DLR Ly
Pibrary of the Museum
OF
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
Sounded by private subscripifon, in 1861.
The gift of LOUIS AGASSIZ.
No. G4 7 :
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THE PROCEEDINGS
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THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
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ZOOLOGY.
6 -ViOL, Vi.
LONDON: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE; AND BY LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS AND ROBERTS, AND WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. “1862,
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TO LOO
LIST OF PAPERS.
Page Bares, H. W., Esq. Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley.—Lepi- AIRE AT CRCORVIE. 5 502 Gerke ae es OTR Pbk Fie s o8 ee 12a
Busk, Groras, F.R.S., Sec. LS. Observations on some Skulls from Ceylon, said to be those of eR sree Sica nike Cox Nis Pos ee. pays? cs ee 166
ConBo.p, T. Spencer, M.D., F.L.S. Histological Observations on the Eye of the Cod-fish (Morrhua vulgaris), with especial reference to the Choroid Gland and
UM OCR SEVERE POOWE 9. 5 cro da ales clic uy 0d. Supe 'n be wow y.t 145 Coucu, JonaTHAN, F.LS. Note on the Occurrence of the Crustacean Seylarus Arctus in Lu alg AO ai RMN ee Arce i etn se As a 78 Lavueurin, WiiuiaM, A.L.S. Observations on the Choice of Food in the Cod and Ling...... 165 LincEcum, GipEon, M.D. Notice on the Habits of the “ Agricultural Ant” of Texas .... 29 Macpona.p, Joun Dents, R.N., F.R.S. On a New Genus of Tunicata occurring on one of the Bellona ON ets als. 2 9 e518 9 Joho, oS aps ¥ Sup 4s «owt hss « 78 Nrwrton, ALFRED, M.A., F.L.S. On the Possibility of taking a Zoological Census ............ 23 REEVE, LovE.., F.L.S. On the Structure of the Mantle in Testacella ..............., 158
Sattrr, 8. James A., M.B., F.L.S., F.G.S. On the Cranial Characters of the Snake-Rat, new to the British i ae! Se, Se ae are ae ne reer Seesraatth aac 66
iv i Page Situ, FrepERIcK, Esq. Descriptions of some New Species of Ants from the Holy Land, with a Synonymie List of others previously described ...... 51 Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Islands of Ceram, Celebes, Ternate, and SEUIOG DAS oc. ace Cena «esac 1 wae Ro 36
Stainton, H. T., F.L.S. On the Abnormal Habits of some Females of the Genus Orgyia.. 156
Vinen, E. Hart, M.D., F.L.S. Description of a curious Form of Dipterous Larva ............ 1)
WaLkER, Francis, F.L.S. Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Gilolo, Ternate, and Ceram by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New RIPCCIER cn ties Sic pees wee saree tbs ap Ce 4 Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidopterous Insects collected at Sarawak, in Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descrip- tions of New Species ys). scan. eieclee gees comer 82, 171
West, TurFEn, F.L.S. On certain Appendages to the Feet of Insects subservient to Holding orClimbing 0%... .088 yeh iow ce tends bee eee 26
JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Description of a curious Form of Dipterous Larva. By E. Harr Viney, Esq., M.D., F.LS.
[Read Feb. 21, 1861.]
In the early part of the year 1855, while examining with the microscope some water taken from a pool near my house at Bays- water, I noticed some small animals moving about with an active wriggling motion, which, as I believe them to be peculiar, I ven- ture to introduce to the notice of the Society. They were very few in number, and I mounted some specimens in Canada a for future observation.
My first casual examination gave me the idea that they were mere larval conditions of some insect ; a belief which was strength- ened by the most prominent feature of the animal—a beautiful tuft of hairs (possibly respiratory organs) at the tail—and under this impression they were put aside with some other objects, but in consequence of more pressing occupation were for a long time neglected.
I have since consulted several entomologists, and finding their © opinions to coincide with my own, I have thought it might be useful to give the following description :—
Body composed of thirteen segments, the four anterior compara- tively short; cephalic joint narrow, truncated in front ; eye-spots
LINN. PROO.—ZOOLOGY.
2 DR. E. H. VINEN ON A CURIOUS FORM
double, placed near the lateral margins and below the anterior third of the segment. Caudal segment furnished with twelve spines or sete, eight long and four short; the former being retro- verted and disposed in pairs, alternating with the latter, which are somewhat nearer the extremity.
In addition to these characters, I may remark that the head appears to be supplied with a complicated buccal apparatus, but the preservative medium has rendered the parts so transparent that I refrain from hazarding a precise description of its several parts. Moreover, in different examples these appearances are dis- similar, whilst the cephalic segment itself is proportionally longer in some cases than in others. The eye-spots are always distinct, more or less elongated, each evidently consisting of two separate pigment-masses, the line of demarcation being clearly defined. In the specimen figured a on the slide, the eyes are much more elongated and more uniform in outline ; being, nevertheless, thicker behind than in front. Connected with the eyes and buccal appa- ratus there are two laterally disposed muscular masses, which almost fill up the longitudinal halves of the cephalic segment. The buccal cavity itself is tolerably well defined, being funnel- shaped and apparently closed behind. The cesophagus takes its origin at the upper and back part of the sac, immediately behind a peculiar form of dental apparatus which guards the pharyngeal opening. This structure forcibly reminds one of the gastric teeth found in decapodous Crustaceans, and appears to consist of a central and two lateral horny pieces, which, acting upon one another, serve to comminute the food only partially broken up by the buccal organs. The intestinal canal can be traced through- out the entire series of segments, and on either side of it runs a conspicuous vessel filled with highly coloured blood. I have not observed any trace of reproductive organs, a circumstance which alone renders it highly probable that we have to do with a larval insect. The last or thirteenth segment is considerably narrower than those of the body proper. The eight Jong spines are jointed at the base, where they are comparatively thick, becoming gradu- ally attenuated towards the tip ; the segment itself is also slightly increased in breadth at the lower end. The length of each spine is somewhat less than that of the caudal segment, and fully four times longer than those of the smaller series placed nearer to the end of the segment ; these latter project at a right angle from the tip, and do not appear capable of retroversion.
OF DIPTEROUS LARVA. 3
In the above description I have purposely refrained from enter- ing into very minute particulars, owing to the imperfection observable in my preserved specimens. I have ventured, however, to relate these few particulars, hoping at some future time to analyse more accurately fresh and living examples, should I have the good fortune to meet with them.
I cannot conclude these remarks without expressing my thanks to my friend Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold for his excellent drawings, from which the accompanying figures have been copied.
- \\
Hil |
DESCRIPTION OF CUT AS REDUCED.
Fig. 1. Three larve (a, 5, c), of the natural size.
Fig. 2. The specimen marked ce, X8 diameters.
Fig. 3. Cephalic segment of the specimen (marked a) : a, buccal cavity ; b, cesophagus; c, pharyngeal teeth ; d, eyes; e, muscles of the mouth and pharynx ; f, muscles to the eyes; g, integument showing a double con- tour, X about 70 diameters.
Feb. 21st, 1861.
1*
4 MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT
Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Gilolo, Ternate, and Ceram, by Mr. R. Wattacz, with Descriptions of New Species. By Francis WaxKer, Esq., F.L.S.
[Read Feb. 21, 1861.] GILOLO. Fam. TIPULIDA, Haliday.
Gen. Limnosta, Meigen.
The following species belongs to Meigen’s Div. D. Diptera, vol. i. p. 122, pl. 4. f. 15.
1. LimnosBia EUCHROMA. Fem. Lete ochracea, antennis, abdominis fasciis quatuor pedibusque nigris, alis nigricantibus, halteribus apice nigris.
Female. Bright ochraceous; antennz black, setaceous, submoniliform, minutely setose, a little longer than the head; abdomen with four black bands, 2nd band much broader than the Ist and than the 3rd, the latter angular in front, 4th band much broader than the 2nd ; legs black, slender; wings blackish ; veins and knobs of the halteres black. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
Fam. STRATIOMIDA, Haliday.
Gen. Prinocrera, Wied. 2. Ptilocera 4-dentata, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 7.
Gen. Stratiomys, Geoff’.
3. STRATIOMYS CINCTILINEA, n. s. Fem. Nigra, capite anthracino nitente, peristomatis lateribus, antennis basi, scutelli dentibus duobus abdominisque margine flavescentibus, pedibus halteribusque flavis, alis subcinereis.
Female. Black; head coal-black, shining ; peristoma yellowish on each side ; antennz yellowish at the base, much shorter than the breadth of the head; thorax with slightly gilded pubescence ; scutellum with two pale yellowish teeth ; abdomen with a narrower yellowish border ; legs and halteres yellow; wings slightly cinereous; veins black. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 7 lines.
Gen. CLiTeLLaRIA, Meigen. 4. Clitellaria bivittata, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 7. Gen. Saraus, Fubr. 5. Sargus tarsalis, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 274. 6. Sargus tibialis, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 273.
GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 5
Gen. Masstcyta, Walk. 7. Massicyta cerioides, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 78.
Gen. Sotva, Walk.
8. SoLvA HYBOTOIDES, n. s. Mas et Fem. Nigra, antennis basi pal- lide flavis, thoracis lineis lateralibus scutello abdomine pedibusque luteis (mas) aut flavis (fem.), abdominis disco foem. nigro, tibiis posticis nigris, alis cinereis.
Male and Female. Black; mouth and palpi pale yellow; antenne lanceolate, shorter than the breadth of the head, pale yellow at the base ; thorax with a humeral callus and an elevated line along each side and the scutellum luteous in the male, pale yellow in the female ;
“pubescence slightly gilded ; abdomen luteous, disk black in the female,
with the exception of the hind borders of the segments; legs luteous in the male, pale yellow in the female; hind femora incrassated ; hind tibize black, curved; middle tibie black in the middle; wings cinereous; veins black; halteres pale. Length of the body 3-4 lines ; of the wings 6-8 lines.
Fam. ASILIDA, Leach.
Subfam. DasyrogonttEs, Walk. Gen. Dasyrogon, Fabr.
9. DAsypoGon soLutus,n.s. Mas. Niger, capite thoraceque auratis, antennis linearibus, thorace vittis quatuor pectoreque fasciis duabus nigris, abdomine rufo clavato apicem versus piceo fascia basali nigra, pedibus halteribusque rufis, alis cinereis apice nigricanti- cinereis.
” Male. Black ; head with pale gilded tomentum; epistoma flat, with a few pale bristles ; eyes with very small facets. Antennz linear, nearly as long as the breadth of the head; thorax and pectus with pale gilded tomentum ; thorax with four black stripes, the lateral pair short, broad, obliquely intersected; pectus with two black bands; abdomen red, clavate, with a black band near the base, the four last segments with slightly piceous disks; legs red, robust ; femora with a few stout black bristles ; tarsi black towards the tips ; wings cinereous, blackish cinereous towards the tips and along the adjoining part of the hind border; veins black, tawny at the base; halteres red. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
10. DasyPoGON SEMIFILATUS, n. s. Lem. Niger, capite thoraceque auratis, thorace vittis quatuor latis pectoreque fasciis duabus nigris,
- abdomine clavato fasciis tribus anticis fulvis, pedibus rufis, alis cine- reis, halteribus flavescentibus.
MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT
Female. Black; head with gilded tomentum, cinereous behind; epi- stoma flat, with two pale bristles; palpi short ; antennz mutilated ; thorax and pectus with gilded tomentum, the former with four broad black stripes, the latter with two black bands ; abdomen clavate, about twice the length of the thorax, very slender towards the base, where it is dilated; fore part with three tawny bands, 3rd band in- terrupted in the middle, dilated on each side; legs red, slender; tarsi black ; posterior femora and tibiz with a broad black middle band ; wings cinereous ; veins black ; halteres yellowish. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.
Subfam. Larurites, Walk.
Gen. Lapuria, Fubr.
11. Laphria tristis, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 146. 12. Laphria comes, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 85. 13. Laphria conveniens, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 278.
14, LAPHRIA SETIPES, n. s. Mas. Cyanea, capite argenteo, anten- narum articulo 3° lineari, thoracis lateribus anticis pectoreque albo to- mentosis, abdomine purpureo longo, pedibus purpureis longissime setosis, femoribus posticis incrassatis, alis nigricantibus dimidio basali cinereo, halteribus albis.
Male. Blue; head silvery in front, thickly clothed beneath with white hairs; mystax with a few black bristles; third joint of the antenne linear, conical at the tip; pectus and sides of the thorax in front with white tomentum ; abdomen purple, slender, linear, about twice the length of the thorax; legs purple, thickly clothed to the tips of the tarsi with long black and white bristles; femora much incrassated, partly blue ; wings blackish, cinereous for nearly half the length from the base; veins black; halteres white. Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.
15, LapHRIA FLAGELLATA, n.s. Mas et Fem. Nigra, capite aurato, antennarum articulo 3° lato fusiformi, pectore albo tomentoso, seg- mentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis lateralibus albis, pedibus purpureo variis, alis nigris basi cinereis. Mas. Abdomine purpureo.
Male and Female. Blue; head brightly gilded in front, clothed beneath with white hairs; mystax with several black bristles ; antennz black, third joint broad, fusiform; pectus with white tomentum ; abdomen with white tomentum on the hind borders of the segments; legs partly purple, thinly beset with black and white bristles; wings black, cinereous towards the base; veins and halteres black. Male. Abdomen purple. Length of the body 44-5 lines; of the wings 8-9 lines.
GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 7
Subfam. Astuires, Walk.
Gen. Trupanga, Macq.
16. TRUPANEA GILOLONA, n. s. Mas et Fem. Nigra, capite subtus albo piloso, fronte subaurata, mystace e setis nigris albisque, thorace cinereo vittis quatuor nigris, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis ventreque cinereis, tibiis rufis apice nigris, alis cinereis strigis duabus subcostalibus sordide albidis, halteribus albidis.
Male. Black ; head thickly clothed beneath with white hairs; front slightly gilded; epistoma prominent; mystax composed of many black and of fewer white bristles ; third joint of the antenne fusiform, about one-third of the length of the second; thorax cinereous, with four black stripes of the usual form ; pectus hoary ; abdomen slightly tapering from the base to the tip, about twice the length of the thorax ; hind borders of the segments and underside cinereous; sexualia very small; legs stout with a few black bristles; tibiae dark red, black towards the tips; wings dark cinereous ; subcostal and radial areolets with dingy whitish stripes; veins black; halteres whitish. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.
Female. Third joint of the antenne fusiform, about one-fourth of the length of the arista; abdomen lanceolate, full twice the length of the thorax ; apical part stylate, shining. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
Gen. Asttus, Linn. 17. Asilus involutus, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 281.
18. ASILUS CONDECORUS, n.s. Fem. Cyanescenti-niger, robustus, fronte aurata, mystace e setis plurimis nigris paucisque albis, thoracis suturis, lateribus, pectore et segmentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis canis, abdomine subplano non acuto, pedibus robustis, alis cinereis apices versus nigricantibus.
Female. Bluish black, stout, with black bristles; head gilded in front, thickly clothed beneath with white hairs; epistoma prominent ; mystax composed of numerous black bristles and of a few white bristles ; third joint of the antennz elongate-conical, not more than one-fourth of the length of the style; pectus and sides, and sutures of the thorax with hoary tomentum ; abdomen somewhat flat, slightly de- creasing in breadth from the base to the tip, less than twice the length of the thorax; hind borders of the segments hoary; tip black, shining, not acute ; legs stout, with slight white pubescence and with a few black bristles; wings cinereous, blackish towards the tips and along the adjoining part of the hind border; veins black; forks of the cubital vein undulating; halteres whitish. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 14 lines.
Gen. Ommatius, L/liger. 19. Ommatius noctifer, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 88.
MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED aT
20. Ommatius retrahens, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 88.
21. OMMATIUS PLATYMELAS,n.s. Fem. Niger, latus, fronte aurata, thoracis lateribus subauratis, scutello cinereo, abdomine subplano, segmentorum marginibus posticis maculisque lateralibus trigonis cinereis, tibiis rufis apice nigris, alis nigris nigricante marginatis.
Female. Black, broad, stout ; head clothed beneath with white hairs, gilded in front ; epistoma flat; mystax extending to the base of the antennze, composed of black bristles and of a few inferior white bristles ; thorax slightly gilded on each side; scutellum cinereous; pectus hoary ; hind borders of the segments and underside with cine- reous tomentum, which forms triangular spots along each side; legs very robust, with black bristles; tibiz red, with black tips; wings black, blackish towards the tips and along the hind border ; halteres pale yellow. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.
Fam. LEPTIDA, Westw.
Gen. Suragina, Walk.
22. SURAGINA SIGNIPENNIS,n.s. Fem. Nigra, thorace vittis duabus lateribusque canis, abdomine cano lanceolato apicem versus com- presso, femoribus apice fulvis, tibiis rufescenti-piceis, alis cinereis fasciis duabus maculaque interiore nigricantibus, gutta adhuc interiore nigra.
Female. Black; head with whitish tomentum behind and beneath ; thorax with two hoary stripes, which are dilated and united hindward ; sides and pectus also hoary; abdomen hoary, lanceolate, compressed towards the obtuse tip, nearly twice the length of the thorax; legs long, slender ; femora with tawny tips; tibize reddish piceous; wings cinereous, with two blackish bands, which are united on the costa and are separated obliquely hindward, second band apical; a blackish elongated subcostal spot near the inner side of the first band, and a black discal dot still nearer the base; halteres yellowish towards the base. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
Fam. BOMBYLIDA, Leach. Subfam. TuErEvites, Walk. Gen. TuErnva, Latr.
23. THEREVA cCoNScITA, n. s. Mas. Nigra, argenteo tomentosa, thoracis disco nigro vittis duabus interlineatis canis, abdomine fasciis sex nigris, alis cinereis apices versus nigricante nebulosis.
Male. Black, with silvery hoary tomentum; head silvery white in front ; 3rd joint of the antennz lanceolate, nearly as long as the 1st and 2nd together; arista extremely short; disk of the thorax black,
GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 9
with two hoary interlined stripes; abdomen silvery white, nearly linear, with a short fringe along each side, and with six black bands, lst and 2nd bands broad, 3rd very broad, 4th and 5th very slender, 6th broad, apical; femora and tibiz with silvery white tomentum ; wings cinereous, slightly and partly clouded with blackish towards the tips; veins black; halteres white. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.
Subfam. Bompytitrss, Walk. Gen. ANTHRAX, Fubr. 24. Anthrax Pelops, Walk. See Vol. II. p. 90.
Fam. MUSCID, Latr. Gen. Mastcrera, Macq. 25. Masicera morio, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 154.
Gen. Euryeaster, Macq. 26. Eurygaster ridibunda, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 125.
Subfam. DrextpsEs, Walk.
Gen. Ruriiia, Desv. 27. Rutilia ixoides, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 289.
28. RuTILia FERVENS, var., Walk. See Vol. V. p. 288. Mas. Splendi- dissime cyaneo-viridis, capite plagis duabus anticis testaceis trigonis frontalibus, thoracis disco cupreo vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine vitta, fasciis tribus guttisque duabus apicalibus nigris, pedibus nigris, alis luridis.
Var. Male. Brilliant bluish green; head with a triangular testaceous patch on each side of the peristoma; frontalia deep black, widening much in front; antenne black; arista pubescent; thorax with a cupreous disk and with four black stripes, of which the middle pair are much abbreviated hindward; abdomen with a black stripe and with three black bands, 1st band basal, 2nd and 3rd convex on each side in front, a black apical dot on each side; legs black; wings lurid ; preebrachial vein forming a rounded, slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, very slightly curved inward from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by half its length from the border, and by more than half its length from the flexure of the prebrachial. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.
29. Rutilia saturatissixs, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 287.
30. RuTILIA SAPPHIRINA,n.s. Mas. Obscure purpurascenti-cyanea,
10 MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT
capite argenteo, frontalibus atris, thorace non vittato, abdomine nigro fasciis tribus interruptis splendidissime purpurascenti-cyaneis, tibiis posticis fimbriatis, alis cinereis basi nigris.
Male. Dark purplish blue; head with silvery white tomentum; fron- talia deep black, widening in front; antenne black; arista hardly pubescent ; thorax not striped ; abdomen black, with three interrupted brilliant purplish-blue bands; 2nd band narrower than the Ist and than the 3rd, excavated on each side of the hind border, 3rd band apical, very broad ; legs black; hind tibie fringed ; wings cinereous, black at the base ; prebrachial vein forming a rounded, obtuse angle at its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by little more than one- fourth of its length from the border, and by hardly more than half its length from the flexure of the prebrachial, which, like it, is very near the border. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.
Gen. Gymyosty1ia, Macq.
31. GyMNOSTYLIA LUTEICORNIS, n. s. Fem. Nigra, cinereo-tomen- tosa, frontalibus atris perangustis, palpis testaceis, antennis luteis, thorace vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine fulvo fusiformi macula basali trigona, pedibus fulvis longiusculis, alis cinereis apud venas fuscescente
' subnebulosis.
Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum; head with bristles along each side of the frontalia, which are deep black, linear and very narrow ; palpi testaceous; antenne luteous, 3rd joint short; arista bare, slender; thorax with four slender black stripes ; pectus hoary ; abdomen tawny, fusiform, a little longer and narrower than the thorax, with a black triangular spot at the base, and with black spines at the tip; legs tawny, rather long and slender; tibie darker than the femora; tarsi black ; wings cinereous, very slightly brownish-clouded along the veins; veins black, tawny at the base, prebrachial vein forming a very obtuse angle at its flexure, almost straight from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by a little less than its length from the border, and by a little more than its length from the flexure of the prebrachial; alule white. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 7 lines.
Subfam. SarcopHaaipeEs, Walk.
Gen. SarcopHaca, Meigen. 32. Sarcophaga mendax, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 132.
Subfam. Muscipzs, Walk. Gen. Musca, Linn. 33. Musca costalis, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 159.
GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. ll
34, Musca promittens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 134. 35. Musca obtrusa, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 105.
Subfam. AntHomyr1pES, Walk.
Gen. AromoaastER, Macq.
36. ATOMOGASTER BISERIATA, n. s. Fem. Cana, capite albo, fron- talibus atris latiusculis, antennis nigris, thorace vittis tribus obscuri- oribus indistinctis, abdomine vitta nigricante maculisque sex quadratis nigris subtus testaceo, pedibus testaceis, alis cinereis.
Female. Hoary; head white ; frontalia deep black, linear, rather broad ; proboscis and palpi black, the latter slender, slightly curved; antennz black, 3rd joint not reaching the epistoma; arista bare, stout at the base ; thorax with three slender, indistinct, darker stripes; abdomen elongate-oval, testaceous beneath, with a blackish stripe, which is interrupted on the hind border of each segment, and with three quadrate black spots on each side; basal segment not spotted ; legs testaceous ; wings cinereous; veins black, testaceous towards the base; discal transverse vein straight, parted by about its length from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the prebrachial trans- verse; alula white. Length of the body 2? lines; of the wings 4% lines.
37. ATOMOGASTER TRISERIATA,n.s. Foam. Schistacea, capite albo, frontalibus rufis, thorace vittis tribus obscurioribus indistinctis, abdo- mine maculis sex elongatis nigris, segmentis albo marginatis, femoribus apice tibiisque fulvis, alis cinereis.
Female. Slate-colour ; head white; frontalia red, linear; thorax with three very indistinct darker stripes ; abdomen fusiform, a little longer than the thorax, with three elongated black spots on each of the three last segments; hind borders of the segments white; legs black ; tibiz and tips of the femora tawny; wings cinereous; veins black, tawny at the base; discal transverse vein hardly bent inward, parted by hardly less than its length from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the prebrachial transverse ; alulz white. Length of the body 23 limes; of the wings 4 lines.
Subfam. Hretomyzrpes, Fallén.
Gen. Hzetomyza, Fallén.
38. HELOMYZA INTERVENTA, n. s. Fam. Testacea, crassa, capite, scutelli apice, abdomine femoribusque nigris, alis cinereis antice subluridis.
Female. Testaceous, thick; head black, bristly above, white in front ; antenne testaceous, 3rd joint short; arista plumose; scutellum black towards the tip; abdomen black, elliptical, not longer than the thorax ; femora black ; wings cinereous, with a lurid tinge in front;
12
MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT
veins black, testaceous at the base; discal transverse vein straight, parted by a little more than half its length from the border, and by full twice its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 5 lines.
Gen. Dryromyza.
39. Dryomyza semicyanea, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 109.
Gen. Scromyza, Fallén.
40. Sciomyza? leucomelana, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 144.
Subfam. Lauxanipzs, Walk.
Gen. Loncnu a, Fallén.
41. Lonchza? consentanea, Walk. See Vol. 1V. p. 146.
Subfam. Orratipes, Haliday.
Gen. LamprocastErR, Macq.
42. LAMPROGASTER SUPERNA, n. s. Fem. Testacea, capite supra
nigro, oculis albo-marginatis, thoracis disco cyaneo, abdomine supra purpureo, alis cinereis basi et apud costam fulvis, striga transversa guttaque antica exteriore nigris, striga costali apicali nigricante.
