hi) PE FR 938

» AF We 1531
Hg. iif 1309

He Ty Fag 2360
. [BE TE 698, 2127
» BA TE 2455
» Ly 933
” HK 1012 ?
» Oe Ap eA 1530
ya Ei 1910
- 4, Spi 1964
» FA FE 1338
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FE YE 668
He $27] 2280
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» ty 615
» 2, 846
43 319
9 gist 48 609
yy pK 2091
Rg St 1696
fs 455, 495
» LL 2284
» FA 1444
IMR 18
a AE 286
1» FRA 2537
fey VEE 117
» BE 2185
6G FH. 115
Fly 2302 |

Hai—Hsi
heh HEE 337
Any Ful HH Ze 815
yay ffi) SE 297
» Up 735
» Py =F 1519
Fi SY 643
» DN YR 954
Fil bjz 1258, 2495
1» Fy 161, 1730
BB 4988

1» Bee 532

1» AX 227, 2546

» BA BA [iif 974

» » 4H ¥e 2360
Fe 1 WG 2429

» HA Wh 645

48 FE 246, 2130, 2246
1» Afi 1320
LF A 606
Ae He 1247
JB ly 1421
Py AE 2223
» YE 2205

» EE Fe, AE 2205

» Hi Fe AE 1496
» He 171

» Be 342

1» jb 329

» 2 TE 2078

1» AH 2308

‘BR [Ly 208, 1985

991

a; A ae He 2508

1 Fif 2279
ae er
» > 2420
» fgg 476
» Be 1094

» TA 554

» JE 208
Ei. -F 1866

& It BH 1564

A As 2002

| A 2346

1 45% 1057
ss AW 1063
A 303
ae BY 1796

» SE 1474

ir 43 297

GE 302

BE = 1648
pak i 2429
» AA 2493

» & Fe AE 1795
» FA 2550

1 Jp 1846

» gE ZY 2038
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n BY 232 » 332 720, 1201, 1524] fi] BT
a 430 » fii 1289 » iat 254d

» HE FRR 1794 |, Ay 1631 » 3H 726

» fa 1185 , JRE 410, 859, 1252| Sj Yay 485

» JE 854, 1811 |, >F 2888 a] IE HI A 1756
Kt Bh 404 yi toed , FE fii 319

» IIE 890 » FR 298 » HG YH 541, 846
juli Jig, 2187 » Bi 1144 AH, 83 1575

» Bp 221 » FE 1462 » He 1293

» Hi -F 1040 » SB 338 » 3e 7

An FE, 1060 fe Why 2169 » }i& 2480

RE F 1150 |, BE BB 958 |, 4 BB 1560
AL 533, 805 Kk B 655 : A16

» By 2029 » jill 568 » Bt 1994
ffs a a | gp orn

n Wep 277 » 4% 1694 By 722, 2050, 2495, 2524
‘ Fie 1250 ~ aly 278 5 fifi 1436

» Et 787 r 7p 1200 » Spy 955

1006

Fg J 1019
fix YA 1387

» Pet fe 1791

» Fy 1667

» dor 1798
BE IE 1238
fF 2
Axe 4 2466 .
3 Hee 2811

» Jap 644
BET Je AE 2007
JK i A 1821

» 3hK 1810, 1813
n Yep 1822

» Hal 1875

n Fr A. 196

» By 1709
» We 1808
» Dh 807
» ey 146
» AS 1804
» Ae 2544
nF 1825
» [Be 1661
» AE B4 588
dH 7. 1221
HA Be FE A. 2178
Hz
» WE Fe Ah 2052
» 4 181

» fe 1585

Su— Tai

FA Fe 298
Ae FE Fe 1869

» Fig 2806
» BC 3H 1178

aes.

K 364 iif ti 1480

» Py 1823

» WEF 580

» PRE 778

» 3 TB fini 902

» pe 1178

» HY 1496

» SSS Fr 1204

. Kia -F ao

+ RE er

» = 1499

» AB 1491, 2387-

» HE | coe,
1596

» IA B 2360

» Ah 727

; +e 1674

» BAAS A 507

» Ae 1832

» Jal 1855
SE OO
» [ee 1695

Lars
Wr 634

» Afe 1718

» FR 1944, 2147

332 1187

» Fe 960

» Jp 14

» JE FE 2S 2888

» 3 1909

BE i) jet 1726

Ri 1958, 2472

» 44 th 181

n 332 548 2184

AR Se ase"

He (i a7

EE spy 146

Tk i, 2303, 2394

» Fy 681, 1129

4 Ait 2026

i» (Hf 874

» ape 585

» fig 391

» Fft 668

» BY BY 343, 1862

» JK 896

» Ff 1181

» 4A 119

» de Sr ze
iif’ 1088

» _- St if 1172

» & A 1088

» SB A 1750

» He 1244

» EL Bh 87

» ae BCE Ff 1928

Tk =F 1868

AA 418

tH FE 1446

» DY 1474

F} =F 399

» RA 2480
W2 A 961

E 348
aE (or BR) AR 675
» FR Fj 2030
Ee yj] 1428

a {Ht 2317

Fa Hen 848, 2339

» PR 1739

» EX 146

» #F 146

» pf Be 1878

» of 799

Ye BR 1887

pet. 1768

SE) fie 134

» 2 1760

» —— 1485

» OF 1541

» “f° 2849
» a 1771
» Jy 1481
n BO 1543
» A 2486
» WA 1547
» Si 1548

T°ai—T*ien
4a) ft 1888
» Fe A 540
» YR 1181
» JAF Pe 2426
» ee 2299
» Or WA 1892
45. KK 28
fil 2049
» JA 626 ©
si ee ee
» Fe 2495
» Fy 2187
» fs) 939
» Bi 2499
» BA i440
» a 2187
» Fe 717