Female. Testaceous, shining; head black above, white about the eyes ;
mouth large ; antennz short, 3rd joint not more than half the length of the face ; arista bare, pubescent at the base; scutellum and disk of the scutum blue; abdomen oval, purple above, a little shorter and broader than the thorax ; wings cimereous, tawny at the base and along the costa, a black streak extending from the costa along the prebrachial transverse to the prebrachial vein ; a black exterior dot on the radial vein, and a blackish streak at the tip of the costa; veins black, testa- ceous towards the base ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by hardly one-third of its length from the border, and by about its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 10 lines.
Gen. Pratystoma, Latr.
43. PLATYSTOMA POTENS,n.s. Mas et Fem. Cinerea, crassa, capite
ochraceo, thorace vittis septem nigris, abdomine subtus testaceo, pedibus rufescentibus, tarsis nigris basi testaceis, tibiis anticis apice nigris, alis cinereis nigricante confertissime guttatis, halteribus tes- taceis.
Male and Female. Cinereous, broad, thick ; head ochraceous, white
about the eyes and behind; face with a slender piceous stripe ; an- tenne ochraceous; 3rd joint long, linear, about half the length of the
GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 13
face; arista whitish, bare, ochraceous at the base; thorax with seven slender blackish stripes; scutellum large, prominent ; abdomen conical, testaceous beneath, much shorter than the thorax; oviduct long, black, slender, stylate; legs dull reddish; tarsi black, testaceous at the base; fore tibize with black tips; wings cinereous, with very numerous various-shaped blackish spots and dots which form irregular bands ; veins black, tawny along the costa, where there is a short lurid streak in the middle; discal transverse vein straight, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by much more than its length from the very oblique prebrachial transverse vein ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
This species is closely allied to P. producta, but the subapical cine-
reous band contains two dots.
44. PLATYSTOMA PECTORALIS, n.s. Mas. Cinerea, capite ochraceo, facie nigro biguttata, thorace vittis quinque nigricantibus, pectore vittis sex luteis, femoribus apice luteis, tibiis luteis apice nigris, tarsis basi pallide flavis, alis cinereis nigricante confertissime guttatis, halte- ribus pallide flavis.
Male. Cinereous; head ochraceous, white along the eyes; a black dot on each side of the face ; antennz about half the length of the face ; arista black; thorax with five blackish stripes; pectus with three luteous stripes on each side; abdomen conical, shorter than the thorax; femora with luteous tips; tibie luteous, with black tips; tarsi pale yellow at the base; wings cinereous, with very numerous various-sized, partly confluent, blackish dots; veins black; discal transverse vein curved outward, parted by much less than half its length from the border, and by more than its length from the oblique prebrachial transverse vein; halteres pale yellow. Length of the body 43 lines; of the wings 9 lines.
“Gen. Dacus, Fabr.
45. DAcUS STRIGIFER, n.s. Cyaneo-niger, facie rufescente strigata, oculis argenteo marginatis, palpis apice rufescentibus, antennis longis basi rufescentibus, arista alba pubescente, thorace vittis tribus cinereis, tarsis posterioribus femoribusque albis apice nigris, alis cinereis, costa striga basali fasciaque lata exteriore nigris.
Bluish black ; head silvery, hoary behind and about the eyes; face trian- gular, with a reddish streak which is abbreviated towards the peri- stoma; palpi with reddish tips; antennz black, reddish towards the base ; 3rd joint slender, very long, extending to the peristoma; arista white, pubescent, bare towards the tip, much longer than the 3rd joint ; thorax with three cimereous stripes, which are united hind- ward; pectus cinereous; abdomen wanting; legs black; femora white, black towards the tips; fore coxze white; posterior tarsi white, with black tips ; wings limpid, black along the costa; a black discal
14
MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT
streak extending from the base to one-third of the length; a black broad irregular oblique band beyond the middle; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by about its length from the very oblique prebrachial transverse vein, which equals it in length; halteres white. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.
46. Dacus FuRCIFER, n. s. Mas. Anthracina, cinereo-tomentosa,
antennis vix longis, arista plumosa, thorace vittis tribus nigricantibus, pedibus longiusculis, alis cinereis nigro bifasciatis, fascia 2* latissima, linea costali exteriore apicem versus furcata, halteribus albis. ‘
Male. Coal-black, with cinereous tomentum ; third joint of the antenne
slightly tapering from the base to the tip, much shorter than the face ; arista plumose ; thorax with three blackish stripes; abdomen linear, narrower and very much longer than the thorax; legs rather long; wings cinereous ; apical part of the costa with a black line, which emits a fork towards the tip; a narrow black oblique band before the middle, and beyond the middle a very broad black band, which is oblique in the contrary direction; veins black; discal transverse vein very slightly curved outward, parted by about one-fourth of its length from the border, and by less than its length from the straight, upright prebra- chial vein, which is not more than half its length; halteres white. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 10 lines.
47. Dacus EXPERTUS, n.s. Fem. Cyaneus, palpis, antennis pedibus-
que nigris, thorace vittis tribus cinereis, pedibus breviusculis, alis cinereis, costa exteriore apicibusque nigris, venis transversis nigro marginatis, halteribus testaceis.
Female. Dark blue; palpi, antennz, and legs black ; 3rd joint of the
antenne linear, slender, extending to the peristoma ; thorax with three cinereous stripes; pectus cinereous; abdomen elongate-conical, a little longer and narrower than the thorax; legs short, stout; wings cinereous, black along the exterior part of the costa and about the tips; transverse veins clouded with black; discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by about half its length from the border and by about its length from the prebrachial transverse vein, which is oblique; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 8 lines.
48. DAcus PERPLEXUS, n.s. Fem. Niger, capite luteo, facie nigro
biguttata, antennis luteis longis, arista nigra nuda, thorace vittis tribus luteis, pectore maculis duabus trigonis luteis, abdomine fulvo lato striga brevi nigricante, pedibus luteis, alis limpidis, striga basali, vitta costali dentata vittaque postica angulata fuscis.
Female. Black ; head pale luteous, with a piceous dot on the front, and
with a round black dot on each side of the face; 3rd joint of the antennz extending to the peristoma, very slightly tapering from the base to the tip; arista black, bare ; thorax with a luteous stripe, with
GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 15
two luteous humeral calli, and with two hindward lateral luteous streaks ; pectus with a large luteous triangular spot on each side; abdomen tawny, elliptical, with a slight blackish stripe, which is much abbreviated in front, longer and much broader than the thorax; ovi- duct long, slender, lanceolate; legs luteous; wings limpid, with a brown costal stripe which emits an angle in the middle, the angle parallel to an angular brown stripe on the hind border; an oblique brown streak proceeding from the base, and a brownish dot near the tip hindward ; veins black, tawny towards the base; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by a little more than one-fourth of its length from the border, and by a little more than its length from the straight, upright przbrachial transverse vein ; halteres pale yellow. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
Gen. Soputra, Walk.
49. SopHIRA PUNCTIFERA, n. s. Foam. Testacea, antennarum ar- ticulo 3° brevi oblique truncato, arista nuda, thoracis abdominisque lateribus nigro punctatis, pedibus breviusculis, alis nigricantibus latius- culis albido conferte punctatis.
Female. Testaceous; antenne not nearly reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint short, obliquely truncated at the tip ; arista bare; thorax, pectus, and abdomen with black points along each side ; abdomen conical, not longer than the thorax ; oviduct short, lanceolate; legs rather short and slender ; wings blackish, rather broad, adorned with numerous transverse whitish points; discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by one-fourth of its length from the border, and by about its length from the straight, upright preebrachial transverse vein. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.
Gen. Ortatis, Fallén.
50. ORTALIS PUNCTIFASCIA, n. 8. Fam. Cyanea, capite nigro, oculis albo marginatis, antennis rufis, arista plumosa, pedibus nigris, tarsis albis, alis albis nigro quadrifasciatis, fascia 3* punctum album inclu- dente, 4* strigam costalem emittente.
Female. Dark blue, shining; head black, white about the eyes; an- tenne dark red, very short; 3rd joint conical, not much longer than the 2nd; arista plumose; abdomen very little longer than the thorax ; oviduct black, furrowed; legs black; tarsi white, with black tips; wings white, with four black bands; Ist band basal; 3rd much broader than the others, including a white costal point; 4th emitting a black costal streak to the tip of the wing ; prebrachial vein forming an angle at its junction with the discal transverse vein; the latter straight, parted by half its length from the border, and by much more than its length from the prebrachial transverse vein ; halteres black. Length of the body 23 lines; of the wings 43 lines.
51. ORTALIS MQUIFERA, n. 8s. Mas et Fem. Cyanescenti-nigra,
16 MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT
capite antico rufo, oculis albo marginatis, antennis rufis, arista nuda, thorace vitta lata cinerea, abdomine basi fulvo, coxis femoribusque anticis fulvis, alis cimereis vitta fasciisque duabus exterioribus nigris.
Male and Female. Bluish black; head black, red in front, white about the eyes ; antennz red, not reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint rather long, slightly tapering to the tip; arista bare ; thorax with a broad cinereous stripe; pectus cinereous; abdomen linear, black, tawny towards the base, broadest in the female and with a prominent ovi- duct ; legs black ; fore coxze and fore femora tawny ; wings cimereous, with a black stripe extending from the base along the costa and thence descending to the middle of the disk ; two exterior black bands, which are united on the costa, the second apical; discal transverse vein straight, parted by one-third of its length from the border, and by more than its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the body 23 lines; of the wings 43 lines.
52. ORTALIS concisivirTa, n.s. Mas. Rufa, oculis albo marginatis, scutello, metathorace, pectoris disco abdominisque apice cyaneis, alis nigricantibus, margine postico fascia apicibusque cinereis.
Male. Red, shining; head white about the eyes ; antennz nearly reach- © ing the epistoma; 3rd joint long, linear; arista simple; scutellum, metathorax, disk of the pectus and abdomen towards the tip blue; abdomen conical, not longer than the thorax ; wings blackish, cine- reous along the hind border and towards the tips, which are blackish ; a cinereous band between the. transverse veins; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than one-fourth of its length from the border, and by hardly more than its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the body 2; lines; of the wings 43 lines.
Gen. Trypeta, Meigen.
53. TRYPETA RETORTA, n.s. Foam. Picea, subtus testacea, capite, scutello abdominisque basi testaceis, pectoris disco piceo, femoribus anticis tibiis tarsisque testaceis, alis limpidis nigricante angulatim bivittatis.
Female. Piceous setose, testaceous beneath; head and antennz testa- ceous, the latter not reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint linear ; arista plumose ; scutellum testaceous ; disk of the pectus piceous ; abdomen ovate, testaceous towards the base, a little longer than the thorax; terebra flat, conical; tibiz, tarsi and fore femora testaceous; wings limpid, with a blackish costal stripe, which is broadest at the base and concave towards the tip, and is nearly parallel to another blackish stripe; the latter is also broadest at the base, and forms a right angle opposite the concavity of the fore stripe ; discal transverse vein oblique, nearly straight, parted by one-third of its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 8 lines.
GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 17
Subfam. Srrstprs, Walk. Gen. CaLopata, Fabr.
54. Calobata impingens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 161.
55, CALOBATA GUTTICOLLIS, n. s. Fem. Nigra, capite guttis duabus nigris, thorace antico guttis duabus lateralibus nigris, femoribus anticis apice tibiisque anticis nigris, tarsis anticis albis, femoribus posteriori- bus piceo fasciatis, alis fuscescentibus cinereo trimaculatis.
Female. Testaceous; vertex with a black dot; disk of the front black ; thorax with a black dot on each side in front; fore femora towards the tips and fore tibiz black ; fore tarsi white ; posterior femora with a piceous band near the tips, which are also piceous ; wings brownish,
. with three rather indistinct pale cinereous dots, of which the two exterior form an interrupted band; veins with the usual structure. Length of the body 5-53 lines; of the wings 8-9 lines.
56. CALOBATA DIFFUNDENS, n. s. Fem. Subcinereo-nigra, capite chalybeo, oculis albo-marginatis, palpis antennis abdominisque apice rufescentibus, pedibus luteis, femoribus anticis dimidio apicali tibiis- que anticis nigris, tarsis anticis albis basi nigris, femoribus posteriori- bus subdilatatis nigro trifasciatis, tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris, alis cinereis nigricante bifasciatis.
Female. Black; head chalybeous, white about the eyes; mouth and palpi reddish; thorax and abdomen with slight cinereous tomentum ; abdomen lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the thorax, with a reddish tip; legs luteous; fore femora for half the length from the tips and fore tibiz black ; fore tarsi white, black at the base ; posterior femora slightly dilated, with three black bands; hind tibiz and hind tarsi black ; wings cinereous, with two blackish bands, the 2nd apical ; veins black, with the usual structure ; halteres white. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 8 lines.
Subfam. Pstrrprs, Walk. Gen. Anertuna, Walk. 57. Angitula longicollis, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 123.
Gen. Nzertvus, Wied. 58. Nerius duplicatus, Wied. See Vol. ILI. p. 125.
Fam. HIPPOBOSCID, Leach. Gen. Ornitsomyra, Leach. 59. Ornithomyia Batchianica, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 300.
TERNATE.
Fam. STRATIOMIDA, Haliday. Gen. Pritocera, Wied. 1. Ptilocera 4-dentata, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 7. LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY. - 2
MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT
Fam. ASILIDA, Leach.
Subfam. Larurites, Walk. Gen. Larartia, Fubr. 2. Laphria socia, Walk. See Vol. III. p. 84.
Subfam. Astzrrrs, Walk. Gen. Asttus, Linn.
3. Asilus condecorus, Walk. See p. 7. Male? Abdomen with a brownish tinge; sexualia very large.
4, ASILUS NORMALIS, n. s. Mas et Fem. Cimereo-niger, capite sub- aurato, mystace e setis albis nigrisque, thorace vittis tribus anticis cinereis, abdomine fasciis fulvis, femoribus apices versus tibiisque rufescentibus, his nigro strigatis, alis nigris basi cinereis, halteribus sordide testaceis. Fem. Abdomine stylato.
Male and Female. Cinereous black; head slightly gilded, with hoary hairs beneath ; mystax with many white bristles and with a few higher black bristles ; pectus and three stripes on the fore part of the thorax cinereous ; abdomen with bands of tawny hairs and tomentum ; legs stout; femora towards the tips and tibiz reddish, the latter streaked with black ; wings black, cinereous towards the base, the cinereous part extending in the disk beyond the middle; veins black, reddish at the base; lower branch of the cubital vein undulating; halteres dingy testaceous. Male. Abdomen lanceolate; sexualia small, elongate. Female. Abdomen elongate-conical, with narrower bands than those of the male ; the four apical segments forming a black, shining, slender style. Length of the body 7-8 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
Gen. Ommativs, Illiger. . Ommatius retrahens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 88.
Gen. Lrertocastrer, Meigen.
). LEPTOGASTER EXACTA,n.s. Mas. Picea, capite pectoreque canis, antennis nigris basi luteis, thorace obscure rufo vittis tribus nigri- cantibus, pedibus pallide luteis, femoribus nigro bifasciatis, tibiis posticis apice tarsisque nigris, alis subcinereis apice nigro marginatis, halteribus pallide flavescentibus.
Male. Piceous; head hoary behind and beneath; antennz black, luteous at the base; thorax dark red, with three blackish stripes ; sides and pectus hoary; abdomen very slender; legs pale luteous ; femora with two black bands, which are most distinct on the hind pair ; tarsi and hind tibize towards the tips and knees black ; wings slightly’ cinereous, black-bordered at the tips; veins black; halteres pale yellowish. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines,
GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 19
Fam. SYRPHID ®%, Leach.
Gen. Syrpnus, Fubr.
~
7. Syrphus ericetorum, Fabr. See Vol. III. p. 97. Fam. MUSCIDA, Latr. Subfam. Tacurnipgs, Walk.
Gen. Euryeaster, Macq. 8. Eurygaster remittens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 125.
Subfam. Drextprs, Walk. Gen. Drxta, Meigen.
9. DEXIA PARALLELA,n.s. Mas. Nigra, angusta, cylindrica, palpis antennisque rufis, his apice piceis, arista plumosa, thorace vittis tribus albidis, abdomine chalybeo-nigro fasciis albidis atrisque, pedibus longis, alis vitreis vitta costali nigra.
Male. Black, long, slender, cylindrical ; head white, with a black band on each side between the eye and the epistoma; front prominent ; frontalia broad, deep black ; face slightly oblique; antennze and palpi red ; the former piceous towards the tips, nearly reaching the epi- stoma; 3rd joint linear, slender, rounded at the tip, about four times the length of the 2nd; arista plumose; thorax with three whitish stripes, the lateral pair broad, interrupted; pectus and postscutellum whitish, the former with two black bands on each side; abdomen chalybeous black, full twice the length of the thorax ; segments with whitish fore borders and deep-black hind borders ; legs long, slender ; wings vitreous, with a black costal stripe, which is interlined with cinereous; veins pale except along the costa; prebrachial vein forming a-slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, slightly curved inward from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by half its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the flexure of the prebrachial ; alule large, white. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.
Gen. Rurirta, Desv. 10. Rutilia atribasis, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 288.
11. Ruvinia Exceusa,n.s. Mas. Cyaneo-viridis, capite albo strigis duabus lateralibus anticis nigris, frontalibus atris, abdomine cupreo, basi vitta et segmentorum marginibus posticis nigris, pedibus nigris, alis fuscescenti-cinereis basi fusco notatis.
Male. Bluish green; head white, with a black streak on each side, extending from the borders of the eyes to the epistoma; frontalia deep black, very narrow on the vertex, widening much in front ; thorax
9, *
MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT
tinged here and there with cupreous; abdomen cupreous, with the lst segment and a slender stripe deep black; the following segments, which are black along their hind borders, bluish green ; legs black ; wings prownish cinereous, tinged with brown near the base; pra- brachial vein forming a rounded right angle at its flexure, very slightly curved inward from thence to its tip; discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by less than one-third of its length from the border, and by very much more than its length from the flexure of the pre- brachial. Length of the body 73 lines; of the wings 17 lines.
Subfam. Muscrpzs, Walk.
Gen. Musca, Linn.
12, Musea promittens, Walk. See Vol. IV. p. 134.
Subfam. Orvatipes, Haliday.
Gen. Pratrystoma, Latr.
13. Platystoma potens, Walk. See p. 12.
CERAM.
Fam. STRATIOMID, Haliday.
Gen. Prttocera, Wied. >
1. Ptilocera 4-dentata, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 7.
Gen. Criretnarta, Meigen.
2. Clitellaria obesa, Walk. See Vol. V. p. 232.
Fam. TABANID, Leach.
Gen. Tapanvs, Latr.
‘3. TABANUS SERUS,n.s. Foam. Cinereus, capite subtus pectoreque
albis, antennis fulvis apice nigris, thorace vittis duabus ferrugineis, callis humeralibus testaceis, abdomine pedibusque fulvis, alis cinereis apud costam fuscis.
Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum ; head beneath and pectus
white; callus black, very slender, broader in front; palpi cinereous ; antennz tawny with cinereous tomentum towards the base, 3rd joint slightly curved, black towards the tip, with a very small horn; thorax with two ferruginous tomentose stripes; humeral calli testaceous ; abdomen tawny, elongate-conical; legs tawny; tarsi black; wings cinereous, brown along the costa; veins black, with the usual struc- ture, tawny at the base; halteres pale. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
GILOLO, TERNATE, AND CERAM. 21
Fam. ASILIDA, Leach.
Subfam. Larurires, Walk. Gen. Laruria, Fabr,
4. Laphria tristis, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 146.
5. Laphria Vuleanus, Wied. See Vol. I. p. 10.
6. LAPHRIA OSTENSA, n.s. Mas. Nigra, aureo-pilosa, capite aurato, mystace nigro, thorace strigis quatuor lateralibus obliquis cinereis, abdomine subaurato segmentorum marginibus subauratis apice nigro alis impidis dimidio apicali nigro.
Male. Black, wholly clothed with gilded hairs ; head brightly gilded in front; mystax composed of some black bristles; third joint of the antennz elongate-fusiform ; thorax with two cinereous oblique streaks on each side; abdomen with cinereous tomentum; sides and hind borders of the segments slightly gilded; tip black, shining; legs thickly clothed with long gilded hairs; wings limpid; apical half black; halteres pale yellowish. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 14 lines.
_ Subfam. Asrrrres, Walk.
Gen. Ommarius, Illiger.
7. OMMATIUS INEXTRICATUS,n.s. Mas. Subaurato-cinereus, capite aurato, mystace e pilis aureis, antennis nigris basi fulvis, thorace lineis cinereis, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis flavescenti- auratis, sexualibus rufis, pedibus nigris robustis, tibiis fulvis, alis lurido- cinereis.
Male. Black, with cinereous slightly gilded tomentum ; head gilded, with white hairs beneath; mystax with gilded bristles; antennz black, tawny towards the base, 3rd joint elongate-conical ; thorax with slender cinereous stripes ; abdomen with a yellowish gilded band on the hind border of each segment; sexualia deep red, shining ; legs very stout ; tibize tawny ; wings lurid-cinereous, darker cinereous hindward and towards the tips; veins red; halteres dull reddish. Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.
Gen. Leproaaster, Meigen.
8. LerroGaSTER MAGNICOLLIS, n.s. Mas. Fulva, capite nigro antice argenteo, mystace albo, antennis fulvis basi apiceque nigris, thorace maculis duabus nigricantibus, abdomine tenui clavato apicem versus nigro, alis sublimpidis costa apiceque cinereis. ‘
Male. Bright tawny ; head black above, silvery white in front ; mystax with white bristles; antenne tawny, black towards the base and at the tips; thorax with a blackish spot on each side in front ; pectus with pale gilded tomentum ; abdomen slender, clavate, full thrice the length of the thorax, black towards the tip; tarsi much darker than
99 hel
MR. F. WALKER ON DIPTERA COLLECTED AT GILOLO, ETC.
the tibize ; wings nearly limpid, cinereous along the costa and towards the tips; veins black, tawny towards the base; halteres with piceous knobs. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
Fam. SYRPHIDA, Leach.
Gen. Ertstauis, Latr. 9. Eristalis splendens, Leg. See Vol. LI. p. 95.
Fam. MUSCIDA, Latr.
Subfam. Sarcopnacivges, Walk.
Gen. Sarncopnaca, Meigen. 10. Sarcophaga sericeo-nitens, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 158.
; Subfam. Muscrpzs, Walk.
Gen. Musca, Linn. 11. Musca costalis, Dol. See Vol. V. p. 159.
Subfam. OrtanipEs, Haliday.
Gen. OxycrpHaa, Macq.
12. OXYCEPHALA ALIENATA, n. s. Mas. Rufescenti-fulva, capite nigro biguttato, metathorace pectoreque nigris, abdomine fusiformi basi supra nigro, femoribus basi nigro notatis, alis fuscis dimidio postico cinereo.
Male. Reddish tawny ; head with a black dot in front of the base of the antenne; face with two grooves; antenne almost reaching the epistoma; 2nd joint clavate; 3rd linear, rounded at the tip, broader but not longer than the 2nd; metathorax and pectus black ; abdomen fusiform, longer than the thorax, black above towards the base; legs robust ; femora marked with black at the base ; wings brown, hinder half cinereous ; veins tawny, discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by hardly half its length from the border and by much more than its length from the prebrachial transverse. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.
Gen. Dacus, Fabr.
13. Dacus aBsoLurTus, n.s. Fem. Cinereus, capite fulvo, facie nigro biguttata, antenn;s longis arista nuda, thoracis lateribus scutelloque fulvis, abdomine fasciis interruptis nigris, apice plano stylato-lanceo— lato, alis cinereis costa fuscescente.
Female. Black, with hoary tomentum ; head tawny ; face oblique, with a black dot in the groove on each side; antennz quite reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint very long, conical at the tip; arista bare; sides of the thorax, humeral calli and scutellum tawny; abdomen tawny, oval, with the exception of the four apical segments, which are shining and form a flat lanceolate style ; basal part with four interrupted black
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF TAKING A ZOOLOGICAL CENSUS. 23
bands ; legs testaceous ; wings cinereous ; with a brownish tinge along the costa; discal transverse vein straight, parted by one fourth of its length from the border and by about its length from the oblique pre- brachial transverse vein; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 9 lines.
Gen. Sopntra, Walk.
14. SopHIRA BIPARS, vn. s. Fem. Fulva, nitens, abdomine nigro bas; fulvo, alis nigris margine postico cinereo limpido-interlineato.