Yoh 137

, WH, 2877
. ee alee

n DP

» ie 738

» $81 1291, 1375

” ye 64
» Wi 269

a BE 494

» CF St
1906

IW Fax 978

” ea 1907

» Jey 2362

ifs HH 16

1007

Hi [Ly 524.
ifs 2 1308
» QB 1755
, wh 2496

a elie
pit TE 488
3H Jig 1143
» & 681
$9 4 7t AB 921
ib Ae 2021
He AB 341
» BC 2257
ie [a] 798
= HH 730
ih Hi a3
» AF 1108
» 5 “P45
» Tt 7) 3B 176
» AR 1 605
» AR YK BB 1744
» EB IB 4
FE HY 2413
SOG AS: >
» Jey 2881
, XD 2517
» Ex 888
» yy 1580
» ABE 879
» fi 60
» Bet 7 1420
» file 792

1008

KG Fe AE on
‘ IIE 2455

2 Wh 1155

» =F 890

» JA 1957

FR ja) 1928

y See 1916

» tgp 1965

» Fal 1915

» $3 160

» Hee 1928

» |py 1916

» Be A 1927

n BE 1515

» il 374

Ml Pr 773, 1880 -
5E 865, 1651, 2514
» BE ZB 1878, 2208

» Jt 1510

% = 2191

» DY 291

‘ 2160

»» fF FE ZAR 232
yy -F 1931
» Be 1976

» [a] 1936

» JR 1454
ES AK 986

XE Ise 1708

» SR 1562

» JF 138

Tien—Tsun

HE NY 2517 |

» Zip 642, 2444
» $8 2512

» &A 1789

» fe 769

» fs 2556

Jee BR 965

| Fits * 1012

Ee eh vy 1882
‘Yay 1781

2b yy Gh + 2148
HY 1 507, 1824

» Ye 2107

» Yh 1010

Ay FE 2387

» Ba 1485

BE AF 1971

» de 1979

» jae 588

» {We 145

WR J, 2169

Vet [EE 817

» Uhl 238

fe PE TE 1377
Hak FA 1152

Hi BE 22

» Je 2316

» Hi 59

» te FR -f 2298
YH Ay 208

» fiff 1964.

BY gk 1998
» Ax 448
i wall 2006

» AR 2018

» FA - 987

" aa 1597

_ K Be 1597

A Jey 184.
» > of. 1878

su) 2P. 178

fe Ay 368

fey sey 2184

» Mh 1809
As BF 2016
» Fe-f 2017

E w 1033, 2330
He $y 1982
Ac Fy 876

» fx Fe 2407

» =F TF 2188

» fi 876

Ae He 611

498 Fe He 885
mH, HA 1540

, we 79

fi Be 1592, 2814
4B 4A) 2042

» BEAR 20389
» Jet if, 1811

. JAL 1107
Pa 4% 1718

Tsun—Tett 4009

PH $4 2351 nk SE AK HE 1202 | Be Ea -F- 2143

n “py 872 lm] ey 257 | » fe 1457

a pS 2418 FE 4A 2482 , FB 2420
AF. rH 1691 ty AK 2372 » FA HE Be 2401
HA 2352 SM fey) 11.65 » RE 2475
GHG fi) gh 845 |, BE 2226 » ZF 485, 2500

» fff) 1482 » PS 2440 » BY 2047

Fe Jie 1038 » jy 1488 » Ye 1785

» py 1816 » iff 2100 > pe oeys

n = 1899 3 AE 2409 » EZ 680

n a 2226 » 3, 082 » A 2391

» Sf 37 | 2k 7H 128 » JB 1848

» Ht 2022 » FH 1876 a 1440, 1881

1 BE 2985 » $1708 Cees ees

» BR Ay 2053 $i, AE 2257 1267

» FR 860 Hk AF 446 » F# 823, 411, 1475
4% EZ 1236 He JH 810 » Hj 1896

» Zl 578 » ZK 1338 » Ft Fe AE 83
Hey HBL FEE 1155 i» Fy 634 ja] A, 2508
BS 312 » jp 1988 » Al 2478

ft ZE FL 1490 » 3% FE 2306 fia) JI 2509

ge 72 Sar gan i F Ze 2212

» [RJ 2281 Ze Fy. 1018 woe fe

» YE 578 Yn] 1461 ‘| » BE 1785

» fh 2008 | | RHE 828 © —Si(esC«d«CQ¥dsCE_ 1029

» APY 2025 » HE 227 » BEE 505, 2084

» Bie 1897 » Ap 1577 » fe 1750

, 4 1897 » Hee WERE 564 |, Hi 1522

n Ga 2208 | » YR] 785 » I 580, 1507

» JA Jifi 2072 » PRE jae 218 » FS 1995

» 3K 2055 | » PR HR 711 » JA 2518

G4

1010

-F- BC 1800

”

”

”

”

JE 1025, 1747
FE 2443

Hy 693

HS. 786

fay 682

Feat 1994
BX 1156
A& 598, 599
iy 2488
VA 1485
Fe 1533
we 695

|. 12638
Tk 202 .
yi 393

3 964

er 229

tig 2176
jy 1407

Fr 1828

FA] 1802

Hey) 1792
J 1522, 2370
AE 1455
Ax 2266
Hi 1304

T2i— Tz

“F- Fe 2268

”

”

n

n

Hy 2198 .
JB 117, 128, 1861

py 2046
Ay 660

iE 1704

JB 1667, 2055
YEA 1140, 1678

ZE 1808
Ft, 779
4. 509
(ff 318
FG 2358
ae 214, 1022
ia 2008
fr] 1448
$A 1757
[fq] 1660
Ri, 2249

A= 1198, 1604 ©

FE 318, 2506.
A 192

ed 19

HS 2391

Fi 318

We 1405

Ae 411

a 21, 1778
FE 945

fa] 172

BB 2083

-F- FF 640

» [Bq 1088

» PL 1871

» fe 1408

» Fl 1810

» oR 1894

» [ee 2468

» $A 522

» BE 2438

» Fifi 196, 1701

» 221029, 1786, 2058 7

n> wy, 658

» HA 314, 1452, 1813,
2230, 224:7

» AE 92

» 9A 1925

» FR 882

» 2 689, 728

» [LL] 948, 2520

» ff 1746

» ¥9 37

» Ff 761, 1412

» jee 1961

» fii 2261

» aq 1015

= 38

» iF

» PY 201

FW 1040, 2547
n Fy 1684

» JR 2228

» Hy 926

FWP 752, 2557
» #S 1032

”

”

”

Wy 258

i 612

fa 34

#34, 1940

-F. 1885

fy 2218

Hq 1748

Bl 29, 1681
4K 1967

A 343, 1862

ea 1038

HEY 2156

ER 875

BH 2330

HY 1773

AG 916, 2506
Pa 2184

YF. 2480

Sy 2423

EL 1522, 2022
FiX 458

WY 1872

hfy 1552

ji, 276

BR 188

FAI 828, 1045

FU 1062

Vi 942, 1427, 2465
SE 514, 1004, 2379

Tzii— Wang

-¥- ¥fE 2178, 2227
=e ji) 1991

We a 968
BE A rr
» 2 2566

» BY 817

» $8 379

Ey py 2424

ie WR Fe As 1788
xe WA 809 ©

Gye ce 851

an) Wr 1410

RR Hy 2482

» py 1241

» 3 1858

» Ht 1852

» Af 1267

» Jax, 803

» PR 754

» 3f 1609

» By 865

» By i
» Hf 1975

» tH, 2406

Ww.

aes) 438

» Be AE ie 1756

1 Be 665
» FE 63
;, 46 1516

1014

By 448 JG cb 368
96 FA Ft AE 998

+

$5:
= 1753

9

9

99

~~
~

~~

iis 2072

wy 2143
RE 533
gue FAL 160, 1459

RE 1111

Er Bl, 272

By 709

Rr jet 2009
{Ff 1897
Fe. Ty 550
iyi Gx, 1470
BZ 2320
fi) Z 847
Fe, 3H 62
43 Hy 611
a 1014
Ff} 302

AY, JA 755
Fe 2183
PR 608

48 2215
Pe 1605
BR 2362
TR $B 2145
tba, 797

AY FR 2252
Eq 24 2244
HD PR 446

1012

E 1 Be 2152
1» TP MB 2152

» ER 198

= gp HE 20; 106

HH 2362

» Ae Bl 2137

» AX BE 1361, 1379

» FR 1965
» BA HB 2247
1» Aj 2309
» 34 1984
» = 2240
» BFA 1226
» BC He 1964
» pe -j- 1802
» Be 1037

» Ay AK 224:

» Aq Hi 2174
» PP 2220

VE 4H B 166

iif] JI 2241

uy YZ 556

1». Eb, 2333

» [Ly 2487

1 pt 2074

FB FH 1109

TE, Ot =E HE 2203

+f, #8) 1047
BS 190
He FA 2475

HE EE 685

Wang— Wén

He BE 717
Fe ZF 1018
HA: 4K 390

1 Afb 330
SE, 4ifj 2275
Zz 3 2287
Hi WA 1073

» BR 533

» Af 702

» BY 610

» Dy F 2320
» Ee A 2013
» of 2013

1» BR 2013

» Be TE 2482
» Ju HB 134
fir 4H 549

, [Ly 796, 1685
Jy 373

, Re 175

A te 187
Fal 2S 2562

ee
AL At 2150
Fx BE 470

» Fp 69

1» Spy 2348

1» HE IN 2299

» PAE 524
» 332 802
{i fe 777

fig A, 2150
» JU 2215
Hig “ie 1460
fey 4 1983
» $4 TE 2182
He try PR. 1236
FB AE 2290
4 L543

pd

rE)

ue

99

99

316, 446, 507, 548,
970, 1210, 1593,
1959, 2134 -

Ze 381, 895, 1407,
2244

jill 2024

we AS 7G 1150

Ey 26

Jy 553

JA 30, 132,134,253,
761, 1163, 1664,
1754, 1830, 2264,
221, 2420, 2469

JE 461, 535, 551,
772, 1122, 1253,
1343, 1362, 1756,
1882, 1961, 1968,
4978, 2024, 2067,
2930, 2237, 2306,
2316, 2446

TE A 485

yi 88, 120, 1282,
4445, 1583, 2224

BC Yi 1983

49

”

bi)