Female. Tawny, shining, with a few black bristles; head and pectus paler ; 3rd jomt of the antennz linear, rounded at the tip, not reach- ing the epistoma; arista simple ; abdomen oval, black except towards the base, shorter than the thorax ; wings black, with a cinereous partly limpid stripe on the hind border ; this stripe is interrupted by a black streak which extends along the discal transverse line ; a pale point on the middle of the costa; discal transverse vein straight, parted by half its length from the border, and by about its length from the prebrachial transverse, which is rather long. Length of the body 24 lines; of the wings 7 lines.
——s ee
On the Possibility of taking a Zoological Census. By Atrrep Newroy, M.A., F.LS.
[Read March 21, 1861.]
Ir is now nearly five years since my friend, the late Mr. John Wolley, to whose genius as a naturalist I am proud to own my many great obligations, suggested to me in a letter the possibility of taking a census of the birds of these islands. The period of numbering the human population of the British Empire, which is now so close at hand, makes me think the present time, when men’s minds are turned to the subject, not inopportune to bring to the notice of this Society the advantages which might possibly accrue to Zoology by taking an approximate census, not only of our birds, but also of the other divisions of our fauna. I believe that naturalists will bear me out in the assertion that hitherto nothing of this kind has ever been attempted in any branch of the science, and also that (with perhaps very few, but highly laudable, exceptions) no writer has ventured to express in any convenient form the relative proportion which the number of individuals of one species bears to those of another. In almost all local faunas the abundance or scarcity of different species is expressed in very arbitrary, not to say vague, terms. We find nothing more definite than the words “common,” “frequently met with,’ “rare” or “occasionally seen’? appended to the names of animals in some
Ls)
4 MR. ALFRED NEWTON ON THE POSSIBILITY OF
even of the most carefully drawn-up lists. And yet, setting aside the immense difference there may exist between personal powers and opportunities of observation, to what two men will these phrases convey exactly the same meaning ? Now I confess I know not in what way such records can be reduced, so to speak, to a common standard, save by expressing them in figures ; nor how they can be- . come generally useful unless they are understood in one and the same sense. It is far from my wish to depreciate such observations, and I say this to guard against misapprehension.- Nay, I say more, if they are not taken for more than they are worth, they are highly useful ; but only as a basis for future and more complete inquiries. In their present state, as it seems to me, there is no denying that they are imperfect. To take, for instance, an ex- ample from that branch of Zoology of which I am least ignorant. A Devonshire and a Durham ornithologist in a local list of birds would probably each return Phyllopneuste trochilus and P. rufa as “common.” But were they to change places, the previous experience of each would, in a very short time, convince them that whereas, in the southern county, the latter species may double the former in numbers, in the northern the proportion might be ex- actly reversed. Now there are not very many people who have the chance of personally comparing for any sufficient time the pro- portionate numbers of the summer warblers on the banks of the Tamar and of the Tees. Besides, too, there is perhaps the natu- ralist resident perforce in Derbyshire who would fain institute a comparison between his own observations and those taken in Devonshire and Durham. The case becomes still more hopeless when we turn to foreign countries, and, referring to the duchy of Darmstadt or the province of Dauphiny, attempt to ascertain the relative abundance therein of the species I have named.
Having thus briefly indicated the existing want of any such standard whereby local observations may be compared, I turn to the advantages which seem likely to follow the practical rendering of this suggestion. As chief among them (and the only one I will here adduce) I would place the light which might in consequence be thrown upon what we have lately heard so much of, the great question of the “ struggle for life.” It appears to me that before we can assign any cause for the predominance of any one species over another in any given district, the first thing to be ascertained is the measure of that predominance. This found, if the relative abundance of other species which influence its well- being—say, of insects or plants as affording it food and harbour,
TAKING A ZOOLOGICAL CENSUS, 25
or of predatory animals as checking its increase—we shall surely have acquired some valuable facts bearing upon its existence, and thus be enabled to judge with less chance of error respecting its preservation as a “ favoured race.”’ I am well aware that, in urging these remarks, I am laying myself open to the charge of Utopian- ism—and justly so, were I for a moment to deceive myself or to attempt to deceive others with the hope that such observations as I am advocating could be satisfactorily made, except in very few instances. But with these very few instances I am prepared to be content, at all events as a first step; for, if I mistake not, they would speedily be found of service, and the desire to extend them would as speedily grow.
Now as to the method by which these suggestions may be put in practice. It is plain that here lies the chief difficulty, and I only approach it with great caution. It may be at first sight not unnaturally objected, that the difference between personal powers of observation, which I have before mentioned, and the existence of which no one can doubt, will be as insuperable when these ob- servations are represented in numbers as when they are expressed in words. I trust, however, that the Society will give me credit for asserting, on the strength of a somewhat protracted trial, that this objection is unfounded. I do not desire at present to go into particulars. I will merely state that I have found that, with com- paratively little trouble, a sufficiently accurate account of the ap- pearance, not only of every species of bird, but, with respect to many species, of every individual bird may be kept; and I do not see any reason why the same principle should not be extended to other groups of the animal kingdom. Indeed, I think that zoolo- gists have only to apply themselves to the task, each in his own district, to accomplish what is wantel. So far the matter is easy ; and were it only required that the numbers seen should be polled, no particular obstacle presents itself. But the real hindrance I find in what I may perhaps be allowed to call the “ disturbing forces,” which must be duly appreciated before the returns from different localities can be reduced to a common standard for comparison. Herein the zoologist must avail himself of the help of the geolo- gist and the botanist; and therefore have I thought it expedient to introduce the subject of this paper to the Linnean Society, a body so fully competent to deal with the mixed questions which must arise from its consideration, and with which I freely acknow- ledge my utter inability to cope. But I may also add that it is my intention immediately to pursue the matter further as regards
26 MR. T. WEST ON APPENDAGES
the branch of natural history to which I am most addicted, and, through a channel whereby I can address myself especially to my brother ornithologists *, to enter into details which I should not be warranted in inflicting upon this Society, from some of whose members, however, I trust to receive that support in investigating the generalities of the case which can alone secure to the project even the smallest degree of success.
On certain Appendages to the Feet of Insects subservient to Holding or Climbing. By Turren Weisz, F.LS.
[Abstract of papers read March 21 and June 6, 1861.]
Tus structures in the foot of the Fly having long occupied the author’s attention, he was induced, by the fact of their minuteness and the difficulties attending satisfactory examination and reason- ing thereon, to search amongst insects generally for examples of analogous structures on a larger scale. With this view many examinations were made of such insects as could be procured ; and whenever practicable, they were viewed in action in the live-box. The importance of this was urged as the only way to obtain correct ideas regarding structures which must be more or less soft in order to fulfil their intended purposes, and which, therefore, are generally found shrivelled and distorted in dried specimens The labours of other observers in the same field were first mentioned, from which it appears that the way in which some insects are enabled to suspend themselves or to walk freely against gravity had been ascribed to causes which might conveniently be classified as follows :— A. By the entire cushions (of flies) acting as suckers. B. By the hairs with which the under surface of these cushions is furnished acting a. as minute hooks ; b. as suckers ; e. by adhesion through the emission of a viscid secretion from supposed glands in their expanded terminations ; d. as suckers, adhesion being assisted by the emission of a small quantity of fluid from such supposed glands.
The author then gave the results of his own examinations, stating that similar structures to those on the feet of flies were present in many beetles, the largest being on the dilated anterior tarsi of the males amongst the Geodephagi or ground-beetles.
* See ‘The Ibis’ for 1861, pp. 190-196.
TO THE FEET OF INSEOTS. 27
Those presented by Pterostichus were then somewhat minutely described, as the largest the author had had the opportunity of observing whilst living and in action. They may be considered as composed of two portions: the first is an elastic membrane, perfectly smooth on the lower surface to admit of its exact adapta- tion ; the second, on which the former is borne, is a long stem or pedicle arising at an oblique angle from the tarsal joint, and bent suddenly downwards near its insertion into the membranous portion, by which the latter is rendered capable of being brought into contact through its whole extent with the surfaces to which itisapplied. In the beetle in question the membrane is reniform, with its long axis directed transversely. -Amara was then noticed as possessing similar organs, with some of the Carabi; it appeared that, as a general rule, their number was increased as their size diminished. The presence of scale-like hairs on the back of these membranous expansions in some cases was mentioned as affording a clue to the condition in Oarabus, where irregular elevated wrinkles simulate such corrugations as would be produced by the contraction of a membranous tube.
The structure of these expanded membranous organs was shown to agree in every respect with that of true hairs—as being hollow for some distance, seated in a depression of the integument on a slight papilla, and shut off from the cavity of the joint by a delicate membrane, to which some fibres (including probably a nerve) could be traced. These statements were borne out by examinations of the parts in Carabus and Dyticus, whence the scarcely expected result was obtained that the “suckers ”’ of the latter are themselves only hairs still more modified.
Various forms of these spathulate hairs, and plans of their arrangement on the tarsi, were mentioned, with the different insects on which the author had met with them.
The strong resemblance in the structure of the bilobed Dipte- rous pulvillus to the almost equally cleft third joint in Curculio and Chrysomela, which are both furnished with these spathulate ap- pendages, led the author to throw out the suggestion that the former was, in a homological sense, a modified joint. The principal diffi- culty in accepting such a view (namely, the position of the claws) was combated by showing that the latter are themselves only modified hairs, usually converted into hooks to serve a special purpose*. In
* Since the above was written, the author has had the opportunity of examin- ing the feet of the Ephemera in the living fly, and has ascertained the curious
fact, that whilst one of the ungues remains in its normal condition as a strongly curved, horny hook, the other is converted into a soft fleshy sucker.
28 ON APPENDAGES TO THE FEET OF INSECTS.
the hind legs of some aquatic insects, when they are not used either as aids to progression or for the capture of prey, the claw- hairs are scarcely distinguishable from other hairs by which they are surrounded. The five “supplementary claws”’ (slightly modi- fied hairs) of Hpeira, and still more noticeably the claws found by the author along the entire under surface of the tarsi of Pholeus phalangioides, were mentioned as supporting this view.
This, the first portion of the paper, after recalling the brilliant researches of Professor Huxley on various dissimilar tegumentary structures formed from hairs in the higher animals, concluded with a few reflections on the equally remarkable series of modifica- tions of the same essential part in the Articulata.
In the second portion of the paper the structure of sucking-disks of a more eomplicated nature was somewhat minutely treated.
The most complex in structure was stated to occur in the feet of the Wasp, Hornet, and some of the Bees, in which it is a single central organ, situated beneath the ungues. Its various parts were described, with their appearance whilst in action. It was stated that in-some, as the Hymenoptera, the whole organ was soft and contractile, to enable it to be readily put away out of danger, as well as preserved in efficient condition for action when required. It was believed that the whole of the Lepidoptera were also fur- nished with a similar organ, but that, being of firmer consistency in them, it was less liable to injury ; and the author had been unable to satisfy himself that, in any of this tribe, it possessed such an amount of contractility. .
The bifid sucker of MJalachius eneus in the Coleoptera, and of several of the Pentatomide amongst the Hemiptera, was then described, together with the hood-like sucker (“‘vesicle”’ of authors) terminating the tarsi in Thrips, in various species amongst the Ce- cropide, and in many of the Acarida. Several Tipulide were men- tioned as presenting the only instances of a sucker beneath the claws amongst the Diptera.
The idea was broached thatthe terminal sucking-disk was perhaps an additional tarsal joint modified to serve a special purpose.
The paper was illustrated by numerous drawings and specimens ; one of the latter, a beetle, possessed of as perfect powers of walking on glass as a fly, was shown living.
DR. LINOECUM ON THE “ AGRICULTURAL ANT.”’ 29
Notice on the Habits of the “Agricultural Ant” of Texas [“ Stinging Ant” or “ Mound-making Ant,” MWyrmica (Atta) malefaciens, Buckley]. By Gipron Lincecum, Esq., M.D. Communicated by Cuartrs Darwty, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.
[Read April 18, 1861.]
Tue following is merely an abstract of Dr. Lincecum’s communi- cation, containing only what appears to be most remarkable and novel in it in the way of observation.
“The species which I have named‘ Agricultural,’ is a large brown- ish Ant. It dwells in what may be termed paved cities, and, like a thrifty, diligent, provident farmer, makes suitable and timely arrangements for the changing seasons. It is, in short, endowed with skill, ingenuity, and untiring patience sufficient to enable it successfully to contend with the varying exigencies which it may have to encounter in the life-conflict.
“ When it has selected a situation for its habitation, if on ordi- nary dry ground, it bores a hole, around which it raises the sur- face three and sometimes six inches, forming a low circular mound having a very gentle inclination from the centre to the outer bor- der, which on an average is three or four feet from the entrance. But if the location is chosen on low, flat, wet land liable to inun- dation, though the ground may be perfectly dry at the time the ant sets to work, it nevertheless elevates the mound, in the form of a pretty sharp cone, to the height of fifteen to twenty inches or more, and makes the entrance near the summit. Around the mound in either case the ant clears the ground of all obstructions, levels and smooths the surface to the distance of three or four feet from the gate of the city, giving the space the appearance of a handsome pavement, as it really is. Within this paved area not a blade of any green thing is allowed to grow, except a single species of grain-bearing grass. Having planted this crop in a circle around, and two or three feet from, the centre of the mound, the insect tends and cultivates it with constant care, cutting away all other grasses and weeds that may spring up amongst it and all around outside of the farm-circle to the extent of one or two feet more. The cultivated grass grows luxuriantly, and produces a heavy crop of small, white, flinty seeds, which under the microscope very closely resemble ordinary rice. When ripe, it is carefully harvested, and carried by the workers, chaff and all, into the granary cells, where it is divested of the chaff and packed away.
30 ON THE “ AGRICULTURAL ANT’’ OF TEXAS.
The chaff is taken out and thrown beyond the limits of the paved area.
“ During protracted wet weather, it sometimes happens that the provision stores become damp, and are liable to sprout and spoil. In this case, on the first fine day the ants bring out the damp and damaged grain, and expose it to the sun till it is dry, when they carry it back and pack away all the sound seeds, leaving those that had sprouted to waste.
“Tn a peach-orchard not far from my house is a considerable elevation, on which is an extensive bed of rock. In the sand-beds overlying portions of this rock are fine cities of the Agricultural Ants, evidently very ancient. My observations on their manners and customs have been limited to the last twelve years, during which time the enclosure surrounding the orchard has prevented the approach of cattle to the ant-farms. The cities which are outside of the enclosure as well as those protected in it are, at the proper season, invariably planted with the ant-rice. The crop may accordingly always be seen springing up within the circle about the 1st of November every year. Of late years however, since the number of farms and cattle has greatly increased, and the latter are eating off the grass much closer than formerly, thus preventing the ripening of the seeds, I notice that the ‘ Agricul- tural Ant’ is placing its cities along the turn-rows in the fields, walks in gardens, inside about the gates, &c., where they can cul- tivate their farms without molestation from the cattle.
“There can be no doubt of the fact, that the particular species of erain-bearing grass mentioned above is intentionally planted. In farmer-like manner the ground upon which it stands is carefully divested of all other grasses and weeds during the time it is grow- ing. When it is ripe the grain is taken care of, the dry stubble cut away and carried off, the paved area being left unencumbered until the ensuing autumn, when the same ‘ant-rice’ reappears within the same circle, and receives the same agricultural attention as was bestowed upon the previous crop,—and so on year after year, as I know to be the case, in all situations where the ants’ settlements are protected from graminivorous animals.”
In a second letter, Dr. Lincecum in reply to an inquiry from Mr. Darwin, whether he supposed that the ants plant seeds for the ensuing crop, says, “I have not the slightest doubt of it. And my conclusions have not been arrived at from hasty or care- less observation, nor from seeing the ants do something that looked a little like it, and then guessing at the results. I have at
¢
MR. F. SMITH ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF ANTS, 31
all seasons watched the same ant-cities during the last twelve years, and I know that what I stated in my former letter is true. I visited the same cities yesterday, and found the crop of ant-rice growing finely, and exhibiting also the signs of high cultivation, and not a blade of any other kind of grass or weed was to be seen within twelve inches of the circular row of ant-rice.”’
In his second letter Dr. Lincecum proceeds to give some account of what he terms the “ Horticultural Ant,’ which appears to be identical with the “ Cutting Ant,” Gcodoma mexicana, Sm., de- scribed by Mr. S. B. Buckley in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,’ 1860, p. 283 *; but as his account does not contain any important additional observations, it is here omitted.
Mr. Buckley also describes (/. ¢. p. 445), the “ Agricultural”’ or “ Mount-making Ant,” although his account of its habits will be found to differ in several respects from that given by Dr. Lince- cum.
Descriptions of some New Species of Ants from the Holy Land, with a Synonymie List of others previously described. By Freperick Smiru, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological Depart- ment, British Museum. Communicated by Danu. Hanzury, Esq., F.LS.
[Read April 4, 1861.]
Tue ants which form the subject of the present paper were col- lected in Syria and Palestine by Dr. J. D. Hooker and Mr. Daniel Hanbury, during a visit of a few weeks to those countries in September and October last. The species, though only ten in number, are part of a fauna replete with interest: all the produc- tions, in fact, of the Holy Land are so worthy of our attention, that he who adds even the smallest number of species to the list does not work in vain.
I am not prepared to say how many, or even if any, of the spe- cies of Ants forming the present list have been recorded as indige- nous to Palestine; but in one or two cases the knowledge of the geographical distribution of ants is rendered highly interesting. Not only do we here find species common to Southern Europe, but | in Formica brunnea and Tapinoma erratica we recognize insects found even in the vicinity of our own metropolis. A few observa-
* A notice of this paper will be found in the Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. vi. p. 386.
32 MR. F. SMITH ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF ANTS
tions on the habits of one or two species are added in the hope of contributing to the dissemination of a knowledge of the marvel- lous history of the economy of this most interesting family of insects.
Fam. FORMICID, Leach. Gen. Formtoa, Linn.
ForMIcA CoMPREsSSA. F. nigra, thorace compresso, antennis apice femoribusque rufis, capite maximo. Formica compressa, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 353. 2.; Latr. Fourm. p. 111.
This species is found in Egypt, in most parts of India, in China, and I have also seen examples from the Philippines. The worker major differs greatly in form from the worker minor ; it is nearly seven lines in length, is black, with the base of the legs pale red, its head being larger and wider than the abdomen. ‘The other form of the worker is smaller, the thorax and legs pale, the head oblong and narrower than the abdomen, the latter being frequently more or less pale at the base. Taken on the north shore of the Dead Sea.
ForMICA VIATICA. Sanguinea, opaca, antennis pedibusque rufo-
brunneo; abdomine nigro-fusco.
Formica viatica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ti. 356. 27 ; Syst. Piez. p. 404. 33.9.
—Formica bicolor, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 351.5; Syst. Piez. p. 398. 8. §.—Formica megalochola, Foerst. Verh. d. naturh. Ver. d. Rheini. vii. 485. $ .—Cataglyphis Fairmairei, Foerst. Verh. d. naturh. Ver. d. Rheinl. vii. 485. $.—Monocombus viaticus, Mayr, Form. Austr. ps L051:
This ant and the Atta cephalotes, according to the information that I have been able to obtain, are usually, if not always, found in the same localities ; and it would appear that, in some degree, they are dependent on each other. It is now a well-ascertained fact, that other species, in the fulfilment of their economy, require the aid of a distinct race, or rather are dependent on slave-labour for the rearing of their young brood, and for the performance of many other offices connected with the duties of their formicarium.
The connexion between the F. viatica and Atta cephalotes appears to be similar to that which exists between F. sanguinea and F. fusca. The sub- stance of the following account was communicated by M. Roussel to Dr. Nylander. M. Roussel observes that both species are common in Algeria, that they live in numerous societies, and construct their formicaria usually in banks, frequently at road-sides. It would appear that fierce combats take place occasionally between the Formice and the Atte, the former being always victorious, and carrying off captive numbers of the Atte, which henceforth become the nurse-slaves of F. viatica. M. Roussel frequently observed evidences of fierce encounters between these species of ants, having found the ground in the vicinity ‘of the nests of the Atte
FROM THE HOLY LAND. 33
strewed with the mangled remains of both combatants; but he does not appear to have ascertained whether the F. viatica carries off the Atta in the pupa or perfect condition. Probably the former, since, judging from analogy, it would appear necessary that such should be the case, as under such circumstances the F. fusca in the nest of F. sanguinea appears to form, as it were, an absolutely necessary part of the community. Probably such perfect individuals as are sometimes carried off by slave-making ants, are not intended to form part of the living population. Mr. Bates, who resided several years in Brazil, communicated to me some very interesting accounts of the habits of various predaceous species of ants. Not only did he observe the slave-makers carrying off pup from the nests of more peaceable communities, but he also witnessed the slaughter of the defence- less species—their furious assailants tearing the larger and more weighty fe- males limb from limb, and then carrying away the mangled remains to their own habitations. Such, probably, is the fate of such living examples as may be frequently observed vainly struggling with their more warlike invaders.
M. Roussel observed Atta cephalotes in great numbers, living in perfect harmony, in the nests of F. viatica.
ForMIcA BRUNNEA. F. fusco-nigra, cinereo-micans; antennis pedibus-
que pallide testaceis; squama leviter emarginata.
Formica brunnea, Latr.*Fourm. p. 169, pl. 6. fig. 35. 9 .—Formica
timida, Foerst. Hym. Stud. Form. p. 35. 15.
A most widely distributed species, being found in England, France, Ger- many, Austria, Italy, Algeria, and also in Palestine. Specimens from North America have also been examined, which I am unable to separate from this species.
ForMICcA "BIPARTITA. F. operaria. Rufo-ferruginea ; metathorace spinis duabus acutis minutis ; abdomine nigerrimo nitido.
Worker. Length 2 lines. The head, thorax, and legs rufo-ferruginous, smooth and slightly shining, the eyes black; the thorax much com- pressed behind; the metathorax obliquely truncate, concave above ; the lateral margins acute, terminating posteriorly in an acute angle, or short spine; the scale of the peduncle oblong, notched above, incli- ning forwards, and fitting into the oblique slightly concave truncation of the metathorax: when viewed sideways, it is wedge-shaped ; the abdomen ovate, and shining black.
I at first sight mistook this very distinct, and apparently undescribed ant, for a species belonging to the genus Myrmica, to many of which it bears a strong resemblance. In size, general form, and more particularly its spinose metathorax, it approaches the Myrmicide; but its having a single scale, or node, at once points out its situation to be amongst the Formicide. I much regret having only workers for examination; and although upwards of thirty were captured, not one possesses an antenna. Had all the sexes been before me, I have a strong impression that this
LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY. 3
34 MR. F. SMITH ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF ANTS
species would have been found to form a new genus, intermediate between Formica and Myrmica. Future observation and research will probably supply the materials for deciding this interesting question.
Gen. Taprnoma, Foerst.
TAPINOMA ERRATICA. T. nigro-fusca, nitida, glabra ; pedum articulis
tarsisque pallidis; squama oblonga depressa.
Formica erratica, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 182.—Tapinoma erratica,
Smith, Brit. Fourm. p. 111. 1.
The collection contained a single example of this species. Its coming from so distant a locality created a doubt of the possibility of its bemg identical with the species found in this country and throughout Europe ; but after the most attentive examination having been given to it, I acknow- ledge my inability to detect the slightest difference between them.
Fam. MYRMICID A.
Gen. Myrmuica, Latr.
Myrmica sucunpaA. M. fusco-nigra, nitida; mandibulis antennis pedibusque articulis et tarsis rufo-pallescentibus.
Worker. Length 13 line. Brownish black, very smooth and shining ; the mandibles, anterior portion of the head, the antenne, tarsi, and articulation of the legs pale testaceous; the eyes small and placed midway at the sides of the head. Thorax narrowed posteriorly, with the division between the meso- and metathorax strongly impressed 3 the metathorax with two very minute spines ; the first node of the abdomen, when viewed sideways, is wedge-shaped, the second globose. Abdomen subovate, widest towards the apex.
MyRMICA GRACILLIMA. M. rufo- pallida, levis, nitida; abdomine nitido nigro.
Worker, Length 13 line. Pale rufous, smooth and shining; the head oblong, rather wider than the abdomen; the mandibles stout and armed with four black acute teeth on their inner margin; the eyes small, ovate, and placed in the middle at the sides of the head; club of the antenne 3-jointed; the antenne as long as the head and thorax. Thorax compressed, the division between the meso- and metathorax strongly impressed ; the metathorax unarmed. Abdomen ovate, black, smooth and shining; the nodes of the peduncle pale rufous, the first elevated above the second; when viewed sideways, wedgeshaped, with the apex blunt, the second globose.
There is a certain similarity in the habit of this small ant that induces
me to think it quite possible that it may be only a very diminutive form of the worker of Atta barbara.
Myrmica punica. WM. rufo-pallida; capite longitudinaliter delica- tule striato; metathorace parvo, acuto, dentiformi.