”

9

4B 78
7tB 993
gis 763

BEL 857

fi 873, 1444, 1985,
2354, 2414

fif] 675, 860, 1208,
1234, 1495, 1575,]
1941, 2224, 2959,
2507

if 84

Hf} 244, 1237, 1979

fie 7157, 814

Vpq 1715,1817,2173,
2284, 2405

in 735, 1381, 1584,
1843

fp 1562

je 1700

Sil. 1046, 41059

FR] A745

HE 407, 682, 1249,
1384, 1972

a 1753
XK 702

}E 37,100,122, 208,
420, 584, 597, 618,
822,943,1259,1399,
1592, 1632, 1743,

1785, 2244, 2305,

Wéen— Wen

2411, 2444, 2461

Bl FA -F- 2239

cbs)

9

fe}

”

49

es

FN 115

{. 237, 372, 1387,
2317, 2444

aE 139, 161, 379,
590,955,1015,4440,
1737, 2027, 2079,
2388

el 1976

af 1640,1789,1836,
9152, 2214, 2404

Jak 38, 849, 951,
2216, 2431, 2439

47 FE AE 2566

FF 2039

AL 239

HA 728, 892, 1911

AL 1026

He 564, 727, 1086,
4474, 1569, 1577,
1894, 2278

~

B% 627, 764, 2529

fie 1214
HE 810

Fy 2407
FE 2410

AE 2117, 2526
Fy 602

Me 298, 337, 404)

950, 961, 1224,

1013

1291, 1588, 1685,
1688, 1838, 2344

Dl A 353, 523, 632,

2387

FK 224, 228, 292,
390, 595, 819,11 40,
4217, 1611, 1690,
1975, 2097, 2178

fx 817, 949

JE 683

fj 23, 173, 371,
1660, 2391, 2443,
2558

Hy] 897

Ss 374, 530, 784,
1283, 1453, 1467,
1509, 2460

## 1800
if 52

ily 2306
At 1305
Be 527
JA, 440

: pat 248, 342, 546,

642, 862, 1696

FF 532

332 301, 410, 2573

EX 1798

Be 7c fill 38
365

rin}

4¥* 50, 640,779,798,

1014

812, 1248, 1329,
1773, 1796, 2399,
2408

Bl Au] 2328
» BE 2231

, We 95,128, 348,358,
384, 467, 557, 593,
615, 724, 756, 785,
908, 998, 1129.
1225, 1286, 1370,
1446, 1876,
2063, 2150,
2955, 2311,
2487

3H 118, 345

» Ha 1560

» Pe 183

FE 314, 721
1» He 1490
fil] Se 554

Fal 3% 1979
YH, 2394

3 Ore

Hy “ih HG 2310
» BE, 2139
nT
» A 382

» FR 150

1 7p 465

BA JR 1120

1» BE 459 |

2934,
2350,

1924,

Wéen— Wu

Hi. MH Fe, AB 1152

» I 818

» A?

» Bip Fe Az 1892

» 2b SE AB 2143

FB BR fiz 1013

yz pay 449

fy JB FH 108

ANE 36 JE cE 9

1» 4& 208

» $A a Tb 1564

E2186

1 Be 655

1» WR, 736

» By 2143

» [Ll 1638

BE 1790

FE Ag 327

Ua. 4% 2480

» BE 2342

,, ‘BR 2302

1 Jae 242

» THER 171, 588,
1080, 2342

» {He ER 993

» pe 2321

Ke Be 2342

» A 314

» JU Be 1632

ZI ii, 1510

9% Bal 1439

A HE HA 598
Ye AB 654
We FE 1557

pe 81, 319, 422, 1725,
2204

1 BE 2B

ae (or fi) 2334

UY TE 1154

1 AK 2047 |

HE 68, 2376

» Se ll 10

HE 1910, 2385, 2530

fil 1730

i. 953

» Hy TE 2392

Hi 4170, 1610, 2009

1 Hee 304
Be 812, 1968
» fe 1420
» # 1198

Fe 2233, 2419
A }N

noes, 08

* ss 4162, 2504

» agg. 792

» AP 4% 1327, 2013

» 7 kh BE
9951 .

» HX 2339

» By 361

K fF 510

» ‘if 1009

TA J 2574

» Bi) FE 2331
» “F* 206, 544
» HE F 10
» JU + 306

‘7

Fe 3 259
» Py 909

, Ha 1599

He az 1011
AL 2S Ly a
PR a HR 2379
» Pr AA 5

» FR 342

A Bi] 2396

» OH pp 1474
» Ue 3B 1877
» We S05
» fH 2367

» 4e 2368

» 48 3K 614
» $a 755

n WER 2394
> OT rH 2412
» Bi) 6

» JR% 2400

» Spf 2400

» Wh 776

» He 2417

» SYS 2400

~ Wu— Yen

Hy EF 2018
» DEI t Az 8
Na FX 2370
y HA] 2224
»- FE: 2292

Fs fi 1249

{fi $8, 1020

BB. By 852

DK; Hs 152

Hy; A 1248

» Ap 590

Hie FE 2545

BE se 534, 1689

» Hep 517

we [fy 1924

ik EM 1695

» ip 1142

» fill 344

» ap 980°

ny Be 778

» of 839

th, FE, 435, 1714, 2139

» PE BR 605

¥K fl OREO
4180

» fa 4140

BE He se 2449

BAR lt Sp 2407

» #4 Ph FF 2452

Bi i) FF 1565

» {He 3& 2475

1015

fg 1171
(ee Uy 4427
Jie 3 2507
, AB us,
» }pp 1362, 41829
» Pf 1855
» BS 1755
, BE ARF 287
Hy 1342
» AB 2481

& 1225
ea te

» 2 FF 264, 275

» Be 349, 398

» HH 297
pat [Ly 1966
» th AR EA
» HE
EE 2192, 2236
» Sf 1767,
» 5, 2059
» Fy 2197
» Hg 2503

Fn 451, 1302
Fe, 648, 988

» [al 497
: 597
» Ay 429
» BE 548
» HA) 2495
» AA 2554
» Ff 922

”

» IA 2484

nit pea 009

» Ry 2484

» Yl) 2484

» 4H 4% 2465
» [Be 2484
HH Be 9 Bt 94
pil Be 115

ij HE A 1043
SR ip 401

AF [Ly 1733
4F [a] AL 2465
FS 1702

» 3A 660

» =e, 242

» Hy 1027
BE OR FB 2002
Ft YR 2488

» AH Fp 2485
#8 % 061

» ABC 1304

»- fF 1402

A Vt 1773

2A 79

4h ZF 371,

Yen— Yi

Je ti. 2388

» Bi 992

» KF ip 1728
Hi TE 1u4

we TE 1314
Fe = 9501

HE HG 1033

an Fi 1392

750, 1007

» Dy 1854

» A 316

» pe 869
» Pf 1696
» “f° 836,
» J 384
n BC 2496
xX VES 107
> JN 1145.
RE Hj. 1238
A ‘Ge 667
i B 1846

» Ae 874

Aq Z 1838
tf FE 439
Wa 22 1283
» Ur 369

ia 484

WG AP 1964
» PRE 1456
1K ZX 1128

is ir 2429

TK JL 226

» ff 1572

3% = i 1437
» A, 1634

» pf 1989

» pe 1083

» JMB 427

Ry Ze 1934

» ES 1935

» Aap 1212
ffi iif] PA 1235
» FB PE 2054
» [Ly 570

» BAB Bx 1436
If 4th 265

» Aft 2457

» ZEW A 2221
Ke ge 43
» Fp 107

Hi $Y 1456

» Maj 1679

WW bk XE 609
Iba Fey 1792

» if 287

» Ds 2397

» Fe AM

F fy 746

FF EF 839

» jp 629
AY FEE 2978
aR Be 1296
Fy Spy) 2242
RR IE 105
iF 1 ou
WY 690

EE
SF Ie JE 2329

JL 102, 664, 988, 1908,

2175, 2188
Ze 61
1530
#1971, 2487

i ey 524

FB 2032

Hye 1056

$id 185, 1564
A 1544

BR 1270
2254

EF 304:

ft 3c, AE 2447
jg 2c ZE 1311

AL 801
Ait 2003
Fy 243, 2028

Hit 1259
Fy 2395
FR Q494
iff. 1380

Yiu— Yiieh

TU Jak 1832, 2473

”

”

ae 837, 1763, 1764

By 246

» 4K, 830

n

Hy, 446
ok 2553.
BL 2072
HE 2050
Ait. 153

ff] 763, 932
FH, 2526
Tr, 502
qe 1233
EF, 1892

rN 4209

z= 29290
. We FE, AB 1287

Hy] 1359, 1549
Ay 101, 2208
Ay 627

Ff 375

JX. 1154

YE 1425, 1615
fit 4, AE 1061
ES 419

Se 2089
JT 578

ZX 281

tik 2164

= 1807

E 425

1017

JU kE 1978

» “f° 846, 2434
» fe 1557, 1692

» Be Ae 804
» He 1564

» Spy 1077, 2572

Tt 2020
vt Pfs 4278
A x ie 4306

» EA 1817
Ji Dh 1593
» tf 1054
» $R 2031
» Fi 1137
ii SHE 1888
JER FA 1225
Hd A 1809
» ES 1382
4g, Eby 1482
Fs JR, 2551
» Bx fil 2567
» [OR 1478
» SE 206
» Je 1610
sg Be 2201
FA x& 1190
» J] 2015
» AE 855
Ik FG 1322
IE BE 258
Ha] ey 176

1018

Bk 4009

”

”

n

”

”

”

Hi 2354
i 1693
fst 1687
Sen 1689
aE 218

JR 1291

Te 7 AE 518
a
PK FF WA 1564

be 813
Ee 2573
YJ 1894
AF 2287
Be 1583

Yin— Yung

SE Fi 1629
WM, FI 1639
» Bg 351
» Ff 1384
$y {ily 1072
» YR 2409
» A 2386

» ES 1534

SHE 9) WE 1200

» pp 95
A a] 950
£7 Ha 163
Ik ‘fy 1362

» -y 1226

» doe 1451

IK FN 1175
[iE 633

yy)

4 se 1458

» fe 1934

» fea] 579

» 34 471

» BA 1365

» BA IE 480
» 4f 237

» A 596, 1592

He He 2274
cz us 4727
FA Fr 999

» E2404
HE E88

CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA

N°. 5. For Fes read TR
Page 6. Insert “Bashpa. See N°. 1596.”