EROM THE HOLY LAND. 35
Worker. Length nearly 13 line. Pale red, the legs and antenne palest ; the flagellum of the latter with 3 joints in the club; the head wider than the abdomen, delicately striated longitudinally ; the man- dibles stout, striated, and furnished with 4 or 5 black teeth on their imner margin; the eyes small, black, and situated about midway at the sides of the head. Thorax, the anterior margin transverse; the division between the meso- and metathorax strongly impressed; the metathorax armed with two short acute spines. Abdomen smooth and shining ; the nodes ovate and shining ; the thorax and abdomen with a few erect pale hairs.
Gen. Arta, Fabr.
ATTA BARBARA. (Formica barbara, Iiinn. Syst. Nat. i. 962. 2; Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 356. 26; Syst. Piez. p. 403. 30.—Formica bimodis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 405. 39; Latr. Fourm. p. 285.— Formica juvenilis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 405. 38.—Myrmica capitata, Losana, Form. Piem. p.325.—Formica capitata, Latr. Fourm. p. 234. pl. 10. fig. 66. 9c. 3 a.—Atta capitata, St. Farg. Hym. i. 173. 1.)
This ant is one of the most widely distributed species ; it is also one
which varies greatly in colouring ; hence has arisen the confusion which the above synonym exhibits. The F. barbara of Linneus is a form of the species which has the head and antenne red; the F. juvenilis of Fabricius is a black variety. The A. capitata of Europe, according to Nylander and Mayr, varies from individuals totally black to others having the head and legs red, with the thorax more or less obscurely so. These observations apply to the worker only ; the male is, I believe, always black ; the female is sometimes, but rarely, as highly coloured as the worker. The numerous specimens from Palestine exhibit various shades of coloration ; the majority being, however, more highly coloured than any which I have seen captured in Europe. The head, thorax, legs, and in some instances, the nodes of the petiole also are entirely bright red; of those taken in Jerusalem, some are highly coloured, whilst others are quite black. The species has not been discovered in England, but it is common in many parts of France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Dalmatia, Italy, Sardinia and Sicily ; I have also received it from Portugal. The nests of this ant are frequently much infested by a myrmecophilous beetle, Pycnidium testa- ceum.
ATra structor. (Formica structor, Latr. Fourm. p. 236.—Formica lapidum, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 406.49 $.—Formica rufitarsis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p.406. 45. 9 .—Atta structor, St. Farg. Hym..i. 174. 2.— Myrmica structor, Nyland. Form, Cr. et d’Algér. 85. 10, Div. 2.)
This species has not been found in England, but is scattered over great
part of Europe, having occurred in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Dal- matia, and Switzerland ; it has also been found in Algeria,
3*
36 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Islands of Ceram, Celebes, Ternate, and Gilolo. By Frepericx Surru, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological De- partment, British Museum. Communicated by W. W. Saun- pDERS, Esq., V.P.L.S., &e.
[Read June 6, 1861. ]
OF the extensive and valuable additions which Mr. Wallace has made to our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the various genera of Aculeate Hymenoptera, none are perhaps more interesting than those contained in the present paper. Two fine new species of the parasitic genus Thynnus, from Gilolo, are espe- cially interesting; this being the extreme limit of the known northern range of that genus from its metropolis, Australia. I would also particularly direct attention to a second species of the genus Methoca from Celebes. This genus, long represented by a single European species, was supposed to be confined to that quarter; but during the last few years it has been discovered in North America, two species being described by Say, and one by myself, from that country, one species from Cuba, another from India, and two by Mr. Wallace from the Island of Celebes.
Many fine additions to the Formicide, as well as to the fossorial division of the Aculeata, are contained in the present collections, which are the property of William Wilson Saunders, Esq.
Fam. FORMICID, Leach.
Gen. Formica, Linn.
1. Formica laetaria, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 95. 6. Hab. Gilolo, Bachian.
2. Formica quadriceps, Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. 137. 9. Hab. Ceram, Aru.
3. FoRMICA CONSANGUINEA. F, capite abdomineque nigro-fuscis ; antennis, thorace, abdomine, squamula pedibusque ferrugineis.
Worker. Length 3 lines. Head black, with a slight ferruginous tinge and a prismatic lustre in various lights; before the insertion of the antennz it is red as well as the mandibles and antenne ; the latter slender and a little longer than the thorax. The thorax narrow, and much compressed behind ; and, as well as the legs, of a bright pale ferruginous. Abdomen ovate, fuscous and thinly sprinkled with pale hairs; the scale of the peduncle ferruginous, small, narrow, upright, with the superior margin rounded.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
This is probably the worker minor of F. virulens.
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 37
4. Formica circumspecTA. F. rufo-picea, antennis pedibusque pal- lide ferrugineis ; squamula subquadrata, supra emarginata (famina). F. pallide ferruginea, elongata et gracilis ; abdomine rufo-fusco (ope- raria).
Female. Length 63 lines. Rufo-piceous, smooth and shining, the anterior part of the head, its anterior margin, the scutellum and base of the abdominal segments of a brighter colour; the antennz, legs, and scale of the peduncle pale rufo-testaceous; the head oblong, narrowed anteriorly, transverse behind, and slightly emarginate in the middle; the mandibles stout, punctured, and with a row of black acute teeth on their inner margin; the head slightly punctured in front; the scale of the peduncle subquadrate, slightly emarginate above.
Worker major. 3% lines. Of a pale ferruginous, with the posterior portion of the abdomen fuscous; head oblong, narrowed behind the eyes; thorax oblong, narrow, compressed behind; the scale of the peduncle small, narrow, with the superior margin rounded above ; the thorax narrowed anteriorly, forming a sort of neck.
The worker minor is 2 lines in length, more slender than the larger worker, with the antenne and legs much more elongate, the head narrowed behind, and the thorax prolonged into a sort of neck when viewed sideways.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
5. ForMICA LEUCOPH&A. F. nigra, dense cinerea, pilosa; thorace postice attenuato; squama oblongo-ovata. —
Worker. Length 3 lines. Black and densely covered with a fine silky cinereous pile; antenne nearly as long as the body, slender, and filiform, the flagellum scarcely thickened towards the apex; eyes rather large and prominent, and situated high on the sides of the head; head oblong, narrowed behind the eyes. ‘Thorax oblong, narrowed and of equal width behind the prothorax ; legs very obscurely reddish, with the apical joints of the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen ovate, the apical margins of the segments testaceous ; the scale of the peduncle narrow, small, and pointed above.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
6. Formica Tropica. F. nigerrima, nitida, levissima; thorace pu- bescente, postice compresso ; pedibus rufo-nigris.
Worker. Length 3% lines. Jet black, smooth, shinmg, and having a faint prismatic lustre, particularly on the head, which is oblong, or subquadrate ; the tips of the mandibles ferruginous. The prothorax rounded at the sides and in front; a deep constriction at the base of the metathorax, which is elevated and rounded above; the thorax has a loose long pale scanty pubescence, probably much more dense in specimens in fine condition; the-legs very obscurely ferruginous, nearly black ; the legs, particularly the tibie, have a thin long loose
38 MR, F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSEOTS
pale pubescence. Abdomen thinly sprinkled with pale hairs; the scale of the peduncle rounded and blunt above, not much elevated. Hab. Gilolo.
7. ForMiIcA vIRULENS. F. capite, thorace pedibusque rufo-ferrugi- neis; abdomine nigro ; squama oblongo-ovata.
Worker. Length 4lines. Head, antenne, thorax, and legs rufo-ferru- ginous ; the head very large, much wider than the abdomen, emargi- nate behind, and rounding at the sides to the tips of the mandibles ; the latter triangular, stout, and longitudinally striated, their inner margin dentate. The thorax compressed behind. Abdomen shining, black, with the margins of the segments ciliated with pale hairs; the scale of the petiole oblong-ovate.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
8. Formica (TapinoMaA) GipBa. F. castaneo-rufa; antennis, tibiis tarsisque fuscis; metathorace supra rotundato, postice truncato.
Worker. Length 1$ line. Dull chestnut red; the head rounded be- hind the eyes, the latter ovate, and situated rather more inwards than is usual, the eyes are also rather large; the antenne, tibic, and tarsi fuscous; the antennz inserted rather wide apart, nearly in a line with the inner margins of the eyes. Thorax, sub-rugose above, narrowed posteriorly, and deeply constricted between the meso- and meta- thorax ; the latter elevated, rounded above, and truncate behind, the truncation obliquely concave. Abdomen ovate, produced anteriorly over the node of the peduncle, which is oblique, and falls into the truncation of the metathorax.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
This species belongs to Foerster’s genus Tapinoma.
9. Formica (TAPINOMA) ALBIPES. F. nigra, subnitida, glabra; me- tathorace dorso abbreviato ; squama oblougo- deprensts pedum articulis tarsisque albis.
Worker. Length 134 line. Black, slightly shining; the antennz in- serted widely apart on the front of the head; the metathorax oblique behind ; the scale of the peduncle decumbent and hidden beneath the base of the abdomen, which projects forwards ; the tarsi white.
Hab. Celebes (‘Tondano).
Gen. PonyrHacuis, Sinith *.
1. Polyrhachis hastatus, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 129, pl. 4. fig. 23, ?.
Hab. Celebes; India.
The specimen from Celebes has the metathoracic spines shorter than Indian specimens which I have seen, and those on the node of the peduncle are also rather shorter ; however, in its opake blackness and in every other particular the insect is identical.
* A figure of the scale of the peduncle of each of the new species described will be found on Plate I., illustrative of this paper.
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 39
2. Polyrhachis bihamatus, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 38. f. 8, 3. Hab. Celebes; Bachian; Sumatra; Borneo; India; Ceram.
3. Polyrhachis Merops, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 98. 9. Hab. Celebes ; Bachian.
4. Polyrhachis Busiris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 98.7, 2. Hab. Celebes; Bachian.
5. Polyrhachis bicolor, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pl. 6 (Formicidae), p. 65. 25. Hah. Ternati; Burmah.
6. Polyrhachis rugifrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 70. 3. Hab. Ceram; Makassar.
7. Polyrhachis rufofemoratus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 142. 14. Hab. Ceram; Aru.
8. Potyrsacuis Orsyuuus. P. niger, cinereo-sericeo vestitus; thorace supra deplanato ; spinis duabus acutis antice armato; squama integra ; tibiis ferrugincis.
Worker. Length 3 lines. Black and thinly clothed with silky cine- reous pile ; the extreme apex of the flagellum and the palpi pale rufo- testaceous. The head and thorax above longitudinally and delicately striated; the margins of the thorax acute and slightly raised; the spines on the prothorax short, stout, and acute; the tibiz ferruginous, the posterior pair rather dusky. Abdomen globose, the node of the peduncle broad, with its superior margin rounded, not spined. (PI. I. fig. 6.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
9. PotyrHacuis MutTitiz. P. niger; capite thoraceque cinereo- sericeo vestitis; abdomine pallide-aureo tectis; thorace spinis acutis duabus antice et postice armato; squama spinis duabus longis curvatis.
Worker. Length 23 lines. Black, the head and thorax with a thin silky cinereous pile, that on the abdomen of a pale golden hue, the antenne and legs black without pile, and slightly shining. Thorax convex above, the anterior spines short, slender and acute; the meta- thoracic spines rather longer but equally slender and acute; the node of the peduncle with two long spines which are curved to the shape of the base of the abdomen ; the latter globose. The thorax flattened transversely, but curved longitudinally. (PI. I. fig. 7, and fig. 15 var. ?)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
10. Poryruacuis OLEeNus. P. niger; thorace supra deplanato, spinis duabus acutis anterioribus; squama spinis duabus longis armata; corpore aureo-sericeo vestito.
Worker. Length 3 lines. Black and clothed with ashy silky pile ; the palpi pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax flattened above, with the lateral
40 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
margins raised, armed in front with two divergent flattened acute
spines; the metathorax truncate, and with the margin at the verge of
the truncation acute and slightly raised; the node of the peduncle
armed with two long acute divergent spines which curve backwards
over the base of the abdomen; the latter globose. (Pl. I. fig. 8.) Hab. Celebes (Tondano),.
11. Pouyruacuis Democues. P. niger, aureo-sericeo vestitus ; tho- race ovato, metathorace spinis duabus brevibus obtusis ; squama spinis duabus acutis armata.
Female. Length 33 lines. Black, covered with golden pubescent pile, the head and thorax thinly so. The thorax ovate; the verge of the truncation of the metathorax notched, the lateral angles forming short blunt spies; the node of the peduncle with two acute short spines, and in the middle of its upper margin with a notch, the angles of which are slightly elevated, forming two minute teeth or spines; the abdomen globose ; the legs black and shining. (PI. I. fig. 9.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
12, PotyrHacuis VALERUuS. P. capite abdomineque nigris ; thorace, squama femoribusque rufis; thorace quadrispinoso ; petioli squamula bispinosa.
Worker. Length 34 lines. Black, with the thorax, scale of the petiole, the coxz, trochanters and femora ferruginous; the head opake, the face with short cinereous pubescence. The thorax with a thin shming cinereous pile; the spines on the thorax in front short, stout, and acute ; the metathorax with two long slightly divergent spines directed back- wards and tipt with black; the node of the peduncle with two long acute spines directed backwards over the base of the abdomen, their apex black. Abdomen globose and covered with silky pile, the ex- treme base, ferruginous. (PI. I. fig. 10.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
13. PoLYRHACHIS TRISPINOSUS. P. niger, levis nitidusque ; thorace inermi ; petioli squama trispinosa.
Female. Length 4 lines. Jet black, smooth and shining; the antennee long and slender with the apical half ferruginous; the front of the head very convex. Thorax ovate, very delicately striated, the strie, short and irregular, may be called a faint scratching; wings wanting ; the node of the peduncle with three short acute spines above; the claws of the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen ovate and very smooth and shining. (PI. I. fig. 11.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
14, Potyruacuis DiapuHantus. P. niger et vestitus pube argentea ; thorace quadrispinoso ; petioli squamula bispinosa.
Worker. Length 23 lines. Black, and densely clothed with silky sil- very pile; the flagellum has the tips of the basal joints, and six or
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 41
seven of the apical joints entirely ferruginous; the thorax convex above, the anterior spines short, stout, and acute; the metathorax with two very stout, acute divergent spines; the node of the petiole with two long spines very stout, acute, and curving round the base of the abdomen; the abdomen globose. The anterior tibiz obscurely ferruginous, their base black. (PI. I. fig. 12.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
15. Potyruacuis Amanus. PP. niger, levis, nitidus; thorace antice et postice spinis duabus longis acutis armato ; squama spinis duabus longis curvatis ; femoribus basi pallide ferrugineis.
Worker. Length 3 lines. Jet black, smooth and shining, the thorax finely roughened and sub-opake; head very prominent in front, tips of the mandibles and of the jomts of the flagellum, as well as the palpi, rufo-testaceous, five or six of the apical joints of the flagellum entirely so. Thorax, the spines in front short, stout, acute, and curved inwards ; those on the metathorax elongate, extending over the base of the abdomen and very acute; the spines on the node of the peduncle slender, very acute, and curved to the shape of the base of the abdomen; legs elongate, obscurely ferruginous, with the coxz, trochanters, and base of the femora pale testaceous, the claws of the tarsi testaceous. Abdomen globose, highly polished and impunctate. (Pl. I. fig. 13.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
16. PoLyrRHACHIS CLEOPHANES. PP. niger, pube argentea vestitus ; capite thoraceque rude punctatis, spinis acutis antice et postice armatis; petioli squamula bispinosa ; femoribus basi ferrugineis.
Worker. Length 3} lines. Black, the abdomen shining; head and thorax coarsely and closely punctured, rugose, and covered with sil- very pubescent pile ; the prominence on the front of the head, under the sides of which the antennz are inserted, very much elevated; the eyes very prominent; the spines on the thorax in front short, diver- gent, stout, and acute ; those on the metathorax more slender, acute, and curved backwards; the node of the peduncle with acute spines, which curve backwards over the base of the abdomen; the base of the femora more or less ferruginous, sometimes totally black. (PI. I. fig. 14.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
This is very probably the worker of P. Vibidia.
17. PoLYRHACHIS EXASPERATUS. P. niger, capite thoraceque rude punctatis, abdomine nitido; thorace antice et postice spinis duabus longis acutis armato; squama spinis duabus longis curvatis acutis armata; pedibus obscure ferrugineis.
Worker. Length 2} lines. Black; the head anteriorly, the mandibles and flagellum obscure ferruginous ; the head, thorax, and node of the
MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
peduncle very coarsely and closely punctured, producing a rugged surface. The thorax, with two short stout acute spines bent inwards, the metathorax with two long divergent acute spines; the peduncle with two long acute spines, which curve to. the shape of the base of the abdomen; the legs ferruginous, more or less obscurely so. The abdomen globose, smooth, and shining. (Pl. I. fig. 15, and 16 var.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
18. Potyruacuis Visipia. P. niger, capite thoraceque rude punc-
tatis; thorace ovato, antice posticeque abdominisque squama spinis duabus acutis armatis ; abdomine ovato.
Female. Length 33 lines. Black; the head and thorax with large
deep punctures ; the head with a large prominence in front, the lateral margins of which are expanded into elevated fiat scales, beneath which the antennz are inserted, the extreme tip of the latter pale rufo- testaceous; the eyes very prominent. Thorax ovate, with a short stout spine on each side in front; the metathorax with two stout acute spines, rather longer than the front ones; the node of the peduncle with two short divergent acute spines ; the tibiee and femora ferrugi- nous, the apex of the latter and base of the former dusky or black ; the claws of the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen globose, smooth and shining ; the entire insect thinly covered with cinereous pubescent — pile. (PI. I. fig. 17.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
19. Potyruacuis Cuaonra. P. niger, pube pallide aurea vestitus ;
thorace bidentato ; petioli squamula bidentata ; femoribus tibiisque fer- rugineis ; alis fusco-hyalinis.
Female. Length 4 lines. Black, and clothed with a cinereous pubes-
cence, which has a pale golden lustre, particularly on the head and thorax ; that on the abdomen is more inclining to grey, but has a golden tint in some lights; the mandibles black. Thorax armed in front with two short acnte spines ; the legs ferruginous, with the tarsi black ; wings fusco-hyaline, nervures testaceous. Abdomen globose ; the scale of the peduncle with two short stout spimes. (PI. I. fig. 18.)
Hab. Gilolo.
20. PotyrHacHis Numeria. P. niger; thorace supra deplanato,
spinis duabus anterioribus; abdominis squamula spinis duabus erectis acutis, utraque ad basin minute unispinulosa.
Worker. Length 3 lines. Black, and covered with silky cinereous pile ; the thorax flattened above, and slightly curved longitudinally to the verge of the truncation of the metathorax, the spines on the pro- thorax stout, short and acute; the margins of the thorax slightly raised. Abdomen globose, truncate at the base; the node of the pe- duncle broad, transverse above with an erect spine at each latera]
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 43
angle, and a shorter acute spine outside at their base. (Pl. I. fig. 19.) Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
21. Potyruacuis Hippomanss. P. niger; capite thoraceque opacis ; abdomine nitido; thorace spinis duabus longis acutis postice armato ; squama spinis duabus longis curvatis armata.
Worker. Length 2} lines. Black, the head and thorax opake, and obscurely tinged with blue. Thorax rounded above, the anterior margin unarmed ; the metathorax with two long divergent spines; the node of the peduncle with two similar spines, which are curved and extend over the base of the abdomen; the trochanters and the intermediate and posterior coxz pale rufo-testaceous; the legs elongate. The abdomen globose. (PI. I. fig. 20.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
22. Potyruacuis Lycipas. P. niger, pubescens; thorace supra de- planato, spinis duabus anterioribus ; petioli squamula quadrispinosa. Worker. Length 4 lines. Black with a thin silky cinereous pile, and sprinkled over with erect pale pubescence, which covers the antennz and legs also; the extreme tip of the antenne pale rufo-testaceous, the palpi of the same colour; the head and thorax longitudinally striated ; the prothorax with two stout acute spines; the margins of the thorax slightly elevated and extremely acute at the angles of the
’ truncation of the metathorax, sub-dentate ; the node of the peduncle with four acute spines. Abdomen globose, with the base truncate. (Pl. I. fig. 21.)
Hab, Celebes (Tondano).
23. PotyrHAcHIS Zopyrus. P. niger; prothorace bispinoso ; petioli squamula quadrispinosa.
Worker. Length 2} lines. Black, with a thin cinereous silky pile. Thorax, the anterior margin transverse, with the lateral angles very acute, and slightly produced into short acute spines; the sides of the thorax flat, the disk slightly convex, with the margins acute and slightly raised; the metathorax truncate, the angles of the truncation slightly produced, forming short acute spines; the anterior tibiae more or less ferruginous within. Abdomen globose, the node of the peduncle with the superior margin transverse, the lateral angles raised into short acute teeth or spines; the sides of the node oblique outwardly, then abruptly inclined inwards to its base ; at the angle thus produced is a short acute spine. (PI. I. fig. 22.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
24. Potyruacuis Euryrus. P. niger cinereo-sericeo vestitus ; tho- race subovato, spinis duabus antice armato; squama emarginata.
Female. Length 3} lines. Black, and covered with silvery grey pile, which is most dense on the face, metathorax, and abdomen. Thorax
| 44 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
sub-ovate, the metathorax truncate with the margin of the truncation * acute ; the prothorax with two short acute spines. Abdomen globose ; the node of the peduncle widely emarginate above and subdentate at the angles. (PI. I. fig. 23.) Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
Gen. Opontomacuves, Latr.
1. Odontomachus rixosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1. 64. 1. Hab. Ternati; Singapore.
2. Odontomachus seevissimus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 102. 1. Hab. Menado; Bachian; Ceram.
3. ODONTOMACHUS TYRANNIcus. O. ferrugineus, levis nitidus ; thorace oblongo, metathorace transversim striato ; abdominis pedun- culo unispinoso.
Worker. Length 4 lines to the tips of the mandibles. Ferruginous, very smooth and shining; the head widest at the insertion of the eyes, more than usually so; the usual deep depressions between the eyes and the prominence at the sides of which the antennz are inserted very smooth without the faintest striatiop, the prominence slightly striated longitudinally ; the head deeply emarginate behind; the man- dibles finely serrated on their inner margins, and terminating in two stout teeth, which form a fork abruptly bent inwards. The antennz and legs of a paler colour than the body ; the metathorax transversely striated, the mesothorax above longitudinally so ; the spme on the node of the peduncle of the abdomen short and acute. (PI. I. fig. 4.)
Hab. Celebes.
Fam. PONERID A, Smith.
Gen. Ponrra, Latr.
1. Ponera rugosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 66. 5. Hab. Celebes; Borneo.
2. Ponera parallela, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. 143. 3. Hab. Celebes; Aru. 7
3. Ponera leviceps, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ui. 69.13 9. Hab. Celebes ; Bachian ; Borneo.
4. PonERA MALIGNA. P. capite subquadrato, margine posteriore trans- verso; thorace abdomineque lvigatis, nitidis; mandibulis, antennis tarsisque pallide ferrugineis.
Female. Length 54 lines. Jet-black, smooth and shining ; the poste- rior margin of the head transverse, with the lateral angles acute; the clypeus elevated ; the head is sprinkled with distant punctures ; its anterior margin, the mandibles, and antennz ferruginous; the man- dibles porrect, with two or three teeth at their apex and a larger one on their inner margin about one-third of their length from their apex.
~
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO, 45
Thorax oblong-ovate, with a few large scattered shallow punctures ; the articulations of the legs and the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen deeply constricted between the first and second segment, the apex rufo-testaceous; the node of the peduncle incrassate, subquadrate, rather widest behind; the entire insect is sprinkled with pale hairs, which are most dense on the abdomen, particularly at its apex.
Worker. This sex is rather smaller than the female, is less pubescent, and with fewer punctures; the metathorax narrower than the pro- thorax, and obtuse behind; the eyes are smaller, and, like those of the female, placed forwards at the sides of the head; the mandibles are similarly toothed ; the colouring does not differ.
Hah. Celebes ; Menado.
5. Ponrera niTIDA. P. pallide ferruginea, levis et nitida; margine mandibularum bidentato.
Worker. Length 23 lines. Pale ferruginous, very smooth and shining ; the eyes small, round, and placed forwards at the sides of the head ; the mandibles porrect, with two stout short teeth on their inner margin. Thorax, with the sides flattened, above slightly convex; the metatho- rax oblong-quadrate above. The node of the peduncle quadrate and incrassate, as wide as the metathorax ; the abdomen is constricted be- tween the first and second segments, and has a few pale scattered hairs.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano),.
6. PonERA MUTABILIS. P. ferruginea, levis, nitida, chalybea, viri- descens ; abdomine rufo-fusco.
Worker. Length 3} lines. Ferruginous; the head and thorax with tints of blue in certain lights; the mandibles longitudinally and finely striated, armed with three teeth at their apex, and a fourth on their inner margin a little way within; the eyes ovate and placed forwards at the sides of the head. Thorax compressed posteriorly ; the scale of the peduncle flattened, rather thick, with its superior margin rounded. Abdomen slightly fuscous; the apical margin of the basal segment slightly constricted.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
This species resembles the P. viridescens from Sarawak, but is at once
distinguished from it by its much shorter and thicker antenne.
Gen. Eotatomma, Smith.
1. Ectatomma rugosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iui. 143. 1. Hab. Ceram ; Aru.
Fam. MYRMICIDA, Smith.
Gen. Myruica, Latr.
1. Myrmica molesta, Say, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 293. 6. (Myrmica domestica, Shuck. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 268.) Hab. Menado; Celebes; Britain; France; Brazil; North Asneviou.
46 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
2. Myrmica PepEsTRIS. WM. fusco-nigra; capite thoraceque longitu- dinaliter striatis; antennis pedibusque ferrugineis ; abdomine levi, nitidissimo.
Female. Length 3 lines. Nigro-fuscous; the head and thorax longitu- dinally striated, the striz formed of rows of confluent punctures, the punctures finer on the head than on the thorax; the antennz, anterior margin of the head and the mandibles ferruginous, the legs ferrugi- nous. The thorax transverse anteriorly; a narrow smooth shining impunctate line runs down the middle; the metathorax unarmed. Abdomen oblong-ovate, smooth, shining, and delicately punctured ; the nodes of the peduncle smooth and impunctate, the first oblong, the second globose.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
3. Myrmica ruriceps. M. fusco-nigra; capite ferrugineo et longi- tudinaliter striato, thorace supra striato ; abdomine levi, nitidissimo. Female. Length 4 lines. Black, the head red with a space behind the insertion of the antennz regularly striated longitudinally, extending to the posterior margin ; on each side of the striation the head is ru- gose ; the mandibles stout, smooth and shining, with their mer mar- gin black, smooth, and edentate; flagellum 12-jointed, the club 3- jointed. Thorax, the disk longitudinally striated, the scutellum smooth and shining, with a few transverse striz behind; the meta- thorax with two short stout teeth ; the tarsi and articulations of the legs pale rufo-testaceous. The petiole of the abdomen ferruginous, the nodes black, the first globose, the second transverse. Abdomen
ovate, black, smooth, and shining. Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
4. MyrMmica FUSCIPENNIS. M. ferruginea; capite thoraceque pro- funde punctatis; alis nigro-fuscis.
Female. Length 3 lines. Ferruginous, the head and thorax covered with large oblong punctures, the punctures occasionally confluent ; the mandibles finely striated longitudinally, their mner margin fur- nished with a row of small black teeth; the joints of the antenne, except the three apical ones, transverse ; the apical joint longest, but not forming a club. Thorax, the metathorax with two short acute teeth; wings dark fuscous. Abdomen very smooth and shining, and much paler than the head and thorax.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
5. MyRMICA PERTINAX. WM. rufo-fusca, nitida, sparse pilosa; capite longitudinaliter striato ; metathorace mutico.
Worker. Length 13-2 lines. Rufo-fuscous, the head darker than the the body ; the anterior portion of the head and the antenne bright rufo-ferruginous. The thorax smooth and shining, with a few fine punctures, the base and apex of the femora pale in some of the larger and darker examples; the abdomen pale at the base, the ex-
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 47
treme apex pale and pubescent. Smaller specimens are usually paler than large ones.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
6. Myrmica vexaTor. M. pallide flavo-testacea, levis, nitidissima ; abdomine apice fusco-nigro.
Worker. Length 1 line. Honey-yellow, very smooth and shining ; the flagellum slightly fuscous towards the apex ; the eyes small and placed forwards at the sides of the head; the metathorax not spined ; the abdomen fuscous with the base pale.
Hab. Ternati.
This species resembles the House-ant, M. molesta; but it differs in
several particulars from that species; its head is much larger, and it is entirely smooth and shining.
7. Myrmica InsoLENs. M. testaceo-ferruginea, sparse pilosa ; capite thoraceque longitudinaliter striatim rugosis ; metathorace spinis parvis acutis armato.
Worker. Length 1? lime. Pale ferruginous; the head and thorax longitudinally, irregularly and roughly striated; the eyes and ocelli black ; the antennz with three joints in the club; the metathorax. with two straight acute spines, which are situated at the sides of the truncation of the metathorax ; the abdomen smooth and shining.
Hab. Menado.
8. Myrmica opaca. M. nigra, opaca, delicatule scabrosa; pedibus rufo-fuscis, tarsis pallide testaceis.
Worker. Length 2 lines. Opake-black, the head, thorax and nodes of the peduncle finely scabrous, on the head having a tendency to run into lines; behind the eyes is a longitudinal groove, apparently for the reception of the scape of the antennz; the antennz obscurely ferru- ginous with the tip pale; the mandibles ferruginous, striated and with several black teeth on their inner margin. Thorax armed pos- teriorly with two stout curved spines; the tarsi pale rufo-testaceous.
The nodes of the peduncle large and globose; the abdomen thinly sprinkled with erect white sete.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
Gen. Crrapacuys, Smith.
1. Cerapachys antennatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 74. 1. Hab. Celebes; Borneo.
Gen. Crematocaster, Lund.
1, CREMATOGASTER AMPULLARIS. C, rufo-niger; capite thorace mul- tum latiore ; parte postica thoracis dilatata; abdomine cordato.
Worker. Length 2 lines. Obscure fusco-ferruginous; the antenne, sides of the head, the nodes of the petiole, and the legs of a brighter
48 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
red; the head much wider than the thorax and more shining; the metathorax much swollen and wider than the prothorax, swelling out on each side. Abdomen heart-shaped, palest at the base and shining.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano),
The swollen metathorax in this species, I apprehend, is a receptacle for saccharine fluid ; on each side is a small orifice, and beneath it, adhering to the thorax, are particles of crystallized masses, apparently formed of the fluid which has exuded from the receptacle. Two species from Sarawak, having similar formations, are described in the second volume of the ‘ Pro- ceedings of the Linnean Society.’
Fam. ATTIDA, Smith. Gen. Sotenopsis, Westw.
1. Solenopsis cephalotes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 149, 1.
Hab. Celebes; Aru.
The worker major of this species has the head greatly enlarged, that of
the worker minor being of the ordinary size.
2. SOLENOPSIS LABORIOSA. S. ferruginea; capite maximo, longi- tudinaliter striato, postice transverso-striato; spinis metathoracis minu- tissimis.
‘Worker major. Length 3 limes. Dark ferruginous, with the legs pale ; rufo-testaceous ; the head very large, twice as wide as the abdomen, in front and at the sides roughly striated, posteriorly delicately striated ; the sides of the head very slightly rounded, emarginate behind with a central impressed line running forwards and terminating opposite the eyes; the eyes very small and placed at the sides a little beyond the middle ; the vertex smooth and shining, with a few scattered fine punctures. Thorax sub-rugose, convex anteriorly and shining, behind constricted and narrowed; the metathorax with two short, erect, acute
. spines. Abdomen smooth, shining and slightly pubescent. The mandibles have a single tooth at their apex.
Worker minor. Length 1-2 lines. This form is of a much paler colour, the larger individuals having the abdomen fuscous, except at the ex- treme base ; in the smaller examples it is only fuscous at the apex; in large individuals the head is slightly striated in front, in small ones it is entirely smooth and shining; the head much smaller in proportion than in the worker major; the mandibles with two or three teeth on their inner margin.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano). The different-sized workers were taken from the nest by Mr. Wallace.
3. SOLENOPSIS PUNGENS. S. ferruginea; capite maxime longitudinaliter striato ; abdomine fusco (operaria major): rufo-testacea, levis, tota nitidissima nuda flagellis pedibusque pallescentibus (operaria minor).
Worker. Length 2 lines. Ferruginous, the flagellum and legs pale ferruginous; the mandibles stout, finely punctured and with two
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 49
teeth at their apex; the head very large, longitudinally striated, and with a longitudinal channel behind the scape of the antennx appa- rently for their reception; the eyes small, inserted forwards at the sides of the head. The metathorax, with two minute spines; the legs pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen fuscous, smooth and shining.
Worker minor. Length 1 line. Rufo-testaceous, the antennz, thorax, and legs pale testaceous; the head of the ordinary size; entirely smooth and shining.
Hab, Menado.
Gen. Purtpont, Westw.
1. Pheidole megacephala, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. vy. 112. 5.
Mr. Wallace has sent a series of workers of this species collected from the nest. These contain, as it were, three modifications of the enormously large-headed individuals; all of these have heads similar in form, subqua- drate, longitudinally striated anteriorly, and transversely so behind; these I should eall varieties of the worker major ; the worker minor has the head subovate in form, smooth, polished and shining; not striated behind, and very faintly so anteriorly. The links which would unite these two distinct forms of the working ants are wanting. I am therefore still of opinion that societies of ants generally possess two distinct sets of workers whose functions are totally different; this is known to be the case in slaye-making communities, and also in the remarkable genus ezton, of which only the workers are known.
2. Pheidole plagiaria (Smith, Proc, Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 112. 3).
Hab. Celebes; Bachian.
The specimens from Celebes are of a darker hue than those received from Bachian ; this is the ant which Mr. Wallace saw carrying off white ants to its formicarium.
Gen. Typuiatra, Smith.
1. Typhlatta leviceps, Smith, Proc, Linn. Soc, ii. 79. 1.
This remarkable genus of ants, the workers of which are destitute of eyes, is in my opinion closely allied to the genus Hciton, one or two species of which are also blind; the present species is very like the Eciton pachy- cerus of my Catalogue of Formicide, which isalso blind. That species was collected by General Hardwick, and formed part of his collection, which he presented to the British Museum; T have little doubt it was captured in India, although South America (?) is given as its probable habitat. This genus differs from Eciton in having only two joints to the labral palpi; the maxillary palpi I have not succeeded in extracting.
Fam. CRYPTOCERIDA, Smith. Gen. CATAULACUS.
1, CATAULACUS FLAGITIOSUS. C, niger; capite striato, angulis posticis LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY. 4
50 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
spinosis ; thorace spinis duabus acutis elongatis armato; abdomine cordato.
Worker. Length 2} lines. Opake-black; the head and thorax above, with a coarse irregular striation, intermixed with a rough granulation, the margins of the head crenulated, the posterior angles acute and slightly produced. Thorax armed posteriorly with two stout diverging spines. Abdomen oblong-cordate, finely and irregularly striated ; sprinkled with distant short white erect setz; the nodes of the pe- duncle rugose.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
Gen. Ecurnorra, Smith.
1. Echinopla striata, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. ii. 80. 3. Hab, Celebes; Malacca.
2. Echinopla pallipes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 80, 2. Hab. Celebes ; Borneo.
3. EcHINOPLA DuUBITATA. £. nigra; capite thoraceque rugosis; ab- domine ovato levi nitido; squama in utroque latere spina horizontali ; femoribus pallide testaceis.
Worker. Length 2 lines. Black, and thinly covered with erect black hairs; the head and thorax rather finely rugose; the antennze pubes- cent, with the extreme tip pale testaceous; the eyes round and very prominent. The anterior margin of the prothorax arched with a short acute spine at the lateral angles; the thorax is deeply constricted in the middle, the metathorax rounded behind; the roughness of the thorax gives its margins a crenulated appearance; the cox, trochan- ters, and base of the femora pale rufo-testaceous; the claw-joint of the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen globose, shining, and very finely punctured.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
Fam. MUTILLIDA, Leach.
Gen. MuttLua.
1. Mutilla Merops, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 115. 2. . Hat. Gilolo; Bachian.
2. Mutilla anthylla, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 115. 4. Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.
3. Mutilla Ianthea, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 115. 3. Hab. Amboyna; Bachian.
Gen. Mernoca, Latr.
1. Meruoca THoracica. M. rufo-ferruginea; capite abdominisque fasciis tribus nigris.
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 51
_ Female. Length 4 lines. Rufo-ferrugmous; the head black, the abdo- men with three black fascize, very smooth and ahuing s ; the mandibles, clypeus, and antenne ferruginous. (PI. I. fig. 5. 9.)
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
This very beautiful insect may probably be a very large, highly coloured form of M. insularis, described in a previous paper; but not having any intermediate in size, I have thought it advisable to describe it as a distinct species.
Fam, THYNNIDA, Erich.
Gen. THYNNTS.
1. Tuynnus atratus. T. niger, punctulatus ; alis anticis fusco-nigris, apice hyalinis, posticis hyalinis, basi late fusco-nigris.
Female. Length 12 lines. Black and closely punctured ; the head and thorax slightly shining, the thorax very shining, and not so strongly and closely punctured as the thorax; the anterior margin of the clypeus widely and slightly emarginate. The wings very dark brown, shining, and with their apical margins, and the posterior margin of the hind wings hyaline; the legs black with short cimereous pubes- cence within,
Hab. Gilolo.
This fine species of Thynnus is of the same form, and about the same size, as Guérin’s T. Shuckardi ; it is the second species that has to my know- ledge been captured in the Eastern Archipelago; the first species was described in the paper descriptive of the insects of Bachian, &c., published in the supplement to the fifth volume of the ‘ Proceedings.’
2. Tuynnus (AGRIoMYIA) vAGANS. T. niger, capite thoraceque flavo variegatus, abdominis segmentis maculis duabus flavis; alis sub- hyalinis.
Male. Length 61 lines. Black, the head and thorax subopake, the abdomen shining; the mandibles, clypeus and a V-shaped mark above yellow ; the base of the clypeus and an anchor-shaped mark in the middle black. Thorax, the collar, posterior margin of the prothorax, a spot on the tegule, two beneath the wings, a minute one on the
~ mesothorax, three on the scutellum, and one on each side of the meta- thorax yellow; the anterior tibiz and the intermediate pair in front ferruginous ; the wings subhyaline, the nervures black. The abdomen has an oblong yellow spot at the sides of all the segments except the two apical ones. ;
Female. Length'4 lines. Apterous; black, the head small, transverse in front, much narrowed behind, with a deep longitudinal sulcation on each side close to the margin of the eyes. The thorax narrow and oblong. Abdomen oblong-ovate, very large, with four deep transverse grooves on the second segment. (Pl. I. fig. 1 3, 29.)
Hab. Gilolo.
a:
MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
iy bo
The sexes here described are distinguished as such by Mr. Wallace, who doubtless captured them in coitu.
Fam. SCOLIADZ, Leach. Gen. Trpnta, Fabr.
1. Tiphia flavipennis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 91, 3, Hab, Gilolo. Sarawak.
Gen. Scorta, Fadr. Div. 1. Two submarginal cells and one recurrent nervure.
1,Scon1a capriva. S. atra, thorace abdomineque opalino pulcherrime lavatis; alis fuscis cupreo indescentibus.
Male. Length 10 lines. Black, with a beautiful opaline iridescence intermixed with shades of blue, purple, and green, thinly covered with black pubescence, which is most dense on the sides of the thorax, legs, sides and apex of the abdomen; finely and distantly punctured; the spines of the apex of the tibiee simple; wings fuscous, not very dark, and having a mixture of coppery and greenish iridescence. Abdomen : the first segment bell-shaped, much narrower than the following ; the punctures on the abdomen fine and not very close, the apex smooth and opake.
Hab. Gilolo.
2. SconiA AMBIGUA. S. nitida nigra, abdomine opaco, alis fuscis cupreo et violaceo splendide micantibus.
Female. Length 12 lines. The head and thorax shining black; the face and vertex thickly set with black pubescence; a patch of silvery white pubescence between the base of the scape and the inner margin of the eyes; the cheeks have also a little silvery pile; the mandibles rufo-piceous on their inner margins. The sides of the thorax, beneath as well as the metathorax with a thin cinereous pile; the disk of the thorax smooth and shining; the anterior margin of the prothorax with deep coarse punctures ; the legs thickly set with rigid black hairs ; the posterior femora broad, compressed, and membranaceous beneath ; the inner spine at the apex of the tibiz spatulate ; all the calcariz rufo-testaceous ; the wings fusco-hyaline, with a splendid violet and coppery iridescence. Abdomen opake black with the basal margins of the segments slightly shining; the terminal segment longitudinally rugose with its apical margin narrowly pale testaceous; the anterior wings with a second recurrent nervure incomplete.
Hab, Gilolo.
Div. 2. The anterior wings with two submarginal cells and two recurrent nervures. 3. Scolia aurcicollis, St. Farg. Hym. iii. 499.69. Hab. Ternati; Bachian; Philippines; Ceylon; Silhet.
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 53
4. Scolia annulata (Tiphia Fabr.), Syst, Piez. p. 234. 11, Hab. Celebes. The specimens from Celebes have the wings entirely dark fuscous.
5. ScoLt1A MoRosA. S, nitida, aterrima; abdomine subopaco; alis nigro-fuscis, violaceo splendide micantibus.
Female. Length 143 lines. Jet black, the head and thorax shining, the abdomen subopake, The face coarsely rugose and covered with dense black pubescence; the flagellum rufo-piceous beneath. The thorax with deep coarse punctures and having a smooth impunctate space in the middle of the disk and of the scutellum ; the legs thickly set with rigid spines and hairs: the anterior tibize strongly punctured ; the apical joint of the anterior and intermediate tarsi rufo-piceous ; the wings very dark brown with a splendid violet iridescence. Abdo- men strongly punctured towards the apex.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
Diy. 3. The anterior wings with three submarginal cells and one recurrent nervure.
6. ScoLia ApicaTa. S. capite thoraceque nigris, abdomine nigro-
cxruleo, apice ferrugineo ; alis nigro-fuscis violaceo iridescentibus.
Female. Length 73 lines. Head and thorax black and shining; head
as wide as the thorax, finely and distantly punctured on the vertex, but much more strongly so before the ocelli. Thorax strongly punc- tured; the wings dark brown with a violet iridescence. Abdomen blue-black, rather finely and distantly punctured, the three apical segments bright ferruginous and thickly ciliated with ferruginous pubescence.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
I at first mistook this insect for S. dimidiata; but, independent of the different neuration of the wings, its broad head, as wide as the thorax, at once distinguishes it ; in S. dimidiata the head is much narrower than the thorax.
7. SCOLIA INTRUDENS. S, nigra, subnitida, punctatissima; alis fuscis, viride et violaceo micantibus.
Male. Length 143 limes. Black, slightly shining and densely punctured ; the pubescence black. The thorax with confluent punctures; the wings dark fuscous, with a mixture of green violet and coppery irides- cence, changing in different lights. The abdomen with the segments densely fringed with black pubescence ; the terminal segment with an acute spine at the apex and a shorter one on each side at the base.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
Div. 4. The anterior wings with three submarginal cells and two recurrent nervures. 8. Scolia dimidiata, Guér. Voy. Cog. Zool. ii. pl. 2. p. 247. Hab, Gilolo; Celebes; Isle of Bourou; Bachian; Amboyna; Senegal,
54 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
Specimens of this species from Gilolo and Bachian are much more highly coloured than the type described by Guérin,—the abdomen being red, with only the basal segment and the sides of the second segment black.
9. Scolia fulva, Gray; Cuv. Anim. Kingd. (Griffiths), p. 516, pl.71.f.1 ¢.
Hab. Ceram.
The Scolia fulwa is so briefly described in the above work, that it appears desirable to add one or two important distinctive characters. The head and thorax are black, the abdomen ferruginous, and entirely covered with fulvous pubescence ; the antennz and legs are ferruginous, the cox and femora fusco-ferruginous; the wings in the specimen from Ceram are nigro-violaceous : in the figure given in the ‘ Animal Kingdom,’ they are represented as paler, being fuscous and iridescent at their base, with the margins paler; the basal segment of the abdomen is black, the second segment has a black oval spot at its lateral margins ; the third segment has two approximating ovate black spots in the middle above, and the fourth two united ones in the same situation ; the type is said to have come from Brazil, but it has been ascertained that Australia is its proper locality.
Fam. POMPILID.®, Leach.
1. PompiLus pr&paTor. P. niger, abdomine obscure ceruleo, alis fuscis, violaceo iridescentibus.
Female. Length 6 lines. Head and thorax black and slightly shining, the clypeus covered with silvery pile; the mandibles rufo-piceous in the middle. The metathorax subelongate with its apical margin reflexed ; the wings fuscous, with a violet iridescence, the posterior pair hyaline at their base. Abdomen smooth and shining, with a beautiful blue tint in certain lights; the apical segment with a number of long black hairs.
Hab. Menado.
2. PoMPILUS RUFIFRONS. P. capite vertice, antennis, tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis ; abdominis segmento secundo fascia basali ferruginea ; alis flavis.
Female. Length 9 lines. Black; the front between the ocelli and the insertion of the antennz, the antenne, labrum, tibiee, and tarsi ferru- ginous; the mandibles ferrugmous in the middle; the tips of the femora ferruginous; wings yellow, with a narrow fuscous border at their tips; the nervures ferruginous. Abdomen slightly shining, the basal margin of the second segment ferruginous.
Hab. Ternate. Gen. Acrnta. Schiodte.
1. Agenia Lucilla, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 120. 3. Hab. Gilolo; Amboyna. Gen. Priocnemis, Schiddte.
1. Priocnemis confector, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 120. 3. Hab. Ternate; Bachian.
OF OERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 55
Gen. Myenrmuta, Smith.
1, Mygnimia ichneumoniformis (Pompilus), Guér. Voy. Cog. Zool. ii. 258. Hab. Celebes ; Dory ; Amboyna.
2. Mygnimia fervida, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 82. 1.
Hab. Makassar; Ceram.
3. MyenimMIA coGNATA. M. atra; metathorace rugoso; alis nigro-
_ fuscis cupreo violaceoque micantibus.
Female. Length 10 lines. Black; the head and thorax covered with black pubescence; the anterior margin of the clypeus entire; the anterior tibiz and tarsi with a few very short slender spines; the metathorax convex, pubescent, and rugose, the wings very dark brown, with their apical margins of a deeper tint. Abdomen longitudinally aciculate.
Hab. Ternate.
This species is very like M. anthracina, but I think it is a distinct species ; it has not the deep transverse ridges on the metathorax which characterise that insect, and it also differs in having the abdomen very obviously aciculate, or irregularly finely striated longitudinally.
Gen. Macromenis, S¢. Farg.
1. Macromeris violacea, St. Farg. Guérin’s Mag. Zool. pl. 30. fig. 1,3. Hym. iii. 462, 2.
Hab. Gilolo; Celebes; Aru; Borneo; Java; Malacca; New Guinea; Assam; Ceram.
Fam. SPHEGID ZA, Leach.
Gen. Spex, Fubr.
1. Sphex sericea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 211. 19. Hab. Ternate; Bachian; Aru; Celebes; Malacca; Borneo; Java; Philippines,
2. Sphex argentata, Dahlb. Hym. Europ, i. 25. 1. © Hab. Gilolo; Celebes; Bengal; Aru; Sumatra; Java; Bachian ; Congo; Sierra Leone.
3. Sphex nigripes, Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. 4. 254. 59. Hab. Gilolo ; Celebes; Singapore; Sumatra; China.
4. Sphex tyrannica, ‘Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc.v. 122. 5. Hab. Gilolo; Menado; Bachian ; Kaisaa.
5. SPHEX FEROX. S. nigra, capite thoraceque pube fulva vestita ; abdomine basi pedibusque ferrugineis, tarsis nigris; alis subhyalinis marginibus apicalibus fuscis.
Male. Length 10 lines. Black ; the femora, tibie, and two basal seg- ments of the abdomen ferruginous; the petiole black; the head and
' thorax densely clothed with fulvous pubescence ; the clypeus widely,
16 MR. F. SMITIL ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
but slightly, emarginate ; the 2nd joint of the funiculus very slender at its base ; wings sub-hyaline, the apical margins of the anterior pair slightly fuscous, the nervures dark brown.
Hab, Amboyna; Celebes.
Gen. Prtopmus, Latr.
1. Pelopzus Bengalensis, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. 433. 2. Hab. Ternate; Celebes; Isle of France; India; Philippines; China.
2. Pelopzus letus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. 4. 229, 13. Hab. Ternate; Port Essington; Swan River.
Gen. Trrroama, Westw.
1. Trirogma caerulea, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii. 225,38. Ar- cana Ent. ii. 66,9. Hab. Menado; India; Singapore; Celebes.
Fam. LARRIDA, Leach. Gen. Larrapa, Smith.
1, LARRADA CHRYSOBAPTA. UL. fusco-nigra, capite, thorace abdominis- que basi et zona abdominali media pube aurea densissima sericeo- velutina vestitis ; alis hyalinis flavo-tinctis apice violascenti-fuscis.
Female. Length 63 lines. The head, thorax, and legs clothed with golden silky pubescent pile, that on the femora has a silvery lustre ; antenne black, with a pale golden pile on the scape; mandibles shining black, with a little golden pubescence at their base ; the wings flavo-hyaline, with a fuscous cloud at their apex, which has a violet- tint in certain lights. Abdomen: the first segment and a band on the following segments with golden pubescence.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
Fam. BEMBICIDA, Westw. Gen. Brmpex, Fabr.
1. Bembex melancholica, Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. 4, 328. 47. ° Hab. Celebes; Borneo; Sumatra; Aru.