NE nus

27,
a,

3 AO,

dle

gh eee
4 124.

» 4122,
es BT

LO i B A. etc.” read * B YL Wu-chiang in Anhui.” Add after
Academy “and secretary in the Board of Works, whence he is some-

times spoken of as ie mK Tih a

For “8th cent.” read “7th and 8th cent.”
Add “(T. -~ fj ).”
For De read ga.

Add ‘Died A. D. 142.”

For ae read za

Correct last sentence by N°. 1332.

For ae read ie.

Add ‘Born 1837. Special Envoy to the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee in
1897.”

Page 55, 2nd line from foot. For “Chu” read “Chao.”

N°. 208.
Page 88.
N°. 240,
» 242,
= BOT:
4 Seed
yo eee

» 805.
» 3tt.

Ba.
Nos, 336,

For [ii read is.

Add “Ch‘én Chi-t‘ung. See Teheng Ki-tong.”
After 6th Wonderful Plan, add “See Mao-tun.”
line 6 from foot. For “Ch‘in” read “Ch°én.”

Add “Known to the Portuguese as Iquon.”

For “Chéng Hsieh” read “Chéng Chieh.”

3. hee? head “7 Ter”

» ‘Chi K’ang” read ‘‘Hsi K‘ang.”

+ “Te Chi Shao” read “Fir Hsi Shao.”

© AB on at BA” Site Eo
5G ).” Read Fi J

Wang UHsi-chih was nephew to Wang Tao.

Also known as ae mie...
oon EP AR B.C. 199—168,

2411. Insert Ke before = me and read “Chu Ch‘én-hao.”

1020 Corrigenda et Addenda

Ne:

”

364, 4th line from foot. For “41723” read “4793,”

398. Substituté “B. C. 77—37.”

426. For “452” read “443,” and for “A. D.” read ‘“B. C.”
458. ,, “younger” read ‘‘elder.”’

483. ,, ‘4399” read “4398.”

541. After ‘“Livadia” add “in 1878.”

514. After “Wu Ti” add “in B. C. 138.”

Page 210 Add “Dharmadatu. See Wu Kung.”
Nos, 539, 544. For “Ts‘éng” read ‘“Tséng.”

Ne.

”

541. For “441” read “401.” For “attacked — Wén”, substitute ‘offended
the Emperor by his bold remonstrances.” It was fear of Ssti-ma Wén
(= Huan Wén) which had kept him from taking office until so late.
554. For “Sungans” read ‘“Sungars.”

Page 222. Insert “Fang La F HR . 49th cent. A. D. A native of W WZ

99

Ch‘ing-chi in Chehkiang, who devoted himself to the black art. In
4120 he headed a rising of the people which grew to serious dimens-
ions, called himself HO Bs and took Ix sits as his year-title. At
length the Emperor Hui Tsung was alarmed, and sent against him
a large force under T°ung Kuan, the result being that he and all his :
family were captured.”

. 588. For 1688” read “41668.”

597. For “1402” read ‘4042.”

. 608. Substitute “Died B, ©. 133.” _
' 664, For .“Hsiin Ch'ing” (his sobriquet) read ‘“Hsiin Kuang.”

629. Before “Yii Yu” insert oa Wh -
G30 shor “AyebY?>read: “Br OC

Page 269. Insert ‘““Howqua. See N°. 2336.”
» 274, last line. For ‘‘chiao” read ‘‘hsiao.”

Nee

”

Pe)

748. For “Younger” read ‘“‘Elder.”
722, Substitute “A. D. 574—647.”
726. Substitute “Died A. D. 713.”
727. Add that he was a mh in Divine Child, noted for his poetry, and

often spoken of as jis i. fa aa

744. For fk, read fk. Add “He rose to high office under the Emperor
Ming Ti of the S. Chi dynasty, and refused out of gratitude to take
part in the deposition of Hsiao Pao-chiian, whereupon he was thrown
into prison aud died there. Known as ay ay.”

770. Substitute ‘Died A. D. 684.”

777. For “Liu Chén” read “Liu Chéng.”

Page 313. For “Yii Wén-yung” read “Yii-wén Yung.”
N°. 802. For He read ®.

-Corrigenda et Addenda 1024

N°. 803. For “6th cent.” read “7th cent.”

”

”

99

841.
844.
846.

After “B. ©.” insert “Ruled.”
For “Tan” read “Tan.”

Add “Often spoken of as J 5 dit -”

Page 355, line 4. For “Kao Chih” read “Chu Kao-chih,”
N°. 935. Add “A native of Ht Bre Hsin-ts‘ai in Honan, who rose to high

rank under Wang Tao. After the death of his father, his jealous
mother buried a late favourite concubine alive in the family vault,
Ten years later, when the mother died and the vault was opened,
the girl was found to be still living. Author of the = au Annals
of the Chin Dynasty.”

Page 360, line 9. For ‘‘Gradus ete.” read ‘a Concordance to literature.”

the

”

952.
956.

Stone Nation = Tashkend.
For ‘762” read “763;” for ‘“Kueichou” read “Honan.”

» 980. Also known as He #-.

oh

991.

For ey XK read RE AR Dele “resigning in 1897.”

», 1020. Add “Died 1897.”

”

9

”

”

99

”

oP)

AOD,
1027.
1033.
1037.
1044.
1058.
1064.

For “Chins” read ‘Ch‘ins.”

Substitute “B. C. 67—A. D. 14.”

Hor ‘36? veades 1,”

Substitute ‘Died B. C. 44.”

For “see KSung Chi” read “see Kung Mu-chin.”
For “977” read ‘‘979.”

For “4691” read “4700.”

Page 418. Insert “hee Boo or Lew Buah. See Lii Wén-ching.”

Nos, 1444 and 1209. For ‘“‘T%” read ‘‘Té.”
N°. 1148. Add “His real name was a Chi. He was adopted by a man

9

”)

4159
1164

named Li. His wife’s maiden name was also Li, and conse-
>]

quently she was AS AS FE.

. For “425” read ‘4419;” for “4140” read ‘429.”
. For “Kuei” read ‘K‘uei.”’ -

Page 460. Insert “Li Shih-chén As pe x (T. Yt BE. Hw. HH HHH).

, TEAS

1221
1244
4255

16th cent. A. D. A native of Chi-chou in Hupeh, who devoted
himself to the study of medicine and completed in 1578, after 26

years’ labour, the famous Materia Medica known as the AS i=}

id El”
For (ft read aS.

. For “806” read “846,”

. For “981” read “985,”
. His personal name was = HA . Hsi-chung was his style,

1022 Corrigenda et. Addenda

No, 1293. For “style” read “fancy name.”
, 41824 Add “Died 1897.”
,, 1339. For “A. D. 248” read “A. D, 208.”

Page 578. Insert “Mei Shéng Ay FE (T. A). Died B. C. 140. A native
of Huai-yin in Kiangsu, who entered official life but resigned from
ill-health. He attained great distinction as a poet, and is said to
have originated the five-character metre.”

Ne, 1519. Before Méng-hsiin insert YA YEE Chii-ch‘i.

,, 1590. After “Empress” insert ‘‘of the tribe of.”

Page 808, line 1. Before ““‘Wang” insert ‘‘Yen-hsi.”

», 873. “Wen Kung” (7B BR) = Kao Wei; see Kao Chan.

N°. 2238. For “Hua Chih” read “Hua I.”

Nos, 2295, 2320. Combine these under 2320.

» 2485, 2491. For Wy read Sh.

By the same Author :

A Chinese-English Dictionary, ty\ 4°, pp. XLVI and 1415
Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, 2 vols. cr. 8vo.
Gems of Chinese Literature

Historic China and other Sketches

Chuang Tzu, — Mystic, Moralist, and Social Reformer
Chinese Sketches

Chinese without a Teacher, 3*4 edition

Record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms

Glossary of Reference on the Far East, 224 edition
Remains of Lao Tet

Synoptical Studies in Chinese Character

Handbook of the Swatow Dialect

From Swatow to Canton Overland

Dictionary of Colloguial Idioms

San Tz% Ching and Chien Tz% Wen, metrically translated

INDEX TO PROPER NAMES AND OTHER TERMS
FOR WHICH NO CHARACTERS ARE GIVEN.

Amursana_ [py IEE Ry Ch‘ao ‘ai

Ta
An-ch‘éng Fe ah
An-ch‘ing _,, .
An-féng ay

An-ting i
An-yang ,,
Anda fit oS

Ghung via.
Chang-p‘u jit Hj
Ch‘ang-an fé Fe

Ch‘ang-ch‘éng fe HF

Ch‘ang-chou fE pi\
Ch‘ang-sha te yp
Ch‘ang-p‘ing a 2p.
Chao iti

Chao Hsiang Jf} 38

Chén-ting i. cE
Ch‘én fit
Ch‘én-liu ffi PF
Chéng Ff;
Ch'éng JY
Ch‘éng-chi RY i
Ch‘éng-tu Jk #S
Chi

wv
Chi-shui FF 7k

Chi-nan jie BS
Chi-yin jae [2
Chi Fie
Ch‘i-lin jt es
Chia As |
Chia-hsing Fa bi
Chiang YE
Chiang-hsia YT B
Chiang-ling YL &
Chiang-ning YT. ‘ig.
Chiang-tu YT. #f
Chiang* jf

| Chien J4#

Chien-an PER! Ze
Chien-wei 4! 3

Chien-yang pens IB

Chiien-t‘ang Hit
Chin =
Chin-chiang = 7T.
Chin? >
Chin-ch‘uan <> Jil
Chin-hua ¢> #2
Chin shih 3ff --
Ch'in Zs

Ching #]
Ching-nan +] PZ]
Ch‘ing-ho yfy Ay
Chou (Dep*) fp]
Chou (Dyn.) i
Chi jen zie AM
Chii-lu $B }fE
Chung-tu FA Xi

Fan-yang Nea

Fang-t'ou DG BA
Fén Y.
Féng-hsiang JAI 3 ©
Féng-yang JA iB
Féng-t‘ien FS K
Fu (Prefecture) ay
Fu-shun i )\A