2. Bembex trepanda, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. 181. Hab. Gilolo; Celebes; Ceylon; India.
Fam. CRABRONIDA, Leach. Gen. Trypoxyton, Lair.
]. Trypoxylon providum, Smith, Proc, Linn, Soc. Supp. v. 125.1.
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATD, AND GILOLO. 57
Fam. PHILANTHIDA, Dahid.
Gen. Puitanruvs, Labr.
1, PHILANTHUS NOTATULUS. P. niger, facie genisque flavo-lineatis, thorace flavo subnotato, abdominis petiolo binotato, segmentis flavo postice marginatis, medio interrupto, tibiis antice flavis, antennis nigris.
Female. Length 5} lines. Black; the head and thorax closely punc- tured; the inner orbits of the eyes below their sinus, and the anterior margin of the face and clypeus with a yellow line; an ovate spot in the middle of the clypeus, a bilobed spot above it, and an oblique stripe on the cheeks, yellow. Thorax: an interrupted line on the collar, a spot beneath the wings, another on the tegula in front; a transverse line in the middle of the scutellum, and two ovate spots on the metathorax, near the insertion of the petiole, yellow; the wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous ; the tibia in front, the posterior pair behind also, the knees and the tarsi beneath, yellow, the latter rufo- fuscous above. Abdomen petiolated; the petiolated segment with an ovate spot on each side near its apex; the following segments nar- rowly bordered with yellow, slightly interrupted in the middle; the first border widens into a pear-shaped spot towards the lateral mar- gins; beneath, the second and third segments have a transverse curved line on each side.
Hab. Menado.
This species belongs to Klug’s subgenus Trachypus.
Group 1—SOLITARY WASPS. Fam. EUMENIDA, Westw.
Gen. Eumunns, Latr.
1. Eumenes tinctor, Christ. Hym. p. 341. t. 31. f. 1. Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol, p. 49. 30.
Hab. Gilolo; Senegal; Congo; Gambia; Egypt.
2. Eumenes Praslina, Guér. Voy. Cog. Zool, ii. 267. pl. 9. fig. 7,92.
Hab. Ternate ; Gilolo; Kaisaa; New Ireland; Key Island; Amboyna.
3. Eumenes Urvillei, Sauss, Mon. Guépes Sol. i. 59. 44.
Hab. Gilolo; New Guinea.
4, Eumenes cirinalis, Fabr. Syst. Piez, p. 286. 4.
Hab, Gilolo; Kaisaa; Celebes; Ceram; Sumatra; Java; India,
5. Eumenes tricolor, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. y. 87. 5. Hab. Gilolo; Bachian ; Makassar.
6. Eumenes blandus, Smith, Proc, Linn, Soc. Supp. v, 127. 8. Hab, Gilolo; Bachian.
58 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
Gen. Pachymernts, Sauss.
1. Pachymenes elegans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v.13). 1. Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.
Gen. Opynerus, Latr.
1, Odynerus maculipennis. Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. ii. 3. 4.
Hab. Gilolo; Borneo.
2. ODYNERUS FALLAX. G. niger, clypeo apiculato, capite thora- ceque flavo variis; pedibus ferrugineis; abdominis segmentis flavo- fasciatis; alis subhyalinis apice fuscis.
Female. Length 6% lines. Black; the clypeus, a spot above, an- other in the sinus of the eyes, a line behind the eyes, and a minute spot on the mandibles, yellow; a kite-shaped black spot on the cly- peus; the scape reddish yellow in front. Thorax : a line on the collar, a spot beneath the wings ; the tegulz, an abbreviated lme before them, two spots on the scutellum, postscutellum, and at the apex of the metathorax on each side of the insertion of the abdomen, yellow ; the legs ferruginous ; the wings subhyaline and iridescent, with a dark fuscous stain extending from the marginal cell to the apex of the wings; the abdomen petiolated; the margins of the segments bor- dered with yellow.
Hab. Gilolo.
Gen. Ruynouivum, Spin.
1. Rhynchium hemorrhhoidale, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 259. 28. Hab. Gilolo ; Bachian ; Amboyna; Dory ; Malacca ; Singapore; India; Java; Cape of Good Hope.
2. Rhynchium rubro-pictum, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 128. 4. Hab. Gilolo; Ternate; Bachian.
Group II—SOCIAL WASPS. Fam. VESPIDA, Leach.
Gen. Pouistss, Latr.
1. Polistes tepidus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 371. 7. Hab. Gilolo; Bachian ; Key ; Solomon Islands; New Guinea; Australia.
2. Polistes multipictus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 130. 5. Hab. Gilolo ;: Amboyna.
Gen. IscHnocasTER, Guér.
1. IscHNOGASTER AURIFRONS. JI. niger, flavo variegatus; petiolo
OF CERAM, OBLHBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO, 59
longissimus ; cellulis primis secundisque submarginalibus equis, tertia quadrata ; facie aurato pubescente.
Female. Length 63 lines. Black; the face covered with golden pu- bescence; the scape and the flagellum beneath rufo-fulvous; the mandibles and palpi rufo-testaceous. Thorax globular ; the posterior margin of the prothorax, a spot beneath the wings, another on the side of the pectus, two on the scutellum and two united ones on the metathorax, yellow; the legs rufo-piceous, withthe knees yellow. The petiole obscurely ferruginous, twice as long as the thorax, the apex swollen; the first segment of the abdomen has a short petiole, which is pale ferruginous ; the second segment has at its basal margin on each side an oblong yellow spot; beneath, the same segment has two small yellow spots.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
Gen. Vespa, Linn.
1. Vespa affinis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 254 (var. V. cincta ?). Hab. Gilolo; Bachian; Celebes; Malacca; Singapore; India; China.
Fam. ANDRENIDAZ, Leach.
Gen. Prosopis.
1. Prosopis eximius, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn, Soc. v. 131. 1. Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.
Gen. Nomis, Latr. :
1. Nomra cLAvaATA. N. nigra et punctata, facie pube brevi grisea tecta; abdomine clavato, nitido, marginibus apicalibus segmentorum albo fasciatis.
Male. Length 3% lines. Black; head and thorax opake; the face covered with cinereous pubescence; the mandibles ferruginous at their apex. The collar, scutellum and post-scutellum bordered with short downy pale pubescence; the wings subhyaline and iridescent, the apical margins of the superior pair fuscous ; the legs obscurely rufo-piceous, the tarsi pale rufo-testaceous ; the legs with a glittering pale pubescence. Abdomen clavate, the margins of the segments constricted, each having a fascia of pale pubescence on its apical margin.
Hab. Gilolo.
2. Nom1a MopEsTA, N. nigra; eapite thoraceque punctatis subopacis, abdomine nitido, segmentis ad marginem apicalem albo fasciatis.
Female. Length 3 lines. Black ; the face covered with glittering cine- reous pubescence; the flagellum fulvous beneath; the mandibles
60 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
rufo-piceous at their apex. Thorax finely and closely punctured, and, as well as the head, subopake; the prothorax and scutellum bordered with short, fine, downy, pale pubescence ; the wings subhyaline and iridescent ; the tegule pale rufo-testaceous; the legs with a pale glittering pubescence, the tarsi pale ferruginous. Abdomen ovate, very convex, and wider than the head and thorax, the apical margins of the segments bordered with short white pubescence, widely inter- rupted on the first and second segments ; the abdomen is shinmg and very finely punctured.
Hab. Gilolo. ;
Fam. APID/, Leach.
Gen. Mraacuttn, Latr.
1. Megachile Alecto, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn, Soc.v. 132. Hab. Gilolo; Dory; Ternate.
2. Megachile Lachesis, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 133. Hab. Gilolo; Bachian; Amboyna.
3. Megachile Clotho, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 134. Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.
4, MEGACHILE ATERRIMA. M. aterrima, pube nigra dense vestita; thorace transversim rugoso ; alis hyalinis, apice marginalibus fuscis. Female. Length 1] lines. Black ; the pubescence entirely black; the head rugose; the mandibles stout and finely punctured. Thorax ru- gose, transversely so in front; the posterior margin of the scutellum rounded ; the wings hyaline, the nervures black, the apical margins with a fuscous border. Abdomen with a dense black pubescence be- neath, above bluish black towards the base, finely punctured.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
5. MEGACHILE PLACIDA. WM. nigro-pubescens; facie dense flavo- albo pubescente, abdominis segmentis marginibus fulvis ; alis fuscis. Male. Length 5 lines. The head, thorax, and legs clothed with black pubescence, that on the face is yellowish white; the wings slightly fuscous, with their base hyaline. The margins of the first and three following segments of the abdomen fringed with fulvous pubescence, the fifth and following segments entirely fulvous; the auterior tarsi and the femora and tibiz beneath rufo-testaceous, their coxe armed with a stout spine.
Hab. Gilolo.
6. MEGACHILE LABOoRIOSA. M. nigra, pube nigra vestita ; abdomine segmentis apicalibus pube fulva vestitis ; alis nigro-fuscis.
Male. Length 5 limes. Black, and clothed with black pubescence, the fourth and following segments of the abdomen with fulvous ; a tuft of white pubescence between the antenne, and the anterior margin of the clypeus fringed with white pubescence ; the wings dark fuscous.
Hab, Ternate.
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 61
Gen. Crocisa.
1. Crocisa nitidula, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 386. 2. Hab. Gilolo; Ternate; Aru Islands; Amboyna; Australia; Menado.
2. Crocisa emarginata, St. Farg. Hym. ii. 449. 3, Hab, Ternate; Port Praslin (New Ireland).
Gen. XYLOCOPA.
1. Xylocopa coronata, Smith, Supp, Journ. Proc. Linn, Soc. v. 135, 1. Hab. Gilolo; Kaisaa.
2, XYLOCOPA VOLATILIS. X. virescenti-flava, tibiis posticis intus rubro-hirtis ; alis obscuro-hyalinis, violaceo tinctis, apice nigro minute et regulariter crebre punctatis.
Male. Length 11 lines. Black, and densely clothed with short greenish- yellow pubescence ; the scape in front and the flagellum beneath yel- low; a yellow line down the middle of the clypeus, and its anterior margin narrowly yellow. The wings subhyaline, with the margins broadly fuscous, and having a beautiful violet iridescence ; the tip of the abdomen and the posterior tarsi within rufo-fulyous pubescence.
Hab. Menado.
3. XYLOCOPA DIVERSIPES. X. capite, thorace, abdominis basi, pe- dibus anticis et medianis fulvo-hirtis, abdominis dorso medio, pedibus posticis nigris ; abdominis apice rufescenti-fulvo hirto; tibiis posticis apice rufo-hirtis ; alis obscure hyalinis apice fuscis et violaceo irides- centibus.
Male. Length 12 lines. Black ; the head, thorax, base of the abdomen, and the anterior and intermediate legs clothed with fulvous pubes- cence ; that on the intermediate tarsi rufo-fulvous, and forming a long fringe ; the clypeus, a spot above it, the scape in front, and flagellum beneath, yellow; the wings subhyaline; the margins of the wings fuscous, with a beautiful violet iridescence, the nervures ferrugi- nous. The apical half of the second segment of the abdomen, and the third, fourth, and fifth, clothed with black pubescence ; the apical seg- ments with bright fulvous-red pubescence ; the posterior legs clothed with black pubescence the tarsi beneath with bright rufo-fulvous.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
4, XYLOCOPA PERFORATOR. X. nitida nigra; alis nigro-fuscis viola- ceo splendide micantibus (femina). Thorace antice pube cinerea tecto; tarsis anterioribus dilatatis (mas).
Female. Length 14 lines. Black, and slightly shining; the face with scattered punctures; the thorax finely punctured anteriorly, and with a longitudinally impressed line which terminates at the middle of the disk ; the wings dark brown, with a splendid violet iridescence ;
62: MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS?
the legs with black pubescence. Abdomen broad, depressed, finely punctured, its margins fringed with black pubescence.
Male. Length 12lines. Like the female, with the following differences : the eyes very large, nearly touching on the vertex ; the clypeus trian- gular, the anterior margin fringed with short pale pubescence; the thorax clothed in front with short cinereous pubescence; the an- terior tarsi dilated, fringed with black pubescence behind; beneath it is nearly white ; the wings narrow, pointed at their apex equally bril- lant as those of the female ; the posterior femora curved, and, as well as the tarsi, frmged with black pubescence.
' Hab. Ternate.
This species is very distinct from X. latipes : the scape of the antennee is perfectly cylindric; the anterior tarsi are not so broadly dilated, are clothed above with short black hair, and with long hair of the same colour at their margins; the clypeus entirely black. It is also quite distinct from the X. Latreillit of St. Fargeau.
Gen. AnTHOoPHORA, Lair.
1. Anthophora zonata, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 955. Hab. Gilolo; Bachian ; Dory; Celebes; Aru; Borneo ; Ceylon; India; - Java; Hong Kong; Shanghai; Philippine Islands.
2. Anthophora vigilans, Smith, Supp. Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. p. 92. Hab. Makassar; Menado; Celebes.
Gen. Apts, Auct.
1. Apis socialis, Latr. Voy. Humb. & Bonap.i. 288. 8. tab. 19. fig. 9. _ Hab. Bengal; Java; Malabar; Ternate.
Fam. ICHNEUMONIDA, Leach.
Gen. Icunntmon, Linn.
1. IcHNEUMON PALLIDIPECTUs. JI, ferrugineus; capite thoraceque flavo-variegatis, mesothorace et capitis vertice nigris ; abdominis apice albo, segmento 5 nigro.
Length 6 lines. Ferruginous; the head yellow; a quadrate spot on the vertex and head behind black; the antennze with four or five of the middle joints white above, the terminal joints fulvous beneath. Tho- rax; the mesothorax black above, beneath pale testaceous; the an- terior and intermediate coxe and trochanters, a large spot beneath the wings, the posterior margin of the prothorax, the tegule and scu- tellum, yellow; the wings hyaline; the apical joints of the tarsi fus- cous. Abdomen shining, the two apical segments white, the fifth black.
. Hab, Celebes (Tondano).
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATH, AND GILOLO. 63°
Gen. Mzsostents, Brullé.
1, MEsosTENUS DEcoRATUS, WM. niger, capite thoraceque maculis, abdominis fasciis flavo-albidis ; pedibus ferrugineis, tarsis posterioribus albis; alis hyalinis.
Female. Length 5 lines. Black; the face, mandibles, and orbits of the eyes of a yellowish white; the antenne with seven or eight joints towards the apex white, the two apical ones black. Thorax: the posterior margin of the prothorax interrupted in the middle; the tegulz, scutellum, post-scutellum, a spot in the disk of the mesotho- rax, the sides and apex of the metathorax, yellowish white; the cox are of the same colour, with a black line outside the posterior pair ; the femora and tibiz pale ferruginous ; the posterior tarsi white, the two anterior pairs dusky. Abdomen: the posterior margin of all the segments white, the apical segment entirely so.
Hab, Gilolo.
Gen. Cryptus, Fubr.
1. Cryptus sicarius, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 138. 1. Hab. Gilolo; Dory; Bachian.
2. CRYPTUS FERRUGINEUS. C. rufo-ferrugineus, capite thoraceque nigro-variegatis, abdominis cingulis duabus nigris; alis flavo-hyalinis.
Female. Length 8 lines. Rufo-ferruginous; the vertex with a qua- drate spot, and the tips of the mandibles black. Thorax: the meso- thorax above, its sides, the pectus, and extreme base of the metatho- rax black; a yellow ovate spot in the middle of the mesothorax ; an indistinct fuscous spot on each side of the metathorax above ; the wings flavo-hyaline, the nervures ferruginous ; the sub-marginal areolet large. Abdomen: the basal margin of the third segment, and a transverse black stripe on the seventh segment towards its base, black.
Hab, Celebes (Tondano).
Gen. Ornton, Fubr.
1. Ophion unicolor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. Supp. v. 141. 2. Hab. Gilolo; Bachian.
Gen. Ruyssa, Grav.
1. RuyssA NoBILITATOR. R. capite flavo, vertice nigro, thorace fer- rugineo scabriusculo, scutello flavo; abdomine nigro, segmentis pos- tice rufo-marginatis, primo et secundo, dorso, flavo-maculatis, tertio, quarto et quinto maculis duabus flavis ; alis hyalinis, basi flavescente, anticis vitta abbreviata fusca ante apicem ornatis.
Female. Length of the body 9 lines, of the ovipositor 13 lines, Head yellow, with the vertex, mandibles and a small ovate spot on the cly- peus black; the antennz ferruginous, slightly fuscous above, with
64 MR. F. SMITH ON HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS
three or four joints, white about one-third from the apex. Thorax and legs ferruginous ; the thorax rugose above; the scutellum, a spot on the metathorax above, the apical portion of the sides, an irregular- shaped mark beneath the wings, and the coxe in front or with marks on the sides, yellow; wings flavo-hyaline, with a dark fuscous oblong macula crossing the middle of the marginal cell and terminating in a point at the inferior margin of the discoidal cell. Abdomen shining black; a bell-shaped mark in the middle of the first and second seg- ments, and a large subovate spot on each side of the three following, with a narrow line at the sides of the sixth, yellow; the ovipositor black, its sheaths ferruginous.
The male is ferruginous, with the head yellow, the vertex black; the thorax roughly striated transversely ; the metathorax above and the abdomen smooth and shining; the wings as in the female.
Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
Gen. XYLONOMUS, Grav.
1, XYLONOMUS FLAVIFRONS. X. capite thoraceque nigris flavo varie- gatis, pedibus abdomineque ferrugineis, alis hyalinis iridescentibus. Female. Length 6 lines, of the ovipositor 6 lines. Head and thorax black; the face, cheeks, and orbits of the eyes yellow; the antennz black, with the base of the flagellum beneath fulvous. The posterior margin of the prothorax, a line over the tegule, a quadrate spot on the disk of the mesothorax, the scutellum, and metathorax yellow ; the disk of the mesothorax transversely striated; a spot beneath the wings and the coxe yellow; the femora and tibize splashed with yel- low; the wings hyaline and iridescent. The abdomen smooth and shining, ferruginous, with the margins of the segments of a darker
hue; the ovipositor black, its valves ferruginous.
Hab. Gilolo. Gen. Errxonip£s.
Head subglobose, antennz slender and elongate ; thorax oblong subcylin- dric ; scutellum flat and quadrate ; the anterior wings with one elongate marginal cell pointed at the base and apex ; the apical submarginal cel- transverse at the base; the apical nervure of the discoidal cell suban- gular, with an abbreviated nervure emanating from the point of the angle. Abdomen petiolated ; the legs slender and elongate.
This fine species does not appear to belong, strictly, to either the genus Xorides or Xylonomus, but rather to form a new genus intermediate be- tween them; the neuration of the wings is very like that of the genera above-mentioned: a reference to the figure will show the difference.
1, EprxoRIDES CHALYBEATOR. J. nigro-chalybeus, fronte facieque subchalybeis, genis verticeque rufescentibus; alis subviolaceis, stig- mate parvulo pallido, metathorace quadricarinato; pedibus anticis rufescentibus, intermediis et posticis nigro-violaceis.
Male, Length 11 lines. Head ferruginous, with the face chalybeous;
OF CERAM, CELEBES, TERNATE, AND GILOLO. 65 the thorax, coxze, and abdomen bright chalybeous, the tibize and tarsi nigro-chalybeous; the thorax transversely rugose ; the metathorax with four longitudinal carine, the intermediate pair closely approx- imating, the whole transversely rugose ; the apex of the metathorax with a short tooth or spine on each side of the insertion of the ab- domen, Abdomen petiolated, the three basal segments with several
oblique and eurved depressions. Hab. Ceram.
Fam. BRACONIDA, Westw.
Gen. Bracon, Fabr.
1. Bracon jaculatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. p. 141. 2. Hab. Ceram; Bachian.
2. BRACON INGENS. BB. niger, capite, thorace subtus pedibusque anticis et intermediis ferrugineis ; alis nigris, maculis hyalinis.
Female. Length 11 lines; ovipositor 37 lines. Black; the head fer- ruginous, with the region of the ocelli, the tips of the mandibles, and the antennze black; a few black hairs scattered over the face and on the scape in front. Thorax smooth and shining, ferruginous beneath, as well as the anterior and intermediate legs; the metathorax with a thin, erect, black pubescence ; wings dark-fuscous, with a yellow sub- hyaline spot in the first submarginal cell, and a smaller clear hyaline one beneath it; the posterior wings have also a subhyaline yellow spot in the middle of their anterior margin. Abdomen: the three basal segments rugose, the following smooth and shining ; the three basal segments and the posterior legs with black pubescence.
Hab. Celebes (‘Tondano).
3. Bracon (MyosoMA) PENETRANS. B. flavo-rufus, vertice macula notato et antennis nigris; alis flavo-hyalinis, dimidio apicali fusco. _ Female. Length 5 lines. Reddish yellow, the antennz and vertex black ; the body and legs thickly covered with pale-fulvous pubescence ; the face yellow; the thorax shining above; the basal half of the wings yellow, the apical half dark brown, with a narrow hyaline spot running beyond and crossing the marginal cell; the second transverse cubital nervure with a narrow hyaline border. Abdomen: the first segment vertical, forming an angle with the rest of the abdomen; the second segment with a tubercle in the centre of its basal margin, a smaller one at each lateral angle; from the central tubercle a deeply impressed oblique line runs to the side of the segment about the mid- dle; the angle thus formed on each side is smooth and shining; the other portion of the segment is rugose ; the following segments are smooth, shining and pubescent.
Hab, Ceram.
Genus Acatuts, Latr.
1. Agathis sculpturalis, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soe. ii. 25. 1.
Hab. Gilolo; Makassar. LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 5
66 MR. 8. J. A. SALTER ON THE
2. AGATHIS sTRIATA. A. flavo-rufa, antennis nigris, abdomine ni- tido, longitudinaliter striato; alis flavo-hyalinis, dimidio apicali fusco. Female. Length 7 lines. Reddish yellow; the head triangular; the face pale; the antenne black, with the scape yellow; the basal joints of the flagellum obscurely fulvous beneath; thorax smooth and shining ; the basal half of the wings yellow hyaline, the apical half dark brown, with a minute hyaline spot below the stigma in the middle of the wing. Abdomen: the three basal segments ‘and the base of the fourth evenly striated longitudinally. Hab. Gilolo. Gen. Cenocattius, Haliday.
1. Cenoccelius cephalotes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 65. 1. Hab. Gilolo; Celebes.
Fam. TENTHREDINIDA, Leach.
Gen. Crapomaora, Smith.
1, Cladomacra macropus, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860, vi. 257. Hab. Celebes (Tondano).
ERRATA.
Several changes in the numbering of the objects that illustrate this paper having been made since the first sheet was printed, the following corrections of the references must be attended to. The numbers refer to figures of the scale of the abdomen of the different species.
Figs. 6 and 7, Polyrhachis Orsyllus. Fig. 21, P. Hippomanes. Figs. 12 and 12a, P. Diaphantus. Fig. 23, P. Lycidas. Figs. 15 and 20, P. Mutilie. Fig. 24, P. Hurytus. Fig. 16, P. exasperatus. Fig. 25, P. Numeria.
On the Cranial Characters of the Snake-Rat, new to the British Fauna. By 8S. James A. Satrer, M.B., F.L.S., F.G.S.
{Read April 7th, 1859.] a
Tux Society will doubtless recollect that last year* I exhibited at one of our meetings two living rats, one of which I believed to be new to the British Fauna—at least, new so far as that till then it had been unrecognized and undescribed as distinct. The other was a specimen of the old English Black Rat (Jdus rattus) ; and this was shown, not on its own account, but for contrast and com- parison. AndI selected the Black Rat for this comparison because it so much more closely resembles the new one than does the
* May 6th, 1858.
Journ.Linn. Soc Vol. V1, PLI.
Drawn &lingraved: by F, Srrithe,
CRANIAL CHARACTERS OF THE SNAKE-RAT. 67
Brown Rat (Mus decwmanus), which is quite different. If there- fore the new rat is a mere variety of either of the two species which have been long known as members of the British mamma- lian fauna, and which have always been considered specifically distinct, it must be deemed a variety of Mus rattus; but I claim for it distinctive characters separating it from that rat, quite as marked as those which distinguish the Brown from the old English Black Rat. Indeed Mus decwmanus more nearly resembles Mus rattus than does the new rat. It was suggested to me, at the time I exhibited the living specimens, that an appeal must be made to the cranial characters of each, before the distinctness and the degree of distinctness between the two could be established. The result of this investigation I now give to the Society.
On the table are the skulls of the identical rats that were for- merly exhibited—two adult males ; and I have also some enlarged outline drawings (from which the accompanying woodcuts were taken) showing the salient peculiarities of each cranium. The
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Top view of Cranium of Snake-Rat. Top view of Cranium of Mus rattus. Enlarged two diameters. Enlarged two diameters.