Galdan . nes Be Ft
Goutchlouc It He #4

H. = He hao or ‘‘fancy
name.”

Han pon

Han-yang po a

Han® is

Han-lin PK

Han-tan Hf Bil}

Héng Hj

Hing-yang $89 BB

Ho rag

Ho-fei 4 AE

Ho-chung py rH

Ho-hsi yay pa

Ho-nei jal fy

-Ho-tung Yay He

Hsia B

Hsiang aE

Hsiang-ling BE [oe

Hsiang-yang aE Nea

Hsiang* ry i3|

x
Hsiang-yin YH en
Hsiao lien: ae ig
Hsien
Hsien-pi fief iF3)
Hsien-yang iM iB
Hsin Hr
Hsin-an $ FE
Hsin-tu 3 i

Hsin-yeh 3f HEY

Hsing-ytian StL Ft
Hsiu ts‘ai By 0
Hsiung-nu {J ay

Hsii RR

Hsii® FF
Hsiian YS or It
Hstian® “ey
Hu-k‘ou vil Wo
Hua fe
Hua-yin Hfe a
Hua-yitian fe a
Huai YE
Huai-yin HE [az
Huang ci

Hui Hi

1

I-tu 78 za
I-wu A A=)

Jao fe
Jao-yang fe iB

Jehangir BE F< Ba
Ju-nan th PZ]

Jung-ch‘éng ZS HV

K‘ai-féng BH 3a}
Kan -
K‘ao-ch'éng E Ih
Kilin (see Ch‘t-lin)
Kitan $2 J}
Kuang-ling 4 [oe
Kuei-chi ir #§
Kuei-yang 4 |B
Kuo He
K‘un-shan i= iy

Lan-tiien Be [9
Lavg-yeh 38 F4fs
Lei #&

Li at

Li-ch‘éng JAK BR
Liang YR

Liang® yi

Liao By

Liao-hsi 35% py
Liao-tung ae piu
Lin ie

Lin-an [8 oa
Lin-chiung ie If
Lin-ch‘uan ie Jil
Lin-i ff PF
Ling an

Ling-shou an =
Liu A

Liu Sung ¥j fe
Lo

Lo-yang YO iB
Lu (State) AS
Lu js

Lu-ling jE [oe
Lung-mén HE FA

Miao-tzti i] -¥-
Min iy

Ming
Mou-ling jie [GE
Mu ys

Nan-an Bg JE
Nan-ch‘ang pg By
Nan-ch‘éng [ez] AN
Nan-hai Bg ity.
Nan-yang Bg iB
Nan-yo Bs Fp
Nien fei #> BE
Ning ‘ga

_ Nti-chén & ia

Pa-ling FY 3

P*ei iit
P‘éng-ch‘éng FZ HR
Pien yp ;

Pien-liang up YR

Xl

Ping FF

Ping 7
P'ing-chiang 2p YT.
Pting-ling 7 [BY
Pting-yang 7 Na
Piing-yi 7 $8
P‘ing-yiian 7} Wa
Po =

Po-hai ¥ 9) YA
P‘u-ch‘éng YH BR

Shan-yang [I] IB
Shan-yin ar ex
Shang-yi fF jee
Shén ae

Shu Ji

Shuo Wén at X
So-fang fff wii
Soochow an phy
Su Ag

Sui ey

Sung ae

fies ae tzu or “style.”
Ta-hsing K ve
Ta-li K A
Ta-ming K A
Ta-t‘ung K |
Tai AR

Tai ze or Ik
T'ai-ho 4& Fl

T‘ai-p‘ing AS 2p

T'ai-ytian as Wa

T‘ang iF

Tao ey

Tao Té Ching 3 ita
ns

Té-an ili JF |

Temple of Men of Merit

Dh it. Bi

Temple of Patriots }

AB i)

Temple of Worthies

Ri
Téng &
Ts‘ao w
Ts‘é-wang Arabtan oR
(or je) FEE (or BE)
BA RY TAF Con 5)
tH
Tso Chuan 7- {i
Tu-ling Jt [os
Tun-huang Bi ya
Tung-hai pu ify:
Tung-p‘ing piu ap
Tung-yang JR
Turfan ptt 3

Wan-nien Fa AF
Wei Bi
Wei® {85

Weén-hsi Fad ee

Wu Ue
Wu-hsing Je StL
Wu-ch'ang pt A
Wu-ch'iéng pe OR
Wu-chin pt 3X6
Wu-k‘ang TA Ot
Wu-ling TH [oe
Wo-p'ing pt 7
Wu-iu wt Ah
Wu-yang TH iB
Wo-hsi 4H By

XIT

Yai-shan [# an
|Yo FE or Fh

Yang Hh
Yang-hsia BB B
Yang-tsze wi -¥-
Yeh 3

Yellow Turbans a

ih
Yen pat
Yen-an yi Fe
Yin pe

Ying 34

Ying-ch‘uan 3H Jul

Yi FR
Yii-chang i
var jp
Yii-yang Vf BB
Yii-yao BR Wk
Yiieh 7H
Yiin-yang = a
Yung HE |

| Yung-chia 3x FA

et eb

Ray ress
iLaes.

acs
Ce)

b ¥ < # : me A) \ = Ne ~ ¢
ak &
&@ a
: S® fer, :
neg Ke) ie

Nai :

a

(SR Y

1 @P a |
(‘Ss :
» 22 :

Yung Hsing Stationery oot
Company Iss

Peking-Tientsin ‘-
Hatamen St., Tung Maole f—~/ ~
Tel. 1453E. ~ Tel. 4113

We Job Printing

‘
Book-binders and 3
Rubber Stamp }
Maker. ¢

USS he eae Rm nt RR Ne rt a
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