5*
68 MR. S. J. A. SALTER ON THE
distinctive differences are considerable and many: some of the principal I will enumerate. By reference to the accompanying figures they will be easily recognized; and the drawings have been rendered twice life-size to make the distinctions more con- spicuous. The proportions have been retained with scrupulous care*.
Commencing with a top view of the skull, the nasal bone is seen in Mus rattus to be broad and obtuse at its anterior extremity, bulging out somewhat suddenly ; whereas in the other skull it is more pointed, and it increases from behind forwards by an even line. In Mus rattus the infra-orbital foramina are nearly twice as large as those in the other skull, while the interval between these foramina is barely more than half, showing a much larger nasal capacity in the new rat. In the latter the zygomatic arches are nearly straight; in the former they are much bowed. The fronto- parietal suture is crescentic in the new rat; it is nearly straight in Mus rattus. In the former there is a strongly marked cres- centic ridge for muscular attachment passing across the parietal bones ; this is totally wanting in the latter. The lambdoidal suture in the new rat is truly lambdoidal; in the other it is an irregular wavy line passing across the skull. In this view of the cranium the molar teeth are visible in Mus rattus, whereas they are hidden in the other skull.
But the most important and weighty distinction between the two skulls is the size and form of the foramen magnum occipitale, as seen on the posterior view of the cranium. In the new rat the foramen is nearly circular, with two small lateral notches, and comparatively small ; in the old Black Rat it is oval, with a central curved notch above, broad from side to side, and very large.
Fig. 3. Fig. 4.
Posterior view of Cranium of Posterior view of Cranium of the Snake-Rat. Enlarged Mus rattus. Enlarged two two diameters. diameters.
* T am indebted to my brother, Dr. Hyde Salter, F.R.S., for these accurate drawings.
CRANIAL CHARACTERS OF THE SNAKE-RAT, 69
The circumstance which gives especial weight to this difference in the occipital foramina of the two skulls is that it involves a corresponding difference in the large nervous centre (the medulla oblongata) which occupies the foramen. I conceive that osteal characters or forms associated with corresponding modifications of any portion of the nervous system are of first-class importance. This would especially apply, in the case I am considering, to the Soramen magnum occipitale: the same principle would hold good, in a minor degree, as to the differences already mentioned in the infra-orbital foramina, which transmit the nerves distributed to the tactile organs about the mouth.
Fig. 5. Fig. 6.
Under view of Cranium of Snake- Under view of Cranium of Mus Rat, minus the lower jaw. En- rattus, minus the lower jaw. larged two diameters. Enlarged two diameters
On the under surface of the skulls there are further distinctive differences. Inthe new rat the foramen ovale is hid by the lateral spreading of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone ; in the Black Rat it is exposed. The breadth of the’ palate, the size of
70 MR. 8. J. A. SALTER ON THE
the posterior nares, the position of the incisor teeth are all differ- ent ; but these characters and other minor ones will be better appreciated by referring to the specimens themselves and the illustrations.
I have not thought it worth while to figure or describe com- paratively the skull of Mus decumanus. I may mention, however, that it is very distinct from that of the new rat ; indeed it is more like the skull of Mus rattus. The common Brown Rat’s skull is rather longer and slenderer than either of the others; it is nar- rower across the cerebral region, and does not there bulge out in so rounded a form, but is more oblong. The two ridges which pass backwards from the frontal bone, at the top of the zygomatic fosse, scarcely extend to the parietal bones in the new rat; in Mus rattus they diverge and bow out in a crescentic form over the parietal bones, whereas in Mus deewmanus they pass back sharp, rigid and parallel. The foramen magnum occipitale is even more extended laterally than in Mus rattus : it is not so deep vertically, and has not the creseentic notch in the centre of its upper outline. In the skull of Mus decumanus there is a little process projecting backwards from the front angle of the zygomatic fosse; I have found it in every skull of the Brown Rat I have examined : it does not exist in either of the others.
Blasius, in his ‘Fauna of the Mammalia of Central Europe,’ gives an admirable figure of the skull of Mus deewmanus (fig. 171, page 310): it is critically correct, and has all the distinctive characters which mark the cranium of this rat.*
I am fully aware that too much importance should not be attached to observations made on single specimens; and I am aware, too, that allowance should be made for the possibilities of individual variety. I regret that I have been unable to multiply my specimens; but it is difficult to obtain many, either of the Black Rat or the Snake-Rat. Ihave reason, however, to think that the different kinds of rats are not liable among themselves to any very marked individual varieties in the anatomical characters of their crania, T have had opportunities of examining enormous numbers of the common Brown Rat’s skull. The crania have been all exactly alike: Blasius’s figure might have been copied from any one of them. Again, the differences between the two skulls T have contrasted are of such importance, and so grave, that they seem inconsistent with mere variety: indeed I am not aware that
* Fauna der Wirbelthiere Deutschlands &., Naturgeschichte der Siuge- thiere, von J. H. Blasius. 1857.
CRANIAL CHARACTERS OF THE SNAKE-RAT. ae
any animals, not domesticated, are ever liable to such individual differences in the most important osteological characters as these skulls have exhibited.
Whether this rat has long been an inhabitant of this country— whence imported, if imported (which I think most likely)—are questions that I cannot at present answer. The rat corresponds very closely with the Mus Alexandrinus of Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, and will very probably turn out to be the same. It has been known for many years to those who trade in rats for sporting purposes, but has probably been hitherto confounded by scientific men with the old Black Rat of this country.
Note.—Since the foregoing was written, I have had reason to conclude that the Snake-Rat is certainly the same species, race, or variety as was first described by Geoffroy St. Hilaire under the name “ Mus Alexandrinus.’’ But at the same time my further investiga- tions into this subject have convinced me that our knowledge of the rats of Great Britain, or of rats in general, is not so satisfactory or definite as descriptions in works on Natural History would lead us to suppose. Undoubtedly, characteristic specimens of IZ. rattus, MM. decumanus and M. Alexandrinus may be obtained; but there are intermediate forms in endless variety, as any one may satisfy himself by an inspection of the cages of a rat-catcher after his visit to the rat-homes about the docks of London. There can be no question that the typical forms enumerated above as three species are constantly being merged and reduced, under favouring con- ditions, by interbreeding: the most superficial observation of many specimens will convince any one of this fact. This circum- stance was demonstrated.some years since at the Zoological Gar- dens, Regent’s Park. Some individuals of Mus Alexandrinus, which had been sent from Alexandria, got loose in the gardens ; and for a long time afterwards the keepers frequently caught cross-bred rats, at first half-breds, and afterwards with less and less of the character of the Snake- Rat, till at length all traces of it dis- appeared. In the language of horse-breeders, the new “ strain of blood” was “bred out”’ or eliminated, or, more correctly, it was overpowered by the repeated crossing always on the line of the common Brown Rat. Had the circumstance been reversed and a few of the Mus decwmanus had escaped among a multitude of IL. Alexandrinus, the characters of the latter would have undoubtedly prevailed in the end. The capacity for interbreeding appears to be endless and indefinite.
72 MR. SALTER ON THE CRANIUM OF THE SNAKE-RAT.
There are sorts of rats which will not come within the cate- gory of those recognized, or as their intermediate crosses. We have in this country a black rat with a white chest: in the British Museum are two stuffed rats, chestnut-coloured, with white breasts, which were captured in Cambridgeshire. The dis- tinguished Irish naturalist, Mr. William Thompson, has described a black rat with a white chest as a new species, under the name of Mus Hibernicus.
On the occasion of the reading of my paper on the cranium of the Snake-Rat, it was suggested by Mr. Lubbock that it might bea “variety”? of one of our other rats. Subsequently, in a discussion in the ‘ Field’ newspaper *, by which a great deal of interesting information respecting rats was brought out, Mr. Newman put forward the idea that these cosmopolitan rodents are, in their differences, not so many species, but mere “ geographical races ;” and I am much inclined to believe that this is the truth of the matter. Certainly if interbreeding and a resultant fertile offspring determine the specific identity of varying individuals, there is an end of the question. The different rats do interbreed and their progeny are fruitful for any length of time and any number of generations.
Rats hold a curious intermediate position between wild and do- mestic animals. They are not absolutely either, and they are both. They are wild as they are their own masters and roam at will: they approach a domestic condition inasmuch as they are nearly always associated with man and are indirectly dependent on him for their food. Rats are cosmopolitan—they inhabit almost if not quite every region where the human race dwells. In viola- tion, or at least not in keeping with their dentition and organs of primary assimilation, rats are omnivorous: they can live entirely ou animal food—they even resort to the predaceous habits of car- nivora; or they may have the barest vegetable diet for their sole sustenance. Such constitutional capabilities and such adaptability of habit afford wonderful conditions for the development of races.
Mus Alexandrinus appears to be spreading all over the world ; its extreme agility and the ready way in which it accommodates itself to ship-board naturally tend to such a result. .
Besides the Eastern localities where it was first found, according to Blasius it was observed by Savi in Italy in 1825, and named by him Mus tectorum; it was found by Pictet near Geneva in 1841, and described by him under the title of Mus leucogaster ;
* For September 8th and 15th, 1860.
MR. BATES ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE AMAZON. 73
Blasius states that he himself saw it at Antibes in the south of France, and he repeatedly obtained it from the Alps in south- eastern France. It has also been taken at Stuttgard ; and Riippell mentions that it has been sent to him from America. In this country it has long been known to rat-catchers in the neighbour- hood of the docks both in London and Liverpool.
Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley. —Lepi- doptera:—Heliconine. By H. W. Bares, Esq. Communi- cated by Groner Busx, Esq., Sec. LS.
ABSTRACT. [Read Noy. 21st, 1861. ]
Tue author, who founds his memoir on personal observations made on the banks of the Amazon, commenced by defining the limits of the group. It comprises a number of strangely formed butterflies peculiar to tropical America. Its relations to the allied groups, Danaine, Acreine, and true Nymphaline, are of a peculiar nature, as it contains two essentially distinct types of form, the oue having an affinity with the Danaine, the other with the Acreine, or with the Argynnide group of Nymphaline. As, however, all authors have combined them into a district family, and they are homogeneous in external aspect, they will be treated as sections only of the sub-family, viz. Danoid and Acreoid Helico- nine, instead of referring them, one to the Danaine, and the other to the Acreine, and thus sinking the group Heliconine. This view of their affinities throws great light on the affiliation of the forms—an object to which all efforts in systematic zoology ob- securely tend. The Danaine and Acreine are common to the hot zones of both hemispheres; and the Heliconine being the highest development of the common type, it results that the latter reaches its highest development in the tropics of the new world. The species are most numerous where the forests are most extensive and humid. They are characteristic of their region, and, like the Platyrrbine monkeys, the arboreal Gallinacea (Penelopide and Cra- cide), and other groups, point to the gradual adaptation, during an immense lapse of time, of the fauna to a forest-clad country. Two hundred and eighty-four species have already been described ; but every collection made in a newly explored part yields several new ones. In some of the genera they are confined to very limited areas, the species being found to change in the uniform country of the Upper Amazon from one locality to another not further re-
74 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE INSECT FAUNA
moved than one hundred to two hundred miles. Such species, how- ever, have often the character of local varieties, some of them indeed showing the connecting links. From facts observed, it would seem that the excessive multiplication together with the distinctness of the species were owing to their great susceptibility of modification, combined with the habit in pairing of selecting none but their exact counterparts, and probably other causes tend- ing to eliminate the intermediate gradations. The species are mostly extremely numerous in individuals, and show every sign of flourishing existence, although they are of feeble structure, and fly slowly in exposed situations frequented by swarms of insec- tivorous animals. They are gregarious in habits, the individuals of the same species and clusters of closely allied species bemg found in company restricted to limited spots in the forest. They are often seen in pairs or small parties, apparently engaged in a kind of dance. The large handsome species are so numerous in some places that they form part of the physiognomy of the localities. The only secondary sexual characters are tufts of hairs on the fore margin of the hind wing in the males of most of the Acreoid group. These appear to be of no particular utility, but are apparently analogous to the pencil of hairs on the breast of the male turkey. The allied group, Danaine, afford a similar fea- ture, the males having a horny excrescence on the disk of the hind wing, which is evidently homologous with the structure above de- scribed. The most interesting part of the natural history of the _ Heliconine is the mimetic analogies of which they seem to be the “objects. This involves questions of the highest scientific interest. Many of the species are mimicked by members of widely distant groups, ¢.g. Papilio and Leptalis (Papilionide), Ithomeis (Hry- cinide), Castnia (Castniade), Dioptis, Pericopis, Hyelosia, &c. (Bombycide moths). It is fair to conclude that they are the objects imitated, because they all have the same family facies, whilst the analogous species are dissimilar to their nearest allies —perverted, as it were, from the normal facies of their genera or families. The mimicking species are found in company with the Heliconine ; and it often happens, where these latter are modified into local varieties, species or local varieties of the former in an analogous dress also occur with them. A parallel series of imita
tions occurs in the old-world tropics, where it is the represen-| tatives of the Heliconine that are the objects imitated. The instance of this kind of analogy most familiar to European ento- mologists is that of the species of Zvochilium (a genus of moths),
-
OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 16
which mimic strangely various bees, wasps, and other Hymeno- pterous and Dipterous insects. The Heliconine, however, mimic | each other to a great extent—the parallel species belonging to’ quite distinct genera. In this case also, when the species present local varieties, the analogues are modified in precisely the same way, so that two or three species belonging to different genera resemble each other so much that they ‘can scarcely be distin- guished except by their generic characters. Endless instances of these imitative resemblances occur in entomology. Why they are so plentiful and amazingly exact in insects, whilst so rare and vague in the higher animals, is perhaps owing to the higher degree of specialization attained by the insect class, which is shown also by the perfection of their adaptive structures and instincts. Their being more striking and numerous in tropical than in temperate countries is perhaps attributable to the more active competitive life and the more rapid succession of the gene- rations in the former than in the latter. The meaning of these analogies is not difficult to surmise. In the first place, they cannot be entirely the result of similarity of habits or external physical conditions necessitating similar external dress. They are of the same nature as the assimilation of an insect or other animal in superficial appearance to the vegetable or inorganic substance on which it lives. The likeness of a beetle or lizard to the bark cf the tree on which it crawls cannot be explained as an identical result produced by a common cause acting on the tree and the animal: one is evidently adapted to the other. The in- finite variety of resemblances between insects and plants or inor- ganic substances—between predaceous animals and their victims— the adaptation of organs or functions to the objects or habits they relate to—are all of the same nature. They are adaptations either of the whole outward dress or special parts, all having in view the welfare of the creatures that possess them. Every species in nature may be looked upon as maintaining its existence by virtue of some endowment enabling it to withstand the host of adverse circumstances by which it is surrounded. The means by which the existence of species is maintained are of endless diversity ; and amongst them may be reckoned the resemblance of an other- wise defenceless species to another whose flourishing race shows that it possesses peculiar advantages. The Heliconine, by the great number of their individuals, show themselves to be a favoured family. It is not easy to discover anything in their structure or habits which might give them an advantage. There
76 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE INSECT FAUNA
is some cause to believe that they are unpalatable to insectivorous animals—at least the Acreoid group. This would not explain, however, the numerous mutual resemblances of the Heliconine. All that we can say is, that some species are more successful in the battle of life than others, and that it is an advantage to others not otherwise provided for if they are brought to be deceptively similar to them. The process by which this is brought about in nature is a problem involved in the wider one of the origin of all species and all adaptations. There are some curious facts, however, in the geographical distribution of the species and varieties of certain members of the genus Leptalis which throw great light on the subject, at least as far as the Leptalides are concerned, which offer perhaps the most remarkable cases of mimicry. It would appear by these faets that a mimetic species has not always existed under the same specific mimetic dress which it now wears, as the following example shows. Leptalis Lysinoé in one district is very variable, but none of its varieties mimics very closely a Heliconine species there residing; they rather tend to imitate species of Stalactis—another flourishing group belonging to a different family ; but a few individuals occur intermediate in cha- racter, and quite uncertain in their analogies. In another district, again, this species is very variable, and some of the varieties ‘are indeterminate in their analogies, but the greater number resemble to deception one or other of three species of Ithomia, amongst which only they are found, and from which they are quite undi- stinguishable, except when closely examined in the hand. Ina third locality this Leptalis is found under one form only, distinct from any of the varieties occurring elsewhere, but mimicking closely an Ithomia also found there and not in the other two districts. Thus we see that, although the changes a species undergoes, first simply variable, and then presenting local varieties closely mimicking other forms, cannot be watched in nature as they take place suc- cessively, they can be seen as it were simultaneously by tracing them over the area of its distribution. Leptalis Lysinoé is a species of great rarity, and therefore liable to complete extinction. It seems fair to conclude that, as the [thomie which it mimics are certainly spared by the swarms of insectivorous birds which daily sweep through their abodes, the Leptalis, not being so favoured, escapes destruction by wearing the livery of the Ithomie. It may be added that the family to which Leptalis belongs (Pieride) are certainly much persecuted by insectivorous animals. As, then, the Leptalis varies from one locality to another, some few of its varia-
OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 77 tions being of uncertain character, it seems evident that when the mimicry is complete the indeterminate and intermediate grades of variation have been eliminated by insectivorous animals. The Leptalides have probably been subjected to this untiring persecu- tion, even to the verge of extermination, in each successive gene- ration throughout an immense lapse of time. By living in the vicinity of other species free from the same persecution, and being already similar to them in general appearance, this latter being inherited through a long line of ancestors which have been more or less subjected to similar conditions, such of their varieties as nearest resembled the protected species would escape destruction and thus alone propagate their kind. General resemblances between forms may be owing in some cases to similar habits, or to such general causes as have produced what are called recurrent animal forms ; this general resemblance must exist before the causes which produce mimetic analogies can come into play. It must be remarked that some of the exact resemblances already alluded to between species of Heliconine seem not to be owing to the adaptation of one to the other, but rather (as they have a real affinity, the genera to which they belong being throughout very similar in colours and all equally flourishing) to the similar adap- tation of all to the same external local conditions. The check which acts by destroying the indeterminate variations in these cases would not be the same as in Leptalis; in other respects, however, the same law of nature appears, namely, the selection of one or more distinct varieties by the elimination of intermediate gradations. It may be remarked also that a mimetic species need not always be a rare one, although that is very generally the case: it may be prolific, or its persecution may be intermitted when the disguise is complete. The operation of checks successively eliminating variations unfavourable to a species, as thus explained, produces the impression of a stimulus impelling an advance of organization in a special direction. This apparent direct advance suggests the only other scientific explanation that could be sug- gested, viz. the operation of volition or an innate tendency in the creatures themselves to become gradually assimilated to other forms, and thus acquire a disguise favourable to the species. On examination, however, this explanation is found to be untenable, and the appearances which suggest it illusory. Those who earnestly desire a rational explanation must arrive at the conclusion that these apparently miraculous but always beautiful and wonderful mimetic resemblances, like every other kind of adaptation in beings, are brought about by causes similar to those here discussed.
78 OCCURRENCE OF SCYLLARUS ARCTUS IN ENGLAND.
Note on the Occurrence of the Crustacean Scyllarus Arctus in England. By Jonaruan Covon, Esq., F.L.S.
[Read Dec. 5, 1861.]
THE Scyllarus Arctus has been of too rare occurrence in Britain to have acquired an English name; and, indeed, it appears uncer- tain whether hitherto its existence on our shores has ever been placed beyond a doubt. It has been said that one example, and perhaps two, have been found in Mount’s Bay, in Cornwall ; but as the same authority reports it to have its residence in shallow water, where it lives in a burrow formed by itself, and we have proof that it has been carefully sought for in vain in the district referred to, there seems to have been some reason hitherto for retaining a distrust of the evidence which could only rest on the supposed occurrence of examples twice in the space of a hundred years. This difficulty, however, can no longer be felt ; and I have the satisfaction of reporting to the Linnean Society the occurrence of a specimen, which was obtained at a distance of about a couple of leagues from this place (Polperro). The discovery itself is due to the diligence of Mr. William Laughrin, A.L.S., whose practice of examining the stomachs of fishes has been long continued, and for scarce specimens of Crustaceans highly successful ; but it was only at the beginning of this present November (1861) that he was so fortunate as to find the Crustacean here mentioned. It was in the stomach of a Cod, which was taken with a line by a fisherman of Polperro, at the depth of about forty fathoms; and from this depth of water we learn that this Crustacean is not so entirely, if at all, an inhabitant near the shore and in shallow water, as has been supposed. This example of a rare Crustacean had suffered very slightly from the digestive action of the stomach; and in its prison it had for its companions two specimens of Alpheus ruber—a species which appears to exist in considerable numbers on the ground frequented by the codfish at the depth above specified.
On a New Genus of Zunicata occurring on one of the Bellona Reefs. By Joun Denis Macponatp, R.N., F.R.S., Surgeon of H.M.S. ‘Icarus.’ (Communicated by the Secretary.)
[Read Dec. 5, 1861.]
AMONGST many interesting objects of natural history obtained by H.M.S. ‘ Herald’ during her visit to the Bellona Reefs (lat. 21°
MR. MACDONALD ON A NEW GENUS OF TUNICATA. 79
51’ 8., long. 159° 28’ E.) was a very remarkable Ascidian, which, as it appears to be quite new, merits brief notice.
The external appearance of the animal so much resembled the nidamental case of some large Gasteropod, affixed to a block of coral, that no suspicion of its real nature was entertained until it had been minutely examined. Soon, however, it was ascertained that within a thin coriaceous test, fashioned like a snuff-box, with a perfectly applied lid, a little tunicary was en- closed, enjoying the power of opening and closing the operculum or door of its retreat at will.
The case (figs. 1 & 2) was about $ an inch in length, and over 2 of an inch in breadth, though rather fuller in front than behind. The attached side was flat (fig. 2), but the free surface (equivalent to the right side of the recumbent animal) was convex and rounded (d) ; so that the aperture at the anterior end presented a D-shaped or semicircular figure (fig. 4) ; and this was accurately fitted with a lid of a corresponding shape. The free margin of both the aper- ture and the lid was beset with minute and rigid spines, having an inward curvature protecting the entrance from invasion. In con- tinuity with these margins a thin layer of test-substance was traceable as a kind of conjunctiva (fig. 4c), upon the anterior part of the contained animal, to the borders of the branchial (d) and cloacal openings (e), which occupied the same plane in the mouth of the cell, being merely divided by a narrow transverse depression. Both these openings were simple though somewhat puckered in the contracted state, and encircled at a little distance from the free edge by a broad band of pale-red pigment.
The mantle was closely applied to the inner surface of the test, without, however, giving off any palliovascular processes. A dark- coloured reticulation, visible through the outer epithelium, marked off the distribution of the blood-vessels ; and the disposition of the internal organs was traceable through the semitransparent tissues (fig. 3).
Not wishing to destroy the specimen, I did not determine the arrangement of its respiratory membrane; but I observed that the branchial orifice was guarded by a circle of simple tentacula (fig. 4 d).
_ The esophagus was short, soon opening into a subglobular’
stomach with thick glandular walls thrown into longitudinal folds. The intestine proceeded from the posterior end of the stomach, around which it turned inferiorly, and having coursed forwards to within a short distance of the cloacal opening, it ended in the vent.
MR. MACDONALD ON A NEW GENUS OF TUNICATA.
80
ey
chad
MR. MACDONALD ON A NEW GENUS OF TUNICATA. 81
The heart (fig. 3 d) lay in front of the stomach, extending into the interval between that organ and the cesophagus.
The follicles of the testicle skirted the convexity of the intes- tinal curve, and immediately superficial to these were the sacculi of the ovarium. The ducts, however, converged from the hollow of the intestinal loop, and led forwards beside the rectum (fig. 3 ¢).
Perophora is a pouch-bearer ; but the present genus, being a little pouch in itself, may be called Pera; and the species Huzleyi, after one who, above all English observers, has added most to our precise knowledge of the Twnicata.
The original specimen from which this imperfect description was taken is now in the possession of Professor Huxley; and I may mention, in conclusion, that Professor Claparéde suggested to me the existence of a similar operculate condition of the test in the case of the so-called house of Appendicularia, in which, how- ever, I believe each aperture is furnished with a distinct valve.
REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES.
Fig. 1. Front view of the animal with the lid closed. Fig. 2. Side view of ditto (nat. size). Fig. 3. Posterior view magnified, with a portion of the test removed to show the internal organs. 3 a. Mantle detached from the test below. zs 6. Stomach. 55 ce. Intestine. a d. Heart. EN e. Testicular follicles. 9 Jf. Ovarium.
“A g. Ducts. Fig. 4. Front view magnified, with the operculum thrown open. 3 a. Operculum. Br b. Body of the cell. ‘3 c. Conjunctive membrane.
a d. Branchial orifice with tentacula appearing. as e. Cloacal orifice. » J. Occlusor muscular fibres.
LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 6
82 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA
Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidopterous Insects collected at Sarawak, in Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wattace, with Descriptions of New Species. By Francis Warxer, Esq., F.LS.
{Read April 4, 1861.]
Fam. AGERITD A, Steph. Gen. A’gmrtia, Habr.
1]. AGERIA CHALYBEA,n.s. Mas. Chalybeo-cyanea, pectore et seg- mentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis argenteis, pedibus pal- lide aurato tomentosis, alis limpidis, costa venis fimbriaque purpureis.
Male. Chalybeous blue. Pectus and sides of the thorax silvery. Ab- dominal segments with silvery hind borders. Legs with pale gilded tomentum. Wings limpid; costa, fringe, and veins cupreous purple. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 10 lines.
The specimen of this species is injured, and therefore it is not fully
described.
Gen. Sannina, Walk.
2. SANNINA PULCHRIPENNIS, n.s. Mas. Cyanea, robusta, viridi purpureoque varia, oculis argenteo marginatis, thoracis humeris albo squamosis, calcaribus albis, alis anticis cyaneis, posticis lurido-hyalinis cyaneo marginatis.
Male. Metallic blue, stout, varied with green and purple. Head silvery white about the eyes. Palpi almost vertical, not rismg higher than the head. Thorax with smooth closely-applied scales ; a tuft of white scales on each in front. Abdomen nearly linear; apical tuft rather long. Legs stout, squamous; spurs white. Fore wings bright me- tallic blue, tinged with purple; costa slightly dilated towards the tip ; frimge cupreous purple like that of the hind wings. Hind wings vitreous, with a lurid tinge, bordered with metallic blue; costa irre- gularly and veins purplish blue. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 15 lines.
3. SANNINA RUFIFINIS, un, s. Mas. Cupreo-purpurea, capite argenteo, humeris albo squamosis, abdomine lateribus basi albo fasciculatis, dimidio apicali rufo, tibris posticis nigro subfimbriatis, calcaribus albis, alis anticis viridibus ‘apices versus purpureis, posticis lurido- vitreis.
Male. Cupreous purple, in structure like the preceding species. Head silvery white in front and about the eyes. Thorax with a tuft of white scales on each side in front. Abdomen with a tuft of white hairs on each side at the base; apical half and apical tuft bright red. Legs stout, squamous ; tibize slightly fringed with black hairs; spurs white. Fore wings metallic green, purple towards the tips; costa
COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 83
slightly dilated towards the tip. Hind wings vitreous, with a lurid tinge; costa irregularly, veins and fringe purple. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 15 lines.
Gen. Metirtia, Hiiba.
4. Meuirria FAscraTa, n.s. Lem. Metallico-nigra, crassa, capite subtus fasciculato, abdomine fascia lata rufa, tibiis posticis nigro late fasciculatis basi albido pilosis, alis anticis nigris apices versus pallidis subaurato tomentosis, posticis limpidis, costa venaque 1* inferiore nigro marginatis.
Female. Metallic black, very robust. Head with a thick tuft at the base of the palpi. Palpi hardly ascending higher than the vertex ; 3rd joint lanceolate, about one-third of the length of the second. Antenne hardly thicker exteriorly. Abdomen with a broad red band, which is mostly before the middle. Legs stout; hind tibize with whitish hairs at the base; the rest broadly fringed with black hairs. Fore wings black, narrow, slightly broader towards the tips; apical part pale, with slightly gilded tomentum. Hind wings limpid, blackish along the costa and along the Ist inferior vein. Length of the body 12 lines ; of the wings 24 lines.
Gen. Bont, n. g.
Mas. Corpus gracile. Palpi graciles, arcuati, lanceolati, ascendentes, caput superantes ; articulus 3"* 2° non longior. Antenne dense fim- briatz. Pedes graciles, fimbriati; femora tibieeque apice late fim- briata. Ale opace, peranguste.
Male. Body slender. Pali slender, curved, lanceolate, rising high above the head; 3rd joint very acute, as long as the second, and much more slender. Antennz broadly and thickly fringed, more than half the length of the body. Legs slender ; femora, tibiz, and tarsi fringed ; femora and tibiz broadly fringed towards the tips; hind tibiz with four long spurs. Wings opaque and very narrow in the typical species.
This genus seems to connect the Aigeride with the Tineina.
5. Bonta uNicoLor, n.s. Mas. Cupreo-purpurea, antennis pedi- busque nigro fimbriatis, alis peracutis.
Male. Cupreous purple. Antenne and legs fringed with black hairs. Wings very acute; fringe long. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 12 lines.
Gen. Trricraca, n. g.
Fem. Corpus squamosum, sat validum. Palpi graciles, ascendentes, lanceolati, subarcuati, caput non superantes ; articulus 2"° 3° valde brevior. Antenne leves. Abdomen longi-conicum. Pedes brevius-
. 6*
84 MR. F, WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA
culi, appressi, subdilatati, tibiis posticis densissime fasciculatis. Ale angustz, non acute.
Female. Body squamous, rather stout, and convex. Palpi slender, lanceolate, slightly curved, not rising so high as the vertex ; 3rd jomt much longer than the second. Antenne simple, smooth. Abdomen elongate-conical, less than twice the length of the thorax. Legs rather short, slightly dilated, laterally flattened; hind tibize most densely tufted, with four long spurs. Wings narrow, nearly hyaline, not acute at the tips.
6. TyRICTACA APICALIS, n. s. Fam. Nigricanti-cyanea, pedibus purpureis, alis iridescentibus subhyalinis aurato subsquamosis, anticis litura magna costali subtrigona.
Female. Blackish metallic blue. Legs mostly purple. Wings iri- descent, nearly hyaline, slightly covered with gilded scales. Fore wings with a large black subtriangular costal mark beyond the middle. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 9 lines.
Fam. SPHINGIDA, Leach.
Gen. Coa@rocampa, Duponch.
7. Cheerocampa Thyelia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2. 803 (Sphinx). Inhabits also West Africa, South Africa, Hindostan, Ceylon, China, and Java.
8. Choerocampa Lucasii, Boisd. MSS. Walk. Cat. Lep. viii. 141. Inhabits also Hindostan.
9. Cheerocampa Oldenlandie, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. 370. 44 (Sphinx). Tnhabits also Hindostan, Java, and Australia.
10. Cheerocampa Silhetensis, Boisd. MSS. Walk. Cat. Lep. viii. 143. Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, North China, and Java.
11. Cheerocampa suffusa, Walk. Cat. Lep. viii. 146. Inhabits also China.
Gen. Perausa, Walk.
12. Pergesa Castor, Boisd. MSS. (Deilephila). Walk. Cat. Lep. viii. 153. Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.
Gen. Panacra, Walk.
13. Panacra scapularis, Boisd. MSS. (Sphinx). Walk, Cat. Lep. viii. 157. Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.
COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 85
Gen. AcHERONTIA, Ochs.
14. Acherontia Satanas, Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep. pl. 16. f. 1. Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, China, and Java.
Gen. Dapunusa, Walk. 15. Daphnusa ocellaris, Walk. Cat. Lep. viii. 238.
16. DAPHNUSA ORBIFERA, n.s. Mas. Rufescenti-cinerea, alis schis- taceo suffusis lea exteriore cinerea angulosa non obliqua, anticis subfaleatis plaga postica exteriore testacea lineolaque adhue exteriore transversa testacea, posticis lanuginosis macula postica picea angu- lata cano-marginata.
Male. Reddish cmereous. Abdomen and under side paler. Antenne testaceous, slightly serrated. Wings with a slate-coloured bloom, which is obliquely interrupted near the base, and in the fore wings is divided from the apical part by a cinereous upright zigzag line. Fore wings subfalcate ; interior borders lightly excavated, with a tuft of short. upright fawn-coloured hairs near the base, and with a large nearly round testaceous spot near the tip; this spot is connected with a marginal streak of the same hue, and between the latter and the interior angle there is a little transverse testaceous line; under side with a piceous exterior line of lunules, and with piceous tips. Hind wings partly lanuginous, more reddish than the fore wings, with a piceous angular hoary-bordered spot on the somewhat truncated inte- rior angle; interior border mostly cinereous; under side with three blackish lmes. Length of the body 18 lines; of the wings 48 lines.
Fam. AGARISTIDA, Swainson. Gen. Eusrmmia, Dalman.
17. EusemMia BIUUGATA, n.s. Mas. Atra, fronte albo biguttata, oculis albo cinctis, thorace maculis quatuor anticis pallide flavis, abdo- mine fasciis sex luteis subtus luteo fascia subapicali nigra, alis anticis fasciis duabus luteis abbreviatis subexcavatis, posticis ochraceo-rufis basi fascia interrupta fasciaque marginali nigris.
Male. Deep black. Head white about the eyes beneath, and with a white dot on each side of the front. Palpi with two white bands. Thorax with four pale-yellow spots in front. Abdomen with six Juteous bands; under side luteous, with a black band near the tip. Legs piceous. Fore wings with two abbreviated slightly excavated luteous bands, the interior one much shorter than the exterior one ; these bands are pale yellow on the under side, where there are four little white longitudinal streaks nearer the tip. Hind wings orange- red, black at the base, and with a black interrupted excavated band, which is connected by a short line with the black excavated marginal
8G MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA
band; this on the under side contains a row of white points, of which the largest is also apparent on the upper side. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 24 lines.
This species comes between E. maculatrix and E. amatriz.
18. EUSEMIA HESPERIOIDES, n.s. Fem. Atra, subtus ochracea, oculis albo cinctis, abdomine ochraceo-rufo basi apiceque atro, fasci- culo apicali ochraceo, alis albo fimbriatis, anticis fascia recta sub- obliqua flavo-alba strigulisque duabus cyaneis, posticis fascia lata interiore ochraceo-rufa.
Female. Deep black, ochraceous beneath. Head white about the eyes. Abdomen orange-red, deep black at the base and towards the tip, which has an ochraceous tuft. Wings with a white frmge, except towards the interior angle. Fore wings with some blue scales near the base, and with a little blue streak on each side of the straight slightly oblique yellowish-white band, which is abbreviated near the interior angle. Hind wings with a broad interior orange-red band, which widens towards the interior border. Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 28 lines.
Very nearly allied to E. proxima, but distinct ; the fore wings have no
exterior mark, and the hind wings have a broader black border.
19. Eusem1a mouuts, Walk. Cat. Lep. vii. 1774. Var. Mas. Nigra, vertice albo guttato, oculis albo cinctis, thorace vittis duabus albis, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis basi albis apice ochraceis, ventre luteo basi apiceque nigro, alis glauco squamosis maculis duabus spatioque marginali inciso nigris maculis submar- ginalibus elongatis glauco-albidis, anticis macula interiore nigra squamis nonnullis argenteis.
Var. Male. Black. Head white about the eyes, and with a white dot on the vertex. Thorax with two white stripes. Abdominal segments with white hind borders towards the base, and with ochraceous hind borders towards the tip ; underside except towards the base and tip ochraceous. Wings thickly covered with glaucous scales, with the exception of an incomplete band (which is composed of two large spots in each wing) and of the marginal space, into which the glaucous part emits broad streaks; this space contains glaucous whitish elongated spots, which are most numerous and regular in the hind wings; fringe tipped with white. Fore wings mostly black towards the base and along the costa ; some silvery scales in the fore spot of the band and in another spot which is nearer the base.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Malacca.
Gen. Heocrra, Latr.
20. AlgocreRA postTica, n.s. Mas. Rufescenti-nigra, eapite vitta sulphurea, thorace vitta alba, abdomine luteo vitta basali maculaque apicali_nigris, alis anticis lineis transversis deviis interruptis cyaneis
COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 87
maculisque tribus punctoque sulphureis, posticis basi luteis macula exteriore sulphurea.
Male. Reddish black. Head with a broad sulphur stripe which extends over the fore part of the palpi. Thorax with a white stripe. Abdomen and legs luteous, the former with a black stripe towards the base and a black apical spot. Fore wings with irregular and interrupted metallic blue transverse lines and with three sulphur spots; middle spot second in size, and having in front of it a sulphur point. Hind wings bright luteous for somewhat less than half the surface from the base, and with a large exterior sulphur spot. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.
Gen. Pomaorists, Boisd.
21. PHaGoRISTA CATACOLOIDES, n. s. Mas. Rufescenti-fusca, subtus lutea, abdomine luteo apice fusco, alis anticis purpurascente suffusis albo conspersis fascia exteriore lata venis annulisque duobus albis pecnon maculis subtus duabus subquadratis albis lineaque submar- ginali interrupta nivea, posticis luteis gutta discali margineque fuscis.
Male. Reddish brown, luteous beneath. Head in front and palpi blackish ; 3rd joint of the palpi less than half the length of the 2nd. Abdomen luteous, brown at the tip. Fore wings more reddish than the thorax, partly tinged with purplish, irregularly white-speckled, with a broad exterior speckled white band which emits two oblique white streaks to the interior border, and is accompanied along its exterior side by two slightly undulating white lines; the dark line which divides the inner white line from the band is bent hindward across the band; veins white ; two white discal ringlets, the outer side of the exterior one formed by the band; an irregular and much-interrupted submarginal white line, which has not the yellowish tinge of the band and of the speckles ; underside with two subquadrate discal white spots, separated by a space which corresponds with the interior rmglet above. Hind wings bright luteous, with a brown discal dot, and with a cupreous brown border which is broadest in front. Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 20 lines. :
Fam. ZYGAINIDA, Leach.
Gen. Syntomtis, Ochs.
22. Syntomis Scheenherri, Boisd. Mon. Zyg. 112, pl.7. fig. 1. Inhabits also Hindostan and Ceylon.
23, SYNTOMIS TETRAGONARIA, n. s. Mas et Fem. Purpurascenti- nigra, capite antico luteo, thorace fasciis tribus strigisque duabus luteis, abdomine fasctis quatuor luteis, alis anticis maculis quinque luteis quadratis plus minusve elongatis, posticis macula lutea magna basali elongata postice incisa. ;
Male. Purplish black. Head luteous in front. Thorax with three luteous
§8 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA
bands and with two luteous humeral stripes. Abdomen with four luteous bands; lst band basal; 4th broader than the 2nd and the 3rd. Fore wings with five quadrate more or less elongated luteous spots ; Ist spot near the base ; 2nd larger anda little nearer the base than the 3rd, which is in front; 4th behind the 5th, which is smaller. Hind wings with a large elongated luteous basal spot, which is notched himdward. Female. Luteous marks somewhat deeper than those of the male; fore wings with the 2nd luteous spot more oblique; 4th shorter; 5th longer. Length of the body 5-53 lines; of the wings 13-14 lines. Nearly allied to S. tenuis.
24. SYNTOMIS EGENARIA, n.s. Mas. Cupreo-nigra, capite antico luteo, thorace marginibus strigisque duabus obliquis luteis, abdomine fasciis sex luteis, alis anticis guttis duabus basalibus maculisque sex strigaque subcostali luteis maculis 5° et 6° fusco interlineatis, posticis luteis brevissimis litura subcostali margineque fuscis.
Male. Cupreous black. Head luteous in front. Thorax luteous-bor- dered in front and behind, and with an oblique luteous streak on each side. Abdomen with six luteous bands, of which the 4th is broader than the others. Fore wings with two luteous basal dots and with six large luteous spots; Ist and 2nd spots near the base; lst much broader than the 2nd, accompanied by a subcostal luteous streak ; 3rd about half the length of the 4th, which is hindward and oblique; 5th and 6th each divided by a brown vein. Hind wings luteous, very short, with a brown subcostal mark and with a brown marginal band. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.
Nearly allied to S. tenuis.
25. SYNTOMIS PRODUCENS, n.s. Mas. Atra, facie lutea nigro vittata, antennis angulatis, thorace margine antico guttis quatuor fasciaque postica luteis, abdomine fasciis sex luteis fascia 1* bis interrupta, alis anticis gutta basali maculisque quatuor elongatis maculaque exteriore subrotunda luteis, posticis striga basali plagaque interlineata luteis.
Male. Deep black. Face luteous, with a black stripe. Antenne di- stinctly angular at about one-third of the length from the base. Tho- rax luteous-bordered in front, with two luteous dots on each side, and with a slight luteous band hindward. Abdomen with six luteous bands, of which the basal one is broader than the others, and is ob- liquely interrupted on each side. Fore wings with a luteous basal spot and with five large discal spots; 1st and 2nd spots approximate, much elongated; 3rd about thrice the breadth of the 4th, which is longer and narrower than the Ist and the 2nd; 5th nearly round. Hind wings with a large luteous basal streak which is notched hind- ward, and a luteous patch which is divided by a black line; the latter widens towards each end. Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 20 lines.
Nearly allied to S. tenuis.
COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 89
26. Synromis DECORATA, n.s. Fam. Purpureo-nigra, capite antico luteo, antennis apice albis, thoracis marginibus vittis duabus humeris abdominisque fasciis septem luteis, pedibus luteo fasciatis, tarsis basi albis, alis limpido areolatis basi luteis, anticis apice purpureo-nigris macula subapicali lutea, posticis minimis.
Female. Purplish black. Head luteous; vertex and palpi black. An- tennz black, pure white towards the tips. Thorax luteous-bordered in front and behind, with two luteous humeral spots and with two luteous stripes. Abdomen with seven luteous bands; 5th and 6th bands almost connected. Femora and tibize with luteous bands; tarsi pure white towards the base. Wings with the disks of the areolets limpid, luteous at the base. Fore wings with a luteous subapical spot and with purplish-black tips. Hind wings very small. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 14 lines.
Allied to S. fenestrata.
27. SYNTOMIS DERIVATA, n.s. Foam. Purpurea, antennis apice tho- racis margine antico pectore abdominis macula basali fasciaque albis, alis anticis limpido quinquemaculatis, posticis limpido bimaculatis.
Female. Deep purple. Antennz black, with white tips. Thorax pure white in front. Pectus mostly white. Abdomen with a truncate conical pure white basal spot, and with a band at two-thirds of the length of the same hue. Fore wings with five large limpid spots; 1st spot near the base; 3rd slightly oblique, behind the 2nd; 5th behind the 4th, which it much exceeds in size. Hind wings with two limpid spots ; the interior spot much larger than the exterior one. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines.
This species comes between S. Minceus and S. divisa.
28. SYNTOMIS TRANSITIVA, n.s. Mas. Purpurea, capitis gutta an- tennis apice thoracis fascia antica interrupta humeris maculisque qua- tuor pectoralibus albis, abdomine fasciis duabus interruptis guttisque quatuor lateralibus albis, tarsis basi albis, alis anticis limpido quinque- maculatis, posticis minimis limpido trimaculatis.
Male. Deep purple. Head with a white dot in front. Antenne silvery white towards the tips. Thorax with an interrupted white band on the fore border, and with two humeral white spots. Pectus with two white spots on each side. Abdomen with two interrupted white bands, one at the base, the other at two-thirds of the length, entire beneath, where there are two white dots on each side in front of it. Fore cox white beneath; tarsi white towards the base. Wings cupreous-tinged. Fore wings with five limpid spots; 1st spot subelliptical, less than half the length of the 2nd, which is hindward and oblique, and has parallel sides ; 3rd, 4th, and 5th spots elliptical, smaller than the lst; 3rd much in front of the 4th and 5th, which are only divided by a black vein. Hind wings very small, with three limpid spots, which occupy
90 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA
the whole disk, and are only divided by the black veins. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 18 lines. This species also comes between S. Minceus and S. divisa.
29. SYNTOMIS INTERMISSA, n.s. Mas. Purpurea, capitis gutta tho- racis fascia antica interrupta humeris pectorisque maculis quatuor albis, antennis apicalibus abdomine fascia basali interrupta fascia pos- terlore guttisque lateralibus albis, tarsis basi albis, alis anticis limpido quinquemaculatis, posticis minimis limpido trimaculatis.
Male. Deep purple. Head with a white dot in front. Antennz with silvery-white tips. Thorax with an interrupted white band on the fore border, and with two humeral white spots. Pectus with two white spots on each side. Abdomen with an interrupted white basal band and with an entire white band at two-thirds of the length; tip bluish ; underside with a row of white dots along each side from the base to the hinder band. Fore coxze white beneath; tarsi white at the base. Fore wings with five limpid spots; lst spot subquadrate, more than half the length of the 2nd, which widens exteriorly and has an oblique exterior side ; 3rd nearly limear, much in front of the 4th and the 5th, which together form a short conical spot. Hind wings very small, with three limpid spots ; 2nd and 3rd spots much smaller than those of the preceding species. Length of the body 6 lines; of- the wings 15 lines.
This is sufficiently different from S. ¢ransitiva to claim a new name ; but there is so much resemblance between the two that they may be termed varieties or nearly allied Species, according to the various use of those words.
30. SYNTOMIS SEPARABILIS, n.s. Fem. Nigra, capitis gutta an- tennis apice humerisque albis, abdomine macula basali guttis latera- libus fascia dorsali fasciisque ventralibus albis, alis anticis limpide quin- quemaculatis, posticis minimis limpido unimaculatis.
Female. Black. Head with a white dot in front. Antenne white towards the tips. Thorax with two humeral white spots. Abdomen with a subquadrate white basal spot ; a row of white dots along each side, and white bands beneath from the base to a dorsal white band at two-thirds of the length. Fore coxee white beneath. Fore wings with five limpid spots; 1st spot small, slightly oblong, near the base ; 2nd and 38rd oblong-quadrate; 3rd oblique, a little shorter and broader than the 2nd; 4th elliptical; 5th larger than the 4th, double or divided by a black vein. Hind wings very short, with one very large limpid spot. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.
This, though much like S. intermissa, is sufficiently distinct to be
called another species.
31. SYNYOMIS DivIsuRA, n.s. Fem. Nigra, fronte humerisque albis,
COLLECTED AT SARAWAK. 91
abdomine cyaneo, alis anticis maculis quatuor elongatis limpidis, pos- ticis limpidis macula una elongata limpida.
Female. Black. Front white. Thorax with two large humeral white spots. Abdomen dark blue. Fore wings with four limpid elongated spots; Ist spot much shorter and more slender than the 2nd, from which it is very narrowly divided ; 2nd slightly oblique ; 3rd elongate- elliptical, a little longer than the 4th, of which a very small part in front is subdivided by a black vein. Hind wings very small, with one large elongated limpid spot. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 14 lines.
This is most allied to S. separabilis, from which it may be distinguished
by the absence of the basal spot of the fore wings.
32, SYNTOMIS EXPANDENS, n.s. Mas. Cyaneo-purpurea, antennis apice humeris tarsisque basi albis, alis anticis maculis sex contiguis limpidis, posticis minimis macula una elongata limpida.
Male. Dark-bluish purple. Antenne shining white towards the tips. Thorax with two humeral white spots. ‘Tarsi white towards the base. Fore wings with six large elongated limpid spots, five of which are only divided from each other by the black veins ; the 4th is somewhat more widely divided from the others. Hind wings very small, with one large elongated limpid spot, from which a very small basal part is slightly divided by a black vein.
In this Syntomis the characters which are common to the five preceding
species begin to pass away.
33. SYNTOMIS LONGIPENNIS,n.s. Foam. Nigra, humeris albis, pec- tore maculis quatuor albis, abdomine cyaneo-purpureo litura basali maculis quatuor lateralibus fascia posteriore ventreque albis, alis an- ticis limpido quadrimaculatis, posticis limpido bimaculatis.
Female. Black. Thorax with two humeral white spots. Pectus with two white spots on each side. Abdomen dark-bluish purple, mostly white beneath, with a large truncate-conical white basal spot, and with four lateral white spots between the latter, and a white band which is a little beyond the middle. Fore wings very long, with four hmpid spots; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th spots slightly elongated ; 1st nearly round, much smaller than the others, in front of and between the 2nd and the 4th; 3rd near the costa, beyond the 4th. Hind wings longer than those of the preceding species of this genus, with two limpid spots ; Ist spot, slightly divided by a black vein, larger than the 2nd, which is nearly round. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 20 lines.
34. SYNTOMIS DETRACTA, n.s. Fem. Nigra, antennis apice albis, abdomine cyanescenti-viridi, alis anticis macula oblonga basali macu- laque exteriore magna transversa excavata limpidis, posticis parvis puncto diseali limpido.
Female. Black. Antenne white towards the tips. Abdomen bluish
92 MR. F. WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA
green. Fore wings with an oblong limpid spot near the base, and with a much larger transverse exterior limpid spot which is excavated in the middle, and especially so on the outer side. Hind wings rather small, with a discal limpid point. Length of the body 4} lines; of the wings 12 lines.
Allied to S. pectoralis and to S. albimacula.
35. SYNTOMIS ALBIPLAGA, n.s. Fam. Cyanea, capite antennis pe- dibus abdominisque fasciis nigris, alis anticis fascia lata abbreviata albo-vitrea.
Female. Dark blue. Head, antenne, and legs black. Abdomen with black bands. Fore wings beyond the middle with a broad white vitreous band, which is abbreviated at each end and becomes narrow and conical hindward. Hind wings very small. Length of the body 5 lmes; of the wings 12 lines.
36. SYNTOMIS FLAVIPLAGA, n.s. Fem. Nigra, antennis apice albis, abdomine fasciis cyaneis,